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| {{Short description|River in |
{{Short description|River in Jordan, Syria and Israel}} | ||
| {{Infobox river | |||
| {{Infobox river|name=Yarmuk|source_confluence_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg={{convert|14.5|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|discharge1_max=|source1=|source1_location=]|source1_coordinates=|source1_elevation=|source2=|source2_location=|source2_coordinates=|source2_elevation=|source_confluence=|source_confluence_coordinates=|depth_max=|source_confluence_elevation=|mouth=]|mouth_location=]/Baqura Area ]/]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|32|38|39|N|35|34|22|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=Approx. {{convert|7000|km2|abbr=on}}|tributaries_left=], 'Allan|tributaries_right=Ehreir, Zeizun|custom_label=|custom_data=|discharge1_location=|depth_avg=|name_native={{native name list | |||
| |name = Yarmuk | |||
| |source_confluence_location= | |||
| |discharge1_min= | |||
| |discharge1_avg ={{convert|14.5|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | |||
| |discharge1_max= | |||
| |source1= | |||
| |source1_location =] | |||
| |source1_coordinates= | |||
| |source1_elevation= | |||
| |source2= | |||
| |source2_location= | |||
| |source2_coordinates= | |||
| |source2_elevation= | |||
| |source_confluence= | |||
| |source_confluence_coordinates= | |||
| |depth_max= | |||
| |source_confluence_elevation= | |||
| |mouth = ] | |||
| |mouth_location = ]/Baqura Area ]/] | |||
| |mouth_coordinates= {{coord|32|38|39|N|35|34|22|E|display=inline,title}} |mouth_elevation= | |||
| |progression= | |||
| |river_system= | |||
| |basin_size = Approx. {{convert|7000|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
| |tributaries_left = ], ] | |||
| |tributaries_right= Ehreir, Zeizun | |||
| |custom_label= | |||
| |custom_data= | |||
| |discharge1_location= | |||
| |depth_avg= | |||
| |name_native = {{native name list | |||
| |tag1=ar |name1=نهر اليرموك |italics1=no | |tag1=ar |name1=نهر اليرموك |italics1=no | ||
| |tag2=he |name2={{Script/Hebrew|נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ}} |italics2=no}} | |||
| |tag2=he |name2=נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ |italics2=no}}|subdivision_type1=Country|name_native_lang=|name_other=|name_etymology=|image=PikiWiki Israel 56054 electricity plant naharaim.jpg|image_size=250|image_caption=Yarmuk River near the ]/Baqura Area|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=300|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_name1=], ], ]|depth_min=|subdivision_type2=Region|subdivision_name2=], Eastern Mediterranean littoral|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=|length=Approx. {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|extra=}} | |||
| |subdivision_type1= Country | |||
| |name_native_lang= | |||
| |name_other= | |||
| |name_etymology= | |||
| |image = PikiWiki Israel 56054 electricity plant naharaim.jpg | |||
| |image_size = 250 | |||
| |image_caption = Yarmuk River near the ]/Baqura area | |||
| |map= | |||
| |map_size= | |||
| |map_caption= | |||
| |pushpin_map= | |||
| |pushpin_map_size = 300 | |||
| |pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION --> | |||
| |subdivision_name1= ], ], ] | |||
| |depth_min= | |||
| |subdivision_type2= Region | |||
| |subdivision_name2= ], Eastern Mediterranean littoral | |||
| |subdivision_type3= | |||
| |subdivision_name3= | |||
| |length = Approx. {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |||
| |width_min= | |||
| |width_avg= | |||
| |width_max= | |||
| |extra=}} | |||
| The '''Yarmuk River''' ({{ |
The '''Yarmuk River''' ({{langx|ar|نهر اليرموك|translit=Nahr al-Yarmūk}}, {{Langx|he|{{Script/Hebrew|נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ}}|translit=Nəhar hayYarmūḵ}}; ]: Ἱερομύκης, {{transl|grc|''Hieromýkēs''}}; {{langx|la|Hieromyces}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678183|title=Hieromyces (river): a Pleiades place resource|first1=E. M.|last1=Meyers|first2=J. P.|last2=Brown|date=October 27, 2017|website=Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places}}</ref> or ''Heromicas'';<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/42652|title=TM Places|website=www.trismegistos.org}}</ref> sometimes spelled '''Yarmouk''')<ref name="Schürer">{{Cite book |last= Schürer |first= Emil |title= The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ |at= page 133, note 243 |publisher= A&C Black |isbn= 9781472558299 |date= 2014-01-30 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D29jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |access-date= 2021-04-07 }}</ref> is the largest ] of the ].<ref> It is one of three main tributaries which enter the Jordan between the ] and the ]; to the south there are the ] (Jabbok) and the ] (Arnon) rivers.</ref> It runs in ], ] and ], and drains much of the ] plateau. Its main tributaries are the ]s of ] and ] from the north, Ehreir and Zeizun from the east. Although the Yarmuk is narrow and shallow throughout its course, at its mouth it is nearly as wide as the Jordan, measuring thirty feet in breadth and five in depth. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| Yarmuk forms a ] between the plains to the north - Hauran, ] and ] - and the ] mountains to the south. Thus it has often served as boundary line between political entities.<ref name="Ma'oz_p420" />] | Yarmuk forms a ] between the plains to the north - Hauran, ] and ] - and the ] mountains to the south. Thus it has often served as boundary line between political entities.<ref name="Ma'oz_p420" />] | ||
| ===Neolithic=== | ===Neolithic=== | ||
| The ] is a Pottery Neolithic culture that inhabited parts of Israel and Jordan.{{dubious|That part of Jordan is also in the Samaria region: confusing. Northern Israel and northern Jordan is explicit. Forget politics, be clear! The Oxford Enc. p. 418 is not accessible online, not even as snippet, cannot check whose mistake/confusion/misnomer it is.|date=April 2021}} Its ] is at ], on the river mouth{{dubious|Sha'ar ha-Golan is several km N of the mouth of the Yarmuk. No access to source...|date=April 2021}} |
The ] is a Pottery Neolithic culture that inhabited parts of Israel and Jordan.{{dubious|That part of Jordan is also in the Samaria region: confusing. Northern Israel and northern Jordan is explicit. Forget politics, be clear! The Oxford Enc. p. 418 is not accessible online, not even as snippet, cannot check whose mistake/confusion/misnomer it is.|date=April 2021}} Its ] is at ], on the river mouth.{{dubious|Sha'ar ha-Golan is several km N of the mouth of the Yarmuk. No access to source...|date=April 2021}}<ref name=EANE>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Zvi Uri |last=Ma'oz |contribution= Golan |page= 418 |encyclopedia= The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East |date= 1997 |isbn= 978-0195112153}}</ref> | ||
| ===Bronze Age=== | ===Bronze Age=== | ||
| ] in 1946]] | ] in June 1946]] | ||
| ] I is represented in the Golan only in the area of the river.<ref name=EANE/> | ] I is represented in the Golan only in the area of the river.<ref name=EANE/> | ||
| Abila (Tel Abil) is attested in the 14th-century BC ]. This is possibly the case also for ], assumed to have lain north of the river.<ref name="Ma'oz_p420"/> Other historical cities on the course of the river are ], ], ]; and the archaeological sites of ] and Khirbet ed-Duweir (See ]).<ref name="Ma'oz_p420">Ma'oz, p. 420</ref> | Abila (Tel Abil) is attested in the 14th-century BC ]. This is possibly the case also for ], assumed to have lain north of the river.<ref name="Ma'oz_p420"/> Other historical cities on the course of the river are ], ], ]; and the archaeological sites of ] and Khirbet ed-Duweir (See ]).<ref name="Ma'oz_p420">Ma'oz, p. 420</ref> | ||
| ===Iron Age=== | ===Iron Age=== | ||
| Line 23: | Line 77: | ||
| ===Hellenistic period=== | ===Hellenistic period=== | ||
| In Hellenistic times, the territory of ] was across from those of ] and ] (Abel) on the south, while ] sat on the eastern tributaries.<ref name="Ma'oz_p420"/> | In Hellenistic times, the territory of ] was across from those of ] and ] (Abel) on the south, while ] sat on the eastern tributaries.<ref name="Ma'oz_p420"/> | ||
| ===Roman period=== | |||
| When ] conquered the region in 64/63 BCE, he liberated the ] city of ] from Jewish ] rule (see also ]). It seems that one way they celebrated the event was by damming the Yarmuk and organising a '']'' as part of games held in honour of Pompey, possibly at what is now ].<ref name= coin>{{cite journal |last= Lichtenberger |first= Achim |title= Reading a Hitherto Lost Line and the Location of the Naumachia at Gadara |journal= Israel Numismatic Journal |volume= 14 |issue= 2 |year= 2000 |pages= 193-196 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33593506/Reading_a_Hitherto_Lost_Line_and_the_Location_of_the_Naumachia_at_Gadara_Israel_Numismatic_Journal_14_2000_02_193_196_02_193_196 |access-date= 27 October 2024}}</ref> | |||
| ===Byzantine period=== | ===Byzantine period=== | ||
| The ], where Muslim forces defeated those of the ] and gained control of Syria, took place north of the river in 636. | The ], where Muslim forces defeated those of the ] and ], took place north of the river in CE 636. | ||
| ===1905–1948=== | ===1905–1948=== | ||
| Line 31: | Line 88: | ||
| ===After 1948=== | ===After 1948=== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Today, the lower part of the river, close to the ], forms part of the border between Israel and ]. Further upstream it forms part of the ] between ] and Jordan (a border largely inherited from the 1923 ]). The area of ], or ] in the valley is held by Israel but claimed by Syria. | Today, the lower part of the river, close to the ], forms part of the border between Israel and ]. Further upstream it forms part of the ] between ] and Jordan (a border largely inherited from the 1923 ]). The area of ], or ] in the valley is held by Israel but claimed by Syria. | ||
| The ] was constructed on the |
The ] was constructed on the Jordan-Syria border in the 2000s. There are political agreements between Jordan and Syria (1953 and 1987) and between Jordan and Israel (1994), about the management and allocation of the shared waters of the Yarmouk.<ref name="Grandi"/> | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 60: | Line 117: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 16:04, 14 November 2024
River in Jordan, Syria and Israel| Yarmuk | |
|---|---|
 Yarmuk River near the Naharayim/Baqura area | |
| Native name | |
| Location | |
| Country | Syria, Jordan, Israel |
| Region | Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean littoral |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Hauran |
| Mouth | Jordan River |
| • location | Naharayim/Baqura Area Israel/Jordan |
| • coordinates | 32°38′39″N 35°34′22″E / 32.64417°N 35.57278°E / 32.64417; 35.57278 |
| Length | Approx. 70 km (43 mi) |
| Basin size | Approx. 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 14.5 m/s (510 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Ruqqad, 'Allan |
| • right | Ehreir, Zeizun |
The Yarmuk River (Arabic: نهر اليرموك, romanized: Nahr al-Yarmūk, Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְמוּךְ, romanized: Nəhar hayYarmūḵ; Greek: Ἱερομύκης, Hieromýkēs; Latin: Hieromyces or Heromicas; sometimes spelled Yarmouk) is the largest tributary of the Jordan River. It runs in Jordan, Syria and Israel, and drains much of the Hauran plateau. Its main tributaries are the wadis of 'Allan and Ruqqad from the north, Ehreir and Zeizun from the east. Although the Yarmuk is narrow and shallow throughout its course, at its mouth it is nearly as wide as the Jordan, measuring thirty feet in breadth and five in depth.
History
Yarmuk forms a natural border between the plains to the north - Hauran, Bashan and Golan - and the Gilead mountains to the south. Thus it has often served as boundary line between political entities.
Neolithic
The Yarmukian is a Pottery Neolithic culture that inhabited parts of Israel and Jordan. Its type site is at Sha'ar HaGolan, on the river mouth.
Bronze Age
Early Bronze Age I is represented in the Golan only in the area of the river.
Abila (Tel Abil) is attested in the 14th-century BC Amarna Letters. This is possibly the case also for Geshur, assumed to have lain north of the river. Other historical cities on the course of the river are Dara'a, Hit, Jalin; and the archaeological sites of Tell Shihab and Khirbet ed-Duweir (See Lo-debar).
Iron Age
The Aramean kingdoms and the northern Kingdom of Israel, of the Hebrew Bible, might have set their boundary line along the Yarmouk occasionally. Under the Assyrian and Persian empires the province of Ashteroth Karnaim laid to the north, and that of Gal'azu (Gilead) to the south.
Hellenistic period
In Hellenistic times, the territory of Hippos was across from those of Gadara and Abila (Abel) on the south, while Dion sat on the eastern tributaries.
Roman period
When Pompey conquered the region in 64/63 BCE, he liberated the Hellenistic city of Gadara from Jewish Hasmonean rule (see also Decapolis). It seems that one way they celebrated the event was by damming the Yarmuk and organising a naumachia as part of games held in honour of Pompey, possibly at what is now Hammat Gader.
Byzantine period
The Battle of the Yarmuk, where Muslim forces defeated those of the Byzantine Empire and gained control of Syria, took place north of the river in CE 636.
1905–1948
A fork of the Hejaz Railway (connecting to the Jezreel Valley railway in Samakh) ran in the river valley from 1905 to 1946. It was deprecated after being bombed by the Jewish Haganah in the Night of the Bridges on 16 June 1946. The hydroplant of Naharayim, on the confluence with Jordan River, served Mandatory Palestine from 1932 to 1948.
After 1948
Today, the lower part of the river, close to the Jordan Valley, forms part of the border between Israel and Jordan. Further upstream it forms part of the border between Syria and Jordan (a border largely inherited from the 1923 Franco-British Boundary Agreement). The area of Al-Hamma, or Hamat Gader in the valley is held by Israel but claimed by Syria.
The Al-Wehda Dam was constructed on the Jordan-Syria border in the 2000s. There are political agreements between Jordan and Syria (1953 and 1987) and between Jordan and Israel (1994), about the management and allocation of the shared waters of the Yarmouk.
References
- Meyers, E. M.; Brown, J. P. (October 27, 2017). "Hieromyces (river): a Pleiades place resource". Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places.
- "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org.
- Schürer, Emil (2014-01-30). The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ. A&C Black. page 133, note 243. ISBN 9781472558299. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
- It is one of three main tributaries which enter the Jordan between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea; to the south there are the Zarqa (Jabbok) and the Mujib (Arnon) rivers.
- ^ Ma'oz, p. 420
- ^ Ma'oz, Zvi Uri (1997). "Golan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. p. 418. ISBN 978-0195112153.
- Lichtenberger, Achim (2000). "Reading a Hitherto Lost Line and the Location of the Naumachia at Gadara". Israel Numismatic Journal. 14 (2): 193–196. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- Yarmuk River railway bridges, 1933 aerial photographs. Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East / National Archives, London.
- ^ Hussein, Hussam, and Mattia Grandi. "Dynamic political contexts and power asymmetries: the cases of the Blue Nile and the Yarmouk Rivers." International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics (2017): 1-20.
External links
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Yarmuk (modern Shari'at al-Manaḍirah)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.- Yarmouk Hydro-Political Story Map by the UEA Water Security Research Centre
- Photos of Yarmouk river at the American Center of Research
 Rivers of Syria by drainage basin | |
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| Mediterranean | |
| Persian Gulf |
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| endorheic | |