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{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
'''Kotroman''' (born c. 1242, died 1316) ruled a territory in northern ] from 1287 to 1316 as a vassal of ]. The Bosnian ruling dynasty ''Kotromanić'' is named after him, with his ].
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Stephen I
|succession = ]
|image =
|caption =
|reign = 1287–1314
|coronation =
|predecessor = ]
|successor = ]
|spouse = ]
|issue = ]<br>Ninoslaus<br>]<br>another son<br>Catherine<br>Mary
|house = ]
|father = ]
|mother = Elizabeth of Slavonia
|birth_date = 1242
|birth_place = ]
|death_date = 1314
|death_place = Bosnia
|place of burial= ], near ]
|religion =
}}
'''Stephen I Kotromanić''' ({{lang-sh-Cyrl-Latn|separator=" / "|Стефан I|Stjepan I}}) (1242–1314) was a ] from 1287 to 1290 jointly with ] and 1290–1314 alone as a ] of the ].{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=275-276}}


==Origin==
In 1284 he married Jelisaveta or Elisaveta of Serbia's ruling ] Dynasty, the daughter of ], Duke of ], whose duchy included part of northeastern Bosnia and part of northern ].
His ancestry is not known precisely. It is believed that he was the son of a German nobleman ''Gotfrid'', founder of the family he belonged to ''Kelad'' went to strengthen the Hungarian hold in Bosnia in 1162 or 1163. This German nobleman co-signed the ]s for ] in the ] ] in 1163 with the ] ]. Apparently, the ] ] invited him to place him as a regional ruler in Hungary's name because of his ancestor's successes. Kotroman ruled as a vassal of this ]. Mauro Orbini claimed in his work The Kingdom of Slavs that the Ragusan document refers to him as "'' Cotrumano ]''", i.e. ''Kotroman the German'' but it's unclear from where did Orbini make this reference. It has also been speculated that Kotroman might have been a son of ] ].


==Biography==
He had four sons: ], who succeeded him as ruler of the territory and later became Ban of Bosnia; Vladislav Kotromanic, the father of ]; Ninoslav; and another son; and two daughters, Katarina and Marija.
===Before Banate===
Since 1287, when his father, ] ] withdrew from power, Kotroman ruled jointly as Ban of ] with another son of Prijezda I, ]. Kotroman separated the country with Prijezda II, and took eastern ]. After the death of Prijezda II, Kotroman became the sole Ban of ] in 1290.


==See also== ===Marriage===
In 1284 he married ], daughter of the King of ], ] of the ], and Queen Catherine, daughter of ] ] and ]. Dragutin had already controlled two banates in Bosnia: ] and ] and Kotroman immediately fell under his influence – many of his acts were at Dragutin's command. The marriage was political and arranged by Ban ] who had attempted to forge an alliance with ].
* ]

===Hungarian War of Succession===
In 1290 ] ] died leaving no heirs to the ]. The cousin of Ladislaus IV, ], was crowned ], despite the desire of the sister of the former King ], ], who wanted her son, ] as the new King in Hungary. The latter party had much more support, so ] had crowned Charles Martel as King of Hungary. This movement was supported by the most powerful ]n nobility, the ]s, ]s of ]. As the current head of the family, ] was also son-in-law of King ], family connections made Kotroman support Charles Martel's crowning. To increase his influence in Kotroman's realm, Charles Martel issued numerous edicts to split the land among the lesser ] to gain support for his reign. It appears that he gave the reign over ] to the Šubićs. Charles Martel died unexpectedly in 1295, before the campaign to seize the power in ] was finished. The Queen of Naples and sister of former King Ladislaus IV, Mary, had then decided to put her grandson, son of Charles Martel, ] as the future King of Hungary. ] declared the twelve-year-old boy as King ] in 1297. ] of ] declared himself as "] of ]" in 1299 and gave the title of ] to his brother, ]. All of Kotroman's land except for the '']'' ({{Trans|Lower Ends|Lower Edges|literal=Lower Ends, Lower Edges|sortable=y|i=y}}), which was ruled by ] ] as a vassal of the Šubićs, was held by the House of Šubić; as was confirmed by Charles I Robert. Paul Šubić wanted to bring ] Charles Robert to ] across ] to ], which would become the main station of his campaign against King Andrew III of Hungary. During the preparations for war, Andrew III died unexpectedly. ] assessed the Hungarian throne, but had to fight numerous opponents to his regime up to 1309.

===Internal wars===
Stephen Kotroman had resisted the growth of the Šubićs' power in Bosnia, but had lost by 1302 most control over the land to ]. Although, Kotroman was not defeated as he still had some influence and power in Bosnia. His father-in-law King ] could not send him aid since a succession-war had erupted in the ] between him and his brother, the powerful ] ].{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=52}} Additionally, during the problems over the Hungarian crown, Dragutin had attempted to insert his son Vladislav as the new ].{{sfn|Krstić|2016|p=33–51}}

Despite the many difficulties, Stephen Kotroman had held out. The war turned into religious conflict, as Mladen I Šubić had started a ] to exterminate the adherents of the ] – the kristjani. This balanced the conflict in Kotroman's favour, as number of kristjani had joined his side because of this. After his death Paul Šubić in 1305 proclaimed himself "lord of All Bosnia".

===End of reign===
Paul's reign did not last long as he died in 1312. The disappointed ] Stephen Kotroman died in 1314, before he managed to act.

==Issue==
Stephen and Elisabeth had six children:
* ]
* Ninoslaus
* ]
* Son
* Catherine, who married ] Nicholas of ] in 1338
* Mary

Stephen II was to succeed Kotroman as ]; but had to flee to the ] to hide from the ]s with his brothers and their mother, ].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Bataković|editor-first=Dušan T.|editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković|title=Histoire du peuple serbe|trans-title=History of the Serbian People|language=French|date=2005|location=Lausanne|publisher=L’Age d’Homme|isbn=9782825119587|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|authorlink=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=9781405142915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Pál|title=The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526|year=2001|location=London & New York|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781850439776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|authorlink=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|year=1994|orig-year=1987|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472082604|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jireček|first=Constantin|authorlink=Konstantin Jireček|title=Geschichte der Serben|year=1911|volume=1|location=Gotha|publisher=Perthes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoVOAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Krstić|first=Aleksandar R.|title=The Rival and the Vassal of Charles Robert of Anjou: King Vladislav II Nemanjić|journal=Banatica|year=2016|volume=26|issue=2|pages=33–51|url=https://www.academia.edu/32078793}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* - The Douglas Archives (in ])

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef| before = ]}}
{{s-ttl| title = ]| years=1287&ndash;1299|regent1=]|years1=1287-1289}}
{{s-aft| after = ]}}
{{s-end}}
{{House of Kotromanić}}

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]
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Latest revision as of 15:43, 11 November 2024

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Ban of Bosnia
Stephen I
Ban of Bosnia
Reign1287–1314
PredecessorPrijezda I
SuccessorStephen II
Born1242
Bosnia
Died1314
Bosnia
BurialMile, near Visoko
SpouseElizabeth of Serbia
IssueVladislaus
Ninoslaus
Stephen II
another son
Catherine
Mary
HouseKotromanić
FatherPrijezda I
MotherElizabeth of Slavonia

Stephen I Kotromanić (Serbo-Croatian: Стефан I / Stjepan I) (1242–1314) was a Bosnian Ban from 1287 to 1290 jointly with Ban Prijezda II and 1290–1314 alone as a vassal of the Kingdom of Hungary.

Origin

His ancestry is not known precisely. It is believed that he was the son of a German nobleman Gotfrid, founder of the family he belonged to Kelad went to strengthen the Hungarian hold in Bosnia in 1162 or 1163. This German nobleman co-signed the edicts for Bosnia in the Split Church in 1163 with the Hungarian King Stephen IV. Apparently, the Hungarian King Stephen III invited him to place him as a regional ruler in Hungary's name because of his ancestor's successes. Kotroman ruled as a vassal of this King. Mauro Orbini claimed in his work The Kingdom of Slavs that the Ragusan document refers to him as " Cotrumano Goto", i.e. Kotroman the German but it's unclear from where did Orbini make this reference. It has also been speculated that Kotroman might have been a son of Bosnian Ban Prijezda I.

Biography

Before Banate

Since 1287, when his father, Ban Prijezda I withdrew from power, Kotroman ruled jointly as Ban of Bosnia with another son of Prijezda I, Prijezda II. Kotroman separated the country with Prijezda II, and took eastern Bosnia. After the death of Prijezda II, Kotroman became the sole Ban of Bosnia in 1290.

Marriage

In 1284 he married Elizabeth of Serbia, daughter of the King of Syrmia, Stefan Dragutin of the House of Nemanjić, and Queen Catherine, daughter of Hungarian King Stephen V and Elizabeth the Cuman. Dragutin had already controlled two banates in Bosnia: Usora and Soli and Kotroman immediately fell under his influence – many of his acts were at Dragutin's command. The marriage was political and arranged by Ban Prijezda II who had attempted to forge an alliance with Stefan Dragutin.

Hungarian War of Succession

In 1290 Hungarian King Ladislaus IV died leaving no heirs to the throne. The cousin of Ladislaus IV, Andrew III, was crowned King, despite the desire of the sister of the former King Ladislaus IV, Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples, who wanted her son, Charles Martel as the new King in Hungary. The latter party had much more support, so Pope Nicholas IV had crowned Charles Martel as King of Hungary. This movement was supported by the most powerful Croatian nobility, the Šubićs, Princes of Bribir. As the current head of the family, Paul Šubić was also son-in-law of King Stefan Dragutin, family connections made Kotroman support Charles Martel's crowning. To increase his influence in Kotroman's realm, Charles Martel issued numerous edicts to split the land among the lesser gentry to gain support for his reign. It appears that he gave the reign over Bosnia to the Šubićs. Charles Martel died unexpectedly in 1295, before the campaign to seize the power in Hungary was finished. The Queen of Naples and sister of former King Ladislaus IV, Mary, had then decided to put her grandson, son of Charles Martel, Charles Robert as the future King of Hungary. Pope Boniface VIII declared the twelve-year-old boy as King Charles I of Hungary in 1297. Paul Šubić of Croatia declared himself as "Dominus of Bosnia" in 1299 and gave the title of Bosnian Ban to his brother, Mladen I Šubić. All of Kotroman's land except for the Donji Kraji (Lower Endstransl. Lower Ends – transl. Lower Edges), which was ruled by Prince Hrvatin Stjepanić as a vassal of the Šubićs, was held by the House of Šubić; as was confirmed by Charles I Robert. Paul Šubić wanted to bring King Charles Robert to Split across Croatia to Zagreb, which would become the main station of his campaign against King Andrew III of Hungary. During the preparations for war, Andrew III died unexpectedly. Charles Robert assessed the Hungarian throne, but had to fight numerous opponents to his regime up to 1309.

Internal wars

Stephen Kotroman had resisted the growth of the Šubićs' power in Bosnia, but had lost by 1302 most control over the land to Mladen I Šubić. Although, Kotroman was not defeated as he still had some influence and power in Bosnia. His father-in-law King Stefan Dragutin could not send him aid since a succession-war had erupted in the Serbian Kingdom between him and his brother, the powerful King Stefan Milutin. Additionally, during the problems over the Hungarian crown, Dragutin had attempted to insert his son Vladislav as the new King of Hungary.

Despite the many difficulties, Stephen Kotroman had held out. The war turned into religious conflict, as Mladen I Šubić had started a campaign to exterminate the adherents of the Bosnian Church – the kristjani. This balanced the conflict in Kotroman's favour, as number of kristjani had joined his side because of this. After his death Paul Šubić in 1305 proclaimed himself "lord of All Bosnia".

End of reign

Paul's reign did not last long as he died in 1312. The disappointed Ban Stephen Kotroman died in 1314, before he managed to act.

Issue

Stephen and Elisabeth had six children:

Stephen II was to succeed Kotroman as Bosnian Ban; but had to flee to the Republic of Ragusa to hide from the Šubićs with his brothers and their mother, Elizabeth.

References

  1. Fine 1994, p. 275-276.
  2. Ćirković 2004, p. 52.
  3. Krstić 2016, p. 33–51.

Sources

External links

Regnal titles
Preceded byPrijezda I Ban of Bosnia
1287–1299
with Prijezda I (1287-1289) 		Succeeded byPavao I Šubić Bribirski
Kotromanić dynasty
Bans of Bosnia
(1254–1377)

Banesses of Bosnia
Kings of Bosnia
(1377–1463)
Queens of Bosnia
Other significant members
Categories: