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| {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see ] --> | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}} | |||
| {{Infobox Olympic sport | {{Infobox Olympic sport | ||
| |image = |
|image = Ice hockey pictogram.svg | ||
| |size = |
|size = 150 | ||
| |code = IHO | |||
| |caption = Representing Canada, the ] (''pictured en route to the ]'') were the first Olympic champions in ice hockey. | |||
| |sport = ice hockey | |sport = ice hockey | ||
| |menevents = 1 | |menevents = 1 | ||
| |womenevents = 1 | |womenevents = 1 | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ] tournaments have been staged at the ] since 1920. The men's tournament was introduced at the ] and was |
] tournaments have been staged at the ] since 1920. The men's tournament was introduced at the ] and was transferred permanently to the ] program in 1924, in France. The women's tournament was first held at the ]. | ||
| The Olympic Games were originally intended for ]. However, the advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.<ref name="Benjamin, Daniel">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902183140/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2009|title=Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur|author=Benjamin, Daniel|magazine=]|access-date=18 March 2009|date=27 July 1992}}</ref> In 1986, the ] (IOC) voted to allow professional athletes to compete in the Olympic Games starting in 1988. The ] (NHL) was initially reluctant to allow its players to compete because the Olympics are held in the middle of the NHL season, and the league would have to halt play if many of its players participated. Eventually, NHL players were admitted starting in 1998.<ref name=schantz>{{cite web|last=Schantz|first=Otto|title=The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses—from Coubertin to Samaranch|publisher=Comité International Pierre De Coubertin|url=http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf|access-date=13 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505052232/http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> | |||
| In the men's tournament, ] was the most successful team of the first three decades, winning six of seven gold medals. ], ] and the ] were also competitive during this period and won multiple medals. Between 1920 and 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also counted as the ] for that year. The ] first participated in ] and overtook Canada as the dominant international team, winning seven of the nine tournaments in which they participated. The United States won gold medals in ] and ], in the latter year, the team upset the Soviet Union in the "]". Other nations to win gold include ] in ], Sweden in ] and ] and the ] in ]. Other medal-winning nations include ], ], ] and ]. In 1986, the ] (IOC) voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games held after 1988. The NHL was initially reluctant to allow its players to compete because the Olympics are held in the middle of the NHL season, and the league would have to halt play if many of its players participated. However, NHL players were allowed to compete starting in 1998. The format of the tournament was adjusted to accommodate the NHL schedule; a preliminary round was played without NHL players or the top six teams—Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States—followed by a final round which included them. The tournament format was changed again in 2006; every team played five preliminary games with the full use of NHL players. | |||
| From 1924 to 1988, the tournament started with a ] series of games and ended with the medal round. Medals were awarded based on points accumulated during that round. In 1992, the playoffs were introduced for the first time since ]. In 1998, the format of the tournament was adjusted to accommodate the NHL schedule; a preliminary round was played without NHL players or the top six teams—Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States—followed by a final round which included them. The tournament format was changed again in 2006; every team played five preliminary games with the full use of NHL players. | |||
| In July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event; it was first held at the ] in Nagano. The Nagano Organizing Committee was hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament, but an agreement was reached that limited the field to six teams, and ensured that no additional facilities would be built. The ] and ] teams have both dominated the event, typically losing only to each other. The United States won the first tournament in 1998, while Canada won in 2002 and 2006. | |||
| The games of the tournament follow the ] of the ] (IIHF), which differ slightly from the ]. In the men's tournament, ] was the most successful team of the first three decades, winning six of seven gold medals from 1920 to 1952. ], ] and the ] were also competitive during this period and won multiple medals. Between 1920 and 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also counted as the ] for that year. The ] first participated in ] and overtook Canada as the dominant international team, winning seven of the nine tournaments in which they participated. The United States won gold medals in ] and in ], which included their "]" upset of the Soviet Union. Canada went 50 years without a gold medal, before winning one in ], and following it with back-to-back wins in ] and ]. Other nations to win gold include ] in ], the ] in ], ] in ] and ], the ] in ], ] (as ]) in ] and ] in ]. Other medal-winning nations include ], ] and ]. | |||
| In July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event; it was first held at the ] in Nagano. The Nagano Organizing Committee was hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament, but an agreement was reached that limited the field to six teams, and ensured that no additional facilities would be built. The ] teams have dominated the event. The United States won the first tournament in 1998 and in 2018. Canada has won all of the other tournaments (2002–2014, 2022). | |||
| ==Inception as an Olympic sport== | ==Inception as an Olympic sport== | ||
| ] (''pictured en route to the ]'') were the first Olympic champions in ice hockey.]] | |||
| The first Olympic ice hockey tournament took place at the 1920... B.C. Summer Olympics]] in ], ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=IH|title=Ice hockey|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> At the time, organised international ice hockey was still relatively new.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hockey: Canada's Royal Winter Game|year=1899|last=Farrell|first=Arthur|publisher=C.R. Corneil|page=27}}</ref> The ] (IIHF), the ], was created on May 15, 1908 under the name ''Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It all started in Paris, 1908|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/the-iihf.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> At the 1914 ] in Paris, ice hockey was added to the list of optional sports that Olympics organisers could include.<ref>{{harvnb|Morales|2004|p=275}}</ref> The decision to include ice hockey for the 1920 Summer Olympics was made in January, three months before the start of the Games.<ref name="Pod1920"/> Several occurrences led to the sport's inclusion in the programme. Five European nations had committed to participating in the tournament and the managers of Antwerp's Palais de Glace stadium refused to allow the building to be used for ] unless ice hockey was included.<ref name="Pod1920">{{harvnb|Podnieks|1997|pp=1–10}}</ref> The IIHF considers the 1920 tournament to be the first ]. From then on, the two events occurred concurrently, and every Olympic tournament until ] is counted as the World Championship.<ref name="Timeline">{{Cite web|title=International hockey timeline|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/the-iihf/timeline.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> The Olympic Games were originally intended for ], so the players of the ] (NHL) and other professional leagues were not allowed to play.<ref name="Num10"/> | |||
| The first Olympic ice hockey tournament took place at the ] in ], ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=IH|title=Ice hockey|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323022731/http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=IH|archive-date=23 March 2009 }}</ref> At the time, organized international ice hockey was still relatively new.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hockey: Canada's Royal Winter Game|year=1899|last=Farrell|first=Arthur|publisher=C.R. Corneil|page=27}}</ref> The ] (IIHF), the ], was created on 15 May 1908, and was known as the ''Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG)'' until 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It all started in Paris, 1908|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/the-iihf.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003901/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/the-iihf.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 1914 ] in Paris, ice hockey was added to the list of optional sports that Olympics organizers could include.<ref>{{harvnb|Morales|2004|p=275}}</ref> The decision to include ice hockey for the 1920 Summer Olympics was made in January, three months before the start of the Games.<ref name="Pod1920"/> Several occurrences led to the sport's inclusion in the programme. Five European nations had committed to participating in the tournament and the managers of Antwerp's Palais de Glace stadium refused to allow the building to be used for ] unless ice hockey was included.<ref name="Pod1920">{{harvnb|Podnieks|1997|pp=1–10}}</ref> The IIHF considers the 1920 tournament to be the first ]. From then on, the two events occurred concurrently, and every Olympic tournament until ] is counted as the World Championship.<ref name="Timeline">{{Cite web|title=International hockey timeline|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/the-iihf/timeline.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164454/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/the-iihf/timeline.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Olympic Games were originally intended for ], so the players of the ] (NHL) and other professional leagues were not allowed to play.<ref name="Num10"/> | |||
| The ] were held in 1924 in ], France.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1924|title= Chamonix 1924|publisher= International Olympic Committee| |
The ] were held in 1924 in ], France.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1924|title= Chamonix 1924|publisher= International Olympic Committee|access-date= 31 January 2009|archive-date= 21 April 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080421235539/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1924|url-status= live}}</ref> Chapter 1, article 6, of the 2007 edition of the ] defines winter sports as "sports which are practised on snow or ice".<ref>{{cite press release|title=Olympic Charter|publisher=International Olympic Committee|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf|access-date=4 March 2009|date=7 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727143137/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> Ice hockey and ] were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics programme.<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=6787|title=This Day in History 1924: First Winter Olympics|work=This day in History|publisher=]|access-date=1 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305102457/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=6787|archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref> The IOC made the Winter Games a permanent fixture and they were held the same year as the Summer Games until 1992. Following that, further Winter Games have been held on the third year (i.e. ], ], etc.) of each Olympiad.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/53103.stm|title= Sport: Winter Olympics 98–History of the winter Olympics|work= ]|date= 5 February 1998|access-date= 6 April 2009|archive-date= 13 March 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120313195450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/53103.stm|url-status= live}}</ref> | ||
| ==History of events== | |||
| {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;" | |||
| ! Event||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||]||Years | |||
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| |align=left|Men's tournament||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||25 | |||
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| |align=left|Women's tournament||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||<big>''']'''</big>||7 | |||
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| |- | |||
| |''Total events''||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||1||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||32 | |||
| |} | |||
| ==Events== | |||
| ===Men's tournament=== | ===Men's tournament=== | ||
| ====1920 Summer Olympics==== | ====1920 Summer Olympics==== | ||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| The men's tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics was |
The ] held at the ] was organized by a committee that included future LIHG president ]. The tournament used the ], in which three rounds were played.<ref name="Num21"/> The first round was an elimination tournament that determined the gold medal winner. The second round consisted of the teams that were defeated by the gold medal winner; the winner of that round was awarded the silver medal. The final round was played between teams that had lost to the gold or silver medal winners; the winner of that round received the bronze medal.<ref name="Birth"/> | ||
| The tournament was played from |
The tournament was played from 23 to 29 April and seven teams participated: ], ], the ], ], ], ] and ]. Canada chose to send the ]-winning ]. The Swedish team consisted of mostly ] players, many of whom had only started playing hockey in preparation for the tournament.<ref name="Birth" /> Canadian team manager ] refereed the first game played, an 8–0 win by Sweden versus | ||
| Belgium.<ref name="IIHF-honour-roll">{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/IZone/izone.member.info.do?mem=22|title=IIHF Honour Roll: W. A. Hewitt|year=2013|website=Legends of Hockey|publisher=]|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513205428/http://www.legendsofhockey.net/IZone/izone.member.info.do?mem=22|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| Canada won all three of the team's games in the first round and won the gold medal, defeating Sweden in the final and outscoring opponents 27–1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1920 – Summer Olympics VII (Antwerp, Belgium)|url=https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=9346|publisher=The Sports Network|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827125206/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=9346|archive-date=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the two subsequent rounds, the United States and Czechoslovakia won the silver and bronze medals respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=United States is second at hockey; Victory Over Czechoslovak Team by 16 to 0 Gives Americans 3 Points in Olympics.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE4D81E3CEE3ABC4151DFB266838B639EDE|date=29 April 1920|access-date=1 March 2009|work=The New York Times|archive-date=5 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905005951/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE4D81E3CEE3ABC4151DFB266838B639EDE|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bergvall System was criticized, especially in Sweden, because the Swedish team had to play six games (winning three) while the bronze medal-winning Czech team only had to play three (winning one). ], the creator of the system, stated that it was used incorrectly and that a tournament of all of the losing teams from the first round should have been played for the silver medal.<ref name="Birth"/> Because of these criticisms, the Bergvall System was not used again for ice hockey.<ref name="Birth"/> | |||
| ====1924–1952==== | |||
| In ], the tournament was played in a ], consisting of a preliminary round and a medal round. The medals were awarded based on win–loss records during the medal round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1924 - Winter Olympics I (Chamonix, France)|url=http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10263|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> This format was used until ], although the number of teams and games played varied slightly. The ], representing Canada, became one of the dominant hockey teams in Olympic history, outscoring opponents 110–3, led by ], who scored 36 goals.<ref>], .</ref> The ] won silver and ] won bronze.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice Hockey at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1924/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|publisher=sports-reference.com|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> | |||
| ====1924–1936==== | |||
| ] | |||
| In ], the tournament was played in a ], consisting of a preliminary round and a medal round. The medals were awarded based on win–loss records during the medal round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1924 – Winter Olympics I (Chamonix, France)|url=https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10263|publisher=]|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094824/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10263|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> This format was used until ], although the number of teams and games played varied slightly. The ], representing Canada, became one of the dominant hockey teams in Olympic history, outscoring opponents 110–3, led by ], who scored 36 goals.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004002/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-53.html|date=23 July 2018 }}.</ref> The ] won silver and ] won bronze.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice Hockey at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1924/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|publisher=sports-reference.com|access-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094947/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1924/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|archive-date=7 June 2009 }}</ref> Watson's 36 goals remains the tournament record for career goals. He also set the record for career points with 36 (assists were not counted at the time), which stood until 2010.<ref name="Selanne">{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/winter/2010/icehockey/news/story?id=4930248|title=Selanne's 37th point tops Games mark|publisher=ESPN|date=20 February 2010|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111061200/http://sports.espn.go.com/olympics/winter/2010/icehockey/news/story?id=4930248|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| Eleven teams participated in the ] in ], Switzerland. The ] was given a ] to the medal round and won all of its games by a combined score of 38–0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1928 - Winter Olympics II (St. Moritz, Switzerland)|url=http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10264|publisher=The Sports Network|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> The ] and ] teams won their first medals—silver and bronze respectively—and a ] team participated for the first time, finishing ninth.<ref name="OR1928">{{cite book|title=Rapport Général du Comité Exécutif des II<sup>mes</sup> Jeux Olympiques d'hiver|author=Comité Olympique Suisse|publisher=Imprimerie du Léman|location=Lausanne|year=1928|language=French|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928w1.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref> At the ], ] won gold in a tournament that consisted of four teams that played each other twice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1932 - Winter Olympics III (Lake Placid, United States)|url=http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10265|publisher=The Sports Network|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> ] won bronze, the nation's first medal in the sport.<ref name="OR1932">{{cite book |title=Official Report III Olympic Winter Games Lake Placid 1932 |editor=Lattimer, George |publisher= Olympic Winter Games Committee|location=Lake Placid, New York|year=1932 |pages=70–72, 270 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932w.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-04-17}}</ref> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Two days before the ] in ], Germany, Canadian officials protested that two players on the ]—] and ]—had played in Canada but transferred without permission to play for clubs in the ]. The IIHF agreed with Canada, but Great Britain threatened to withdraw the team if the two were barred from competing. To avoid a conflict, Canada withdrew the protest shortly before the Games began. The tournament consisted of four groups and fifteen teams. Great Britain became the first non-Canadian team to win gold; Canada won silver and the ] bronze.<ref>], .</ref> ] forced the cancellation of the ] and ].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Olympic Review|issue=8|year=1940|month=January|title=The Fifth Olympic Winter Games Will Not Be Held|pages=pp. 8–10|editor=Diem, Carl|publisher=International Olympic Institute|location=Berlin|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1940/ORUE8/ORUE8c.pdf|format=PDF|type=PDF|accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref> | |||
| Eleven teams participated in the ] in ], Switzerland. The ] was given a ] to the medal round and won all of its games by a combined score of 38–0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1928 – Winter Olympics II (St. Moritz, Switzerland)|url=https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10264|publisher=The Sports Network|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094131/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10264|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ] and ] teams won their first medals—silver and bronze respectively—and a ] team participated for the first time, finishing ninth.<ref name="OR1928">{{cite book|title=Rapport Général du Comité Exécutif des II<sup>mes</sup> Jeux Olympiques d'hiver|author=Comité Olympique Suisse|publisher=Imprimerie du Léman|location=Lausanne|year=1928|language=fr|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928w1.pdf|access-date=31 January 2008|archive-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212105450/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928w1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> At the ], ] won gold in a tournament that consisted of four teams that played each other twice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1932 – Winter Olympics III (Lake Placid, United States)|url=https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10265|publisher=The Sports Network|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094341/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10265|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> ] won bronze, the nation's first medal in the sport.<ref name="OR1932">{{cite book|title=Official Report III Olympic Winter Games Lake Placid 1932|editor=Lattimer, George|publisher=Olympic Winter Games Committee|location=Lake Placid, New York|year=1932|pages=70–72, 270|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932w.pdf|access-date=17 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410085042/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932w.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2008 }}</ref> | |||
| ].]] | |||
| During the run-up to the ] in St. Moritz, Switzerland, a conflict broke out between two American ice hockey bodies, the American Hockey Association (AHA) and the ] (AAU). The AAU, which had run amateur hockey in the United States since 1930, was expelled by the IIHF in 1947 when it refused to support a team composed of players from the AHA. The AAU stated that the AHA players were "openly paid salaries"; at the time, the Olympics were strictly for amateur players.<ref name="Num82">], .</ref> The Swiss Olympic Organizing Committee (SOOC) had accepted the AHA's application, but ] of the ] (USOC) threatened to withdraw the entire American team if the AHA participated in the Olympics. The IIHF countered by threatening to withdraw hockey from the Games if the AHA were banned. The IOC suggested that both American teams be banned but the SOOC rejected this proposal. The IOC decided to switch hockey to an unofficial event but relented when a compromise was reached. The AHA team was allowed to compete but would not be considered an official participant or allowed to win a medal. The AHA team finished fourth in the standings.<ref name="Num82"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice Hockey at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|publisher=sports-reference.com|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref><ref name="Pod1948">{{harvnb|Podnieks|1997|pp=53–66}}</ref> | |||
| Two days before the ] in ], Germany, Canadian officials protested that two players on the ]—] and ]—had played in Canada but transferred without permission to play for clubs in the ]. The IIHF agreed with Canada, but Great Britain threatened to withdraw the team if the two were barred from competing. To avoid a conflict, Canada withdrew the protest shortly before the Games began. The tournament consisted of four groups and fifteen teams. Great Britain became the first non-Canadian team to win gold; Canada won silver and the ] bronze.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226051200/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-15.html|date=26 February 2014 }}.</ref> | |||
| Both ] and ] won seven games and tied when they played each other. The gold medal winner was determined by ]: Canada won the gold because it had an average of 13.8 goals per game compared to Czechoslovakia's average of 4.3.<ref name="OR1948">{{cite book|title=Rapport Général sur les V<sup>es</sup> Jeux Olympiques d'hiver St-Moritz 1948|author=Comité Olympique Suisse|pages=69|publisher=H. Jaunin|location=Lausanne|year=1951|month=January|language=French|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/ORW1948.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref> Czechoslovakia's team was quickly improving; it won the ] and ].<ref>{{cite web| title = Past medalists–IIHF World Championships| publisher = International Ice Hockey Federation| url = http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/all-medallists/men.html|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> At the ] in ], Norway, the gold medal was won by ] for the second consecutive Games. It would be the last time that a Canadian team would win a gold medal in hockey for 50 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1952 - Winter Olympics VI (Oslo, Norway)|url=http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10270|publisher=The Sports Network|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> The ] won silver and ] won bronze. A team from ] competed for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finland Ice Hockey: Men's Ice Hockey|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/FIN/winter/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|publisher=sports-reference.com|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> | |||
| ====Challenges to the definition of amateur==== | |||
| The ] (CAHA) revised its definition of amateur and broke away from the ] in 1936, despite the possibility that its players may no longer be eligible for Olympic hockey.<ref name="Young">{{cite book|last=Young|first=Scott|author-link1=Scott Young (writer)|title=100 Years of Dropping the Puck|publisher=McClelland & Stewart Inc.|date=1989|location=Toronto, Ontario|isbn=0-7710-9093-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/100yearsofdroppi0000youn|pages=189–192}}</ref> ] founded the ] (AHAUS) in 1937, after disagreements with the ] of the United States over international amateurs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern U.S. Puck Loops Quits A.A.U.|date=31 August 1937|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=36|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-aug-31-1937-1545914/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322193434/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-aug-31-1937-1545914/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hhof.com/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=b196502&type=Builder&page=bio&list=ByName|title=Lockhart, Thomas – Honoured Builder|website=Legends of Hockey|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725042953/https://www.hhof.com/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=b196502&type=Builder&page=bio&list=ByName|url-status=live}}</ref> The CAHA and the AHAUS joined to form the ] in 1940.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Controlling Body Formed at C.A.H.A. Meet|last=Clarke|first=Robert|date=16 April 1940|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=15|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-apr-16-1940-1471642/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002327/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-apr-16-1940-1471642/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref> Its president ] sought for acceptance by the IOC on terms acceptable to the CAHA.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr. Hardy Outlines Scheme at Annual Gathering C.A.H.A.|date=4 January 1941|newspaper=Lethbridge Herald|location=Lethbridge, Alberta|page=18|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-jan-04-1941-1472071/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801203541/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-jan-04-1941-1472071/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rules, Playdowns Discussed at C.A.H.A. Meeting|date=4 January 1941|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=21|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-jan-04-1941-1472072/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801203146/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-jan-04-1941-1472072/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref> CAHA president ] subsequently threatened to withdraw Canada from the Olympics over the definition of amateur. An IOC decision on the matter was postponed when the ] and ] were cancelled due to ].<ref name="Young" /><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Olympic Review|issue=8|date=January 1940|title=The Fifth Olympic Winter Games Will Not Be Held|pages=8–10|editor=Diem, Carl|publisher=International Olympic Institute|location=Berlin|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1940/ORUE8/ORUE8c.pdf|type=PDF|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220084429/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1940/ORUE8/ORUE8c.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1947, the LIHG agreed to a merger with the International Ice Hockey Association, was subsequently renamed to the IIHF, and recognized the AHAUS as the governing body of hockey in the United States instead of the AAU.<ref>{{cite news|title=C.A.H.A. Gains Few Points at Prague Hockey Confab|date=22 March 1947|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=33|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-mar-22-1947-1462563/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202112044/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-mar-22-1947-1462563/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref> | |||
| ====1948–1952==== | |||
| The IIHF considered whether to have an ice hockey tournament at the Winter Olympics, or host a separate ] elsewhere in Switzerland in 1948.<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic Hockey Question Soon Will Be Decided|date=5 July 1947|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=15|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-jul-05-1947-1554275/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217043203/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-jul-05-1947-1554275/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref> ] of the ] (USOC) reportedly campaigned to IIHF delegates to vote against inclusion of the AHAUS in the upcoming Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hockey Politics Are Rampant in Zurich|date=10 September 1947|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=18|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-sep-10-1947-1554322/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217043204/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-sep-10-1947-1554322/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref> The LIHG passed a resolution that its teams would only play against teams approved by the CAHA and the AHAUS, which was accepted by the Swiss Olympic organizing committee.<ref name="nov-08-1947">{{cite news|title=Yank Puck Bodies Are Feudin' And Fightin'|date=8 November 1947|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=22|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-nov-08-1947-1554343/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217043205/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-nov-08-1947-1554343/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref> Brundage threatened that the USOC would boycott the Olympics if the AHAUS team was recognized.<ref name="nov-08-1947" /> The Swiss Olympic organizing committee insisted on the AHAUS team being recognized, despite persistent charges by Brundage that the AHAUS team was "tainted with professionalism".<ref name="jan-27-1948">{{cite news|title=Bitter, Long-Drawn Out Olympic Hockey Controversy Still Rages|date=27 January 1948|newspaper=Winnipeg Tribune|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=12|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-jan-27-1948-1554401/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217060632/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-jan-27-1948-1554401/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref> Brundage and the AAU supported a ] team instead.<ref name="jan-27-1948" /> After bitter negotiations which were not resolved until the night before the Olympics, the AHAUS team was allowed to play in the tournament, but the IOC declared those games would not count in the standings.<ref name="feb-23-1960">{{cite news|title='Squawk' Valley Hassles 'Duck Soup'|last=Sullivan|first=Jack|author-link=Jack Sullivan (journalist)|date=23 February 1960|newspaper=Brandon Sun|location=Brandon, Manitoba|page=7|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-feb-23-1960-1536343/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204045452/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-feb-23-1960-1536343/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref> | |||
| Both ] and ] won seven games and tied when they played each other. The gold medal winner was determined by ]: Canada won the gold because it had an average of 13.8 goals per game compared to Czechoslovakia's average of 4.3.<ref name="OR1948">{{cite book|title=Rapport Général sur les V<sup>es</sup> Jeux Olympiques d'hiver St-Moritz 1948|author=Comité Olympique Suisse|page=69|publisher=H. Jaunin|location=Lausanne|date=January 1951|language=fr|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/ORW1948.pdf|access-date=3 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410085049/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/ORW1948.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2008 }}</ref> Czechoslovakia's team was quickly improving; it won the ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|title = Past medalists–IIHF World Championships|publisher = International Ice Hockey Federation|url = http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/all-medallists/men.html|access-date = 1 March 2009|archive-date = 28 February 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100228064854/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/all-medallists/men.html|url-status = live}}</ref> The AHAUS team finished fourth in the standings in 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice Hockey at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|publisher=sports-reference.com|access-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903111140/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|archive-date=3 September 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Pod1948">{{harvnb|Podnieks|1997|pp=53–66}}</ref> | |||
| Discussions began in 1950, whether or not ice hockey would be included in the ] hosted in ]. The IOC sought assurance that participating teams would adhere to its amateur code rather than what was accepted by the IIHF, and also wanted to exclude IIHF president ] from negotiations. George Dudley and W. G. Hardy agreed there would be no negotiations on those terms, nor would they repudiate Kraatz. Dudley referred to the IOC as dictatorial and undemocratic, and expected the IIHF to discuss having its own 1952 Ice Hockey World Championships instead. He further stated that the Olympics would be a financial failure without the inclusion of hockey.<ref>{{cite news|title=International Puck Bodies Widely Split|date=18 May 1950|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=17|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-may-18-1950-1555023/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217230710/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-may-18-1950-1555023/|url-status=live}}{{free access}}</ref> Hockey was ultimately included in the Olympics, and the gold medal was won by ] for the second consecutive Games. It would be the last time that a Canadian team would win a gold medal in hockey for 50 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1952 – Winter Olympics VI (Oslo, Norway)|url=https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10270|publisher=The Sports Network|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604053103/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10270|archive-date=4 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ] won silver and ] won bronze. A team from ] competed for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finland Ice Hockey: Men's Ice Hockey|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/FIN/winter/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|publisher=sports-reference.com|access-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903110423/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/FIN/winter/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|archive-date=3 September 2009 }}</ref> | |||
| ====1956–1976==== | ====1956–1976==== | ||
| ] is the only athlete to have won |
] of the USSR is the only male athlete to have won three gold medals and one silver in ice hockey.]] | ||
| The ] competed in its first World Championship in ], defeating Canada and winning the gold medal.<ref name="Num25"> |
The ] competed in its first World Championship in ], defeating Canada and winning the gold medal.<ref name="Num25">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221063045/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-25.html|date=21 February 2014 }}.</ref> At the ] in ], Italy, the ] went undefeated and won its first gold medal. ] lost to the Soviets and the ] in the medal round, winning the bronze.<ref name="Num25"/> The ], in ], United States, saw the first, and to date only, team from ] compete in the tournament. ], the ], ] and ] were the top four teams heading into the Games, but were all defeated by the ], which won all seven games en route to its first Olympic gold medal. Canada won the silver medal and the Soviet Union won the bronze.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330053412/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-16.html|date=30 March 2010 }}.</ref> | ||
| At the ] in ], Austria, the ] won all seven of its games, earning the gold medal. ] finished the tournament with five wins and two losses, putting the team in a three-way tie for second place with ] and ]. Before 1964, the tie-breaking procedure was based on goal difference in games against teams in the medal round; under that system, Canada would have placed third ahead of the Czechoslovakian team. During the tournament the procedure was changed to take all games into consideration, which meant that the Canadians finished fourth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1964 |
At the ] in ], Austria, the ] won all seven of its games, earning the gold medal. ] finished the tournament with five wins and two losses, putting the team in a three-way tie for second place with ] and ]. Before 1964, the tie-breaking procedure was based on goal difference in games against teams in the medal round; under that system, Canada would have placed third ahead of the Czechoslovakian team. During the tournament the procedure was changed to take all games into consideration, which meant that the Canadians finished fourth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1964 – Winter Olympics IX (Innsbruck, Austria)|url=https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10273|publisher=The Sports Network|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094829/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10273|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time, the Olympics counted as the World Championships; under their (unchanged) rules, Canada should have received bronze for the World Championships.<ref>{{Cite web|title='64 Team Canada gets bronze medals|url=https://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=123399&lid=sublink05&lpos=topStory_canadian_hockey|publisher=The Sports Network|date=30 April 2005|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094316/http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=123399&lid=sublink05&lpos=topStory_canadian_hockey|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1964 Canadian Olympic hockey team to be honoured|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/1964-canadian-olympic-hockey-team-to-be-honoured-1.522774|publisher=CBC Sports|date=29 April 2005|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104090959/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2005/04/29/olympichockey050429.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=127513|title=IIHF denies Canada 1964 bronze|date=5 June 2005|publisher=The Sports Network|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094026/http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=127513|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| Soviet |
The Soviet Union won its third gold medal with a 7–1 record in the ]. ] and Canada won the silver and bronze medals.<ref name="OR1968">{{cite book|title=Xth Winter Olympic Games Official Report|publisher=Comité d'Organisation des xèmes Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver de Grenoble|year=1969|page=386|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/or1968.pdf|access-date=3 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202636/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/or1968.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> It was the last time that the Olympics were counted as the World Championships. In 1970, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition protesting the use of full-time "amateurs" by the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html|title=PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES, CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY|author=IIHF|year=2008|publisher=IIHF.com|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227214712/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Coffey, p. 59</ref><ref name="Num17" /> and the team did not participate in the ] and ].<ref name="Num17"/> Led by goaltender ] and forwards ], ], ] and ], the Soviet team won gold at both the 1972 Games in ], Japan and 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213014153/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-67.html|date=13 December 2014 }}.</ref> In 1971, the United States finished last at the World Championships and was relegated to ]. The team qualified for the 1972 Olympics and won silver, making it the first Pool B team to win an Olympic medal.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328015421/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-97.html|date=28 March 2008 }}.</ref> ] won the bronze medal in 1972.<ref name="OR1972">{{cite book|title=The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972|publisher=The Organizing Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games|year=1973|pages=228–229|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf|access-date=6 April 2009|archive-date=26 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202605/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref> In 1976, ] won the silver and ] won bronze.<ref name="OR1976">{{cite book|title=XII. Olympische Winterspiele Innsbruck 1976 Final Report|editor=Neumann, Bertl|publisher=Organizing Committee for the XIIth Winter Olympic Games 1976 at Innsbruck|page=163|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1976/orw1976.pdf|access-date=6 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202233/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1976/orw1976.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> Along with Canada, the Swedish team did not participate in the 1976 tournament joining the boycott.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|1997|p=130}}</ref> | ||
| ====1980: |
====1980: "Miracle on Ice"==== | ||
| {{ |
{{Main|Miracle on Ice}} | ||
| ] at the ].<ref>{{ |
] at the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympics: Opening ceremony; Games Begin|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DEFD8123CF93AA35751C0A9649C8B63|author=Roberts, Selena|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 March 2009|date=9 February 2002|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234611/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/09/sports/olympics-opening-ceremony-pomp-and-patriotism-as-games-begin.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]] | ||
| The Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, New York in ]. Twelve teams participated in the ], including ] for the first time since 1968. The |
The Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, New York in ]. Twelve teams participated in the ], including ] for the first time since 1968. The Soviet Union had won the gold medal in five of the six previous Winter Olympic Games, and were the favorites to win once more in Lake Placid. The team consisted of full-time players with significant experience in international play. By contrast, the United States' team—led by head coach ]—consisted exclusively of ] players with mostly ] experience, and was the youngest team in the tournament and in U.S. national team history. In the group stage, both the Soviet and U.S. teams were unbeaten; the U.S. achieved several notable results, including a 2–2 draw against Sweden, and a 7–3 upset victory over second-place favorites ]. | ||
| For the first game in the medal round, the United States played the Soviets. The first period finished tied at 2–2, and the Soviets led 3–2 following the second. The U.S. team scored two more goals to take their first lead during the third and final period, winning the game 4–3. Following the game, the U.S. went on to clinch the gold medal by beating ] in the final. The Soviet Union took the silver medal<!--Please do not change to Bronze. the USSR won Silver it was a round robin medal round--> by beating ]. | |||
| The tournament became most famous for the "Miracle on Ice", the February 22 medal-round game between the Soviet Union and the United States that took place at the ] (now known as the Herb Brooks Arena). The Soviets scored first, then took a 2–1 lead, but the Americans tied the game with one second left in the first period.<ref name="Judd110"/> In the second period, Soviet goaltender ] was replaced by ].<ref name="Num1"/> The Soviets regained the lead early in the second period but the Americans kept the game close thanks to the goaltending of ]. In the final period, the Americans tied the game and captain ] scored with exactly 10 minutes to play in the contest to give the Americans a 4–3 lead.<ref name="Judd110">{{harvnb|Judd|2008|pp=110–111}}</ref> Craig withstood another series of Soviet shots to finish the match with the win. In the final seconds of the game, ] sportscaster ] delivered his famous line: "Do you believe in miracles? Yes!"<ref name="Num1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Golden Goal|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/the_golden_goal/|work=Sports Illustrated|author=Swift, E.M.|date=1980-03-03|accessdate=2009-03-02}}</ref> | |||
| The victory became one of the most iconic moments of the Games and in U.S. sports. Equally well-known was the television call of the final seconds of the game by ] for ], in which he declared: "Do you believe in miracles?! YES!" In 1999, '']'' named the "]" the top sports moment of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/cover/news/1999/12/02/awards/|title= The 20th Century Awards: Sports Illustrated honors world's greatest athletes|magazine= ]|access-date= 11 June 2011|date= 3 December 1999|archive-date= 4 January 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140104002640/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/cover/news/1999/12/02/awards/|url-status= dead }}</ref> As part of its centennial celebration in 2008, the ] (IIHF) named the "Miracle on Ice" as the best international ice hockey story of the past 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship/top-story-of-the-century.html|title= Top Story of the Century|publisher= International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date= 4 April 2010|archive-date= 24 March 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100324204559/http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship/top-story-of-the-century.html|url-status= live }}</ref> | |||
| A common misconception is that the Americans won gold the night they beat the Soviets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=College kids perform Olympic miracle|url=http://espn.go.com/classic/s/miracle_ice_1980.html|publisher=ESPN|author=Allen, Kevin|accessdate=2009-03-02|date=1997-12-23}}</ref> However, the medals were awarded based on points accumulated against teams that made the medal round. The Americans did not win the gold until February 24, when they defeated Finland 4–2 and finished the tournament undefeated. The Soviets defeated Sweden and won the silver. In 2008, the IIHF picked the Miracle on Ice as the top international hockey story of the past 100 years.<ref name="Num1"/> | |||
| ====1984–1994==== | ====1984–1994==== | ||
| At the ] in ], ], the ] won its sixth gold medal. ] and ] won the silver and bronze medals.<ref name="OR1984">{{cite book|title=Official Report of the Organising Committee of the XlVth Winter Olympic Games 1984 at Sarajevo|publisher=Oslobodenje|location=Sarajevo|year=1984| |
At the ] in ], ], the ] won its sixth gold medal. ] and ] won the silver and bronze medals.<ref name="OR1984">{{cite book|title=Official Report of the Organising Committee of the XlVth Winter Olympic Games 1984 at Sarajevo|publisher=Oslobodenje|location=Sarajevo|year=1984|page=88|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1984/or1984w.pdf|access-date=3 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126020725/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1984/or1984w.pdf|archive-date=26 November 2011 }}</ref> The ] were held in ], ], Canada, where the ] captured its seventh and final gold medal. The Soviets' last Olympic game was a loss to ]. The Finnish team was not considered a serious medal contender—it had competed in the World Championships since 1939 and had not won a single medal. However, Finland upset the Soviets 2–1 and won silver.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213014113/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-95.html|date=13 December 2014 }}.</ref> The IIHF decided to change the tournament format because in several cases, the gold medal winner had been decided before the final day of play. During a congress in 1990, the IIHF introduced a playoff system.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502045050/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-89.html|date=2 May 2008 }}.</ref> The new system was used at the ] in ], France. Preliminary round-robin games were held and followed by an eight-team cup-system style medal round that culminated in a gold medal game.<ref name="Timeline"/> | ||
| ], a six-time Olympian, won a silver in 1988 and bronze medals in 1994 and 1998.<ref name="Num58"> |
], a six-time Olympian, won a silver in 1988 and bronze medals in 1994 and 1998.<ref name="Num58">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010124215/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-58.html|date=10 October 2008 }}.</ref>]] | ||
| Before 1989, players who lived in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and other nations behind the ] were not allowed to leave and play in the NHL.<ref name="Num65"> |
Before 1989, players who lived in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and other nations behind the ] were not allowed to leave and play in the NHL.<ref name="Num65">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213012013/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-65.html|date=13 December 2014 }}.</ref> Soviet officials agreed to allow players to leave following the ].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Duhatschek|first=Eric|title=GMs figure Soviets one day will flood market|date=18 June 1989|page=E4|newspaper=Calgary Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/news/2002/09/27/soviet_legacy/|title=Sweeping Changes|access-date=23 March 2009|date=27 September 2002|publisher=Sports Illustrated|archive-date=18 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218151946/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/news/2002/09/27/soviet_legacy|url-status=dead }}</ref> The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991. Nine former Soviet states became part of the IIHF and started competing internationally, including the successor state ], as well as ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615155631/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-42.html|date=15 June 2009 }}.</ref> At the 1992 Olympics, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan competed as one entity, known as the ].<ref name="Num59"/> In the final, the Unified Team defeated ] to win gold while ] won the bronze.<ref name="Num59">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006121044/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-59.html|date=6 October 2008 }}.</ref> | ||
| Czechoslovakia split into the ] and ] in January 1993. The IIHF recognized the Czech Republic as the successor to Czechoslovakia, allowing the team to retain its position in the top World Championship division, while Slovakia started in the lowest division (]) in 1994 and was forced to work its way up.<ref> |
Czechoslovakia split into the ] and ] in January 1993. The IIHF recognized the Czech Republic as the successor to Czechoslovakia, allowing the team to retain its position in the top World Championship division, while Slovakia started in the lowest division (]) in 1994 and was forced to work its way up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story #22 |url=https://webarchive.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-22/index.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=webarchive.iihf.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Story #75 |url=https://webarchive.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-75/index.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=webarchive.iihf.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Szemberg |first=Szymon |author2=Podnieks |first2=Andrew |date=May 2008 |title=Story #77–Recently separated, Czechs and Slovaks meet in World Championships final |url=https://webarchive.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-77/index.html |access-date=11 March 2009 |website=International Ice Hockey Federation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIHF - Brotherly but divided |url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2023/wm20/news/41449/brotherly_but_divided |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=IIHF International Ice Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref> Both nations competed in the tournament at the ], as did ]. ] and ] both finished the preliminary round undefeated. Slovakia lost their medal round quarter-final game to Russia 2–3 OT, who later lost to Sweden 3–4 in the semi-final and Finland (who was defeated by Canada in another semi-final) 0–4 in the bronze medal game. In the gold medal game between ] and ], both teams finished regulation and ] play with a 2–2 tie. In the resulting ], the first in Olympic competition,<ref>{{harvnb|Judd|2008|p=121}}</ref> both nations scored two goals, which resulted in a sudden death shootout. ] of Sweden scored one of the most famous goals in Olympic history by faking a forehand shot, then sliding a one-handed backhand shot past goaltender ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/channels10/olympics-2010/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/browse/17/article/owning-the-moment.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=3468&cHash=f66b6ba77f|title=Owning the moment|author=O'Connor, Joe|work=]|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|date=28 February 2009|access-date=24 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119081922/http://www.iihf.com/channels10/olympics-2010/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/browse/17/article/owning-the-moment.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=3468&cHash=f66b6ba77f|archive-date=19 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/1994/articles/94-hockfin.htm|title=Sweden Wins on Forsberg's Shot in Shootout|author=Howard, Johnette|newspaper=]|access-date=4 March 2009|date=28 February 1994|archive-date=20 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820121333/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/1994/articles/94-hockfin.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2006Turin/Hockey/2006/02/25/1462081-sun.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720202407/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2006Turin/Hockey/2006/02/25/1462081-sun.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 July 2012|title=Medal for Mats|author=Simmons, Steve|newspaper=]|access-date=4 March 2009|year=2006}}</ref> Canada's final shooter ]'s shot was saved by ] and Sweden won the game and its first gold medal.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724210738/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-14.html|date=24 July 2008 }}.</ref> | ||
| ==== |
====1998–2014==== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| In 1995, an agreement to allow NHL players to participate in Olympics was reached between the IOC, IIHF, NHL and ] (NHLPA).<ref name="Gamble"/> The format of the ] was adjusted to accommodate the NHL's schedule. |
In 1995, an agreement to allow NHL players to participate in Olympics was reached between the IOC, IIHF, NHL, and ] (NHLPA).<ref name="Gamble"/> The format of the ] was adjusted to accommodate the NHL's schedule. Canada, considered a pre-tournament favourite, was upset in the semi-final round by the Czech Republic and then lost the bronze medal game to Finland.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907012950/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-12.html|date=7 September 2008 }}.</ref> Led by goaltender ], the Czech team defeated Russia, winning its first gold medal in the sport.<ref name="Num10">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213014110/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-10.html|date=13 December 2014 }}.</ref> Following the tournament, NHL commissioner ] commented that it "was what we had predicted and hoped for from a pure hockey perspective, a wonderful tournament".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Was It Worth It?|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/1998/weekly/980302/worthit.html|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=4 March 2009|date=25 February 1998|author=Farber, Michael|archive-date=5 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205213217/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/1998/weekly/980302/worthit.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| ] of Finland is the all-time leading scorer in the men's tournament.<ref name="Selanne"/>]] | |||
| ] | |||
| The same tournament format was used at the ] in ], United States. The NHL's Olympic break did not start until the second week of the Games. Because the Olympics were in the United States, where the majority of NHL teams are located, teams participating in the preliminary tournament were allowed to use NHL players who were not obligated to play with their NHL club.<ref name="Bench">{{Cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E7D6103CF932A25751C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1|title=Olympics: Hockey; N.H.L. and Its Teams Send Players to Bench|author=Lapointe, Joe|work=]|date=2002-02-11|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> ] was particularly affected by the inability to use all of its NHL players, and the team failed to advance to the final round.<ref name="collapse" /> Three months later, Slovakia won gold at the ].<ref>], .</ref> Finnish ] ] became the first ice hockey player to compete in six tournaments.<ref name="Num58" /> In the quarter-finals, ] defeated ] in one of the biggest upsets since the Miracle on Ice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/20/sweden_belarus_ap/|title=Salt Lake stunner|work=Sports Illustrated|date=2002-02-20|accessdate=2009-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/winterolympics2002/hi/english/ice_hockey/newsid_1830000/1830687.stm|title=Belarus pull off huge upset|date=2002-02-21|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-03-04}}</ref> The team advanced to the bronze medal game, but lost to ].<ref>], .</ref> The ] rebounded from a disappointing first round and defeated the ] in the gold medal game, winning their first Gold Medal in 50 years.<ref>], .</ref> | |||
| The next tournament format was hosted in ], United States. Finnish ] ] became the first ice hockey player to compete in six tournaments.<ref name="Num58" /> In the quarter-finals, ] defeated ] in one of the biggest upsets since the Miracle on Ice.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/20/sweden_belarus_ap/|title=Salt Lake stunner|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=20 February 2002|access-date=4 March 2009|archive-date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113131837/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/20/sweden_belarus_ap/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/winterolympics2002/hi/english/ice_hockey/newsid_1830000/1830687.stm|title=Belarus pull off huge upset|date=21 February 2002|work=]|access-date=4 March 2009|archive-date=15 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015211345/http://news.bbc.co.uk/winterolympics2002/hi/english/ice_hockey/newsid_1830000/1830687.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The team lost to ] 7–1 in the semi-final and Russia 7–2 in the bronze medal game, respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827172135/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-28.html|date=27 August 2008 }}.</ref> The Canadian team rebounded from a disappointing first round and defeated the ] (who eliminated Russia 3–2 in the semi-final) in the gold medal game, winning their first gold medal in 50 years and seventh in men's hockey overall.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827174307/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-11.html|date=27 August 2008 }}.</ref> | |||
| The tournament format was adjusted for ]. In the semi-finals, ] defeated the ] 7–3, and ] beat Russia 4–0. Sweden won the gold medal defeating Finland 3–2 and the Czech Republic won the bronze medal. Three months later, Sweden won the ] and became the first team to win the Olympic and World Championship gold in the same year.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007141626/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-8.html|date=7 October 2008 }}.</ref> Allegations have surfaced of Sweden throwing a game against Slovakia so the Swedes would face Switzerland in the quarterfinals instead of Canada or the Czech Republic. Shortly before the game, Sweden coach ] was reported to have publicly contemplated tanking in order to avoid those teams, saying about Canada and the Czechs, "One is cholera, the other the plague."<ref name=Farber>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/vault/2006/03/06/8371329/swede-success|last=Farber|first=Michael|date=6 March 2006|title=Swede Success|magazine=]|access-date=10 April 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924185642/http://www.si.com/vault/2006/03/06/8371329/swede-success|url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| ]'s gold medal-winning overtime goal at the ].]] | |||
| The ] were held in ], British Columbia, Canada, the first time since NHL players started competing that the Olympics were held in a city with an NHL team. ] of ] scored his 37th point, breaking the record of 36 first set by Canadian Harry Watson in 1924 and later tied by ] of Czechoslovakia, and ] of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Selanne"/> ] made the final four for the first time, but lost the bronze medal game to Finland 3–5.<ref>{{cite news|title=Finland defeats Slovakia to capture hockey bronze|url=https://www.tsn.ca/story/?id=311878|publisher=The Sports Network|date=28 February 2010|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629080415/http://www.tsn.ca/story/?id=311878|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the gold medal game, ] and the ] ended regulation play with a 2–2 tie, making it only the second Olympic gold medal match to go into overtime. Canadian player ] scored the winning goal 7:40 into overtime play to give Canada its eighth gold medal in men's hockey.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/olympics/2010/sports/icehockey/article/773027--canada-beats-u-s-in-ot-for-hockey-gold|work=]|date=28 February 2010|access-date=28 February 2010|title=Canada beats U.S. in OT for hockey gold|author=Byers, Jim|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234631/https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2010/02/28/sidney_crosby_lifts_canada_to_olympic_hockey_gold.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The ] were held in ], Russia, and retained the same game format used in Vancouver 2010, while returning to the larger international-sized ice rinks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sochi2014.iihf.com/men/information/|access-date=22 February 2014|title=Tournament Format|archive-date=11 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211224802/http://sochi2014.iihf.com/men/information/|url-status=live}}</ref> ] participated for the first time, upsetting ] in the round-robin before losing to ] in the quarterfinals 0–5, for its best finish in any international tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/recap/8530.html?tx_ttnews=244&cHash=d57bc8bcc9/|date=18 February 2014|access-date=22 February 2014|title=Looking for history|author=Martin Merk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225013416/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/recap/8530.html?tx_ttnews=244&cHash=d57bc8bcc9|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> ] upset ] 3–1 in the qualification playoffs, also making it to the Olympic quarterfinals for the first time, where they were narrowly defeated by ] 2–1.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/olympics/ted-nolan-has-latvian-players-believing-in-themselves/article16954824/|date=19 February 2014|access-date=22 February 2014|title=Ted Nolan has Latvian players believing in themselves|author=ROY MACGREGOR|archive-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416074945/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/olympics/ted-nolan-has-latvian-players-believing-in-themselves/article16954824/|url-status=live}}</ref> Host nation ], considered a pre-tournament favourite, lost 3–1 in the quarterfinals to Finland and finished fifth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://olympics.cbc.ca/news/article/russians-dejected-after-olympic-hockey-loss-finland.html/|date=19 February 2014|access-date=22 February 2014|title=Russians dejected after Olympic hockey loss to Finland|author=Rod Perry|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223154227/http://olympics.cbc.ca/news/article/russians-dejected-after-olympic-hockey-loss-finland.html|archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> Entering the semi-finals undefeated after outscoring opponents 20–6, the ] lost to Canada 0–1, then lost the bronze medal game against ] 0–5. Teemu Selänne scored six more points in the tournament, was named tournament MVP and boosted his modern-era Olympic career record for points to 43 (24 goals, 19 assists). At the age of 43, he also set records as both the oldest Olympic goal-scorer and oldest Olympic ice hockey medal winner.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sochi2014.iihf.com/men/news/usa-fin-bronze-medal-game-recap/|date=22 February 2014|access-date=22 February 2014|title=Fine Finnish for Selanne|author=Lucas Aykroyd|archive-date=23 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223154741/http://sochi2014.iihf.com/men/news/usa-fin-bronze-medal-game-recap/|url-status=live}}</ref> Canada defeated Sweden 3–0 to win its ninth Olympic gold medal. The team did not trail at any point over the course of the tournament, and became the first back-to-back gold medal winner since the start of NHL participation in 1998, as well as the first team to go undefeated since 1984.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=444472/|date=23 February 2014|access-date=23 February 2014|title=Canada defeats Sweden to defend Gold in Olympic Men's Hockey|publisher=The Sports Network|agency=The Canadian Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227083534/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=444472%2F|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| ====2018–2022==== | |||
| The ] in ] was held without participation of NHL players for the first time since the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.<ref name="latedeal"/> The favorites to win the gold medal were the Russians due to their domestic league, the ], taking an Olympic break and allowing such stars as ] and ] to play on the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbnation.com/nhl/2018/2/7/16986816/2018-winter-olympics-odds-hockey-russia-usa-canada|title=Russian team leads final 2018 Winter Olympic men's hockey gold medal odds|author=Mary Clarke|date=7 February 2018|publisher=SBNation.com|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421150120/https://www.sbnation.com/nhl/2018/2/7/16986816/2018-winter-olympics-odds-hockey-russia-usa-canada|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/winter-olympics-gold-medal-favorites-pyeongchang-2018-2?IR=T#hockey-14|title=Here are the gold-medal favorites for every single event at the Winter Olympics|author=Tyler Lauletta|date=8 February 2018|website=Business Insider|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421144248/http://www.businessinsider.com/winter-olympics-gold-medal-favorites-pyeongchang-2018-2?IR=T#hockey-14|url-status=live }}</ref> As a consequence of a ], the IOC banned the Russian federation, but allowed Russian athletes to compete under the Olympic flag after passing anti-doping tests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/russia-banned-from-2018-olympics-following-doping-allegations/2017/12/05/9ab49790-d9d4-11e7-b859-fb0995360725_story.html?noredirect=on|title=Russia banned from 2018 Olympics for widespread doping program|author=Will Hobson|date=15 December 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234543/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/russia-banned-from-2018-olympics-following-doping-allegations/2017/12/05/9ab49790-d9d4-11e7-b859-fb0995360725_story.html?noredirect=on|url-status=live }}</ref> The final was played between the Germans, who unexpectedly eliminated the Canadians in the semi-final,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/02/23/woe-canada-germany-stuns-world-ice-hockey-power-at-pyeongchang-olympics/?noredirect=on|title=Woe, Canada? Germany stuns hockey power at PyeongChang Olympics|author=Matt Bonesteel|date=23 February 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234559/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/02/23/woe-canada-germany-stuns-world-ice-hockey-power-at-pyeongchang-olympics/?noredirect=on|url-status=live }}</ref> and the ]. In the final, the Russians prevailed, defeating Germany 4–3, and won the gold medal after ] scored the winning goal in overtime. The Russian players sang the banned anthem during the medal ceremony, but the IOC decided not to pursue any action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-iceh-m-oar-ger/olympics-ice-hockey-russians-sing-banned-anthem-after-beating-germany-to-gold-idUSKCN1G905K|title=Olympics: Ice Hockey – Russians sing banned anthem after beating Germany to gold|author=Dan Burns, Steve Keating|date=25 February 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501004752/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-iceh-m-oar-ger/olympics-ice-hockey-russians-sing-banned-anthem-after-beating-germany-to-gold-idUSKCN1G905K|url-status=live }}</ref> Canada won the bronze medal over the Czech Republic 6–4.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-iceh-m-cze-can/ice-hockey-canadian-men-beat-czechs-to-claim-bronze-idUSKCN1G80MG|title=Ice hockey: Canadian men beat Czechs to claim bronze|author=Dan Burns|date=24 February 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430124655/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-iceh-m-cze-can/ice-hockey-canadian-men-beat-czechs-to-claim-bronze-idUSKCN1G80MG|url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| Although NHL players were originally planned to participate in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the league and the NHL Players' Association announced on 21 December 2021, that they would be pulling out of the tournament, citing the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 December 2021|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/nhl-nhlpa-withdraws-from-beijing-2022-winter-olympics-1.6294937|title=NHL officially announces players won't attend Beijing Olympics|website=CBC sports|access-date=22 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222172158/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/nhl-nhlpa-withdraws-from-beijing-2022-winter-olympics-1.6294937|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/32918026/sources-nhl-not-going-olympics-due-covid|title=NHL skipping Olympics because of COVID surge|date=21 December 2021|website=ESPN.com|access-date=22 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221195437/https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/32918026/sources-nhl-not-going-olympics-due-covid|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl-won-t-attend-beijing-games-1.1738020|title=NHL won't attend Beijing Games, NHLPA expecting to 'return to the Olympics in 2026' - TSN.ca|date=22 December 2021|website=TSN|access-date=22 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222172159/https://www.tsn.ca/nhl-won-t-attend-beijing-games-1.1738020|url-status=live}}</ref> ] won their first ever ice hockey gold medal after going undefeated and beating the ] in the final. ] claimed their first ever bronze medal after defeating ] 4–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/olympic-m/news/32222/slovakia_wins_first_ever_olympic_medal|title=Slovakia wins first ever Olympic medal|publisher=iihf.com|access-date=19 February 2022|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322110132/https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/olympic-m/news/32222/slovakia_wins_first_ever_olympic_medal|url-status=live}}</ref> For the first time in history, the ] did not qualify for the quarter-finals and finished in ninth place, their lowest placement in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/olympic-m/news/32116/cze_sui|title=Swiss avenge group stage loss, advance to QF|publisher=iihf.com|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215111934/https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/olympic-m/news/32116/cze_sui|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The tournament format was adjusted for ]. The NHL went on hiatus for the duration of the games, allowing all players to compete.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2006Turin/Columnists/Jones/2006/02/03/1424759-sun.html|title=Five games to go|author=Jones, Terry|work=]|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|date=2006-02-03|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> The number of teams was lowered to 12; the top six teams did not get a bye and played five preliminary round games.<ref name=SR06>{{Cite web|title=Ice Hockey at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|publisher=sports-reference.com|accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref> ] won the gold medal over ] and the ] won the bronze medal. Three months later, Sweden won the ] and became the first team to win the Olympic and World Championship gold in the same year.<ref>], .</ref> | |||
| ===Women's tournament=== | ===Women's tournament=== | ||
| ====Addition to the programme==== | ====Addition to the programme==== | ||
| ] is the all-time leading scorer in the women's tournament<ref>{{ |
] is the all-time leading scorer in the women's tournament<ref>{{cite news|title=Wickenheiser signs with Swedish men's club|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/wickenheiser-signs-with-swedish-men-s-club-1.768070|publisher=CBC Sports|access-date=1 March 2009|date=22 July 2008|agency=The Canadian Press|archive-date=3 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903111659/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/saskatchewan/story/2008/07/22/wickenheiser-sweden.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was named tournament MVP twice.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Canada's leading star|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/olympics/2006/writers/02/20/wickenheiser/index.html|author=Yi-Wyn Yen|date=20 February 2008|access-date=1 March 2009|magazine=]|archive-date=24 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024152139/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/olympics/2006/writers/02/20/wickenheiser/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | ||
| At the ] in July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the ] as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Canadians cheer new Olympic sports|work=]|date=1992 |
At the ] in July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the ] as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Canadians cheer new Olympic sports|work=]|date=27 July 1992|agency=The Canadian Press}}</ref> Women's ice hockey had not been in the programme when Nagano, Japan had won the right to host the Olympics in June 1991, and the decision required approval by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee (NAOOC). The NAOOC was initially hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament and because they felt their team, which had failed to qualify for ], could not be competitive.<ref name="Agreement"/> According to Glynis Peters, the ]'s (CAHA) head of female hockey, "the Japanese would have to finance an entirely new sports operation to bring their team up to Olympic standards in six years, which they were also really reluctant to do."<ref name="Approval"/> In November 1992, the NWOOC and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include a women's ice hockey tournament in the programme.<ref name="Agreement">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DF1431F93AA15752C1A964958260|title=An Agreement By Nagano Games|date=29 November 1992|access-date=17 February 2009|work=The New York Times|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234549/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/29/sports/an-agreement-by-nagano-games.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Part of the agreement was that the tournament would be limited to six teams, and no additional facilities would be built. The CAHA also agreed to help build and train the Japanese team so that it could be more competitive.<ref name="Approval">{{Cite news|title=Women 's hockey gets approval for '98|work=]|author=Ormsby, Mary|date=18 November 1992}}</ref> The IOC had agreed that if the NAOOC had not approved the event, it would be held at the ].<ref name="Agreement"/> The format of the first tournament was similar to the men's: preliminary round-robin games followed by a medal round playoff.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice Hockey at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Women's Ice Hockey|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ICH/womens-ice-hockey.html|publisher=sports-reference.com|access-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407031947/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ICH/womens-ice-hockey.html|archive-date=7 April 2009 }}</ref> | ||
| ====1998–2006==== | ====1998–2006==== | ||
| Before 1998, women's hockey had been dominated by ]. Canadian teams had won every World Championship up to that point; however, by 1997, the ] had improved and was evenly matched with Canada. In thirteen games played between the two teams in 1997, Canada won seven and the United States won six. The 1998 Olympic tournament included teams from ], ], ] and host ]. Canada and the United States dominated the round-robin portion. In their head-to-head match, the United States overcame a 4–1 deficit to win 7–4.<ref name="WHistory">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fieldday.com/cbc/olympics/sports/hockey/womens-history/index.html|title=Women's Hockey History|publisher=CBC Sports| |
Before 1998, women's hockey had been dominated by ]. Canadian teams had won every World Championship up to that point; however, by 1997, the ] had improved and was evenly matched with Canada. In thirteen games played between the two teams in 1997, Canada won seven and the United States won six. The 1998 Olympic tournament also included teams from ], ], ] and host ]. Canada and the United States dominated the round-robin portion. In their head-to-head match, the United States overcame a 4–1 deficit to win 7–4.<ref name="WHistory">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fieldday.com/cbc/olympics/sports/hockey/womens-history/index.html|title=Women's Hockey History|publisher=CBC Sports|access-date=17 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903120552/http://www.fieldday.com/cbc/olympics/sports/hockey/womens-history/index.html|archive-date=3 September 2009 }}</ref> The two teams met in the final, which the United States won 3–1 to become the third American ice hockey team to win Olympic gold. Finland defeated China 4–1 to win the bronze medal.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524040902/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-33.html|date=24 May 2008 }}.</ref> | ||
| ] and the ] in 2002]] | |||
| For the ], the number of teams was increased to eight and ], ] and ] qualified for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/The_IIHF/IIHF_News_Release_Olympia.pdf|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|work=Ice Times|title=And the winner is... Hockey!|format=pdf|month=March|year=2002|editor=Edvinsson, Jan-Ake}}</ref> The Canadian and American teams went undefeated in the first round and semi-finals, setting up a gold medal rematch that the Canadian team won 3–2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/13/womensicehockey_standings/|title=Women's Olympic Ice Hockey Standings|work=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=2009-04-07|year=2002}}</ref> Following the game, members of the Canadian team accused the Americans of stomping on a Canadian flag in their dressing room, although an investigation later proved the rumour false.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. women's hockey team exonerated in flag dispute|work=Sports Illustrated|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/25/flag_dispute_ap/|date=2002-02-25|accessdate=2009-04-07}}</ref> The Swedish team won the bronze medal over Finland, the nation's first in women's ice hockey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/winterolympics2002/low/english/ice_hockey/newsid_1839000/1839253.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|title=The big two dominate|date=2002-02-24|author=Crosse, Simon|accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref> | |||
| ] and the ] in 2002]] | |||
| In ], ] and ] participated for the first time. The ], at the time ranked 17th in the world, had qualified because Italy was the host nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/plocal/CTVNews/20060217/hockey_changes_060217/20060217/?hub=TorontoHome|title=Changes coming to avoid women's hockey blowouts|date=2006-02-17|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref> They were outscored 32–1 in three games and IIHF president ] declared his intention to make future tournaments more competitive and not allow host nations to automatically qualify.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fasel vows to fix women's hockey|url=http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2006/02/17/fasel060217.html|publisher=CBC Sports|accessdate=2009-03-03|accessdate=2006-02-17}}</ref> The ] started the tournament by outscoring opponents 36–1 over three games. American ] ] accused the team of ] and warned that the event's Olympic status could be called into question due to a perceived lack of competitive teams.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada should tone it down: Ruggiero|url=http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2006/02/14/ruggiero_comment060213.html|publisher=CBC Sports|accessdate=2009-03-03|date=2006-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2006/02/15/cherry-hockeywomen060216.html|title=Cherry warns women's hockey squad|date=2006-02-16|publisher=CBC Sports|accessdate=2009-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/17/sports/olympics/17puck.html?fta=y|title=Trying to Avoid the Ill Fate of Softball|author=Eligon, John|work=The New York Times|date=2006-02-17|accessdate=2009-03-02}}</ref> In response, René Fasel stated that other women's teams were improving and that there was similar dominance in the early years of the men's tournament but the sport continued to grow. He added, "I promise you that it won't take the women 64 years to win"—in reference to the Swedish men's team inability to defeat Canada in Olympic play until 1984<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada, U.S. set the bar in women's hockey|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/torino/hockey/2006-02-13-womens-hockey_x.htm|author=Allen, Kevin|work=USA Today|date=2006-02-13|accessdate=2009-04-07}}</ref> (the Swedish women's team defeated Canada for the first time at the 2008 ]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sweden upsets Canada at Four Nations Cup|url=http://www.thestar.com/Article/533151|work=]|accessdate=2009-04-07|date=2008-11-07|author=Spencer, Donna}}</ref> | |||
| For the ], the number of teams was increased to eight with ], ] and ] qualifying for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/The_IIHF/IIHF_News_Release_Olympia.pdf|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|journal=Ice Times|title=And the winner is ... Hockey!|date=March 2002|editor=Edvinsson, Jan-Ake|access-date=7 April 2009|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192435/http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/The_IIHF/IIHF_News_Release_Olympia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Canadian and American teams went undefeated in the first round and semi-finals, setting up a gold medal rematch that the Canadian team won 3–2.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/13/womensicehockey_standings/|title=Women's Olympic Ice Hockey Standings|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=7 April 2009|year=2002|archive-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109004522/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/13/womensicehockey_standings/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the game, members of the Canadian team accused the Americans of stomping on a Canadian flag in their dressing room, although an investigation later proved the rumour false.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=U.S. women's hockey team exonerated in flag dispute|magazine=Sports Illustrated|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/25/flag_dispute_ap/|date=25 February 2002|access-date=7 April 2009|archive-date=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317055704/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/25/flag_dispute_ap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Swedish team won the bronze medal over Finland 2–1, the nation's first in women's ice hockey.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/winterolympics2002/low/english/ice_hockey/newsid_1839000/1839253.stm|work=BBC Sport|title=The big two dominate|date=24 February 2002|author=Crosse, Simon|access-date=6 April 2009|archive-date=16 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816104450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/winterolympics2002/low/english/ice_hockey/newsid_1839000/1839253.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| In |
In ], Sweden defeated the US in a shootout in the semi-finals, marking the first time the US had lost to an opponent other than Canada.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Their own Miracle|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/olympics/2006/writers/02/17/womens.hockey/?cnn=yes|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=17 February 2006|access-date=1 March 2009|author=Yi-Wyn Yen|archive-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026072036/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/olympics/2006/writers/02/17/womens.hockey/?cnn=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref> The upset drew comparisons to the Miracle on Ice from 1980.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829025052/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-35.html|date=29 August 2008 }}.</ref> In the medal games, Canada defeated Sweden 4–1 to claim its second consecutive gold medal, while the Americans beat Finland 4–0 to win the bronze.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.722/best-women-s-team-ever-1.625130|title=Best women's team ever?|date=23 February 2006|publisher=CBC Sports|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=3 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903114058/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2006/02/20/women-hockey060220.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/olympics/2002813163_olyjudd19.html|title=Miracle whipped: A stunning changing of the guard in women's hockey|author=Judd, Ron|work=]|date=18 February 2006|access-date=2 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902165507/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/olympics/2002813163_olyjudd19.html|archive-date=2 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/sports/olympics/18women.html|title=Competition Catches Up to U.S. Women|author=Crouse, Karen|date=18 February 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417094943/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/sports/olympics/18women.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| ====2010 and debate on removal from the Olympics==== | |||
| ===Future tournaments=== | |||
| In ], eight teams participated, including ] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Tournament Schedule Proposal|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-women.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=4 March 2009|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915090744/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-women.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the gold medal game, Canada defeated the United States 2–0 to win their third consecutive gold. The ] team won the bronze medal over Sweden 3–2 OT, their first since 1998.<ref name="VSun2010">{{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/sports/Canada+brings+home+Olympic+gold+women+hockey/2613857/story.html|title=Canada brings home Olympic gold in women's hockey|work=]|date=25 February 2010|access-date=25 February 2010|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214033449/http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/Canada+brings+home+Olympic+gold+women+hockey/2613857/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ] (to be renamed Canada Hockey Place during the event).]] | |||
| Both the men's and women's tournaments will be held at the ] in ], Canada and the ] in ], Russia. The games of the 2010 tournament will be held at the ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/en/competition-schedules-and-venues/venues/-/41126/32528/1bf5d78/ubc-thunderbird-arena.html|title=Venues–UBC Thunderbird Arena|publisher=Vancouver Organizing Committee|accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref> and ], which is to be renamed Canada Hockey Place during the event because corporate sponsorship is not allowed for an Olympic venue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctvbc.ctv.ca/servlet/an/plocal/CTVNews/20080806/BC_GM_place_new_name_080806/20080806/?hub=BritishColumbiaHome |title=GM Place to get new name for 2010|publisher=CTV News|year=2008|accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/en/competition-schedules-and-venues/venues/-/41118/32528/wa4p0q/canada-hockey-place.html|title=Venues–Canada Hockey Place|publisher=Vancouver Organizing Committee|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref> | |||
| The future of international women's ice hockey was discussed at the ] in 2010, and dealt with how IIHF member associations could work together to grow the game and increase registration numbers, and the relative strength of the women's game in North America compared to the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prohockeynews.com/summit-to-discuss-global-hockey-issues/|title=Summit to discuss global hockey issues|last=Money|first=Don|date=14 August 2020|website=Pro Hockey News|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406231231/https://prohockeynews.com/summit-to-discuss-global-hockey-issues/|url-status=live}}</ref> ] president ] raised concerns that the women's hockey tournament might be eliminated from the Olympics since the event was not competitively balanced and was dominated by Canada and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/hockey-summit-2/|title=World hockey summit arrives in Toronto|date=22 August 2010|work=Sportsnet|access-date=6 April 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406234205/https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/hockey-summit-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Team Canada captain ] explained that the talent gap between the North American and European countries was due to the presence of women's professional leagues in North America, along with year-round training facilities. She stated the European players were talented, but their respective national team programs were not given the same level of support as the European men's national teams, or the North American women's national teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20100602/284094907734426|title=Time for another hockey summit has come, writes Wayne Scanlan|last=Scanlan|first=Wayne|date=2 June 2010|work=Ottawa Citizen|access-date=6 April 2020|via=Press Reader|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406231200/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20100602/284094907734426|url-status=live}}</ref> She stressed the need for women to have their own professional league which would be for the benefit of international hockey. IIHF vice-president ] promised to invest $2-million towards developing international women's hockey.<ref>{{cite book|last=McKinley|first=Michael|title=It's Our Game: Celebrating 100 Years Of Hockey Canada|publisher=Viking|date=2014|location=Toronto, Ontario|isbn=978-0-670-06817-3|pages=381–382}}</ref> | |||
| Twelve teams have qualified for the men's event and will be split into three groups of four teams. The NHL break will begin after February 14 and the tournament will start on February 16. At the NHL's request, the number of preliminary games was lowered to three.<ref name="MTP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-men/tournament-program.html|title=Men's Tournament Program|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|accessdate=2009-03-04}}</ref> Following the completion of the preliminary round, all teams will be ranked 1 through 12 based on points. The top four ranked teams will receive byes to the quarter-finals, and the other eight teams will play for the remaining four positions. Following that, the final eight teams will compete in a playoff.<ref name="MenProg">{{cite web|title=Men's tournament programme & schedules|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-men.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|accessdate=2009-03-04}}</ref> | |||
| ====2014–2022==== | |||
| For the women's tournament, eight teams have qualified, including ] for the first time. They will be split into two divisions of four teams and each team will play three preliminary games. Following the preliminary round, the top two teams from each division will advance to the medal round playoff. The other four will play classification games.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Tournament Schedule Proposal|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-women.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|accessdate=2009-03-04}}</ref> Each team is allowed to have 15 to 18 skaters and two goaltenders.<ref name="WomProg">{{Cite web|title=Women's Tournament Program|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-women/tournament-program.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|accessdate=2009-03-04}}</ref> | |||
| ] team celebrates shortly after winning the bronze medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics. It was the first medal for the country in women's hockey.]] | |||
| At the ], Canada defeated the United States 3–2, as ] scored at 8:10 of overtime to win their fourth consecutive gold, rebounding from a two-nothing deficit late in the game. With the win, Canadians ], ] and ] became the first athletes to win four ice hockey gold medals. They also joined Soviet biathlete ] and German speedskater ] as the only athletes to win gold medals in four straight Winter Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=444282|title=Poulin scores OT winner, Canada wins gold over U.S.|publisher=The Sports Network|date=20 February 2014|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221073707/http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=444282|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the bronze medal game ] beat Sweden 4–3 to win their first women's medal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swiss women rally to beat Sweden for hockey bronze|url=https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/story/?id=444276|publisher=The Sports Network|date=20 February 2014|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220162640/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/story/?id=444276|archive-date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| In ], the ] defeated ] for the gold medal in a shootout, winning 3–2. The Americans' winning the gold medal game marks the first time in 20 years that the United States took home a gold medal in women's hockey. They previously won in ] in ], which was also against Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-womens-hockey-team-finally-gold-dramatic-final/story?id=53270112|title=US women's hockey team finally gets gold in dramatic final against rival Canada|date=22 February 2018|publisher=ABC News|first=Karyn|last=Rodus|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223002129/http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-womens-hockey-team-finally-gold-dramatic-final/story?id=53270112|url-status=live }}</ref> Canada's loss effectively ended their winning streak of four consecutive winter games, having won since ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/winter-olympics-2018/2018/02/22/usa-canada-womens-hockey-gold-medal-game/361949002/|title=U.S. women end Canada's streak to win hockey gold in shootout at 2018 Winter Olympics|website=USA Today|language=en|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122045944/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/winter-olympics-2018/2018/02/22/usa-canada-womens-hockey-gold-medal-game/361949002/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| It will be the first time since NHL players were allowed to compete that the Olympics will be held in a city with an NHL team. For the first time, Olympic games will be played on a narrower NHL-sized ice rink, measuring 61 metres × 26 metres (200 ft × 85 ft), instead of the international size of 61 m × 30 m (200 ft × 98.5 ft). This change is expected to save $10 million (CAD) in construction costs and allow more spectators to attend games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2010Vancouver/2006/06/08/1620669-sun.html|title=VANOC shrinks Olympic ice|date=2009-02-24|accessdate=2009-03-01|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|work=]}}</ref> Each team is allowed to have between 15 and 20 skaters (] and defencemen) and two or three goaltenders, all of whom must be citizens of the nation they play for.<ref name="MTP" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/iihf-eligibility.html|title=IIHF Eligibility|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|accessdate=2009-03-04}}</ref> | |||
| The ] was played with ten teams for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=More women's teams at Olympics|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=12861&cHash=0c737eace02762f9084a8fbf5266dfc6|publisher=iihf.com|date=22 July 2018|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003936/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=12861&cHash=0c737eace02762f9084a8fbf5266dfc6|url-status=live}}</ref> ] won their fifth gold medal, defeating the United States in the final 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/olympic-w/news/32173/can-usa-gmg|title=Poulin leads Canada to gold again|publisher=iihf.com|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316210637/https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/olympic-w/news/32173/can-usa-gmg|url-status=live}}</ref> ] defeated ] 4–0 for the bronze medal.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tennery|first=Amy|title=Ice hockey—Finland outclass Switzerland to win women's bronze|publisher=Reuters|date=16 February 2022|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/ice-hockey-finland-outclass-switzerland-win-bronze-2022-02-16/|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724184924/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/ice-hockey-finland-outclass-switzerland-win-bronze-2022-02-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> The final standings were a repeat of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2021/ww/news/28008/gmg |title=Poulin scores golden goal |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901050047/https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2021/ww/news/28008/gmg |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| ==Rules== | ==Rules== | ||
| ===Qualification=== | ===Qualification=== | ||
| Since 1976, 12 teams have participated in the men's tournament, except in 1998 and 2002, when the number was raised to 14. The number of teams has ranged from 4 (in 1932) to 16 (in 1964). After the NHL allowed its players to compete at the 1998 Winter Olympics, the "Big Six" teams (Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States) were given automatic qualification and ]s to the final round.<ref name="Num7"/> The number of teams was increased to 14 so that a preliminary round-robin tournament consisting of eight teams could be held. The top two teams from the preliminary round (] and ]) joined the "Big Six" in the finals. A similar system was used in 2002.<ref name="Bench"/> For the following tournament, the number of teams was lowered to 12 so that all teams played fewer games.<ref name=SR06/> Qualification for the men's tournament at the ] was structured around the ]. Twelve spots were made available for teams. The top nine teams in the World Ranking after the ] received automatic berths |
Since 1976, 12 teams have participated in the men's tournament, except in 1998 and 2002, when the number was raised to 14. The number of teams has ranged from 4 (in 1932) to 16 (in 1964). After the NHL allowed its players to compete at the 1998 Winter Olympics, the "]" teams (Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States) were given automatic qualification and ]s to the final round.<ref name="Num7">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007141621/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-7.html|date=7 October 2008 }}.</ref> The number of teams was increased to 14 so that a preliminary round-robin tournament consisting of eight teams could be held. The top two teams from the preliminary round (] and ]) joined the "Big Six" in the finals. A similar system was used in 2002.<ref name="Bench">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E7D6103CF932A25751C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1|title=Olympics: Hockey; N.H.L. and Its Teams Send Players to Bench|author=Lapointe, Joe|work=]|date=11 February 2002|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234619/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/11/sports/olympics-hockey-nhl-and-its-teams-send-players-to-bench.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For the following tournament, the number of teams was lowered to 12 so that all teams played fewer games.<ref name=SR06>{{Cite web|title=Ice Hockey at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|publisher=sports-reference.com|access-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327175155/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html|archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref> Qualification for the men's tournament at the ] was structured around the ]. Twelve spots were made available for teams. The top nine teams in the World Ranking after the ] received automatic berths. Teams ranked 19th through 30th played in a first qualification round in November 2008. The top three teams from the round advanced to the second qualification round, joined by teams ranked 10th through 18th. The top three teams from this round advanced to the Olympic tournament.<ref name="MenProg">{{cite web|title=Men's tournament programme & schedules|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-men.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=4 March 2009|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419193957/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-men.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=266366|title=Germany, Norway round out 2010 Olympic men's hockey|publisher=]|date=8 February 2009|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213123305/http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=266366|archive-date=13 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| The women's tournament uses a similar qualification format. The top six teams in the IIHF Women's World Ranking after the ] received automatic berths. Teams ranked 13th and below were divided into two groups for a first qualification round in September 2008. The two group winners advanced to the second qualification round, where the teams ranked seventh through twelfth joined them.<ref name="WomProg"/> | The women's tournament uses a similar qualification format. The top six teams in the IIHF Women's World Ranking after the ] received automatic berths. Teams ranked 13th and below were divided into two groups for a first qualification round in September 2008. The two group winners advanced to the second qualification round, where the teams ranked seventh through twelfth joined them.<ref name="WomProg">{{Cite web|title=Women's Tournament Program|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-women/tournament-program.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225174514/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-women/tournament-program.html|archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref> | ||
| ===Players=== | ===Players=== | ||
| ====Eligibility==== | ====Eligibility==== | ||
| The IIHF lists the following requirements for a player to be eligible to play in international tournaments:<ref name="Eligibility">{{Cite web|title=IIHF Eligibility|url=http://www.iihf.com/en/home-of-hockey/championships/iihf-eligibility.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation| |
The IIHF lists the following requirements for a player to be eligible to play in international tournaments:<ref name="Eligibility">{{Cite web|title=IIHF Eligibility|url=http://www.iihf.com/en/home-of-hockey/championships/iihf-eligibility.html|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=11 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427153324/http://www.iihf.com/en/home-of-hockey/championships/iihf-eligibility.html|archive-date=27 April 2009 }}</ref> | ||
| *"Each player must be under the jurisdiction of an IIHF member national association." | *"Each player must be under the jurisdiction of an IIHF member national association." | ||
| *"Each player must be a citizen of the country he represents." | *"Each player must be a citizen of the country he/she represents." | ||
| If a player who has never played in an IIHF competition changes their citizenship, they must participate in national competitions in their new country for at least two consecutive years and have an international transfer card (ITC).<ref name="Eligibility"/> If a player who has previously played in an IIHF tournament wishes to change their national team, they must have played in their new country for four years. A player can only do this once.<ref name="Eligibility"/> The original IOC rules stated that an athlete that had already played for one nation could not later change nations under any circumstances.<ref name="Pod1920"/> | If a player who has never played in an IIHF competition changes their citizenship, they must participate in national competitions in their new country for at least two consecutive years and have an international transfer card (ITC).<ref name="Eligibility"/> If a player who has previously played in an IIHF tournament wishes to change their national team, they must have played in their new country for four years. A player can only do this once.<ref name="Eligibility"/> The original IOC rules stated that an athlete that had already played for one nation could not later change nations under any circumstances.<ref name="Pod1920"/> | ||
| ====Use of professional players==== | ====Use of professional players==== | ||
| ], founder of the IOC]] | ], founder of the IOC]] | ||
| ], founder of the IOC, was influenced by the ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the ].<ref name=OIdeology>{{cite book |
], founder of the IOC, was influenced by the ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the ].<ref name=OIdeology>{{cite book|last=Eassom|first=Simon|title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology|year=1994|location=Ontario|publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies|pages=120–123|isbn=0-7714-1697-0}}</ref> The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education and there was a prevailing concept of fairness in which practicing or training was considered cheating.<ref name=OIdeology/> As class structure evolved through the 20th century, the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated.<ref name=OIdeology/> The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.<ref name="Benjamin, Daniel"/> Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until 1988.<ref name=schantz/> | ||
| ] on display at the ]]] | |||
| ] on display at the ]]] | |||
| The ] (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the IIHF and IOC. ], president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972, was opposed to the idea of amateur and professional players competing together. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players<ref name="Num17">], .</ref> at the 1970 World Championships in ] and ], Canada.<ref>], .</ref> The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made.<ref name="Num17" /> In response, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.<ref name="Num17" /><ref>{{cite news| title = Summit Series '72 Summary| publisher = ]| url = http://www.hhof.com/html/GamesSummarySUM1972.shtml| accessdate=2009-03-02}}</ref> ] became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.<ref>], .</ref> | |||
| Near the end of the 1960s, the ] (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the IIHF and IOC. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players<ref name="Num17">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227214712/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html|date=27 February 2018 }}.</ref> at the 1970 World Championships in ] and ], ], Canada.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010210250/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-40.html|date=10 October 2017 }}.</ref> The decision was reversed in January 1970 after IOC President ] said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made.<ref name="Num17" /> In response, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.<ref name="Num17" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Summit Series '72 Summary|publisher=]|url=http://www.hhof.com/html/GamesSummarySUM1972.shtml|access-date=2 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807130920/http://www.hhof.com/html/GamesSummarySUM1972.shtml|archive-date=7 August 2008 }}</ref> ] became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807073011/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-6.html|date=7 August 2017 }}.</ref> | |||
| Before the 1984 Winter Olympics, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the United States Olympic Committee maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games.<ref name="Pod1984">{{harvnb|Podnieks|1997|pp=147–158}}</ref> This made five players on Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two Italians and two Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the ]—were allowed to play.<ref name="Pod1984"/> Canadian hockey official ] stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Eagleson upset over hockey dispute|work=The New York Times|author=Litsky, Frank|date= |
Before the 1984 Winter Olympics, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the United States Olympic Committee maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games.<ref name="Pod1984">{{harvnb|Podnieks|1997|pp=147–158}}</ref> This made five players on Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two Italians and two Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the ]—were allowed to play.<ref name="Pod1984"/> Canadian hockey official ] stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Eagleson upset over hockey dispute|work=The New York Times|author=Litsky, Frank|date=25 January 1984}}</ref> ] of the CAHA suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Canada considers hockey withdrawal|work=The New York Times|date=5 February 1984}}</ref> In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in the Olympic Games starting in 1988.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Players in NHL are now eligible in the Olympics|work=Toronto Star|author=Monsebraaten, Laurie|date=15 October 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr01.htm|title=Amateurism|date=12 July 1999|work=]|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-date=23 February 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020223021004/http://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| ====NHL participation==== | ====NHL participation==== | ||
| ] of Finland and ] of Russia face off in a semi-final game at the 2006 Winter Olympics.]] | ] of Finland and ] of Russia face off in a semi-final game at the 2006 Winter Olympics.]] | ||
| The NHL decided not to allow all players to participate in 1988, 1992, 1994, 2018, and 2022 because the Winter Olympics typically occur in February, during the league's regular season. To allow participation, the NHL would have been forced to take a break in its schedule.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aiding U.S. Olympic Team May Bring Gold to N.H.L., Too|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/06/sports/aiding-us-olympic-team-may-bring-gold-to-nhl-too.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|last=Dryden|first=Ken|access-date=15 March 2009|date=6 March 1988|newspaper=The New York Times|author-link=Ken Dryden|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225608/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/06/sports/aiding-us-olympic-team-may-bring-gold-to-nhl-too.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| The NHL decided not to allow all players to participate in 1988, 1992 or 1994 because the Winter Olympics typically occur in February, during the league's regular season. To allow participation, the NHL would have been forced to take a break in its schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aiding U.S. Olympic Team May Bring Gold to N.H.L., Too|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DA1639F935A35750C0A96E948260|author=]|accessdate=2009-03-15|date=1988-03-06|work=The New York Times}}</ref> In 1992, ] (NBA) players participated in the ]. The ] dominated the tournament, and NHL commissioner ] (an NBA executive in 1992) commented that the "'s worldwide awareness grew dramatically". He hoped that NHL participation would "get exposure like the world has never seen for hockey".<ref name="Gamble"/> The typical NBA season is held in the winter and spring, so the Summer Olympics do not conflict with the regular season schedule. Bettman "floated a concept of moving hockey to the Summer Games", but this was rejected because of the Olympic Charter.<ref name="Gamble"/> In March 1995, Bettman, René Fasel, IOC president ] and NHLPA executive director ] met in Geneva, Switzerland. They reached an agreement that allowed NHL players to participate in the Olympics, starting with the 1998 Games in ], Japan.<ref name="Gamble">{{Cite web|title=The N.H.L.'s Olympic Gamble; Stars' Participation in Nagano Could Raise Sport's Profile|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901EFD91438F935A2575AC0A961958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FO%2FOlympic%20Games|author=Lapointe, Joe|work=The New York Times|date=1997-09-16|accessdate=2009-02-17}}</ref> The deal was officially announced by the NHL on October 2, 1995. Bettman said: "We're doing this to build the game of hockey, pure and simple, we think whatever benefits are recouped, it will end up making this game bigger, stronger and healthier."<ref>{{Cite news|title=NHL makes peace with union and sets up Olympic 'Dream Tourney'|work=]|author=Associated Press|date=1995-10-03}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1992, ] (NBA) players participated in the ]. NHL commissioner ] (an NBA executive in 1992) commented that the "'s worldwide awareness grew dramatically". He hoped that NHL participation would "get exposure like the world has never seen for hockey".<ref name="Gamble"/> The typical NBA season is held in the winter and spring, so the Summer Olympics do not conflict with the regular season schedule. Bettman "floated a concept of moving hockey to the Summer Games", but this was rejected because of the Olympic Charter.<ref name="Gamble"/> In March 1995, Bettman, René Fasel, IOC president ] and NHLPA executive director ] met in Geneva, Switzerland. They reached an agreement that allowed NHL players to participate in the Olympics, starting with the 1998 Games in ], Japan.<ref name="Gamble">{{cite news|title=The N.H.L.'s Olympic Gamble; Stars' Participation in Nagano Could Raise Sport's Profile|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901EFD91438F935A2575AC0A961958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FO%2FOlympic%20Games|author=Lapointe, Joe|work=The New York Times|date=16 September 1997|access-date=17 February 2009|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811140323/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/16/sports/hockey-nhl-s-olympic-gamble-stars-participation-nagano-could-raise-sport-s.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The deal was officially announced by the NHL on 2 October 1995. Bettman said: "We're doing this to build the game of hockey, pure and simple, we think whatever benefits are recouped, it will end up making this game bigger, stronger and healthier."<ref>{{Cite news|title=NHL makes peace with union and sets up Olympic 'Dream Tourney'|work=]|agency=Associated Press|date=3 October 1995}}</ref><ref name="collapse">{{Cite web|title=Blame must be shared for Slovakia's collapse|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/2002GamesHockeyFeb02/0212_bla-sun.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115142653/http://slam.canoe.ca/2002GamesHockeyFeb02/0212_bla-sun.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 January 2013|author=Garrioch, Bruce|work=Slam! Olympics|publisher=]|date=12 February 2002|access-date=1 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
| The ] was ] and eventually ] because of a labour dispute between the league and its players. In January 2005, Bettman commented that he was hesitant to allow league participation in the Olympics because he did not like the idea of stopping play mid-season after the cancellation of the previous season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIHF not giving up on NHLers in Turin|date=2005-01-03|publisher=The Sports Network|url=http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/story/?id=109955&hubname=olympics|author=The Canadian Press|accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> The lockout was resolved in July 2005 and the newly negotiated ] allowed league participation in the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2010 Olympics needs to ratify deal IIHF|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2010Vancouver/2005/07/22/1143772-cp.html|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|author=LeBrun, Pierre|date=2005-07-22|accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> Some NHL team owners were against their players participating in the tournament because of concerns about injury or exhaustion. ] owner ] commented that "I'm a believer in the Olympics and I think it's good for the NHL to participate, having said that, the people who participate should be the ones who are absolutely healthy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Some owners cool to Olympic flame|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2006Turin/Hockey/2006/02/04/1426019-sun.html|work=]|author=Hornby, Lance|year=2006|accessdate=2009-03-01|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer}}</ref> Some NHL players used the break as an opportunity to rest and did not participate in the tournament,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2006/02/11/fasel-kiprusoff060211.html|title=Fasel angry at absent NHLers|date=2006-02-12|accessdate=2009-03-01|publisher=]}}</ref> and several players were injured during the Olympics and were forced to miss NHL games. Bettman said that several format changes were being discussed so that the tournament would be "a little easier for everybody".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=156076&hubname=nhl|title=Hockey changes likely for 2010 games|publisher=The Sports Network|date=2006-02-24|accessdate=2009-03-01|author=The Canadian Press}}</ref> | |||
| The ] was ] and eventually ] because of a labour dispute between the league and its players. In January 2005, Bettman commented that he was hesitant to allow league participation in the Olympics because he did not like the idea of stopping play mid-season after the cancellation of the previous season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIHF not giving up on NHLers in Turin|date=3 January 2005|publisher=The Sports Network|url=https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/story/?id=109955&hubname=olympics|agency=The Canadian Press|access-date=8 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094352/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/story/?id=109955&hubname=olympics|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lockout was resolved in July 2005 and the newly negotiated ] allowed league participation in the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2010 Olympics needs to ratify deal IIHF|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2010Vancouver/2005/07/22/1143772-cp.html|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|author=LeBrun, Pierre|date=22 July 2005|access-date=8 March 2009|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090903083451/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2010Vancouver/2005/07/22/1143772-cp.html|archive-date=3 September 2009 }}</ref> Some NHL team owners were against their players participating in the tournament because of concerns about injury or exhaustion. ] owner ] commented that "I'm a believer in the Olympics and I think it's good for the NHL to participate, having said that, the people who participate should be the ones who are absolutely healthy."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Some owners cool to Olympic flame|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2006Turin/Hockey/2006/02/04/1426019-sun.html|newspaper=]|author=Hornby, Lance|year=2006|access-date=1 March 2009|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|archive-date=16 August 2012|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120816044811/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2006Turin/Hockey/2006/02/04/1426019%2Dsun.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Some NHL players used the break as an opportunity to rest and did not participate in the tournament,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.722/fasel-angry-at-absent-nhlers-1.601867|title=Fasel angry at absent NHLers|date=12 February 2006|access-date=1 March 2009|publisher=]|archive-date=3 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903112251/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2006/02/11/fasel-kiprusoff060211.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and several players were injured during the Olympics and were forced to miss NHL games. Bettman said that several format changes were being discussed so that the tournament would be "a little easier for everybody".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=156076&hubname=nhl|title=Hockey changes likely for 2010 games|publisher=The Sports Network|date=24 February 2006|access-date=1 March 2009|agency=The Canadian Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094819/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=156076&hubname=nhl|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| {{As of|2009}}, it has not yet been decided if the NHL will participate in the ] in Russia. A deal will have to be negotiated between the NHL and NHLPA in the ].<ref name="Kelly">{{Cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=3614334|title=Kelly: As many as eight teams could open next season in Europe|author=Burnside, Scott|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2009-03-01|date=2008-09-28}}</ref> NHL management is hesitant to commit to the tournament; Bettman argues the Olympic break is a "strain on the players, on the schedule and on fans", adding that "the benefits we get tend to be greater when the Olympics are in North America than when they're in distant time zones."<ref>{{Cite web|title=NHL may skip Olympics after 2010|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/story/2007/11/28/bettman-olympics.html?ref=rss|publisher=CBC Sports|date=2007-11-28|accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref> According to Bettman, most of the NHL team owners agree with his position, and feel that the league does not receive enough benefits to justify the schedule break and risk of player injuries.<ref name="LeBrun"/> René Fasel wants NHL participation and vowed that he would "work day and night to have ] in Sochi".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bettman and Fasel face off |url=http://www.ctvolympics.ca/hockey/news/newsid=7810.html#bettman+fasel+face|publisher=CTV Olympics|accessdate=2009-04-06|date=2009-03-27}}</ref> At a October 2008 press conference, then-NHLPA executive director ] stated that the players want to return to the Olympics and will try to include the ability in the next agreement.<ref name="LeBrun">{{Cite web|title=Sens' owner convinced of European expansion, Bettman skeptical|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=3627230|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2009-05-29|date=2008-10-05|author=LeBrun, Pierre}}</ref> Russian NHL players ] and ] have stated that they want to participate in the tournament and will do so without the permission of the NHL, if necessary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=To play or not to play |publisher=CTV Olympics|urlhttp://www.ctvolympics.ca/hockey/news/newsid=16174.html?cid=rsstsn|date=2009-09-23|accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref> Paul Kelly also believes that the NHL's strained relationship with the ] and the ] (KHL) could affect participation.<ref name="Kelly"/> In a 2009 interview, KHL president ] claimed that the unwillingness of NHL officials to immediately commit to the Sochi Games was "an instrument of pressure" to force a transfer agreement between the two leagues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=K.H.L. Leader Chides N.H.L. On 2014 Games|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/sports/hockey/15slapshot.html|work=The New York Times|date=2009-02-14|accessdate=2009-03-19|author=Klein, Jeff Z.; Hackel, Stu}}</ref> | |||
| ] in Russia, a number of Russian NHL players, including ], stated that they would play in the tournament with or without the NHL's approval.<ref name="Ovechkin"/>]] | |||
| It was originally thought that for NHL participating in the ] a deal would have to be negotiated between the NHL and NHLPA in the ].<ref name="Kelly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id=3614334|title=Kelly: As many as eight teams could open next season in Europe|author=Burnside, Scott|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 March 2009|date=28 September 2008|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125025937/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=3614334|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2013, the NHL and NHLPA agreed on a new Collective Bargaining Agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=412844|title=NHL and NHLPA reach deal on Collective Bargaining Agreement|publisher=The Sports Network|date=6 January 2013|access-date=6 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106041754/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=412844|archive-date=6 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the decision on NHL participation at the Olympics was later announced on 19 July 2013. As part of the deal, the NHL will go on break for 17 days during the Olympics and will send 13 on-ice officials to help with the Games.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deal reached to send NHL players to 2014 Winter Olympics|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=427999|date=19 July 2013|publisher=The Sports Network|access-date=20 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721233910/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=427999|archive-date=21 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> NHL management was hesitant to commit to the tournament; Bettman argued the Olympic break is a "strain on the players, on the schedule and on fans", adding that "the benefits we get tend to be greater when the Olympics are in North America than when they're in distant time zones."<ref>{{cite news|title=NHL may skip Olympics after 2010|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl-may-skip-olympics-after-2010-1.667589?ref=rss|publisher=CBC Sports|date=28 November 2007|access-date=19 March 2009|archive-date=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119134828/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/story/2007/11/28/bettman-olympics.html?ref=rss|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Bettman, most of the NHL team owners agree with his position, and feel that the league does not receive enough benefits to justify the schedule break and risk of player injuries.<ref name="LeBrun"/> ] wants NHL participation and vowed that he would "work day and night to have ] in Sochi".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bettman and Fasel face off|url=http://www.ctvolympics.ca/hockey/news/newsid=7810.html#bettman+fasel+face|publisher=CTV Olympics|access-date=6 April 2009|date=27 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303141350/http://www.ctvolympics.ca/hockey/news/newsid%3D7810.html|archive-date=3 March 2010|url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| At an October 2008 press conference, then-NHLPA executive director ] stated that the players want to return to the Olympics and would try to include the ability in the next agreement.<ref name="LeBrun">{{Cite web|title=Sens' owner convinced of European expansion, Bettman skeptical|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id=3627230|publisher=ESPN|access-date=29 May 2009|date=5 October 2008|author=LeBrun, Pierre|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111061200/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=3627230|url-status=live}}</ref> Russian NHL players ] and ] stated that they want to participate in the tournament and would do so without the permission of the NHL, if necessary.<ref name="Ovechkin">{{Cite web|title=To play or not to play|work=CTVOlympics.ca|publisher=]|url=http://www.ctvolympics.ca/hockey/news/newsid=16174.html?cid=rsstsn|date=23 September 2009|access-date=23 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926031537/http://www.ctvolympics.ca/hockey/news/newsid%3D16174.html?cid=rsstsn|archive-date=26 September 2009 }}</ref> Paul Kelly also believed that the NHL's strained relationship with the ] and the ] (KHL) could affect participation.<ref name="Kelly"/> In a 2009 interview, KHL president ] claimed that the unwillingness of NHL officials to immediately commit to the Sochi Games was "an instrument of pressure" to force a transfer agreement between the two leagues.<ref>{{cite news|title=K.H.L. Leader Chides N.H.L. On 2014 Games|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/sports/hockey/15slapshot.html|work=The New York Times|date=14 February 2009|access-date=19 March 2009|author1=Klein, Jeff Z.|author2=Hackel, Stu|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812142559/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/sports/hockey/15slapshot.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| A major sticking point over NHL participation has been the insurance of players; for the 2014 Winter Olympics, the IOC paid around US$7 million to insure NHL players participating in the Games. In April 2016, the IOC announced that beginning in ], it would no longer cover accommodations, insurance, or travel for NHL players in the Olympics, prompting the IIHF to ask for support from national ice hockey associations and National Olympic Committees to help cover costs; Matti Nurminen of the Finnish Ice Hockey Association argued that it was the responsibility of the event's organizer to cover costs, and that "In our opinion, the same party should pay the bills, and that's not us. All the countries replied to the IIHF that they are not willing to pay for the insurance or the travel or any of the other expenses that are related to having the NHL players participate in Pyeongchang." '']'' felt that the removal of this financial support would put NHL participation at Pyeongchang in jeopardy, noting the already-strenuous relationship between the NHL and the IOC; Gary Bettman noted that the NHL does not profit from their presence, adding that "in fact, we kind of disappear for two weeks because historically the IOC hasn't even let us join in promoting our participation in the Olympics."<ref name="NYTimes20160520">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/sports/hockey/olympics-and-nhl-face-off-over-who-pays-to-insure-players.html|title=Olympics and N.H.L. Face Off Over Who Pays to Insure Players|work=The New York Times|date=19 May 2016|access-date=21 May 2016|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524061515/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/sports/hockey/olympics-and-nhl-face-off-over-who-pays-to-insure-players.html?_r=0|url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| On 3 April 2017, the NHL announced that it would not participate in the 2018 Winter Olympics. In that statement, the NHL said that it had been open to hearing from the IOC, the IIHF, and the players' association on ways to make Olympic participation more attractive to team owners, but no meaningful dialogue on that matter had materialized. As to reasons the Board of Governors might be interested in re-evaluating their strongly held views on the subject, the NHLPA "confirmed that it has no interest or intention of engaging in any discussion that might make Olympic participation more attractive to the Clubs", and that it would not schedule a break for the Olympics in the 2017–18 season.<ref name="sn-nonhl2018">{{cite web|title=NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games|url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/nhl-will-not-participate-2018-pyeongchang-olympic-games/|website=Sportsnet.ca|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403210551/http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/nhl-will-not-participate-2018-pyeongchang-olympic-games/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| Although in the following months the president of the IIHF René Fasel tried to convince NHL to change its decision,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehockeynews.com/news/article/nhl-said-olympic-matter-is-closed-but-iihf-president-fasel-begs-to-differ|title=NHL said Olympic matter is closed, but IIHF president Fasel begs to differ|author=Jared Clinton|date=8 May 2017|website=The Hockey News|access-date=9 October 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408085534/http://www.thehockeynews.com/news/article/nhl-said-olympic-matter-is-closed-but-iihf-president-fasel-begs-to-differ|url-status=live }}</ref> in September he stated that there was no chance for participation of NHL players in the Pyeongchang olympic tournament. "I can say that this is now gone. We can tick that off the list. We will have to look ahead to China and the Beijing 2022 winter Games because there is an interest of the league and we have noted that. But logistically it is practically impossible for Pyeongchang. That train has left the station", he said.<ref name="latedeal">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-nhl/no-late-deal-for-nhl-players-at-pyeongchang-iihfs-fasel-idUSKCN1BN2A6|title=No late deal for NHL players at Pyeongchang – IIHF's Fasel|author=Karolos Grohmann|date=12 September 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408205841/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-nhl/no-late-deal-for-nhl-players-at-pyeongchang-iihfs-fasel-idUSKCN1BN2A6|url-status=live }}</ref> Some NHL players expressed their discontent with league's decision to skip the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nhl-no-olympics-pyeongchang-2018-player-reaction-1.4054783|title=The NHL said no to the 2018 PyeongChang Olympics and players aren't happy|date=4 April 2017|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=9 October 2018|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009203009/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nhl-no-olympics-pyeongchang-2018-player-reaction-1.4054783|url-status=live }}</ref> Alexander Ovechkin, captain of the Washington Capitals: "The Olympics are in my blood and everybody knows how much I love my country",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/statement-from-alex-ovechkin-on-2018-winter-olympics/c-291068310|title=Statement from Alex Ovechkin on 2018 Winter Olympics|date=15 September 2017|publisher=National Hockey League|access-date=9 October 2018|archive-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095314/https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/statement-from-alex-ovechkin-on-2018-winter-olympics/c-291068310|url-status=live }}</ref> adding that "he would compete with Russia if he were the only NHL player to travel to South Korea".<ref name="latedeal" /> "It's brutal, I don't think there's any reason we shouldn't be going", said Justin Faulk, 2014 Olympian and alternate captain for the Carolina Hurricanes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/sports/hockey/nhl-2018-olympics-players-reaction.html|title=N.H.L.'s Olympics Stance Leaves Players Cold|author=Ben Shpigel|date=4 April 2017|website=The New York Times|access-date=9 October 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210039/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/sports/hockey/nhl-2018-olympics-players-reaction.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Eventually, the NHL players were forced to follow the league's decision and stay in their clubs during the 2018 Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boudreau to Ovechkin: 'I thought you were going to the Olympics!'|url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/boudreau-chirps-ovechkin-thought-going-olympics/|author=Andrew Bottomley|agency=Sportsnet.ca|date=15 February 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408091912/https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/boudreau-chirps-ovechkin-thought-going-olympics/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ===Game rules=== | ===Game rules=== | ||
| At the first tournament in 1920, there were many differences from the modern game: games were played outdoors on natural ice, forward passes were not allowed,<ref name="Birth">{{cite journal|title=The Birth of Swedish Ice Hockey – Antwerp 1920|author=Hansen, Kenth|journal=Citius, Altius, Fortius|publisher=]|date=May 1996|volume=4|issue=2|pages=5–27|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv4n2/JOHv4n2c.pdf|access-date=29 May 2009|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402012243/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv4n2/JOHv4n2c.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the rink (which had been intended to be used only for figure skating) was 56 m × 18 m (165 ft × 58.5 ft)<ref name="Pod1920"/> and two 20-minute periods were played.<ref name="Num21">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724180246/http://webarchive.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-21.html|date=24 July 2019 }}.</ref> Each team had seven players on the ice, the extra position being the ].<ref name="Timeline" /> Following the tournament, the IIHF held a congress and decided to adopt the Canadian rules—six men per side and three periods of play.<ref name="Birth" /> | |||
| ] | |||
| At the first tournament in 1920, there were many differences from the modern game: games were played outdoors on natural ice, forward passes were not allowed,<ref name="Birth">{{cite journal|title=The Birth of Swedish Ice Hockey - Antwerp 1920|author=Hansen, Kenth|journal=Citius, Altius, Fortius|publisher=]|month=May|year=1996|volume=4|issue=2|pages=5–27|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv4n2/JOHv4n2c.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref> the rink (which had been intended to be used only for figure skating) was 56 m × 18 m (165 ft × 58.5 ft)<ref name="Pod1920"/> and two 20-minute periods were played.<ref name="Num21"/> Each team had seven players on the ice, the extra position being the ].<ref name="Timeline" /> Following the tournament, the IIHF held a congress and decided to adopt the Canadian rules—six men per side and three periods of play.<ref name="Birth" /> | |||
| ] | |||
| The tournaments follow the rules used by the IIHF. At the 1969 IIHF Congress, officials voted to allow ] in all three zones in a ] similar to the NHL. Before that, body-checking was only allowed in the ] in international hockey.<ref name="Num19">], .</ref> Several other rule changes were implemented in the early 1970s: players were required to wear ]s starting in 1970, and ]s became mandatory in 1972.<ref name="Timeline"/> In 1992, the IIHF switched to using a playoff system to determine medalists and decided that tie games in the medal round would be decided in a ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.iihf.com/archive/Overtimes.pdf|title=All game-winning shot competitions ("shootouts")|accessdate=2009-03-12|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation}}</ref> In 1998, the IIHF passed a rule that allowed two-line ]. Before then, the ] had slowed the game down and reduced scoring.<ref>], .</ref> | |||
| The tournaments follow the rules used by the IIHF. At the 1969 IIHF Congress, officials voted to allow ] in all three zones in a ] similar to the NHL; it's prohibited for women. Before that, body-checking was only allowed in the ] in international hockey<ref name="Num19">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916140614/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-19.html|date=16 September 2017 }}.</ref> Several other rule changes were implemented in the early 1970s: players were required to wear ]s starting in 1970, and ]s became mandatory in 1972.<ref name="Timeline"/> In 1992, the IIHF switched to using a playoff system to determine medalists and decided that tie games in the medal round would be decided in a ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.iihf.com/archive/Overtimes.pdf|title=All game-winning shot competitions ("shootouts")|access-date=12 March 2009|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318020205/http://stats.iihf.com/archive/Overtimes.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2009 }}</ref> In 1998, the IIHF passed a rule that allowed two-line ]. Before then, the ] had slowed the game down and reduced scoring.<ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141031/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-27.html|date=16 September 2017 }}.</ref> | |||
| The current IIHF rules differ slightly from the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/sport/iihf-rule-book.html|title=IIHF Rule Book|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|accessdate=2009-03-11}}</ref> One difference between NHL and IIHF rules is standard rink dimensions: the NHL rink is narrower, measuring 61 m × 26 m (200 ft × 85 ft), instead of the international size of 61 m × 30 m (200 ft × 98.5 ft)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2010Vancouver/2006/06/08/1620669-sun.html|title=VANOC shrinks Olympic ice|date=2009-02-24|accessdate=2009-03-11|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|work=]}}</ref> The larger international size allows for a faster and less physical style of play.<ref>{{harvnb|Judd|2008|p=113}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|1997|pp=11–22}}</ref> Another rule difference between the NHL and the IIHF rules concerns how ] is called. In the NHL, a ] stops play due to icing if a defending player (other than the goaltender) touches the puck before an attacking player is able to,<ref name="icing" /> in contrast to the IIHF rules in which play is stopped the moment the puck crosses the goal line.<ref name="icing">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhl.com/rules/rule65.html |title=Icing the puck |author=National Hockey League |publisher=National Hockey League|accessdate=2006-06-08 |year=2005}}</ref> The NHL and IIHF also differ in penalty rules. The NHL calls five-minute major penalties for more dangerous infractions of the rules, such as fighting, in addition to the ] called in IIHF games.<ref name="major">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhl.com/rules/rule27.html |title=Major penalties |author=National Hockey League |publisher=National Hockey League|accessdate=2006-06-08 |year=2005}}</ref> This is in contrast to the IIHF rule, by which players who fight are ejected from the game.<ref name="fighting_iihf">{{cite web |url=http://www.hockeycentral.co.uk/olympics/diff_rules.html |title=Ice Hockey Essentials - International vs. NHL |publisher=]|accessdate=2009-03-12 |year=2006}}</ref> Beginning with the ], the NHL instituted several new rules. Some were already used by the IIHF, such as the shootout and the two-line pass.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burnside |first=Scott |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2114523 |title=Rule changes geared toward entertainment |accessdate=2009-03-12 |date=2005-07-25 |publisher=]}}</ref> Others were not picked up by the IIHF, such as those requiring smaller ] equipment and the addition of the ] to the rink.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympics vs. NHL: How the rules are different|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2261075|publisher=ESPN|date=2005-12-16|accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> However, the IIHF did agree to follow the NHL's league's zero-tolerance policy on obstruction and required referees to call more ], holding and interference penalties.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tough test for Turin; cap on the brain|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2256450|publisher=ESPN|author=Burnside, Scott|accessdate=2009-03-08date=2005-12-14}}</ref><ref>], .</ref> | |||
| The current IIHF rules differ slightly from the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/sport/iihf-rule-book.html|title=IIHF Rule Book|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=11 March 2009|archive-date=2 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002092827/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/sport/iihf-rule-book.html|url-status=live}}</ref> One difference between NHL and IIHF rules is standard rink dimensions: the NHL rink is narrower, measuring 61 m × 26 m (200 ft × 85 ft), instead of the international size of 61 m × 30.5 m (200 ft × 100 ft)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Olympics/2010Vancouver/2006/06/08/1620669-sun.html|title=VANOC shrinks Olympic ice|date=24 February 2009|access-date=11 March 2009|work=]|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175030/https://canoe.com/category/sports|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The larger international size allows for a faster and less physical style of play.<ref>{{harvnb|Judd|2008|p=113}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|1997|pp=11–22}}</ref> Another rule difference between the NHL and the IIHF rules concerns how ] is called. In the NHL, a ] stops play due to icing if a defending player (other than the goaltender) is not behind an attacking player in the race to the end-zone faceoff dots in his defensive zone,<ref name="icing" /> in contrast to the IIHF rules in which play is stopped the moment the puck crosses the goal line.<ref name="icing">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=684940|title=Hybrid icing tops list of rule changes for 2013–14|publisher=National Hockey League|access-date=9 February 2014|year=2014|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111061200/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=684940|url-status=live }}</ref> The NHL and IIHF also differ in penalty rules. The NHL calls five-minute major penalties for more dangerous infractions of the rules, such as fighting, in addition to the ] called in IIHF games.<ref name="major">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/page.htm?id=24976|title=Major penalties|publisher=National Hockey League|access-date=8 June 2006|year=2005|archive-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516161432/http://www.nhl.com/ice/page.htm?id=24976|url-status=live }}</ref> This is in contrast to the IIHF rule, by which players who fight risk a game misconduct & major penalties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.722/ice-hockey-essentials-international-vs-nhl-1.775716|title=Ice Hockey Essentials – International vs. NHL|publisher=]|access-date=24 February 2012|date=4 December 2009|archive-date=30 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630051243/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/history/story/2009/11/26/spo-essentials-international-nhl-hockey.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning with the ], the NHL instituted several new rules. Some were already used by the IIHF, such as the shootout and the two-line pass.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burnside|first=Scott|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id=2114523|title=Rule changes geared toward entertainment|access-date=12 March 2009|date=25 July 2005|publisher=]|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203193345/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2114523|url-status=live }}</ref> Others were not picked up by the IIHF, such as those requiring smaller ] equipment and the addition of the ] to the rink.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympics vs. National Hockey League: How the rules are different|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id=2261075|publisher=ESPN|date=16 December 2005|access-date=8 March 2009|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111061200/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2261075|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the IIHF did agree to follow the NHL's zero-tolerance policy on obstruction and required referees to call more ], holding, and interference penalties.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tough test for Turin; cap on the brain|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id=2256450|publisher=ESPN|author=Burnside, Scott|access-date=8 March 2009|date=14 December 2005|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111061200/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2256450|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141047/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-31.html|date=16 September 2017 }}.</ref> | |||
| Each team is allowed to have between 15 and 20 skaters (] and defencemen) and two or three goaltenders, all of whom must be citizens of the nation they play for.<ref name="MTP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-men/tournament-program.html|title=Men's Tournament Program|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328191716/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/olympics/olympics-men/tournament-program.html|archive-date=28 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/iihf-eligibility.html|title=IIHF Eligibility|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=4 March 2009|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141100/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/iihf-eligibility.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ===Banned substances=== | ===Banned substances=== | ||
| {{ |
{{Main|Doping at the Olympic Games}} | ||
| The IIHF follows the ]'s (WADA) regulations on ]. The IIHF maintains a Registered Testing Pool, a list of top players who are subjected to random in-competition and out-of-competition drug tests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/sport/anti-doping.html|title=Anti-Doping|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|accessdate=2009-03-18}}</ref> According to the WADA, a positive in-competition test results in disqualification of the player and a suspension that varies based on the number of offences. When a player tests positive, the rest of their team is subjected to testing; another positive test can result in a disqualification of the entire team.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Sport/World_Anti-Doping_Code_2003.pdf|title=World Anti-Doping Code|publisher=]|year=2003|pages=24–37|location=Montreal}}</ref> In 2001, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) pushed for American NHL players who were potential Olympians to be subject to random drug tests. The USOC requires all Olympic-bound athletes to be randomly tested by the ], but had exempted NHL players in 1998. The NHL preferred a more uniform method, in which all players would undergo the same number of tests from the WADA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NHL discusses doping procedures|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2001/03/08/olympics010308.html|publisher=CBC Sports|accessdate=2009-03-18|date=2001-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=N.H.L. and U.S.O.C. Disagree on Drug Policy|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E0D7173AF93AA35750C0A9679C8B63|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2009-03-18|date=2001-03-09|author=Roberts, Selena}}</ref> An agreement was reached that the WADA would start testing players after the NHL playoffs were finished.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DF153CF931A15750C0A9679C8B63|title=Drug Testing Agreement Made Final|work=The New York Times|date=2001-03-22|accessdate=2009-03-17}}</ref> | |||
| The IIHF follows the ]'s (WADA) regulations on ]. The IIHF maintains a Registered Testing Pool, a list of top players who are subjected to random in-competition and out-of-competition drug tests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/sport/anti-doping.html|title=Anti-Doping|website=]|access-date=18 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229052822/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/sport/anti-doping.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=29 December 2008}}</ref> According to the WADA, a positive in-competition test results in disqualification of the player and a suspension that varies based on the number of offences. When a player tests positive, the rest of their team is subjected to testing; another positive test can result in a disqualification of the entire team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Sport/World_Anti-Doping_Code_2003.pdf|title=World Anti-Doping Code|website=]|publisher=]|year=2003|pages=24–37|location=Montreal|access-date=18 March 2009|archive-date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724210135/http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Sport/World_Anti-Doping_Code_2003.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NHL discusses doping procedures|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl-discusses-doping-procedures-1.259511|publisher=]|access-date=18 March 2009|date=8 March 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Selena |date=9 March 2001|title=HOCKEY; N.H.L. and U.S.O.C. Disagree on Drug Policy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/09/sports/hockey-nhl-and-usoc-disagree-on-drug-policy.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=] |page=D5 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=] |date=2001-03-17 |title=N.H.L. Agrees to Drug Plan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/17/sports/nhl-agrees-to-drug-plan.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=] |page=D4 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=] |date=22 March 2001 |title=N.H.L.: ROUNDUP; Drug Testing Agreement Made Final |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/22/sports/nhl-roundup-drug-testing-agreement-made-final.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=] |page=D7 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | |||
| {| |
{|class="wikitable" | ||
| |+ Players who have tested positive for banned substances | |+ Players who have tested positive for banned substances | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| Line 147: | Line 206: | ||
| ! Punishment | ! Punishment | ||
| ! Notes | ! Notes | ||
| ! Ref. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{ |
|{{FlagIOC|FRG|1972 Winter}} | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |Six month suspension from IIHF | |Six month suspension from IIHF | ||
| |The first Winter Olympics athlete to test positive for a banned substance,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sports, Drugs, and the Cold War|last=Hunt|first=Thomas M.| |
|The first Winter Olympics athlete to test positive for a banned substance,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sports, Drugs, and the Cold War|last=Hunt|first=Thomas M.|journal=Olympika, International Journal of Olympic Studie|publisher=International Centre for Olympic Studies|volume=16|issue=1|year=2007|page=22|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Olympika/Olympika_2007/olympika1601d.pdf|access-date=29 May 2009|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723105856/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Olympika/Olympika_2007/olympika1601d.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Schloder was banned from the rest of the Games but his team was allowed to continue playing.<ref name="OR1972"/> After his innocence was proven, his disqualifications was lifted, and he was allowed to take part in the ]. | ||
| |align=center|<ref name="OR1972"/> | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{nowrap|{{ |
|{{nowrap|{{FlagIOC|TCH|1976 Winter}}}} | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |None | |None | ||
| |Team doctor Otto Trefny, who prescribed Pospíšil the drug as treatment for the flu, received a lifetime ban. The team was forced to forfeit a game against Poland but went on to win the silver medal, which Pospíšil also received. | |Team doctor Otto Trefny, who prescribed Pospíšil the drug as treatment for the flu, received a lifetime ban. The team was forced to forfeit a game against Poland but went on to win the silver medal, which Pospíšil also received.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strauss |first=Michael |date=13 February 1976 |title=Czechoslovakia Forfeits for Drug Use |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/13/archives/czechoslovakia-forfeits-for-drug-use-us-downs-poland-in-hockey.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=] |page=53 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|2004|p=371}}</ref> | ||
| |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Czechoslovakia Forfeits for Drug Use; U.S. Downs Poland in Hockey|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0711FF3C5F167493C1A81789D85F428785F9|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2009-03-18|date=1976-02-13|author=Strauss, Michael}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy Jr.|2004|p=371}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |{{nowrap|]}} | |{{nowrap|]}} | ||
| |{{ |
|{{FlagIOC|POL|1988 Winter}} | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |18 |
|18-month suspension from IIHF | ||
| |The Polish team was allowed to continue playing without Morawiecki |
|The Polish team was allowed to continue playing without Morawiecki but were stripped of two points they earned in a victory over France.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Litsky |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Litsky |date=22 February 1988 |title=Notebook; Polish Hockey Star Is Banned |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/22/sports/notebook-polish-hockey-star-is-banned.html |access-date=11 April 2024 |work=] |page=C4 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | ||
| |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polish Hockey Star Is Banned|work=The New York Times|date=1988-02-22|author=Litsky, Frank|accessdate=2009-03-18|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=940DE1DA1539F931A15751C0A96E948260}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{ |
|{{FlagIOC|SWE|2002 Winter}} | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |None | |None | ||
| |Öhlund had inadvertently ingested the substance in medication he was taking after undergoing eye surgery and was not suspended. | |Öhlund had inadvertently ingested the substance in medication he was taking after undergoing eye surgery and was not suspended.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2002 |title=Ohlund cleared for Olympics |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/ohlund-cleared-for-olympics-1.302398 |access-date=18 March 2009 |publisher=]}}</ref> | ||
| |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2002/01/21/ohlund020121.html|publisher=CBC Sports|title=Ohlund cleared for Olympics|date=2002-01-21|accessdate=2009-03-18}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |{{ |
|{{FlagIOC|BLR|2002 Winter}} | ||
| |2002 | |2002 | ||
| |{{nowrap|]}} | |{{nowrap|]}} | ||
| |Retroactively disqualified | |Retroactively disqualified | ||
| |Pankov was also forced to return his Olympic diploma. Evgeni Lositski, the team doctor, was banned from the following two Olympics. | |Pankov was also forced to return his ]. Evgeni Lositski, the team doctor, was banned from the following two Olympics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2002 |title=PLUS: OLYMPICS; British Skier Stripped of Medal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/22/sports/plus-olympics-british-skier-stripped-of-medal.html |access-date=11 April 2024 |work=] |page=D7 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |agency=]}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |||
| |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympics; British Skier Stripped of Medal|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/22/sports/plus-olympics-british-skier-stripped-of-medal.html|date=2002-03-22|accessdate=2009-03-22|work=The New York Times}}</ref> | |||
| |] | |||
| |} | |||
| |{{FlagIOC|SVK|2010 Winter}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |Issued a reprimand | |||
| |Višňovský took Advil Cold & Sinus to combat a cold, unaware that it contained a WADA prohibited substance. He had consulted with the Slovak national team doctor and declared that he was taking the medication. Levels on samples two and three were well below WADA limits.<ref>{{cite news|title=Visnovsky reprimanded|url=http://www.iihf.com/nc/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/visnovsky-reprimanded.html|date=28 February 2010|access-date=23 February 2014|work=]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225024239/http://www.iihf.com/nc/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/visnovsky-reprimanded.html|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{FlagIOC|LAT|2014 Winter}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |] (]) | |||
| |Disqualified from quarter-final game | |||
| 18 month suspension | |||
| |Pavlovs was disqualified from the Canada–Latvia quarter-final game and was forced to return his ]. According to Pavlovs, he had "been taking food supplements upon the recommendation of the doctor of his club team and that he did not understand how this substance entered his body". He was subsequently banned for 18 months for his actions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pavlovs disqualified|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/browse/157/recap/8574.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=10&cHash=b7b6633cfd|date=14 February 2014|access-date=22 February 2014|work=]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225024303/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/browse/157/recap/8574.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=10&cHash=b7b6633cfd|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latvia player banned 18 months for Olympic doping |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/04/29/latvia-player-banned-18-months-for-olympic-doping/8448355/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=] |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{FlagIOC|LAT|2014 Winter}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |Disqualified from quarter-final game | |||
| Retroactively disqualified | |||
| 2 year suspension | |||
| In late 2005, two NHL players who had been listed as potential Olympians failed drug tests administered by the WADA. American ], who had competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics, tested positive for ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Berard tests positive for Nandrolone|url=http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=151485|publisher=The Sports Network|date=2006-01-20|accessdate=2009-03-18}}</ref> Canadian ] failed a drug test because he was taking ], a hair loss medication that contains the non-performance enhancing drug Finasteride.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2006/06/12/nhl-drug-testing.html|title=No violations in NHL drug tests|date=2006-06-12|accessdate=2009-03-18|publisher=CBC Sports}}</ref> Both players received two-year bans from international competition, although neither had made their team's final roster.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No players failed drug tests this season, NHL says|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2481131|publisher=ESPN|author=Associated Press|accessdate=2009-03-18|date=2006-06-12}}</ref> | |||
| |Freibergs was disqualified from the Canada–Latvia quarter-final game and was forced to return his Olympic diploma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sochi produces Winter Games record 8th doping case |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/04/25/sochi-produces-winter-games-record-8th-doping-case/8139033/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=] |language=en-US}}</ref>He was subsequently banned for two years for his actions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=IIHF bans Latvian for two years |url=https://www.sportsintegrityinitiative.com/iihf-bans-latvian-for-two-years/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Sports Integrity Initiative |language=en-GB}}</ref> | |||
| ==Statistics== | |||
| ===Participating nations=== | |||
| ;Key | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |||
| |align=center| # | |||
| |{{FlagIOC|SWE|2014 Winter}} | |||
| |The final rank of the team. | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |Pulled from gold medal game | |||
| |Bäckström was taking an over-the-counter medication to treat a sinus condition. He consulted with the team doctor and was informed that there would not be a problem. Bäckström's medal was initially withheld but was returned the following month. The IOC determined that "there was no indication of any intent of the athlete to improve his performance by taking a prohibited substance".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-14 |title=Backstrom to get silver medal despite drug test |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/hockey/story/_/id/10607579/nicklas-backstrom-get-silver-medal-drug-test |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Linden |first=Julian |date=23 February 2014 |title=Ice hockey officials slam IOC over Backstrom doping test |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sports/ice-hockey-officials-slam-ioc-over-backstrom-doping-test-idUSBREA1M0N6/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223234642/http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/olympics/sns-rt-us-olympics-doping-backstrom-20140223,0,1847704.story |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=23 February 2014 |agency=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sweden's Backstrom Tests Positive For Banned Substance|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=444510/|date=23 February 2014|access-date=23 February 2014|publisher=The Sports Network|author=Duhatschek, Eric|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227102936/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=444510%2F|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |||
| |align=center| =# | |||
| |rowspan="8"|{{flagIOC|RUS|2014 Winter}} | |||
| |Indicates that two or more teams shared the same final rank. | |||
| |rowspan="8"|] | |||
| |rowspan="8"|] | |||
| |rowspan="8"|Retroactively disqualified | |||
| |rowspan="8"|IOC sanctions imposed in 2017.<ref name="olympic.org">{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-sanctions-six-russian-athletes-and-closes-one-case-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|title=IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of Oswald Commission findings|date=14 July 2021|website=International Olympic Committee|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623154621/https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-sanctions-six-russian-athletes-and-closes-one-case-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |||
| |align=center| – | |||
| |The team did not participate that year. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |||
| |align=center| DQ | |||
| |The team was disqualified during the tournament. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |||
| |align=center| Q | |||
| |The team has qualified for the 2010 tournament. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |||
| |bgcolor=F0F0F0| | |||
| |- | |||
| |The nation did not exist with that designation at that time. | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |||
| |colspan=2|References:<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ice hockey and Olympism|journal=Olympic Review|publisher=International Olympic Committee|year=1984|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1984/ore197/ORE197zg.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/sports/ICH/ |title=Ice hockey - Olympics|publisher=Sports-reference.com|accessdate=2009-03-09}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| In late 2005, two NHL players who had been listed as potential Olympians failed drug tests administered by the WADA. ] tested positive for ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-01-20 |title=Agent: Berard tested positive for banned substance |url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id=2299046 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> ] failed a drug test because he was taking ], a hair loss medication that contains the non-performance-enhancing drug Finasteride.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2006 |title=No violations in NHL drug tests |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/no-violations-in-nhl-drug-tests-1.577507 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106143158/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2006/06/12/nhl-drug-testing.html |archive-date=6 November 2012 |access-date=18 March 2009 |publisher=CBC Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wharnsby |first=Tim |date=2006-02-10 |title=Theodore caught in doping test |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/theodore-caught-in-doping-test/article703100/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref> Both players received two-year bans from international competition, although neither had made their team's final roster.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No players failed drug tests this season, NHL says|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id=2481131|publisher=ESPN|agency=Associated Press|access-date=18 March 2009|date=12 June 2006|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111061200/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2481131|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Litsky |first=Frank |date=2006-01-21 |title=HOCKEY; Berard Slapped With Two-Year International Suspension |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/21/sports/hockey-berard-slapped-with-twoyear-international-suspension.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 6 December 2017 six Russian women ice hockey players were disqualified for doping violations. Results of the ] at the ] were made void.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-six-russian-athletes-and-closes-one-case-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|title=IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate=December 12, 2017|access-date=13 December 2017|publisher=International Olympic Committee|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213214340/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-six-russian-athletes-and-closes-one-case-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|url-status=live}}</ref> Two other Russian players, ] and ], were also disqualified ten days later.<ref name="International Olympic Committee">{{Cite news|date=22 December 2017|title=IOC sanctions 11 Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings|language=en|publisher=International Olympic Committee|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-11-russian-athletes-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|access-date=22 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222150034/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-11-russian-athletes-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ;Men: | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" | |||
| ==Results== | |||
| ! Nation | |||
| ===Men=== | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| ====Summary==== | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !width=20px|] | |||
| !Total | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:2%;"|# | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|AUS}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''1''' | |||
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;"|Year | |||
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:8%;"|Hosts | |||
| ! colspan="3"|Gold medal game | |||
| ! colspan="3"|Bronze medal game | |||
| |- style="background:#efefef;" | |||
| ! style="width:14%; background:gold;"|Gold | |||
| ! width=9%|Score | |||
| ! style="width:14%; background:silver;"|Silver | |||
| ! style="width:14%; background:#c96;"|Bronze | |||
| ! width=9%|Score | |||
| ! style="width:14%; background:snow;"|Fourth place | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |1 | |||
| |1920 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|BEL}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CAN|1907}}''' | |||
| |'''2–0''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA|1912}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |'''1–0''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |2 | |||
| |1924 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|FRA|1860}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CAN|1921}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA|1912}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|GBR}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |3 | |||
| |1928 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|SUI}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CAN|1921}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|SUI}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|GBR}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |4 | |||
| |1932 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|USA|1912}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CAN|1921}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA|1912}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|GER|1919}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|POL|1928}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |5 | |||
| |1936 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} <br /> ] | |||
| |{{ih-big|GBR}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN|1921}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA|1912}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |6 | |||
| |1948 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|SUI}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CAN|1921}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|SUI}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |7 | |||
| |1952 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|NOR}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CAN|1921}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA|1912}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |8 | |||
| |1956 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|ITA}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|URS|1955}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA|1912}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN|1921}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |9 | |||
| |1960 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|USA|1959}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|USA|1959}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN|1957}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|URS|1955}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |10 | |||
| |1964 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|AUT}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|URS|1955}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN|1957}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |11 | |||
| |1968 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|URS|1955}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |12 | |||
| |1972 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|JPN|1947}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|URS|1955}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |13 | |||
| |1976 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|AUT}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|URS|1955}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|FRG}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|FIN}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |14 | |||
| |1980 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|USA}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|USA}}''' | |||
| |''']''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|URS|1955}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|FIN}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |15 | |||
| |1984 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|YUG}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|URS}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |16 | |||
| |1988 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|CAN}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|URS}}''' | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|FIN}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |'''round-robin''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |17 | |||
| |1992 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{flagdeco|IOC}}<br>]''' | |||
| |'''3–1''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|TCH}} | |||
| |'''6–1''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |18 | |||
| |1994 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|NOR}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|SWE}}''' | |||
| |'''3–2 ]''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|FIN}} | |||
| |'''4–0''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|RUS}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |19 | |||
| |1998 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|JPN|1947}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CZE}}''' | |||
| |'''1–0''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|RUS}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|FIN}} | |||
| |'''3–2''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |20 | |||
| |2002 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|USA}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CAN}}''' | |||
| |'''5–2''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|RUS}} | |||
| |'''7–2''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|BLR|1995}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |21 | |||
| |2006 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|ITA|2003}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|SWE}}''' | |||
| |'''3–2''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|FIN}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|CZE}} | |||
| |'''3–0''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|RUS}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |22 | |||
| |2010 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|CAN}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CAN}}''' | |||
| |'''3–2 ]''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|FIN}} | |||
| |'''5–3''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SVK}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |23 | |||
| |2014 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|RUS}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|CAN}}''' | |||
| |'''3–0''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|FIN}} | |||
| |'''5–0''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|USA}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |24 | |||
| |2018 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|KOR}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{flagdeco|IOC}}<br>]''' | |||
| |'''4–3 ]''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|GER}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|CAN}} | |||
| |'''6–4''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|CZE}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |25 | |||
| |2022 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|CHN}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ih-big|FIN}}''' | |||
| |'''2–1''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|RUS|roc-olympics|name=ROC}} | |||
| |{{ih-big|SVK}} | |||
| |'''4–0''' | |||
| |{{ih-big|SWE}} | |||
| |} | |||
| ====Medal table==== | |||
| ''Accurate as of the ].''<ref name=medaltable/> | |||
| {{Medals table | |||
| |caption = | |||
| |host = | |||
| |flag_template = FlagIOCteam | |||
| |event = | |||
| |team = | |||
| |gold_CAN = 9|silver_CAN = 4|bronze_CAN = 3 | |||
| |gold_URS = 7|silver_URS = 1|bronze_URS = 1|name_URS = ''{{FlagIOCteam|URS}}'' | |||
| |gold_USA = 2|silver_USA = 8|bronze_USA = 1 | |||
| |gold_SWE = 2|silver_SWE = 3|bronze_SWE = 4 | |||
| |gold_FIN = 1|silver_FIN = 2|bronze_FIN = 4 | |||
| |gold_CZE = 1|silver_CZE = 0|bronze_CZE = 1 | |||
| |gold_GBR = 1|silver_GBR = 0|bronze_GBR = 1 | |||
| |gold_OAR = 1|silver_OAR = 0|bronze_OAR = 0|name_OAR = ''{{FlagIOCteam|OAR}}'' | |||
| |gold_EUN = 1|silver_EUN = 0|bronze_EUN = 0|name_EUN = ''{{FlagIOCteam|EUN}}'' | |||
| |gold_TCH = 0|silver_TCH = 4|bronze_TCH = 4|name_TCH = ''{{FlagIOCteam|TCH}}'' | |||
| |gold_GER = 0|silver_GER = 1|bronze_GER = 1 | |||
| |gold_RUS = 0|silver_RUS = 1|bronze_RUS = 1 | |||
| |gold_ROC = 0|silver_ROC = 1|bronze_ROC = 0|name_ROC = ''{{flagIOCteam|ROC|2022 Winter}} {{Font|(ROC)|size=90%}}'' | |||
| |gold_SUI = 0|silver_SUI = 0|bronze_SUI = 2 | |||
| |gold_FRG = 0|silver_FRG = 0|bronze_FRG = 1|name_FRG = ''{{FlagIOCteam|FRG}}'' | |||
| |gold_SVK = 0|silver_SVK = 0|bronze_SVK = 1 | |||
| }} | |||
| =====Alternate medal table===== | |||
| Unlike the IOC, the IIHF combines the records of predecessor and successor nations.<ref name="allmedalm">{{cite web |url=https://www.iihf.com/en/medalists?selectedTournamentTypeID=1&gender=men |title=All Medallists – Olympic Men |publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221121245/https://www.iihf.com/en/medalists?selectedTournamentTypeID=1&gender=men |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| {{Medals table | |||
| |caption = | |||
| |host = | |||
| |flag_template = FlagIOCteam | |||
| |event = | |||
| |team = | |||
| |gold_CAN = 9|silver_CAN = 4|bronze_CAN = 3 | |||
| |gold_RUS = 9|silver_RUS = 3|bronze_RUS = 2 | |||
| |gold_USA = 2|silver_USA = 8|bronze_USA = 1 | |||
| |gold_SWE = 2|silver_SWE = 3|bronze_SWE = 4 | |||
| |gold_CZE = 1|silver_CZE = 4|bronze_CZE = 5 | |||
| |gold_FIN = 1|silver_FIN = 2|bronze_FIN = 4 | |||
| |gold_GBR = 1|silver_GBR = 0|bronze_GBR = 1 | |||
| |gold_GER = 0|silver_GER = 1|bronze_GER = 2 | |||
| |gold_SUI = 0|silver_SUI = 0|bronze_SUI = 2 | |||
| |gold_SVK = 0|silver_SVK = 0|bronze_SVK = 1 | |||
| }} | |||
| ====Participating nations==== | |||
| '''Key''' | |||
| {|class="wikitable" | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|# | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|AUT}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|05|<nowiki>=</nowiki>5}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|07|<nowiki>=</nowiki>7}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|98|–}}||10||{{sort|98|–}}||13||13||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||10||{{sort|09|9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||12||14||12||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''12''' | |||
| |The final rank of the team. If multiple numbers are listed the IOC and IIHF differ in their results. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|=# | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|BLR}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|98|–}} ||Q||'''3''' | |||
| |Indicates that two or more teams shared the same final rank. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|#,# | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|BEL}}||{{sort|06|<nowiki>=</nowiki>6}}||{{sort|07|<nowiki>=</nowiki>7}}||{{sort|08|<nowiki>=</nowiki>8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|<nowiki>=</nowiki>9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''4''' | |||
| |Indicates IOC final rank, then IIHF final rank. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|nr | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|BUL}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||12||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''1''' | |||
| |Indicates team participated, but no IOC final rank. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|dq | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|CAN}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|04|4}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|04|4}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|04|4}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||{{sort|07|7}}||Q||'''20''' | |||
| |The team was disqualified by the IOC. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|( ) | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|CZE}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||{{sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||{{sort|07|7}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||Q||'''5''' | |||
| |Temporary IOC name different from IIHF member name. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|– | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|TCH}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|05|<nowiki>=</nowiki>5}}||{{sort|05|<nowiki>=</nowiki>5}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|04|4}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|04|4}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|06|6}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||'''16''' | |||
| |The team did not participate that year. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|Q | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|FIN}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|06|6}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|07|7}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|06|6}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||Q||'''15''' | |||
| |The team has qualified for the tournament. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|#(#) | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|FRA}}||{{sort|06|<nowiki>=</nowiki>6}}||{{sort|05|<nowiki>=</nowiki>5}}||{{sort|05|<nowiki>=</nowiki>5}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|<nowiki>=</nowiki>9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||14||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||11||{{sort|08|8}}||10||11||14||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''10''' | |||
| |Indicates IOC total, then IIHF total. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|#* | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|GER}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|<nowiki>=</nowiki>8}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|05|<nowiki>=</nowiki>5}}||{{sort|98|–}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|09|9}}||{{sort|08|8}}||10||Q||'''9''' | |||
| |Indicates total for team using a temporary IOC name. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |bgcolor=F0F0F0| | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|FRG}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|07|7}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||10||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||'''10''' | |||
| |The nation did not exist with that designation at that time. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |colspan=2|References:<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ice hockey and Olympism|journal=Olympic Review|publisher=International Olympic Committee|year=1984|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1984/ore197/ORE197zg.pdf|access-date=10 March 2009|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723105901/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1984/ore197/ORE197zg.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ice hockey – Olympics">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/sports/ICH/|title=Ice hockey – Olympics|publisher=Sports-reference.com|access-date=9 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218150328/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/sports/ICH/|archive-date=18 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/olympic-results|title=Olympic Results, Gold Medalists and Official Records|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=30 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730024235/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/peterson-monica-1076735/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Record Book 2019 p. 29">IIHF Media Guide and Record Book (2019) p. 29</ref> | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|GDR}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||'''1''' | |||
| |} | |||
| {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
| ! Nation | |||
| !{{flagicon|BEL|1920}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|FRA|1924}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|SUI|1928}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|USA|1932}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|GER|Nazi}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|SUI|1948}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|NOR|1952}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|ITA|1956}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|USA|1960}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|AUT|1964}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|FRA|1968}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|JPN|1972}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|AUT|1976}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|USA|1980}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|YUG|1984}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|CAN|1988}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|FRA|1992}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|NOR|1994}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|JPN|1998}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|USA|2002}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|ITA|2006}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|CAN|2010}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|RUS|2014}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|KOR|2018}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|CHN|2022}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|ITA|2026}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !Total | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{ |
|align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|AUS}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||'''1''' | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{ |
|align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|AUT}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=05>=5</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=07>=7</span>||<span data-sort-value=07>7,8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||10||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||13||13||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=10>=9,10</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||12||14||12||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||10||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''13''' | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|BLR}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=07>=5,7</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''3''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|ITA}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|<nowiki>=</nowiki>9}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|98|–}}||15||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||12||{{sort|09|9}}||12||{{sort|98|–}}||11||{{sort|98|–}}||'''9''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|BEL}}||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value=08>=8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=13>=13</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''4''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|JPN}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|<nowiki>=</nowiki>9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|8}}||11||10||{{sort|09|9}}||9||12||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||13||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''8''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|BUL}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||12||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>|||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''1''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|KAZ}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''2''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|CAN}}||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||Q||'''24''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|LAT}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|<nowiki>=</nowiki>9}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|9}}||12||Q||'''4''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{ |
|align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|CHN}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="12">12</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''1''' | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|CZE}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||Q||'''9''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|NOR}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||10||11||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||11||12||12||{{sort|09|9}}||11||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||Q||'''10''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{nowrap|{{FlagIOCteam|TCH}}}}||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value=06>=5</span>||<span data-sort-value=07>=5</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||'''16''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|POL}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|<nowiki>=</nowiki>8}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|09|<nowiki>=</nowiki>9}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|08|8}}||10||11||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''13''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{ |
|align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|DEN}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||Q||'''2''' | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|FIN}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="11">1</span>||Q||'''19''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|RUS}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||{{sort|04|4}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|04|4}}||Q||'''5''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|FRA}}||<span data-sort-value=06>2==5,6</span>||<span data-sort-value=05>=5</span>||<span data-sort-value=06>=5</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=09>=9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||14||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||11||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||10||11||14||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''10''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|SVK}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||{{sort|06|6}}||10||13||{{sort|05|5}}||Q||'''5''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{ |
|align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|GER}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=09>=8</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value=05>=5</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||10|||11||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="10">10</span>||Q||{{nowrap|'''13 (12)'''}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|FRG}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value=08>(GER)</span>||<span data-sort-value=11>(EUA)</span>||<span data-sort-value=10>(EUA)</span>||<span data-sort-value=17>(EUA)</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value=10>=9,10</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||'''6(10)''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|SWE}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|04|4}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|05|<nowiki>=</nowiki>5}}||{{sort|04|4}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|98|–}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||Q||'''20''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|GDR}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||'''1''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|SUI}}||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|07|<nowiki>=</nowiki>7}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|09|<nowiki>=</nowiki>9}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|09|9}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||10||11||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|8}}||10||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||11||{{sort|06|6}}||Q||'''15''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{ |
|align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|EUA}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||'''3*''' | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|GBR}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||<span data-sort-value=05>5,6</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''4''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|EUN|1992 Winter}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{sort|99|}}||'''1''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|HUN}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="11">11</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=08>=7</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||16||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''3''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|USA}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|98|–}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|09|DQ}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|06|6}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|06|6}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||{{sort|08|8}}||Q||'''21''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{ |
|align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|ITA}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=09>=9</span>||<span data-sort-value=08>8,9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||15||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=09>=9,9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||12||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||12||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||11||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||Q||'''10''' | ||
| |- style="background:#ddd" class="unsortable" | |||
| |align=left|'''Total Teams'''||'''7'''||'''8'''||'''11'''||'''4'''||'''15'''||'''9'''||'''9'''||'''10'''||'''9'''||'''16'''||'''14'''||'''11'''||'''12'''||'''12'''||'''12'''||'''12'''||'''12'''||'''12'''||'''14'''||'''14'''||'''12'''||'''12'''||'''247''' | |||
| |} | |||
| ;Women: | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" | |||
| ! Nation | |||
| ! ] | |||
| ! ] | |||
| ! ] | |||
| ! ] | |||
| ! Total | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|JPN}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=11>=9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||11||10||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value=12>=11,12</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||13||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''8''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|CAN}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||Q||'''4''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|KAZ}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||'''2''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|CHN}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|07|7}}||{{sort|98|–}}||Q||'''3''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|LAT}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=14>=13</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||12||12||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="11">11</span>||Q||'''7''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|FIN}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||{{sort|04|4}}||{{sort|04|4}}||Q||'''4''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|NED}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=09>=9,9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''1''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|GER}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''2''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|NOR}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||10||11||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=11>=11,11</span>||<span data-sort-value=12>=11,12</span>||12||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||11||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||10||<span data-sort-value="12">12</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''12''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|ITA}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''1''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|OAR|2018 Winter}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||'''1*''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|JPN}}||{{sort|06|6}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''1''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|POL}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=10>=8</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value=12>=9</span>||<span data-sort-value=06>6,7</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value=07>=7,7</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||10||11||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''13''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|KAZ}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|08|8}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||'''1''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|ROC|2022 Winter}} {{Font|(ROC)|size=90%}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="11">2</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||'''1*''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|RUS}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|05|5}}||{{sort|06|6}}||Q||'''3''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|ROU}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||12||12||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value=08>=7,8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''4''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|SVK}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||Q||'''1''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|RUS}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="13"></span>|<span data-sort-value=99>(EUN)</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value=13>(OAR)</span>||<span data-sort-value=13>(ROC)</span>||||'''6(9)''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|SWE}}||{{sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||Q||'''4''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|SVK}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||10||13||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="11">11</span>||11||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||Q||'''9''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|SUI}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|98|–}}||{{sort|07|7}}||Q||'''2''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|SLO}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''2''' | |||
| |align=left|{{flagIOCteam|USA}}||bgcolor=gold|{{sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=silver|{{sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{sort|03|3}}||Q||'''4''' | |||
| |- style="background:#ddd" class="unsortable" | |||
| |align=left|'''Total Teams'''||'''6'''||'''8'''||'''8'''||'''8'''||'''30''' | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Medal winners=== | |||
| {{main|List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey}} | |||
| ;Men: | |||
| {| {{MedalistTable|class=wikitable sortable|type=Games|width=150|labelwidth=190}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|KOR}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||12||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''1''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1920 Summer}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|1920 Summer}}||{{FlagIOC|TCH|1920 Summer}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|URS}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||'''9''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1924 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|1924 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|GBR|1924 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|SWE}}||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=06>=5</span>||<span data-sort-value=04>4,5</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||Q||'''24''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1928 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SWE|1928 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SUI|1928 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|SUI}}||<span data-sort-value=05>2==5,5</span>||<span data-sort-value=08>=7</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=15>=13</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||10||11||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||10||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||11||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||10||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||Q||'''19''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1932 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|1932 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|GER|1932 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|UKR}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||10||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="97">–</span>||'''1''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|GBR|1936 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1936 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|1936 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|EUN|1992 Winter}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||'''1*''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1948 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|TCH|1948 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SUI|1948 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|USA}}||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=cc9966|<span data-sort-value="03">3</span>||<span data-sort-value=09>dq,4</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||bgcolor=gold|<span data-sort-value="01">1</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||<span data-sort-value="06">6</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="08">8</span>||bgcolor=silver|<span data-sort-value="02">2</span>||<span data-sort-value="04">4</span>||<span data-sort-value="07">7</span>||<span data-sort-value="05">5</span>||Q||'''25''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1952 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|1952 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SWE|1952 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|YUG}}||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||14||<span data-sort-value="09">9</span>||11||10||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value=11>=11,11</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||<span data-sort-value="98">–</span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||bgcolor=F0F0F0|<span data-sort-value="99"></span>||'''5''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|URS|1956 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|1956 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1956 Winter}} | |||
| |- style="background:#ddd" class="sortbottom" | |||
| !align=left|Total||7||8||11||4||15||9||9||10||9||16||14||11||12||12||12||12||12||12||14||14||12||12||12||12||12||12|| | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Women=== | |||
| ====Summary==== | |||
| {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:2%;"|# | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|USA|1960 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1960 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|URS|1960 Winter}} | |||
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;"|Year | |||
| ! rowspan="2" style="width:8%;"|Hosts | |||
| ! colspan="3"|Gold medal game | |||
| ! colspan="3"|Bronze medal game | |||
| |- style="background:#efefef;" | |||
| ! style="width:14%; background:gold;"|Gold | |||
| ! width=9%|Score | |||
| ! style="width:14%; background:silver;"|Silver | |||
| ! style="width:14%; background:#c96;"|Bronze | |||
| ! width=9%|Score | |||
| ! style="width:14%; background:snow;"|Fourth place | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |1 | |||
| |1998 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|JPN}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ihw-big|USA}}''' | |||
| |'''3–1''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|CAN}} | |||
| |{{ihw-big|FIN}} | |||
| |'''4–1''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|CHN}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |2 | |||
| |2002 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|USA}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ihw-big|CAN}}''' | |||
| |'''3–2''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|USA}} | |||
| |{{ihw-big|SWE}} | |||
| |'''2–1''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|FIN}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |3 | |||
| |2006 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|ITA}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ihw-big|CAN}}''' | |||
| |'''4–1''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|SWE}} | |||
| |{{ihw-big|USA}} | |||
| |'''4–0''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|FIN}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |4 | |||
| |2010 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|CAN}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ihw-big|CAN}}''' | |||
| |'''2–0''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|USA}} | |||
| |{{ihw-big|FIN}} | |||
| |'''3–2 ]''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|SWE}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |5 | |||
| |2014 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|RUS}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ihw-big|CAN}}''' | |||
| |'''3–2 ]''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|USA}} | |||
| |{{ihw-big|SUI}} | |||
| |'''4–3''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|SWE}} | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |6 | |||
| |2018 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|KOR}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ihw-big|USA}}''' | |||
| |'''3–2 ]''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|CAN}} | |||
| |{{ihw-big|FIN}} | |||
| |'''3–2''' | |||
| |{{flagdeco|IOC}}<br>] | |||
| |- align=center | |||
| |7 | |||
| |2022 <br /> '']'' | |||
| |{{flagicon|CHN}} <br /> ] | |||
| |'''{{ihw-big|CAN}}''' | |||
| |'''3–2''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|USA}} | |||
| |{{ihw-big|FIN}} | |||
| |'''4–0''' | |||
| |{{ihw-big|SUI}} | |||
| |} | |||
| ====Medal table==== | |||
| ] (silver), ] (gold) and ] (bronze).]] | |||
| ''Accurate as of the ].''<ref name=medaltable/> | |||
| {{Medals table | |||
| |caption = | |||
| |host = | |||
| |flag_template = FlagIOCteam | |||
| |event = | |||
| |team = | |||
| |gold_CAN = 5|silver_CAN = 2|bronze_CAN = 0 | |||
| |gold_USA = 2|silver_USA = 4|bronze_USA = 1 | |||
| |gold_SWE = 0|silver_SWE = 1|bronze_SWE = 1 | |||
| |gold_FIN = 0|silver_FIN = 0|bronze_FIN = 4 | |||
| |gold_SUI = 0|silver_SUI = 0|bronze_SUI = 1 | |||
| }} | |||
| ====Participating nations==== | |||
| '''Key''' | |||
| {|class="wikitable" | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|# | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|URS|1964 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SWE|1964 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|TCH|1964 Winter}} | |||
| |The final rank of the team. If multiple numbers are listed the IOC and IIHF differ in their results. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|=# | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|URS|1968 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|TCH|1968 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1968 Winter}} | |||
| |Indicates that two or more teams shared the same final rank. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|#,# | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|URS|1972 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|1972 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|TCH|1972 Winter}} | |||
| |Indicates IOC final rank, then IIHF final rank. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|nr | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|URS|1976 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|TCH|1976 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|FRG|1976 Winter}} | |||
| |Indicates team participated, but no IOC final rank. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|dq | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|USA|1980 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|URS|1980 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SWE|1980 Winter}} | |||
| |The team was disqualified by the IOC. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|( ) | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|URS|1984 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|TCH|1984 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SWE|1984 Winter}} | |||
| |Temporary IOC name different from IIHF member name. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|– | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|URS|1988 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|FIN|1988 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SWE|1988 Winter}} | |||
| |The team did not participate that year. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|Q | |||
| |]||{{flagIOC|EUN|1992 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1992 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|TCH|1992 Winter}} | |||
| |The team has qualified for the tournament. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|#(#) | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|SWE|1994 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1994 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|FIN|1994 Winter}} | |||
| |Indicates IOC total, then IIHF total. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=center|#* | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CZE|1998 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|RUS|1998 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|FIN|1998 Winter}} | |||
| |Indicates total for team using a temporary IOC name. | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |bgcolor=F0F0F0| | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CAN|2002 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|2002 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|RUS|2002 Winter}} | |||
| |The nation did not exist with that designation at that time. | |||
| |- | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|SWE|2006 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|FIN|2006 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|CZE|2006 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |colspan=2|References:<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ice hockey and Olympism|journal=Olympic Review|publisher=International Olympic Committee|year=1984|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1984/ore197/ORE197zg.pdf|access-date=10 March 2009|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723105901/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1984/ore197/ORE197zg.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ice hockey – Olympics"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Record Book 2019 p. 29"/> | |||
| |]|| || || | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
| ;Women: | |||
| ! Nation | |||
| {| {{MedalistTable|class=wikitable sortable|type=Games|width=150|labelwidth=190}} | |||
| !{{flagicon|JPN|1998}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|USA|2002}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|ITA|2006}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|CAN|2010}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|RUS|2014}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|KOR|2018}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|CHN|2022}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| !{{flagicon|ITA|2026}}<br>]<br /> | |||
| ! Total | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|CAN}}||bgcolor=silver|{{Sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=gold|{{Sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=gold|{{Sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=gold|{{Sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=gold|{{Sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=silver|{{Sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=gold|{{Sort|01|1}}||Q||'''8''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|USA|1998 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|CAN|1998 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|FIN|1998 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|CHN}}||{{Sort|04|4}}||{{Sort|07|7}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||7||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|09|9}}||||'''4''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CAN|2002 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|2002 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SWE|2002 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|CZE}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|07|7}}||Q||'''2''' | |||
| |]||{{FlagIOC|CAN|2006 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|SWE|2006 Winter}}||{{FlagIOC|USA|2006 Winter}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|DEN}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|10|10}}||||'''1''' | |||
| |]|| || || | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Medal table=== | |||
| This is the all-time count of medals won in ice hockey at the Olympics, including both the men's and women's tournaments. | |||
| {|{{RankedMedalTable|class=wikitable sortable}} | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|FIN}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{Sort|03|3}}||{{Sort|04|4}}||{{Sort|04|4}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{Sort|03|3}}||{{Sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{Sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{Sort|03|3}}||Q||'''8''' | |||
| |1||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|CAN}}||9||5||2||16 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|GER}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|06|6}}||{{Sort|05|5}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|06|6,7}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||||'''3''' | |||
| |2||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|URS}}||7||1||1||9 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|ITA}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|08|8}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||Q||'''2''' | |||
| |3||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|USA}}||3||8||2||13 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|JPN}}||{{Sort|06|6}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|07|7,8}}||6||{{Sort|06|6}}||||'''4''' | |||
| |4||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|SWE}}||2||3||5||10 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|KAZ}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|08|8}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||||'''1''' | |||
| |5||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|CZE}}||1||0||1||2 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|COR|2018 Winter}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||8||{{Sort|98|–}}||||'''1''' | |||
| |6||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|GBR}}||1||0||1||2 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|OAR|2018 Winter}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||4||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|98|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||'''1*''' | |||
| |7||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|EUN}}||1||0||0||1 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|ROC|2022 Winter}} {{Font|(ROC)|size=90%}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||{{Sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=F0F0F0|{{Sort|99|}}||'''1*''' | |||
| |8||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|TCH}}||0||4||4||8 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|RUS}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|05|5}}||{{Sort|06|6}}||6||{{Sort|08|dq,6}}||{{Sort|98|(OAR)}}||{{Sort|98|(ROC)}}||||'''4(6)''' | |||
| |9||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|FIN}}||0||2||3||5 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|SVK}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||8||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||||'''1''' | |||
| |10||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|RUS}}||0||1||1||2 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|SWE}}||{{Sort|05|5}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{Sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=silver|{{Sort|02|2}}||{{Sort|04|4}}||{{Sort|04|4}}||7||{{Sort|08|8}}||||'''7''' | |||
| |11||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|SUI}}||0||0||2||2 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|SUI}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|98|–}}||{{Sort|07|7}}||5||bgcolor=cc9966|{{Sort|03|3}}||5||{{Sort|04|4}}||Q||'''6''' | |||
| |12||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|GER}}||0||0||1||1 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |align=left|{{FlagIOCteam|USA}}||bgcolor=gold|{{Sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=silver|{{Sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=cc9966|{{Sort|03|3}}||bgcolor=silver|{{Sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=silver|{{Sort|02|2}}||bgcolor=gold|{{Sort|01|1}}||bgcolor=silver|{{Sort|02|2}}||Q||'''8''' | |||
| |13||align=left|{{flagIOCteam|FRG}}||0||0||1||1 | |||
| |- class=" |
|- style="background:#ddd" class="sortbottom" | ||
| ! |
!align=left|Total||6||8||8||8||8||8||10||10|| | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| ===Overall medal table=== | |||
| {{Main|List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey}} | |||
| Sources (after the ]):<ref name=medaltable>{{cite web|url=http://olympanalyt.com/OlympAnalytics.php?param_pagetype=MedalsByCountries¶m_dbversion=¶m_country=ALL¶m_games=ALL¶m_sport=Ice+Hockey|title=Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries|website=olympanalyt.com|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207213046/http://olympanalyt.com/OlympAnalytics.php?param_pagetype=MedalsByCountries¶m_dbversion=¶m_country=ALL¶m_games=ALL¶m_sport=Ice+Hockey|url-status=live}}</ref><br> | |||
| ''Accurate as of the ].'' | |||
| {{Medals table | |||
| |caption = | |||
| |host = | |||
| |flag_template = FlagIOCteam | |||
| |event = | |||
| |team = | |||
| |gold_CAN = 14|silver_CAN = 6|bronze_CAN = 3 | |||
| |gold_URS = 7|silver_URS = 1|bronze_URS = 1|name_URS = ''{{FlagIOCteam|URS}}'' | |||
| |gold_USA = 4|silver_USA = 12|bronze_USA = 2 | |||
| |gold_SWE = 2|silver_SWE = 4|bronze_SWE = 5 | |||
| |gold_CZE = 1|silver_CZE = 0|bronze_CZE = 1 | |||
| |gold_GBR = 1|silver_GBR = 0|bronze_GBR = 1 | |||
| |gold_OAR = 1|silver_OAR = 0|bronze_OAR = 0|name_OAR = ''{{FlagIOCteam|OAR}}'' | |||
| |gold_EUN = 1|silver_EUN = 0|bronze_EUN = 0|name_EUN = ''{{FlagIOCteam|EUN}}'' | |||
| |gold_TCH = 0|silver_TCH = 4|bronze_TCH = 4|name_TCH = ''{{FlagIOCteam|TCH}}'' | |||
| |gold_FIN = 1|silver_FIN = 2|bronze_FIN = 8 | |||
| |gold_GER = 0|silver_GER = 1|bronze_GER = 1 | |||
| |gold_RUS = 0|silver_RUS = 1|bronze_RUS = 1 | |||
| |gold_ROC = 0|silver_ROC = 1|bronze_ROC = 0|name_ROC = ''{{flagIOCteam|ROC|2022 Winter}} {{Font|(ROC)|size=90%}}'' | |||
| |gold_SUI = 0|silver_SUI = 0|bronze_SUI = 3 | |||
| |gold_FRG = 0|silver_FRG = 0|bronze_FRG = 1|name_FRG = ''{{FlagIOCteam|FRG}}'' | |||
| |gold_SVK = 0|silver_SVK = 0|bronze_SVK = 1 | |||
| }} | |||
| ====Alternate overall medal table==== | |||
| Unlike the IOC, the IIHF combines the records of predecessor and successor nations.<ref name="allmedalm"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iihf.com/en/medalists?selectedTournamentTypeID=1&gender=women |title=All Medallists – Olympic Women |publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221112831/https://www.iihf.com/en/medalists?selectedTournamentTypeID=1&gender=women |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| {{Medals table | |||
| |caption = | |||
| |host = | |||
| |flag_template = FlagIOCteam | |||
| |event = | |||
| |team = | |||
| |gold_CAN = 14|silver_CAN = 6|bronze_CAN = 3 | |||
| |gold_RUS = 9|silver_RUS = 3|bronze_RUS = 2 | |||
| |gold_USA = 4|silver_USA = 12|bronze_USA = 2 | |||
| |gold_SWE = 2|silver_SWE = 4|bronze_SWE = 5 | |||
| |gold_CZE = 1|silver_CZE = 4|bronze_CZE = 5 | |||
| |gold_GBR = 1|silver_GBR = 0|bronze_GBR = 1 | |||
| |gold_FIN = 1|silver_FIN = 2|bronze_FIN = 8 | |||
| |gold_GER = 0|silver_GER = 1|bronze_GER = 2 | |||
| |gold_SUI = 0|silver_SUI = 0|bronze_SUI = 3 | |||
| |gold_SVK = 0|silver_SVK = 0|bronze_SVK = 1 | |||
| }} | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| {{ |
{{Portal|Ice hockey|Olympics}} | ||
| *] | |||
| {{portal|Olympics|Olympic Rings.svg}} | |||
| *] | |||
| *], a sport held at the ] | |||
| *] and ] | |||
| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| {{ |
{{Reflist}} | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Refbegin}} | |||
| *{{Cite book|last=Judd|first=Ron C.|title=The Winter Olympics: An Insider's Guide to the Legends, the Lore and the Games|year=2008|edition=Vancouver|publisher=]|location=Seattle|isbn=1-59485-063-1}} | |||
| *{{Cite book|last=Judd|first=Ron C.|title=The Winter Olympics: An Insider's Guide to the Legends, the Lore and the Games|year=2008|edition=Vancouver|publisher=]|location=Seattle|isbn=978-1-59485-063-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/winterolympicsin0000judd}} | |||
| *{{Cite book|author=Kennedy Jr.|first=John F. |authorlink=John F. Kennedy, Jr.|editor1-last=Findling|editor1-first=John E.|editor2-last=Pelle |editor2-first=Kimberly, D.| chapter=Innsbruck 1976|title=Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement|edition=illustrated, revised|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Encyclopedia+of+the+modern+Olympic+movement#PPA367,M1|publisher=]|year=2004|isbn=0313322783}} | |||
| *{{Cite book|author= |
*{{Cite book|author=Kennedy|first=John F. Jr.|author-link=John F. Kennedy Jr.|editor1-last=Findling|editor1-first=John E.|editor2-last=Pelle|editor2-first=Kimberly D.|chapter=Innsbruck 1976|title=Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement|edition=illustrated, revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&q=Encyclopedia+of+the+modern+Olympic+movement|publisher=]|year=2004|isbn=0-313-32278-3|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234600/https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&q=Encyclopedia+of+the+modern+Olympic+movement|url-status=live}} | ||
| *{{Cite book|author=Morales|first=Yves|editor1-last=Findling|editor1-first=John E.|editor2-last=Pelle|editor2-first=Kimberly D.|chapter=Pre-Olympic winter games|title=Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement|edition=illustrated, revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&q=Encyclopedia+of+the+modern+Olympic+movement|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=0-313-32278-3|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234555/https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&q=Encyclopedia+of+the+modern+Olympic+movement|url-status=live}} | |||
| *{{Cite book|last=Podnieks|first=Andrew|title=Canada's Olympic Hockey Teams: The Complete History, 1920–1998|year=1997|publisher=]|location=Toronto|isbn=0-385-25688-4}} | |||
| *{{Cite book|last=Podnieks|first=Andrew|title=Canada's Olympic Hockey Teams: The Complete History, 1920–1998|year=1997|publisher=]|location=Toronto|isbn=0-385-25688-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/canadasolympicho1920podn}} | |||
| *<cite id=Podmon>{{Cite book|publisher=H. B. Fenn & Company, Ltd.|url=http://www.iihf.com/100-years/100-years-of-ice-hockey/home/100-top-stories.html|title=IIHF Top 100 Hockey Stories of All-Time|year=2008|author=]; Szemberg, Szymon|isbn=9781551683584|accessdate=2009-03-25}}</cite> | |||
| *{{Cite book|publisher=H. B. Fenn & Company |url=http://www.iihf.com/100-years/100-years-of-ice-hockey/home/100-top-stories.html|title=IIHF Top 100 Hockey Stories of All-Time|year=2008|isbn=978-1-55168-358-4|access-date=25 March 2009|last1=Podnieks|first1=Andrew|last2=Szemberg|first2=Szymon|author-link1=Andrew Podnieks|archive-date=21 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321095926/http://www.iihf.com/100-years/100-years-of-ice-hockey/home/100-top-stories.html|url-status=live}} | |||
| *{{Cite book|last=Podnieks|first=Andrew|title=Canada's Olympic Hockey Teams: The Complete History, 1920–1998|year=1997|publisher=]|location=Toronto|isbn=0-385-25688-4}} | |||
| {{Refend}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
| *{{cite book|last= Wallechinsky|first= David| |
*{{cite book|last= Wallechinsky|first= David|author-link= David Wallechinsky|title= The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics, Turin 2006 Edition|year= 2005|publisher= SportClassic Books|isbn= 978-1-894963-45-9|ref=none}} | ||
| *{{Cite book|publisher=Key Porter Books|year=2008|title=World of Hockey: Celebrating a Century of the IIHF| |
*{{Cite book|publisher=Key Porter Books|year=2008|title=World of Hockey: Celebrating a Century of the IIHF|isbn=978-1-55168-307-2|last1=Podnieks|first1=Andrew|last2=Szemberg|first2=Szymon|author-link1=Andrew Podnieks|ref=none}} | ||
| *{{Cite book|publisher=NDE Publishing|year=2002|title=Kings of the Ice: A History of World Hockey| |
*{{Cite book|publisher=NDE Publishing|year=2002|title=Kings of the Ice: A History of World Hockey|author1=Podnieks, Andrew|author2=Gibbons, Denis|author3=Wawanash, Sheila|author4=Barta, Pavel|author5=Ryzkov, Dimitry|author6=Ratschunas, Tom|isbn=1-55321-099-9|ref=none}} | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| {{ |
{{Commons category|Ice hockey at the Olympics}} | ||
| * | * , Olympic.org | ||
| * |
*, LA84Foundation.org | ||
| * , hockey-history.com | |||
| * | |||
| * , Olympicgameswinners.com | |||
| * - Official website - | |||
| * – Official website – , IIHF.com | |||
| {{ |
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Latest revision as of 06:24, 17 November 2024
| Ice hockey at the Olympic Games | |
|---|---|
 | |
| IOC Code | IHO |
| Governing body | IIHF |
| Events | 2 (men: 1; women: 1) |
| Summer Olympics | |
| Winter Olympics | |
Ice hockey tournaments have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1920. The men's tournament was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and was transferred permanently to the Winter Olympic Games program in 1924, in France. The women's tournament was first held at the 1998 Winter Olympics.
The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes. However, the advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted to allow professional athletes to compete in the Olympic Games starting in 1988. The National Hockey League (NHL) was initially reluctant to allow its players to compete because the Olympics are held in the middle of the NHL season, and the league would have to halt play if many of its players participated. Eventually, NHL players were admitted starting in 1998.
From 1924 to 1988, the tournament started with a round-robin series of games and ended with the medal round. Medals were awarded based on points accumulated during that round. In 1992, the playoffs were introduced for the first time since 1920. In 1998, the format of the tournament was adjusted to accommodate the NHL schedule; a preliminary round was played without NHL players or the top six teams—Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States—followed by a final round which included them. The tournament format was changed again in 2006; every team played five preliminary games with the full use of NHL players.
The games of the tournament follow the rules of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), which differ slightly from the rules used in the NHL. In the men's tournament, Canada was the most successful team of the first three decades, winning six of seven gold medals from 1920 to 1952. Czechoslovakia, Sweden and the United States were also competitive during this period and won multiple medals. Between 1920 and 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also counted as the Ice Hockey World Championship for that year. The Soviet Union first participated in 1956 and overtook Canada as the dominant international team, winning seven of the nine tournaments in which they participated. The United States won gold medals in 1960 and in 1980, which included their "Miracle on Ice" upset of the Soviet Union. Canada went 50 years without a gold medal, before winning one in 2002, and following it with back-to-back wins in 2010 and 2014. Other nations to win gold include Great Britain in 1936, the Unified Team in 1992, Sweden in 1994 and 2006, the Czech Republic in 1998, Russia (as OAR) in 2018 and Finland in 2022. Other medal-winning nations include Switzerland, Germany and Slovakia.
In July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event; it was first held at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. The Nagano Organizing Committee was hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament, but an agreement was reached that limited the field to six teams, and ensured that no additional facilities would be built. The Canadian teams have dominated the event. The United States won the first tournament in 1998 and in 2018. Canada has won all of the other tournaments (2002–2014, 2022).
Inception as an Olympic sport
The first Olympic ice hockey tournament took place at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. At the time, organized international ice hockey was still relatively new. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the sport's governing body, was created on 15 May 1908, and was known as the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG) until 1947. At the 1914 Olympic Congress in Paris, ice hockey was added to the list of optional sports that Olympics organizers could include. The decision to include ice hockey for the 1920 Summer Olympics was made in January, three months before the start of the Games. Several occurrences led to the sport's inclusion in the programme. Five European nations had committed to participating in the tournament and the managers of Antwerp's Palais de Glace stadium refused to allow the building to be used for figure skating unless ice hockey was included. The IIHF considers the 1920 tournament to be the first Ice Hockey World Championship. From then on, the two events occurred concurrently, and every Olympic tournament until 1968 is counted as the World Championship. The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes, so the players of the National Hockey League (NHL) and other professional leagues were not allowed to play.
The first Winter Olympic Games were held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. Chapter 1, article 6, of the 2007 edition of the Olympic Charter defines winter sports as "sports which are practised on snow or ice". Ice hockey and figure skating were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics programme. The IOC made the Winter Games a permanent fixture and they were held the same year as the Summer Games until 1992. Following that, further Winter Games have been held on the third year (i.e. 1994, 1998, etc.) of each Olympiad.
History of events
| Event | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 94 | 98 | 02 | 06 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 22 | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's tournament | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 25 |
| Women's tournament | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total events | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 32 |
Men's tournament
1920 Summer Olympics
The men's tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics was organized by a committee that included future LIHG president Paul Loicq. The tournament used the Bergvall System, in which three rounds were played. The first round was an elimination tournament that determined the gold medal winner. The second round consisted of the teams that were defeated by the gold medal winner; the winner of that round was awarded the silver medal. The final round was played between teams that had lost to the gold or silver medal winners; the winner of that round received the bronze medal.
The tournament was played from 23 to 29 April and seven teams participated: Canada, Czechoslovakia, the United States, Switzerland, Sweden, France and Belgium. Canada chose to send the Allan Cup-winning Winnipeg Falcons. The Swedish team consisted of mostly bandy players, many of whom had only started playing hockey in preparation for the tournament. Canadian team manager W. A. Hewitt refereed the first game played, an 8–0 win by Sweden versus Belgium.
Canada won all three of the team's games in the first round and won the gold medal, defeating Sweden in the final and outscoring opponents 27–1. In the two subsequent rounds, the United States and Czechoslovakia won the silver and bronze medals respectively. The Bergvall System was criticized, especially in Sweden, because the Swedish team had to play six games (winning three) while the bronze medal-winning Czech team only had to play three (winning one). Erik Bergvall, the creator of the system, stated that it was used incorrectly and that a tournament of all of the losing teams from the first round should have been played for the silver medal. Because of these criticisms, the Bergvall System was not used again for ice hockey.
1924–1936
In 1924, the tournament was played in a round-robin format, consisting of a preliminary round and a medal round. The medals were awarded based on win–loss records during the medal round. This format was used until 1988, although the number of teams and games played varied slightly. The Toronto Granites, representing Canada, became one of the dominant hockey teams in Olympic history, outscoring opponents 110–3, led by Harry Watson, who scored 36 goals. The United States won silver and Great Britain won bronze. Watson's 36 goals remains the tournament record for career goals. He also set the record for career points with 36 (assists were not counted at the time), which stood until 2010.
Eleven teams participated in the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The Canadian team was given a bye to the medal round and won all of its games by a combined score of 38–0. The Swedish and Swiss teams won their first medals—silver and bronze respectively—and a German team participated for the first time, finishing ninth. At the 1932 Winter Olympics, Canada won gold in a tournament that consisted of four teams that played each other twice. Germany won bronze, the nation's first medal in the sport.
Two days before the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, Canadian officials protested that two players on the British team—James Foster and Alex Archer—had played in Canada but transferred without permission to play for clubs in the English National League. The IIHF agreed with Canada, but Great Britain threatened to withdraw the team if the two were barred from competing. To avoid a conflict, Canada withdrew the protest shortly before the Games began. The tournament consisted of four groups and fifteen teams. Great Britain became the first non-Canadian team to win gold; Canada won silver and the United States bronze.
Challenges to the definition of amateur
The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) revised its definition of amateur and broke away from the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada in 1936, despite the possibility that its players may no longer be eligible for Olympic hockey. Tommy Lockhart founded the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States (AHAUS) in 1937, after disagreements with the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States over international amateurs. The CAHA and the AHAUS joined to form the International Ice Hockey Association in 1940. Its president W. G. Hardy sought for acceptance by the IOC on terms acceptable to the CAHA. CAHA president George Dudley subsequently threatened to withdraw Canada from the Olympics over the definition of amateur. An IOC decision on the matter was postponed when the 1940 Winter Olympics and 1944 Winter Olympics were cancelled due to World War II. In 1947, the LIHG agreed to a merger with the International Ice Hockey Association, was subsequently renamed to the IIHF, and recognized the AHAUS as the governing body of hockey in the United States instead of the AAU.
1948–1952
The IIHF considered whether to have an ice hockey tournament at the Winter Olympics, or host a separate Ice Hockey World Championships elsewhere in Switzerland in 1948. Avery Brundage of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) reportedly campaigned to IIHF delegates to vote against inclusion of the AHAUS in the upcoming Olympics. The LIHG passed a resolution that its teams would only play against teams approved by the CAHA and the AHAUS, which was accepted by the Swiss Olympic organizing committee. Brundage threatened that the USOC would boycott the Olympics if the AHAUS team was recognized. The Swiss Olympic organizing committee insisted on the AHAUS team being recognized, despite persistent charges by Brundage that the AHAUS team was "tainted with professionalism". Brundage and the AAU supported a National Collegiate Athletic Association team instead. After bitter negotiations which were not resolved until the night before the Olympics, the AHAUS team was allowed to play in the tournament, but the IOC declared those games would not count in the standings.
Both Czechoslovakia and Canada won seven games and tied when they played each other. The gold medal winner was determined by goal difference: Canada won the gold because it had an average of 13.8 goals per game compared to Czechoslovakia's average of 4.3. Czechoslovakia's team was quickly improving; it won the 1947 and 1949 World Championships. The AHAUS team finished fourth in the standings in 1948.
Discussions began in 1950, whether or not ice hockey would be included in the 1952 Winter Olympics hosted in Oslo. The IOC sought assurance that participating teams would adhere to its amateur code rather than what was accepted by the IIHF, and also wanted to exclude IIHF president Fritz Kraatz from negotiations. George Dudley and W. G. Hardy agreed there would be no negotiations on those terms, nor would they repudiate Kraatz. Dudley referred to the IOC as dictatorial and undemocratic, and expected the IIHF to discuss having its own 1952 Ice Hockey World Championships instead. He further stated that the Olympics would be a financial failure without the inclusion of hockey. Hockey was ultimately included in the Olympics, and the gold medal was won by Canada's team for the second consecutive Games. It would be the last time that a Canadian team would win a gold medal in hockey for 50 years. The United States won silver and Sweden won bronze. A team from Finland competed for the first time.
1956–1976
The Soviet Union competed in its first World Championship in 1954, defeating Canada and winning the gold medal. At the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, the Soviet team went undefeated and won its first gold medal. Canada's team lost to the Soviets and the United States in the medal round, winning the bronze. The 1960 Winter Olympics, in Squaw Valley, United States, saw the first, and to date only, team from Australia compete in the tournament. Canada, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Sweden were the top four teams heading into the Games, but were all defeated by the American team, which won all seven games en route to its first Olympic gold medal. Canada won the silver medal and the Soviet Union won the bronze.
At the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, the Soviet team won all seven of its games, earning the gold medal. Canada finished the tournament with five wins and two losses, putting the team in a three-way tie for second place with Sweden and Czechoslovakia. Before 1964, the tie-breaking procedure was based on goal difference in games against teams in the medal round; under that system, Canada would have placed third ahead of the Czechoslovakian team. During the tournament the procedure was changed to take all games into consideration, which meant that the Canadians finished fourth. At the time, the Olympics counted as the World Championships; under their (unchanged) rules, Canada should have received bronze for the World Championships.
The Soviet Union won its third gold medal with a 7–1 record in the 1968 Grenoble Olympics. Czechoslovakia and Canada won the silver and bronze medals. It was the last time that the Olympics were counted as the World Championships. In 1970, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition protesting the use of full-time "amateurs" by the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, and the team did not participate in the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics. Led by goaltender Vladislav Tretiak and forwards Valeri Kharlamov, Alexander Yakushev, Vladimir Petrov and Boris Mikhailov, the Soviet team won gold at both the 1972 Games in Sapporo, Japan and 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. In 1971, the United States finished last at the World Championships and was relegated to Pool B. The team qualified for the 1972 Olympics and won silver, making it the first Pool B team to win an Olympic medal. Czechoslovakia won the bronze medal in 1972. In 1976, Czechoslovakia won the silver and West Germany won bronze. Along with Canada, the Swedish team did not participate in the 1976 tournament joining the boycott.
1980: "Miracle on Ice"
Main article: Miracle on Ice
The Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, New York in 1980. Twelve teams participated in the tournament, including Canada for the first time since 1968. The Soviet Union had won the gold medal in five of the six previous Winter Olympic Games, and were the favorites to win once more in Lake Placid. The team consisted of full-time players with significant experience in international play. By contrast, the United States' team—led by head coach Herb Brooks—consisted exclusively of amateur players with mostly college experience, and was the youngest team in the tournament and in U.S. national team history. In the group stage, both the Soviet and U.S. teams were unbeaten; the U.S. achieved several notable results, including a 2–2 draw against Sweden, and a 7–3 upset victory over second-place favorites Czechoslovakia.
For the first game in the medal round, the United States played the Soviets. The first period finished tied at 2–2, and the Soviets led 3–2 following the second. The U.S. team scored two more goals to take their first lead during the third and final period, winning the game 4–3. Following the game, the U.S. went on to clinch the gold medal by beating Finland in the final. The Soviet Union took the silver medal by beating Sweden.
The victory became one of the most iconic moments of the Games and in U.S. sports. Equally well-known was the television call of the final seconds of the game by Al Michaels for ABC, in which he declared: "Do you believe in miracles?! YES!" In 1999, Sports Illustrated named the "Miracle on Ice" the top sports moment of the 20th century. As part of its centennial celebration in 2008, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) named the "Miracle on Ice" as the best international ice hockey story of the past 100 years.
1984–1994
At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union won its sixth gold medal. Czechoslovakia and Sweden won the silver and bronze medals. The 1988 Winter Olympics were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where the Soviet team captured its seventh and final gold medal. The Soviets' last Olympic game was a loss to Finland. The Finnish team was not considered a serious medal contender—it had competed in the World Championships since 1939 and had not won a single medal. However, Finland upset the Soviets 2–1 and won silver. The IIHF decided to change the tournament format because in several cases, the gold medal winner had been decided before the final day of play. During a congress in 1990, the IIHF introduced a playoff system. The new system was used at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. Preliminary round-robin games were held and followed by an eight-team cup-system style medal round that culminated in a gold medal game.
Before 1989, players who lived in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and other nations behind the Iron Curtain were not allowed to leave and play in the NHL. Soviet officials agreed to allow players to leave following the 1989 World Championships. The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991. Nine former Soviet states became part of the IIHF and started competing internationally, including the successor state Russia, as well as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Latvia and Ukraine. At the 1992 Olympics, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan competed as one entity, known as the Unified Team. In the final, the Unified Team defeated Canada to win gold while Czechoslovakia won the bronze.
Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in January 1993. The IIHF recognized the Czech Republic as the successor to Czechoslovakia, allowing the team to retain its position in the top World Championship division, while Slovakia started in the lowest division (Pool C) in 1994 and was forced to work its way up. Both nations competed in the tournament at the 1994 Winter Olympics, as did Russia. Slovakia and Finland both finished the preliminary round undefeated. Slovakia lost their medal round quarter-final game to Russia 2–3 OT, who later lost to Sweden 3–4 in the semi-final and Finland (who was defeated by Canada in another semi-final) 0–4 in the bronze medal game. In the gold medal game between Sweden and Canada, both teams finished regulation and overtime play with a 2–2 tie. In the resulting shootout, the first in Olympic competition, both nations scored two goals, which resulted in a sudden death shootout. Peter Forsberg of Sweden scored one of the most famous goals in Olympic history by faking a forehand shot, then sliding a one-handed backhand shot past goaltender Corey Hirsch. Canada's final shooter Paul Kariya's shot was saved by Tommy Salo and Sweden won the game and its first gold medal.
1998–2014
In 1995, an agreement to allow NHL players to participate in Olympics was reached between the IOC, IIHF, NHL, and National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA). The format of the 1998 tournament was adjusted to accommodate the NHL's schedule. Canada, considered a pre-tournament favourite, was upset in the semi-final round by the Czech Republic and then lost the bronze medal game to Finland. Led by goaltender Dominik Hašek, the Czech team defeated Russia, winning its first gold medal in the sport. Following the tournament, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman commented that it "was what we had predicted and hoped for from a pure hockey perspective, a wonderful tournament".
The next tournament format was hosted in Salt Lake City, United States. Finnish centre Raimo Helminen became the first ice hockey player to compete in six tournaments. In the quarter-finals, Belarus defeated Sweden in one of the biggest upsets since the Miracle on Ice. The team lost to Canada 7–1 in the semi-final and Russia 7–2 in the bronze medal game, respectively. The Canadian team rebounded from a disappointing first round and defeated the American team (who eliminated Russia 3–2 in the semi-final) in the gold medal game, winning their first gold medal in 50 years and seventh in men's hockey overall.
The tournament format was adjusted for 2006. In the semi-finals, Sweden defeated the Czech Republic 7–3, and Finland beat Russia 4–0. Sweden won the gold medal defeating Finland 3–2 and the Czech Republic won the bronze medal. Three months later, Sweden won the 2006 World Championships and became the first team to win the Olympic and World Championship gold in the same year. Allegations have surfaced of Sweden throwing a game against Slovakia so the Swedes would face Switzerland in the quarterfinals instead of Canada or the Czech Republic. Shortly before the game, Sweden coach Bengt-Åke Gustafsson was reported to have publicly contemplated tanking in order to avoid those teams, saying about Canada and the Czechs, "One is cholera, the other the plague."
The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the first time since NHL players started competing that the Olympics were held in a city with an NHL team. Teemu Selänne of Finland scored his 37th point, breaking the record of 36 first set by Canadian Harry Watson in 1924 and later tied by Vlastimil Bubník of Czechoslovakia, and Valeri Kharlamov of the Soviet Union. Slovakia made the final four for the first time, but lost the bronze medal game to Finland 3–5. In the gold medal game, Canada and the United States ended regulation play with a 2–2 tie, making it only the second Olympic gold medal match to go into overtime. Canadian player Sidney Crosby scored the winning goal 7:40 into overtime play to give Canada its eighth gold medal in men's hockey.
The 2014 Winter Olympics were held in Sochi, Russia, and retained the same game format used in Vancouver 2010, while returning to the larger international-sized ice rinks. Slovenia participated for the first time, upsetting Slovakia in the round-robin before losing to Sweden in the quarterfinals 0–5, for its best finish in any international tournament. Latvia upset Switzerland 3–1 in the qualification playoffs, also making it to the Olympic quarterfinals for the first time, where they were narrowly defeated by Canada 2–1. Host nation Russia, considered a pre-tournament favourite, lost 3–1 in the quarterfinals to Finland and finished fifth. Entering the semi-finals undefeated after outscoring opponents 20–6, the United States lost to Canada 0–1, then lost the bronze medal game against Finland 0–5. Teemu Selänne scored six more points in the tournament, was named tournament MVP and boosted his modern-era Olympic career record for points to 43 (24 goals, 19 assists). At the age of 43, he also set records as both the oldest Olympic goal-scorer and oldest Olympic ice hockey medal winner. Canada defeated Sweden 3–0 to win its ninth Olympic gold medal. The team did not trail at any point over the course of the tournament, and became the first back-to-back gold medal winner since the start of NHL participation in 1998, as well as the first team to go undefeated since 1984.
2018–2022
The Olympic ice hockey tournament in PyeongChang in 2018 was held without participation of NHL players for the first time since the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer. The favorites to win the gold medal were the Russians due to their domestic league, the KHL, taking an Olympic break and allowing such stars as Pavel Datsyuk and Ilya Kovalchuk to play on the team. As a consequence of a doping scandal, the IOC banned the Russian federation, but allowed Russian athletes to compete under the Olympic flag after passing anti-doping tests. The final was played between the Germans, who unexpectedly eliminated the Canadians in the semi-final, and the Olympic Athletes from Russia. In the final, the Russians prevailed, defeating Germany 4–3, and won the gold medal after Kirill Kaprizov scored the winning goal in overtime. The Russian players sang the banned anthem during the medal ceremony, but the IOC decided not to pursue any action. Canada won the bronze medal over the Czech Republic 6–4.
Although NHL players were originally planned to participate in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the league and the NHL Players' Association announced on 21 December 2021, that they would be pulling out of the tournament, citing the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Finland won their first ever ice hockey gold medal after going undefeated and beating the Russian Olympic Committee in the final. Slovakia claimed their first ever bronze medal after defeating Sweden 4–0. For the first time in history, the Czech Republic did not qualify for the quarter-finals and finished in ninth place, their lowest placement in history.
Women's tournament
Addition to the programme
At the 99th IOC Session in July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the 1998 Winter Olympics as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics. Women's ice hockey had not been in the programme when Nagano, Japan had won the right to host the Olympics in June 1991, and the decision required approval by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee (NAOOC). The NAOOC was initially hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament and because they felt their team, which had failed to qualify for that year's World Championships, could not be competitive. According to Glynis Peters, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association's (CAHA) head of female hockey, "the Japanese would have to finance an entirely new sports operation to bring their team up to Olympic standards in six years, which they were also really reluctant to do." In November 1992, the NWOOC and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include a women's ice hockey tournament in the programme. Part of the agreement was that the tournament would be limited to six teams, and no additional facilities would be built. The CAHA also agreed to help build and train the Japanese team so that it could be more competitive. The IOC had agreed that if the NAOOC had not approved the event, it would be held at the 2002 Winter Olympics. The format of the first tournament was similar to the men's: preliminary round-robin games followed by a medal round playoff.
1998–2006
Before 1998, women's hockey had been dominated by Canada. Canadian teams had won every World Championship up to that point; however, by 1997, the American team had improved and was evenly matched with Canada. In thirteen games played between the two teams in 1997, Canada won seven and the United States won six. The 1998 Olympic tournament also included teams from Finland, Sweden, China and host Japan. Canada and the United States dominated the round-robin portion. In their head-to-head match, the United States overcame a 4–1 deficit to win 7–4. The two teams met in the final, which the United States won 3–1 to become the third American ice hockey team to win Olympic gold. Finland defeated China 4–1 to win the bronze medal.
For the 2002 Winter Olympics, the number of teams was increased to eight with Russia, Germany and Kazakhstan qualifying for the first time. The Canadian and American teams went undefeated in the first round and semi-finals, setting up a gold medal rematch that the Canadian team won 3–2. Following the game, members of the Canadian team accused the Americans of stomping on a Canadian flag in their dressing room, although an investigation later proved the rumour false. The Swedish team won the bronze medal over Finland 2–1, the nation's first in women's ice hockey.
In 2006, Sweden defeated the US in a shootout in the semi-finals, marking the first time the US had lost to an opponent other than Canada. The upset drew comparisons to the Miracle on Ice from 1980. In the medal games, Canada defeated Sweden 4–1 to claim its second consecutive gold medal, while the Americans beat Finland 4–0 to win the bronze.
2010 and debate on removal from the Olympics
In 2010, eight teams participated, including Slovakia for the first time. In the gold medal game, Canada defeated the United States 2–0 to win their third consecutive gold. The Finnish team won the bronze medal over Sweden 3–2 OT, their first since 1998.
The future of international women's ice hockey was discussed at the World Hockey Summit in 2010, and dealt with how IIHF member associations could work together to grow the game and increase registration numbers, and the relative strength of the women's game in North America compared to the rest of the world. International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge raised concerns that the women's hockey tournament might be eliminated from the Olympics since the event was not competitively balanced and was dominated by Canada and the United States. Team Canada captain Hayley Wickenheiser explained that the talent gap between the North American and European countries was due to the presence of women's professional leagues in North America, along with year-round training facilities. She stated the European players were talented, but their respective national team programs were not given the same level of support as the European men's national teams, or the North American women's national teams. She stressed the need for women to have their own professional league which would be for the benefit of international hockey. IIHF vice-president Murray Costello promised to invest $2-million towards developing international women's hockey.
2014–2022
At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Canada defeated the United States 3–2, as Marie-Philip Poulin scored at 8:10 of overtime to win their fourth consecutive gold, rebounding from a two-nothing deficit late in the game. With the win, Canadians Hayley Wickenheiser, Jayna Hefford and Caroline Ouellette became the first athletes to win four ice hockey gold medals. They also joined Soviet biathlete Alexander Tikhonov and German speedskater Claudia Pechstein as the only athletes to win gold medals in four straight Winter Olympics. In the bronze medal game Switzerland beat Sweden 4–3 to win their first women's medal.
In 2018, the United States defeated Canada for the gold medal in a shootout, winning 3–2. The Americans' winning the gold medal game marks the first time in 20 years that the United States took home a gold medal in women's hockey. They previously won in 1998 in Nagano, Japan, which was also against Canada. Canada's loss effectively ended their winning streak of four consecutive winter games, having won since 2002.
The 2022 edition was played with ten teams for the first time. Canada won their fifth gold medal, defeating the United States in the final 3–2. Finland defeated Switzerland 4–0 for the bronze medal. The final standings were a repeat of the 2021 IIHF Women's World Championship.
Rules
Qualification
Since 1976, 12 teams have participated in the men's tournament, except in 1998 and 2002, when the number was raised to 14. The number of teams has ranged from 4 (in 1932) to 16 (in 1964). After the NHL allowed its players to compete at the 1998 Winter Olympics, the "Big Six" teams (Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States) were given automatic qualification and byes to the final round. The number of teams was increased to 14 so that a preliminary round-robin tournament consisting of eight teams could be held. The top two teams from the preliminary round (Belarus and Kazakhstan) joined the "Big Six" in the finals. A similar system was used in 2002. For the following tournament, the number of teams was lowered to 12 so that all teams played fewer games. Qualification for the men's tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics was structured around the 2008 IIHF World Ranking. Twelve spots were made available for teams. The top nine teams in the World Ranking after the 2008 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships received automatic berths. Teams ranked 19th through 30th played in a first qualification round in November 2008. The top three teams from the round advanced to the second qualification round, joined by teams ranked 10th through 18th. The top three teams from this round advanced to the Olympic tournament.
The women's tournament uses a similar qualification format. The top six teams in the IIHF Women's World Ranking after the 2008 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships received automatic berths. Teams ranked 13th and below were divided into two groups for a first qualification round in September 2008. The two group winners advanced to the second qualification round, where the teams ranked seventh through twelfth joined them.
Players
Eligibility
The IIHF lists the following requirements for a player to be eligible to play in international tournaments:
- "Each player must be under the jurisdiction of an IIHF member national association."
- "Each player must be a citizen of the country he/she represents."
If a player who has never played in an IIHF competition changes their citizenship, they must participate in national competitions in their new country for at least two consecutive years and have an international transfer card (ITC). If a player who has previously played in an IIHF tournament wishes to change their national team, they must have played in their new country for four years. A player can only do this once. The original IOC rules stated that an athlete that had already played for one nation could not later change nations under any circumstances.
Use of professional players
Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the IOC, was influenced by the ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the English public schools. The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education and there was a prevailing concept of fairness in which practicing or training was considered cheating. As class structure evolved through the 20th century, the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated. The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis. Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until 1988.
Near the end of the 1960s, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the IIHF and IOC. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players at the 1970 World Championships in Montreal and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The decision was reversed in January 1970 after IOC President Brundage said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made. In response, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted. Günther Sabetzki became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.
Before the 1984 Winter Olympics, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the United States Olympic Committee maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games. This made five players on Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two Italians and two Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the World Hockey Association—were allowed to play. Canadian hockey official Alan Eagleson stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs. Murray Costello of the CAHA suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible. In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in the Olympic Games starting in 1988.
NHL participation
The NHL decided not to allow all players to participate in 1988, 1992, 1994, 2018, and 2022 because the Winter Olympics typically occur in February, during the league's regular season. To allow participation, the NHL would have been forced to take a break in its schedule.
In 1992, National Basketball Association (NBA) players participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics. NHL commissioner Gary Bettman (an NBA executive in 1992) commented that the "'s worldwide awareness grew dramatically". He hoped that NHL participation would "get exposure like the world has never seen for hockey". The typical NBA season is held in the winter and spring, so the Summer Olympics do not conflict with the regular season schedule. Bettman "floated a concept of moving hockey to the Summer Games", but this was rejected because of the Olympic Charter. In March 1995, Bettman, René Fasel, IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch and NHLPA executive director Bob Goodenow met in Geneva, Switzerland. They reached an agreement that allowed NHL players to participate in the Olympics, starting with the 1998 Games in Nagano, Japan. The deal was officially announced by the NHL on 2 October 1995. Bettman said: "We're doing this to build the game of hockey, pure and simple, we think whatever benefits are recouped, it will end up making this game bigger, stronger and healthier."
The 2004–05 NHL season was locked out and eventually cancelled because of a labour dispute between the league and its players. In January 2005, Bettman commented that he was hesitant to allow league participation in the Olympics because he did not like the idea of stopping play mid-season after the cancellation of the previous season. The lockout was resolved in July 2005 and the newly negotiated NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement allowed league participation in the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. Some NHL team owners were against their players participating in the tournament because of concerns about injury or exhaustion. Philadelphia Flyers owner Ed Snider commented that "I'm a believer in the Olympics and I think it's good for the NHL to participate, having said that, the people who participate should be the ones who are absolutely healthy." Some NHL players used the break as an opportunity to rest and did not participate in the tournament, and several players were injured during the Olympics and were forced to miss NHL games. Bettman said that several format changes were being discussed so that the tournament would be "a little easier for everybody".
It was originally thought that for NHL participating in the 2014 Winter Olympics a deal would have to be negotiated between the NHL and NHLPA in the Collective Bargaining Agreement. In January 2013, the NHL and NHLPA agreed on a new Collective Bargaining Agreement. However, the decision on NHL participation at the Olympics was later announced on 19 July 2013. As part of the deal, the NHL will go on break for 17 days during the Olympics and will send 13 on-ice officials to help with the Games. NHL management was hesitant to commit to the tournament; Bettman argued the Olympic break is a "strain on the players, on the schedule and on fans", adding that "the benefits we get tend to be greater when the Olympics are in North America than when they're in distant time zones." According to Bettman, most of the NHL team owners agree with his position, and feel that the league does not receive enough benefits to justify the schedule break and risk of player injuries. René Fasel wants NHL participation and vowed that he would "work day and night to have NHL players in Sochi".
At an October 2008 press conference, then-NHLPA executive director Paul Kelly stated that the players want to return to the Olympics and would try to include the ability in the next agreement. Russian NHL players Alexander Ovechkin and Evgeni Malkin stated that they want to participate in the tournament and would do so without the permission of the NHL, if necessary. Paul Kelly also believed that the NHL's strained relationship with the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia and the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) could affect participation. In a 2009 interview, KHL president Alexander Medvedev claimed that the unwillingness of NHL officials to immediately commit to the Sochi Games was "an instrument of pressure" to force a transfer agreement between the two leagues.
A major sticking point over NHL participation has been the insurance of players; for the 2014 Winter Olympics, the IOC paid around US$7 million to insure NHL players participating in the Games. In April 2016, the IOC announced that beginning in 2018, it would no longer cover accommodations, insurance, or travel for NHL players in the Olympics, prompting the IIHF to ask for support from national ice hockey associations and National Olympic Committees to help cover costs; Matti Nurminen of the Finnish Ice Hockey Association argued that it was the responsibility of the event's organizer to cover costs, and that "In our opinion, the same party should pay the bills, and that's not us. All the countries replied to the IIHF that they are not willing to pay for the insurance or the travel or any of the other expenses that are related to having the NHL players participate in Pyeongchang." The New York Times felt that the removal of this financial support would put NHL participation at Pyeongchang in jeopardy, noting the already-strenuous relationship between the NHL and the IOC; Gary Bettman noted that the NHL does not profit from their presence, adding that "in fact, we kind of disappear for two weeks because historically the IOC hasn't even let us join in promoting our participation in the Olympics."
On 3 April 2017, the NHL announced that it would not participate in the 2018 Winter Olympics. In that statement, the NHL said that it had been open to hearing from the IOC, the IIHF, and the players' association on ways to make Olympic participation more attractive to team owners, but no meaningful dialogue on that matter had materialized. As to reasons the Board of Governors might be interested in re-evaluating their strongly held views on the subject, the NHLPA "confirmed that it has no interest or intention of engaging in any discussion that might make Olympic participation more attractive to the Clubs", and that it would not schedule a break for the Olympics in the 2017–18 season.
Although in the following months the president of the IIHF René Fasel tried to convince NHL to change its decision, in September he stated that there was no chance for participation of NHL players in the Pyeongchang olympic tournament. "I can say that this is now gone. We can tick that off the list. We will have to look ahead to China and the Beijing 2022 winter Games because there is an interest of the league and we have noted that. But logistically it is practically impossible for Pyeongchang. That train has left the station", he said. Some NHL players expressed their discontent with league's decision to skip the Olympics. Alexander Ovechkin, captain of the Washington Capitals: "The Olympics are in my blood and everybody knows how much I love my country", adding that "he would compete with Russia if he were the only NHL player to travel to South Korea". "It's brutal, I don't think there's any reason we shouldn't be going", said Justin Faulk, 2014 Olympian and alternate captain for the Carolina Hurricanes. Eventually, the NHL players were forced to follow the league's decision and stay in their clubs during the 2018 Olympics.
Game rules
At the first tournament in 1920, there were many differences from the modern game: games were played outdoors on natural ice, forward passes were not allowed, the rink (which had been intended to be used only for figure skating) was 56 m × 18 m (165 ft × 58.5 ft) and two 20-minute periods were played. Each team had seven players on the ice, the extra position being the rover. Following the tournament, the IIHF held a congress and decided to adopt the Canadian rules—six men per side and three periods of play.
The tournaments follow the rules used by the IIHF. At the 1969 IIHF Congress, officials voted to allow body-checking in all three zones in a rink similar to the NHL; it's prohibited for women. Before that, body-checking was only allowed in the defending zone in international hockey Several other rule changes were implemented in the early 1970s: players were required to wear helmets starting in 1970, and goaltender masks became mandatory in 1972. In 1992, the IIHF switched to using a playoff system to determine medalists and decided that tie games in the medal round would be decided in a shootout. In 1998, the IIHF passed a rule that allowed two-line passes. Before then, the neutral zone trap had slowed the game down and reduced scoring.
The current IIHF rules differ slightly from the rules used in the NHL. One difference between NHL and IIHF rules is standard rink dimensions: the NHL rink is narrower, measuring 61 m × 26 m (200 ft × 85 ft), instead of the international size of 61 m × 30.5 m (200 ft × 100 ft) The larger international size allows for a faster and less physical style of play. Another rule difference between the NHL and the IIHF rules concerns how icing is called. In the NHL, a linesman stops play due to icing if a defending player (other than the goaltender) is not behind an attacking player in the race to the end-zone faceoff dots in his defensive zone, in contrast to the IIHF rules in which play is stopped the moment the puck crosses the goal line. The NHL and IIHF also differ in penalty rules. The NHL calls five-minute major penalties for more dangerous infractions of the rules, such as fighting, in addition to the minor and double minor penalties called in IIHF games. This is in contrast to the IIHF rule, by which players who fight risk a game misconduct & major penalties. Beginning with the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted several new rules. Some were already used by the IIHF, such as the shootout and the two-line pass. Others were not picked up by the IIHF, such as those requiring smaller goaltender equipment and the addition of the goaltender trapezoid to the rink. However, the IIHF did agree to follow the NHL's zero-tolerance policy on obstruction and required referees to call more hooking, holding, and interference penalties.
Each team is allowed to have between 15 and 20 skaters (forwards and defencemen) and two or three goaltenders, all of whom must be citizens of the nation they play for.
Banned substances
Main article: Doping at the Olympic GamesThe IIHF follows the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) regulations on performance-enhancing drugs. The IIHF maintains a Registered Testing Pool, a list of top players who are subjected to random in-competition and out-of-competition drug tests. According to the WADA, a positive in-competition test results in disqualification of the player and a suspension that varies based on the number of offences. When a player tests positive, the rest of their team is subjected to testing; another positive test can result in a disqualification of the entire team.
| Athlete | Nation | Olympics | Substance | Punishment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alois Schloder |  West Germany
|
1972 | Ephedrine | Six month suspension from IIHF | The first Winter Olympics athlete to test positive for a banned substance, Schloder was banned from the rest of the Games but his team was allowed to continue playing. After his innocence was proven, his disqualifications was lifted, and he was allowed to take part in the 1972 Ice Hockey World Championships. |
| František Pospíšil |  Czechoslovakia
|
1976 | Codeine | None | Team doctor Otto Trefny, who prescribed Pospíšil the drug as treatment for the flu, received a lifetime ban. The team was forced to forfeit a game against Poland but went on to win the silver medal, which Pospíšil also received. |
| Jarosław Morawiecki |  Poland
|
1988 | Testosterone | 18-month suspension from IIHF | The Polish team was allowed to continue playing without Morawiecki but were stripped of two points they earned in a victory over France. |
| Mattias Öhlund |  Sweden
|
2002 | Acetazolamide | None | Öhlund had inadvertently ingested the substance in medication he was taking after undergoing eye surgery and was not suspended. |
| Vasily Pankov |  Belarus
|
2002 | 19-Norandrosterone | Retroactively disqualified | Pankov was also forced to return his Olympic diploma. Evgeni Lositski, the team doctor, was banned from the following two Olympics. |
| Ľubomír Višňovský |  Slovakia
|
2010 | Pseudoephedrine | Issued a reprimand | Višňovský took Advil Cold & Sinus to combat a cold, unaware that it contained a WADA prohibited substance. He had consulted with the Slovak national team doctor and declared that he was taking the medication. Levels on samples two and three were well below WADA limits. |
| Vitalijs Pavlovs |  Latvia
|
2014 | Methylhexaneamine (dimethylpentylamine) | Disqualified from quarter-final game
18 month suspension |
Pavlovs was disqualified from the Canada–Latvia quarter-final game and was forced to return his Olympic diploma. According to Pavlovs, he had "been taking food supplements upon the recommendation of the doctor of his club team and that he did not understand how this substance entered his body". He was subsequently banned for 18 months for his actions. |
| Ralfs Freibergs | Latvia
|
2014 | Anabolic androgenic steroid | Disqualified from quarter-final game
Retroactively disqualified 2 year suspension |
Freibergs was disqualified from the Canada–Latvia quarter-final game and was forced to return his Olympic diploma.He was subsequently banned for two years for his actions. |
| Nicklas Bäckström | Sweden
|
2014 | Pseudoephedrine | Pulled from gold medal game | Bäckström was taking an over-the-counter medication to treat a sinus condition. He consulted with the team doctor and was informed that there would not be a problem. Bäckström's medal was initially withheld but was returned the following month. The IOC determined that "there was no indication of any intent of the athlete to improve his performance by taking a prohibited substance". |
| Inna Dyubanok |  Russia
|
2014 | Disappearing sample | Retroactively disqualified | IOC sanctions imposed in 2017. |
| Yekaterina Lebedeva | |||||
| Yekaterina Pashkevich | |||||
| Anna Shibanova | |||||
| Yekaterina Smolentseva | |||||
| Galina Skiba | |||||
| Tatiana Burina | |||||
| Anna Shukina |
In late 2005, two NHL players who had been listed as potential Olympians failed drug tests administered by the WADA. Bryan Berard tested positive for 19-Norandrosterone. José Théodore failed a drug test because he was taking Propecia, a hair loss medication that contains the non-performance-enhancing drug Finasteride. Both players received two-year bans from international competition, although neither had made their team's final roster. On 6 December 2017 six Russian women ice hockey players were disqualified for doping violations. Results of the Russian women's team at the 2014 Winter Olympics were made void. Two other Russian players, Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina, were also disqualified ten days later.
Results
Men
Summary
Medal table
Accurate as of the 2022 Winter Olympics.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Canada (CAN) | 9 | 4 | 3 | 16 |
| 2 |  Soviet Union (URS) | 7 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| 3 |  United States (USA) | 2 | 8 | 1 | 11 |
| 4 | Sweden (SWE) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
| 5 |  Finland (FIN) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 6 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
 Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| 8 |  Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Unified Team (EUN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 10 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 11 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Russia (RUS) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 13 |  ROC (ROC) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 |  Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 15 | Slovakia (SVK) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (16 entries) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 75 | |
Alternate medal table
Unlike the IOC, the IIHF combines the records of predecessor and successor nations.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Canada (CAN) | 9 | 4 | 3 | 16 |
| 2 | Russia (RUS) | 9 | 3 | 2 | 14 |
| 3 | United States (USA) | 2 | 8 | 1 | 11 |
| 4 | Sweden (SWE) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
| 5 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 1 | 4 | 5 | 10 |
| 6 | Finland (FIN) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 7 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 8 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 9 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 10 | Slovakia (SVK) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (10 entries) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 75 | |
Participating nations
Key
| # | The final rank of the team. If multiple numbers are listed the IOC and IIHF differ in their results. |
| =# | Indicates that two or more teams shared the same final rank. |
| #,# | Indicates IOC final rank, then IIHF final rank. |
| nr | Indicates team participated, but no IOC final rank. |
| dq | The team was disqualified by the IOC. |
| ( ) | Temporary IOC name different from IIHF member name. |
| – | The team did not participate that year. |
| Q | The team has qualified for the tournament. |
| #(#) | Indicates IOC total, then IIHF total. |
| #* | Indicates total for team using a temporary IOC name. |
| The nation did not exist with that designation at that time. | |
| References: | |
| Nation |  1920 |
 1924 |
 1928 |
 1932 |
 1936 |
1948 |
 1952 |
 1956 |
 1960 |
 1964 |
1968 |
 1972 |
1976 |
1980 |
 1984 |
 1988 |
1992 |
1994 |
1998 |
2002 |
2006 |
2010 |
 2014 |
 2018 |
 2022 |
2026 |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Australia (AUS) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
 Austria (AUT) |
– | – | =5 | – | =7 | 7,8 | – | 10 | – | 13 | 13 | – | 8 | – | =9,10 | 9 | – | 12 | 14 | 12 | – | – | 10 | – | – | – | 13 |
 Belarus (BLR) |
– | =5,7 | 4 | – | 9 | – | – | – | – | 3 | |||||||||||||||||
 Belgium (BEL) |
7 | 7 | =8 | – | =13 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 |
 Bulgaria (BUL) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Canada (CAN) |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | – | – | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | Q | 24 |
 China (CHN) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 | – | 1 |
| Czech Republic (CZE) |
5 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 9 | Q | 9 | |||||||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia (TCH) |
3 | =5 | =5 | – | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 16 | |||||||||
 Denmark (DEN) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | Q | 2 |
| Finland (FIN) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | – | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | Q | 19 |
 France (FRA) |
2==5,6 | =5 | =5 | – | =9 | – | – | – | – | – | 14 | – | – | – | – | 11 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 14 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10 |
| Germany (GER) |
– | – | =8 | 3 | =5 | – | 8 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 11 | – | 2 | 10 | Q | 13 (12) | |||||||||
| West Germany (FRG) |
(GER) | (EUA) | (EUA) | (EUA) | 7 | 7 | 3 | =9,10 | 5 | 5 | 6(10) | ||||||||||||||||
 East Germany (GDR) |
– | – | – | – | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
 United Team of Germany (EUA) |
6 | 6 | 7 | 3* | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Great Britain (GBR) |
– | 3 | 4 | – | 1 | 5,6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 |
 Hungary (HUN) |
– | – | 11 | – | =7 | – | – | – | – | 16 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
 Italy (ITA) |
– | – | – | – | =9 | 8,9 | – | 7 | – | 15 | – | – | – | – | =9,9 | – | 12 | 9 | 12 | – | 11 | – | – | – | – | Q | 10 |
 Japan (JPN) |
– | – | – | – | =9 | – | – | – | 8 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | =11,12 | – | – | – | – | 13 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 |
 Kazakhstan (KAZ) |
– | 8 | – | 9 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
 Latvia (LAT) |
– | – | – | – | =13 | – | – | – | 9 | 12 | 12 | 8 | – | 11 | Q | 7 | |||||||||||
 Netherlands (NED) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | =9,9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
 Norway (NOR) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | 9 | – | – | 10 | 11 | 8 | – | =11,11 | =11,12 | 12 | 9 | 11 | – | – | – | 10 | 12 | 8 | – | – | 12 |
| Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) |
1 | 1* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poland (POL) |
– | – | =8 | 4 | =9 | 6,7 | 6 | 8 | – | 9 | – | 6 | 6 | =7,7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13 |
| ROC (ROC) |
2 | 1* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Romania (ROU) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 | 12 | – | 7 | =7,8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 |
| Russia (RUS) |
– | (EUN) | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | (OAR) | (ROC) | 6(9) | ||||||||||||||||
| Slovakia (SVK) |
6 | 10 | 13 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 3 | Q | 9 | |||||||||||||||||
 Slovenia (SLO) |
– | – | – | – | – | 7 | 9 | – | – | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
 South Korea (KOR) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 | – | – | 1 | |||||||||
| Soviet Union (URS) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 | |||||||||||
| Sweden (SWE) |
4 | 4 | 2 | – | =5 | 4,5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 4 | – | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | Q | 24 |
| Switzerland (SUI) |
2==5,5 | =7 | 3 | – | =13 | 3 | 5 | 9 | – | 8 | – | 10 | 11 | – | – | 8 | 10 | – | – | 11 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8 | Q | 19 |
 Ukraine (UKR) |
– | – | 10 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Unified Team (EUN) |
1 | 1* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States (USA) |
2 | 2 | – | 2 | 3 | dq,4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 5 | Q | 25 |
 Yugoslavia (YUG) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14 | 9 | 11 | 10 | – | =11,11 | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | ||||||
| Total | 7 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 15 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Women
Summary
| # | Year | Hosts | Gold medal game | Bronze medal game | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold | Score | Silver | Bronze | Score | Fourth place | |||
| 1 | 1998 Details |
Nagano |
 United States |
3–1 |  Canada |
 Finland |
4–1 |  China |
| 2 | 2002 Details |
Salt Lake City |
Canada |
3–2 | United States |
 Sweden |
2–1 | Finland |
| 3 | 2006 Details |
Torino |
Canada |
4–1 | Sweden |
United States |
4–0 | Finland |
| 4 | 2010 Details |
Vancouver |
Canada |
2–0 | United States |
Finland |
3–2 OT | Sweden |
| 5 | 2014 Details |
Sochi |
Canada |
3–2 OT | United States |
 Switzerland |
4–3 | Sweden |
| 6 | 2018 Details |
Pyeongchang |
United States |
3–2 SO | Canada |
Finland |
3–2 |  Olympic Athletes from Russia |
| 7 | 2022 Details |
Beijing |
Canada |
3–2 | United States |
Finland |
4–0 | Switzerland |
Medal table
Accurate as of the 2022 Winter Olympics.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Canada (CAN) | 5 | 2 | 0 | 7 |
| 2 | United States (USA) | 2 | 4 | 1 | 7 |
| 3 | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 21 | |
Participating nations
Key
| # | The final rank of the team. If multiple numbers are listed the IOC and IIHF differ in their results. |
| =# | Indicates that two or more teams shared the same final rank. |
| #,# | Indicates IOC final rank, then IIHF final rank. |
| nr | Indicates team participated, but no IOC final rank. |
| dq | The team was disqualified by the IOC. |
| ( ) | Temporary IOC name different from IIHF member name. |
| – | The team did not participate that year. |
| Q | The team has qualified for the tournament. |
| #(#) | Indicates IOC total, then IIHF total. |
| #* | Indicates total for team using a temporary IOC name. |
| The nation did not exist with that designation at that time. | |
| References: | |
| Nation | 1998 |
2002 |
2006 |
2010 |
2014 |
2018 |
2022 |
2026 |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada (CAN) |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | Q | 8 |
| China (CHN) |
4 | 7 | – | 7 | – | – | 9 | 4 | |
| Czech Republic (CZE) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | Q | 2 |
| Denmark (DEN) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | 10 | 1 | |
| Finland (FIN) |
3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | Q | 8 |
| Germany (GER) |
– | 6 | 5 | – | 6,7 | – | – | 3 | |
| Italy (ITA) |
– | – | 8 | – | – | – | – | Q | 2 |
| Japan (JPN) |
6 | – | – | – | 7,8 | 6 | 6 | 4 | |
| Kazakhstan (KAZ) |
– | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |
 Korea (COR) |
8 | – | 1 | ||||||
| Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) |
4 | 1* | |||||||
| ROC (ROC) |
5 | 1* | |||||||
| Russia (RUS) |
– | 5 | 6 | 6 | dq,6 | (OAR) | (ROC) | 4(6) | |
| Slovakia (SVK) |
– | – | – | 8 | – | – | – | 1 | |
| Sweden (SWE) |
5 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 7 | |
| Switzerland (SUI) |
– | – | 7 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | Q | 6 |
| United States (USA) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | Q | 8 |
| Total | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 |
Overall medal table
Main article: List of Olympic medalists in ice hockeySources (after the 2022 Winter Olympics):
Accurate as of the 2022 Winter Olympics.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Canada (CAN) | 14 | 6 | 3 | 23 |
| 2 | Soviet Union (URS) | 7 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| 3 | United States (USA) | 4 | 12 | 2 | 18 |
| 4 | Sweden (SWE) | 2 | 4 | 5 | 11 |
| 5 | Finland (FIN) | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 |
| 6 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| 8 | Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Unified Team (EUN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 10 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 11 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Russia (RUS) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 13 | ROC (ROC) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 15 | Slovakia (SVK) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (16 entries) | 32 | 32 | 32 | 96 | |
Alternate overall medal table
Unlike the IOC, the IIHF combines the records of predecessor and successor nations.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Canada (CAN) | 14 | 6 | 3 | 23 |
| 2 | Russia (RUS) | 9 | 3 | 2 | 14 |
| 3 | United States (USA) | 4 | 12 | 2 | 18 |
| 4 | Sweden (SWE) | 2 | 4 | 5 | 11 |
| 5 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 1 | 4 | 5 | 10 |
| 6 | Finland (FIN) | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 |
| 7 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 8 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 9 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 10 | Slovakia (SVK) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (10 entries) | 32 | 32 | 32 | 96 | |
See also
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Further reading
- Wallechinsky, David (2005). The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics, Turin 2006 Edition. SportClassic Books. ISBN 978-1-894963-45-9.
- Podnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2008). World of Hockey: Celebrating a Century of the IIHF. Key Porter Books. ISBN 978-1-55168-307-2.
- Podnieks, Andrew; Gibbons, Denis; Wawanash, Sheila; Barta, Pavel; Ryzkov, Dimitry; Ratschunas, Tom (2002). Kings of the Ice: A History of World Hockey. NDE Publishing. ISBN 1-55321-099-9.
External links
- IOC results database, Olympic.org
- Olympic Review and Revue Olympique, LA84Foundation.org
- Alternative Medal Table of the Olympic Hockey, hockey-history.com
- Reference book about all Olympic Medalists of all times, Olympicgameswinners.com
- International Ice Hockey Federation – Official website – Olympics, IIHF.com
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