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{{Infobox language |
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{{Infobox language |
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| name = Mandaic |
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| name = Mandaic |
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| nativename = {{lang|myz|{{script|Mand|ࡋࡉࡔࡀࡍࡀ ࡖ ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ}}}}<br>{{transl|myz|Lishāna’d Mandāyì}} |
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| nativename = Mandāyì, Raṭnā, {{Script|Mand|ࡓࡀࡈࡍࡀ}} |
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| states = ] and ] |
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| states = ] and ] |
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| region = Iraq – ], ] Iran – ] |
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| region = Iraq: ], ]; Iran: ] |
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| ethnicity = ] |
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| speakers = 5,500 |
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| speakers = 5,500 |
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| date = 2001–2006 |
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| date = 2001–2006 |
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| fam4 = ] |
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| fam4 = ] |
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| fam5 = ] |
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| fam5 = ] |
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| fam6 = ] |
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| fam6 = ] |
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| fam7 = Southeastern Aramaic |
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| fam7 = ] |
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| ancestor = ] |
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| ancestor2 = ] |
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| ancestor3 = ] |
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| ancestor4 = ] |
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| ancestor5 = ] |
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| script = ] |
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| script = ] |
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| lc1 = mid |
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| lc1 = mid |
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| compact = yes |
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| compact = yes |
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}} |
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}} |
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] |
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] from Mesopotamia dated between the 5th and the 8th century, inscribed in Mandaic, in the collection of the ]. ]] |
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'''Mandaic''' is a southeastern ] variety in use by the ] community, traditionally based in southern parts of ] and southwest ], for their religious books. Classical Mandaic is still employed by ]s in liturgical rites.<ref>], ''The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran'' (Leiden: Brill, 1937; reprint 1962); Kurt Rudolph, ''Die Mandäer II. Der Kult'' (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; Göttingen, 1961; Kurt Rudolph, ''Mandaeans'' (Leiden: Brill, 1967); Christa Müller-Kessler, Sacred Meals and Rituals of the Mandaeans”, in David Hellholm, Dieter Sänger (eds.), ''Sacred Meal, Communal Meal, Table Fellowship, and the Eucharist: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity,'' Vol. 3 (Tübingen: Mohr, 2017), pp. 1715–1726, pls.</ref> The modern descendant of Classical Mandaic, known as ] or Modern Mandaic, is spoken by a small section of Mandaeans around ]<ref name="Macuch 1993"/>{{rp|XXXVI–XXXVIII, 1–101}} and ]<ref name="Haberl 2009"/> in the southern Iranian ]. |
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Liturgical use of Classical Mandaic is found in ] (particularly the southern portions of the country), in ], ] and in the ] (particularly in the ], ], ] and ]). It is an ] notable for its abundant use of vowel letters (''mater lectionis'' with ''aleph'', ''he'' only in final position, ''‘ayin'', ''waw'', ''yud'')) in writing, so-called ''plene'' spelling (])<ref>Theodor Nöldeke, ''Mandäische Grammatik'' (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1875), pp. 3–8.</ref> and the amount of ]<ref>No comprehensive and individual study exists yet except for some word discussions in ], ''Iranisch-semitische Kulturbegegnung in parthischer Zeit'' (Köln: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1960) and the etymological sections in ] and ], ''A Mandaic Dictionary'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963).</ref> and ]<ref name="Kaufman 1974">Stephen A. Kaufman, ''The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic'' (Assyriological Studies 19; Chicago: The University of Chicago: 1974).</ref> language influence on its lexicon, especially in the area of religious and ] terminology. Mandaic is influenced by ], ], ], ], ],<ref>{{Citation|last=Häberl |first=Charles|title=Hebraisms in Mandaic|website=YouTube|date=3 March 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDSDXF5_K8Q |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:37489/|title=Mandaic and the Palestinian Question|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=2021|volume=141|issue=1|pages=171–184|last1=Häberl|first1=Charles|doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171 |issn=0003-0279 |s2cid=234204741}}</ref> in addition to ]<ref name="Kaufman 1974"/> and ].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Charles G.|last=Häberl|date=February 2006|title=Iranian Scripts for Aramaic Languages: The Origin of the Mandaic Script|url=https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/33352/PDF/1/play/|journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|issue=341|pages=53–62|doi=10.7282/T37D2SGZ}}</ref> |
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'''Mandaic''', or more specifically '''Classical Mandaic''', is the liturgical language of ] and a South ] variety in use by the Mandaean community, traditionally based in southern parts of ] and southwest ], for their religious books. Mandaic, or Classical Mandaic, is still used by ]s in liturgical rites.<ref>], ''The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran'' (Leiden: Brill, 1937; reprint 1962); Kurt Rudolph, ''Die Mandäer II. Der Kult'' (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; Göttingen, 1961; Kurt Rudolph, ''Mandaeans'' (Leiden: Brill, 1967); Christa Müller-Kessler, Sacred Meals and Rituals of the Mandaeans”, in David Hellholm, Dieter Sänger (eds.), ''Sacred Meal, Communal Meal, Table Fellowship, and the Eucharist: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity'', Vol. 3 (Tübingen: Mohr, 2017), pp. 1715–1726, pls.</ref> The modern descendant of Mandaic or Classical Mandaic, known as ] or ], is spoken by a small group of Mandaeans around ]<ref name="Macuch 1993"/>{{rp|XXXVI–XXXVIII, 1–101}} and ]<ref name="Haberl 2009"/> in the southern Iranian ]. |
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Liturgical use of Mandaic or Classical Mandaic is found in ] (particularly the southern portions of the country), in ], ] and in the ] (particularly in the ], ], ] and ]). It is an ] notable for its abundant use of vowel letters (''mater lectionis'' with ''aleph'', ''he'' only in final position, ''‘ayin'', ''waw'', ''yud'') in writing, so-called ''plene'' spelling (])<ref>Theodor Nöldeke, ''Mandäische Grammatik'' (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1875), pp. 3–8.</ref> and the amount of ]<ref>No comprehensive and individual study exists yet except for some word discussions in ], ''Iranisch-semitische Kulturbegegnung in parthischer Zeit'' (Köln: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1960) and the etymological sections in ] and ], ''A Mandaic Dictionary'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963).</ref> and ]<ref name="Kaufman 1974">Stephen A. Kaufman, ''The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic'' (Assyriological Studies 19; Chicago: The University of Chicago: 1974).</ref> language influence on its lexicon, especially in the area of religious and ] terminology. Mandaic is influenced by ], ], ], ], ],<ref>{{Citation|last=Häberl |first=Charles|title=Hebraisms in Mandaic|website=YouTube|date=3 March 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDSDXF5_K8Q |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:37489/|title=Mandaic and the Palestinian Question|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=2021|volume=141|issue=1|pages=171–184|last1=Häberl|first1=Charles|doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171 |issn=0003-0279 |s2cid=234204741|doi-access=free}}</ref> in addition to ]<ref name="Kaufman 1974"/> and ].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Charles G.|last=Häberl|date=February 2006|title=Iranian Scripts for Aramaic Languages: The Origin of the Mandaic Script|url=https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/33352/PDF/1/play/|journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|issue=341|pages=53–62|doi=10.7282/T37D2SGZ}}</ref> |
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==Classification== |
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==Classification== |
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Classical Mandaic belongs to the Southeastern group of Aramaic and is closely related to the ] dialect in the major portions of the ],<ref>Theodor Nöldeke, ''Mandäische Grammatik'' (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1875), pp. XXVI–XXVII</ref><ref>], Das Mandäische, in ''Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Nöldeke’s Veröffentlichungen'' (Leiden: Brill 1939), pp. 228–229.</ref> but less to the various dialects of Aramaic appearing in the incantation texts on unglazed ceramic bowls (]s)<ref>Tapani Harvaianen, An Aramaic Incantation Bowl from Borsippa. Another Specimen of Eastern Aramaic “Koiné”, ''Studia Orientalia'' 53.14, 1981, pp. 3–25.</ref> found mostly in central and south ] as well as the ] of ].<ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "Zauberschalen und ihre Umwelt. Ein Überblick über das Schreibmedium Zauberschale," in Jens Kamran, Rolf Schäfer, Markus Witte (eds.), ''Zauber und Magie im antiken Palästina und in seiner Umwelt'' (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 46; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2017), pp. 59–94, figs. 1–2, 5, pls. 2, 4, 7–8, map.</ref> It is less related to the northeastern Aramaic dialect of ]. |
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Classical Mandaic belongs to the Southeastern group of Aramaic and is closely related to the ] dialect in the major portions of the ],<ref>Theodor Nöldeke, ''Mandäische Grammatik'' (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1875), pp. XXVI–XXVII</ref><ref>], Das Mandäische, in ''Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Nöldeke’s Veröffentlichungen'' (Leiden: Brill 1939), pp. 228–229.</ref> but less to the various dialects of Aramaic appearing in the incantation texts on unglazed ceramic bowls (]s)<ref>Tapani Harvaianen, An Aramaic Incantation Bowl from Borsippa. Another Specimen of Eastern Aramaic “Koiné”, ''Studia Orientalia'' 53.14, 1981, pp. 3–25.</ref> found mostly in central and south ] as well as the ] of ].<ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "Zauberschalen und ihre Umwelt. Ein Überblick über das Schreibmedium Zauberschale," in Jens Kamran, Rolf Schäfer, Markus Witte (eds.), ''Zauber und Magie im antiken Palästina und in seiner Umwelt'' (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 46; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2017), pp. 59–94, figs. 1–2, 5, pls. 2, 4, 7–8, map.</ref> It is considered a sister language to the northeastern Aramaic dialect of ]. |
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==Usage== |
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==Usage== |
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] from Mesopotamia dated between the 5th and the 8th century, inscribed in Mandaic, in the collection of the ]. ]] |
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This southeastern Aramaic dialect is transmitted through religious, liturgical, and esoteric texts,<ref>], ''The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran'' (Leiden: Brill, 1937; reprint 1962).</ref><ref>], ''The Book of the Zodiac (sfar Malwašia) D.C. 31'' (Oriental Translation Fund XXXVI; London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1949).</ref> most of them stored today in the ], ] (Oxford),<ref>], "A Mandaean Bibliography", in ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' 1953, pp. 34–39.</ref> and in the ] (Paris), the ] (London) and in the households of various Mandaeans as ]s. More specific written objects and of linguistic importance on account of their early transmission (5th – 7th centuries CE) are the earthenware ] and ] (]) (3rd–7th centuries CE),<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{citation |last=Buckley |first=Jorunn Jacobsen |title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people |year=2002 |location=] |publisher=] |isbn=9780195153859 |url=http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|4}} including silver and gold specimens<ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "A Mandaic Gold Amulet in the British Museum," in ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' 311, 1998, pp. 83–88.</ref> that were often unearthed in archaeological excavations in the regions of their historical living sites between Wasiṭ and ],<ref>M. Thevenot, ''Relations de divers voyages curieux, première partie'' (Paris, 1663–1672), map with Mandaean villages.</ref><ref>J. Heinrich Petermann, ''Reisen im Orient'', Vol. II (Leipzig: Veit, 1861), pp. 66, 83–123, 447–465.</ref> and frequently in central ], for example (],<ref>], "Une incantation contre les génies malfaisantes, en Mandaite," in ''Mémoires de la Soceté de Linguitiques de Paris'' 8, 1892, p. 193</ref> ],<ref>Peter R. S. Moorey, ''Kish Excavation 1923 – 1933'' (Oxford: Oxford Press, 1978), pp. 123–124.</ref> Khouabir,<ref>], ''Inscriptions mandaïtes des coupes de Khouabir'' (Paris: H. Wetter, 1898; reprint Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1979), pp. 1–5.</ref> ],<ref>Christopher Walker ''apud ''Jehudah B. Segal, ''Catalogue of the Aramaic and Mandaic Incantation Bowls in the British Museum'' (London: British Museum Press, 2000), pp. 35–39.</ref> ],<ref>], "Gefäßinschriften," in Eva Strommenger (ed.), ''Gefässe aus Uruk von der Neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden'' (Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka 7; Berlin 1967), pp. 55–57, pl. 57.1–3.</ref> ]<ref>J. P. Peters, ''Nippur or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates'', Vol. II (New York, 1897); Hermann V. Hilprecht, ''Explorations in Bible Lands During the Nineteenth Century'' (Philadelphia: A. J. Molman and Company, 1903), p. 326; James A. Montgomery, ''Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur'' (Publications of the Babylonian Section 3; Philadelphia, 1913), pp. 37–39, 242–257; Christa Müller-Kessler (ed.), ''Die Zauberschalentexte der Hilprecht-Sammlung, Jena und weitere Nippur-Texte anderer Sammlungen'' (Texte und Materialen der Frau Professor Hilprecht-Collection 7; Wiesbaden 2005), pp. 110–135, 143–147.</ref>), north and south of the confluences of the ] and ] (Abu Shudhr,<ref>François Lenormant, ''Essai sur la propagation de l’alphabet phénicien dans l’ancien monde'', vol. II (Paris, 1872), pp. 76–82, pls. X–XI; Edmund Sollberger, "Mr. Taylor in Chaldaea," in ''Anatolian Studies'' 22, 1972, pp. 130–133.</ref> ]<ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "Interrelations between Mandaic Lead Rolls and Incantation Bowls," in Tzvi Abusch, Karel van der Toorn (eds.), ''Mesopotamian Magic. Textual, Historical, and Interpretative Perspectives'' (Ancient Magic and Divination 1; Groningen: STYX, 1999), pp. 197–198, pl. 209.</ref>), and the adjacent province of ] (]).<ref>Cyrus H. Gordon, "Two Magic Bowls in Teheran," in ''Orientalia'' 20, 1951, pp. 306–311.</ref><ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "Zauberschalen und ihre Umwelt. Ein Überblick über das Schreibmedium Zauberschale," n Jens Kamran, Rolf Schäfer, Markus Witte (eds.), ''Zauber und Magie im antiken Palästina und in seiner Umwelt'' (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 46; Wiesbaden, 2017), pp. 59–94, pls. 1–8, map, {{ISBN|978-3-447-10781-5}}.</ref> |
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This southeastern Aramaic dialect is transmitted through religious, liturgical, and esoteric texts,<ref>], ''The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran'' (Leiden: Brill, 1937; reprint 1962).</ref><ref>], ''The Book of the Zodiac (sfar Malwašia) D.C. 31'' (Oriental Translation Fund XXXVI; London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1949).</ref> most of them stored today in the ], ] (Oxford),<ref>], "A Mandaean Bibliography", in ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' 1953, pp. 34–39.</ref> the ] (Paris), the ] (London), and in the households of various Mandaeans as ]s. More specific written objects and of linguistic importance on account of their early transmission (5th–7th centuries CE) are the earthenware ] and ] (]) (3rd–7th centuries CE),<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{citation |last=Buckley |first=Jorunn Jacobsen |title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people |year=2002 |location=] |publisher=] |isbn=9780195153859 |url=http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|4}} including silver and gold specimens<ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "A Mandaic Gold Amulet in the British Museum," in ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' 311, 1998, pp. 83–88.</ref> that were often unearthed in archaeological excavations in the regions of their historical living sites between Wasiṭ and ],<ref>M. Thevenot, ''Relations de divers voyages curieux, première partie'' (Paris, 1663–1672), map with Mandaean villages.</ref><ref>J. Heinrich Petermann, ''Reisen im Orient'', Vol. II (Leipzig: Veit, 1861), pp. 66, 83–123, 447–465.</ref> and frequently in central ], for example (],<ref>], "Une incantation contre les génies malfaisantes, en Mandaite," in ''Mémoires de la Soceté de Linguitiques de Paris'' 8, 1892, p. 193</ref> ],<ref>Peter R. S. Moorey, ''Kish Excavation 1923 – 1933'' (Oxford: Oxford Press, 1978), pp. 123–124.</ref> Khouabir,<ref>], ''Inscriptions mandaïtes des coupes de Khouabir'' (Paris: H. Wetter, 1898; reprint Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1979), pp. 1–5.</ref> ],<ref>Christopher Walker ''apud ''Jehudah B. Segal, ''Catalogue of the Aramaic and Mandaic Incantation Bowls in the British Museum'' (London: British Museum Press, 2000), pp. 35–39.</ref> ],<ref>], "Gefäßinschriften," in Eva Strommenger (ed.), ''Gefässe aus Uruk von der Neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden'' (Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka 7; Berlin 1967), pp. 55–57, pl. 57.1–3.</ref> ]<ref>J. P. Peters, ''Nippur or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates'', Vol. II (New York, 1897); Hermann V. Hilprecht, ''Explorations in Bible Lands During the Nineteenth Century'' (Philadelphia: A. J. Molman and Company, 1903), p. 326; James A. Montgomery, ''Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur'' (Publications of the Babylonian Section 3; Philadelphia, 1913), pp. 37–39, 242–257; Christa Müller-Kessler (ed.), ''Die Zauberschalentexte der Hilprecht-Sammlung, Jena und weitere Nippur-Texte anderer Sammlungen'' (Texte und Materialen der Frau Professor Hilprecht-Collection 7; Wiesbaden 2005), pp. 110–135, 143–147.</ref>), north and south of the confluences of the ] and ] (Abu Shudhr,<ref>François Lenormant, ''Essai sur la propagation de l’alphabet phénicien dans l’ancien monde'', vol. II (Paris, 1872), pp. 76–82, pls. X–XI; Edmund Sollberger, "Mr. Taylor in Chaldaea," in ''Anatolian Studies'' 22, 1972, pp. 130–133.</ref> ]<ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "Interrelations between Mandaic Lead Rolls and Incantation Bowls," in Tzvi Abusch, Karel van der Toorn (eds.), ''Mesopotamian Magic. Textual, Historical, and Interpretative Perspectives'' (Ancient Magic and Divination 1; Groningen: STYX, 1999), pp. 197–198, pl. 209.</ref>), and the adjacent province of ] (]).<ref>Cyrus H. Gordon, "Two Magic Bowls in Teheran," in ''Orientalia'' 20, 1951, pp. 306–311.</ref><ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "Zauberschalen und ihre Umwelt. Ein Überblick über das Schreibmedium Zauberschale," n Jens Kamran, Rolf Schäfer, Markus Witte (eds.), ''Zauber und Magie im antiken Palästina und in seiner Umwelt'' (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 46; Wiesbaden, 2017), pp. 59–94, pls. 1–8, map, {{ISBN|978-3-447-10781-5}}.</ref> |
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== Phonology == |
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== Phonology == |
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=== Consonants === |
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=== Consonants === |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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* The glottal stop {{IPAblink|ʔ}} is said to have disappeared from Mandaic. |
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* The glottal stop {{IPAblink|ʔ}} is said to have disappeared from Mandaic. |
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* {{IPAslink|k}} and {{IPAslink|ɡ}} are said to be palatal stops, and are generally pronounced as {{IPAblink|c}} and {{IPAblink|ɟ}}, but are transcribed as /{{IPAlink|k}}, {{IPAlink|ɡ}}/, however; they may also be pronounced as velar stops . |
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* {{IPAslink|k}}and {{IPAslink|ɡ}} are said to be palatal stops, and are generally pronounced as {{IPAblink|c}} and {{IPAblink|ɟ}}, but are transcribed as /{{IPAlink|k}}, {{IPAlink|ɡ}}/, however; they may also be pronounced as velar stops . |
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* {{IPAslink|x}} and {{IPAslink|ɣ}} are noted as velar, but are generally pronounced as uvular {{IPAblink|χ}} and {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, however; they may also be pronounced as velar fricatives . |
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* {{IPAslink|x}}and {{IPAslink|ɣ}} are noted as velar, but are generally pronounced as uvular {{IPAblink|χ}} and {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, however; they may also be pronounced as velar fricatives . |
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* Sounds only occur in Arabic and Persian loanwords. |
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* Sounds only occur in Arabic and Persian loanwords. |
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* Both emphatic voiced sounds and pharyngeal sounds only occur in Arabic loanwords.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Macuch|first=Rudolf|title=Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic|publisher=Berlin: Walter de Gruyter|year=1965}}</ref> |
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* Both emphatic voiced sounds and pharyngeal sounds only occur in Arabic loanwords.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Macuch|first=Rudolf|title=Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic|publisher=Berlin: Walter de Gruyter|year=1965}}</ref> |
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==Alphabet== |
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==Alphabet== |
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{{main|Mandaic alphabet}} |
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{{main|Mandaic alphabet}} |
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Mandaic is written in the ]. It consists of 23 graphemes, with the last being a ligature.<ref>], ''Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1965), p. 9.</ref> Its origin and development is still under debate.<ref>Peter W. Coxon, “Script Analysis and Mandaean Origins,” in ''Journal of Semitic Studies'' 15, 1970, pp. 16–30; Alexander C. Klugkist, “The Origin of the Mandaic Script,” in Han L. J. Vanstiphout et al. (eds.), ''Scripta Signa Vocis. Studies about scripts, scriptures, scribes and languages in the Near East presented to J. H. Hospers'' (Groningen: E. Forsten, 1986), pp. 111–120; Charles G. Häberl, “Iranian Scripts for Aramaic Languages: The Origin of the Mandaic Script,” in ''Bulletin for the Schools of American Oriental Research'' 341, 2006, pp. 53–62.</ref> Graphemes appearing on ]s and metal ] rolls differ slightly from the late ] signs.<ref>Tables and script samples in Christa Müller-Kessler, “Mandäisch: Eine Zauberschale,” in Hans Ulrich Steymans, Thomas Staubli (eds.), ''Von den Schriften zur (Heiligen) Schrift'' (Freiburg, CH: Bibel+Orient Museum, Stuttgart Katholisches Bibelwerk e.V., 2012), pp. 132–135, {{ISBN|978-3-940743-76-3}}.</ref> |
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Mandaic is written in the ]. It consists of 23 graphemes, with the last being a ligature.<ref>], ''Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1965), p. 9.</ref> Its origin and development is still under debate.<ref>Peter W. Coxon, “Script Analysis and Mandaean Origins,” in ''Journal of Semitic Studies'' 15, 1970, pp. 16–30; Alexander C. Klugkist, “The Origin of the Mandaic Script,” in Han L. J. Vanstiphout et al. (eds.), ''Scripta Signa Vocis. Studies about scripts, scriptures, scribes and languages in the Near East presented to J. H. Hospers'' (Groningen: E. Forsten, 1986), pp. 111–120; Charles G. Häberl, “Iranian Scripts for Aramaic Languages: The Origin of the Mandaic Script,” in ''Bulletin for the Schools of American Oriental Research'' 341, 2006, pp. 53–62.</ref> Graphemes appearing on incantation bowls and metal ] rolls differ slightly from the late ] signs.<ref>Tables and script samples in Christa Müller-Kessler, “Mandäisch: Eine Zauberschale,” in Hans Ulrich Steymans, Thomas Staubli (eds.), ''Von den Schriften zur (Heiligen) Schrift'' (Freiburg, CH: Bibel+Orient Museum, Stuttgart Katholisches Bibelwerk e.V., 2012), pp. 132–135, {{ISBN|978-3-940743-76-3}}.</ref> |
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==Lexicography== |
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==Lexicography== |
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Lexicographers of the Mandaic language include ],<ref>]. 1964. ''Mandäische Grammatik'', Halle: Waisenhaus; reprint Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft with Appendix of annotated handnotes from the hand edition of Theodor Nöldeke by Anton Schall.</ref> ],<ref>In his masterful translations of several Mandaic Classical works: 1915. ''Das Johannesbuch''. Giessen: Töpelmann; 1920. |
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Lexicographers of the Mandaic language include ],<ref>]. 1964. ''Mandäische Grammatik'', Halle: Waisenhaus; reprint Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft with Appendix of annotated handnotes from the hand edition of Theodor Nöldeke by Anton Schall.</ref> ],<ref>In his masterful translations of several Mandaic Classical works: 1915. ''Das Johannesbuch''. Giessen: Töpelmann; 1920. ''Mandäische Liturgien'' (Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Phil.-hist. Kl. NF XVII,1) Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung; 1925: ''Ginza: Der Schatz oder das grosse Buch der Mandäer''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</ref> ], ],<ref>] and ]. 1963. ''A Mandaic Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. This work is based on Lidzbarski’s lexicrographical files, today in the University of Halle an der Saale, and Drower’s lexical collection.</ref> and ]. |
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''Mandäische Liturgien'' (Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Phil.-hist. Kl. NF XVII,1) Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung; 1925: ''Ginza: Der Schatz oder das grosse Buch der Mandäer''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</ref> ], ],<ref>] and ]. 1963. ''A Mandaic Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. This work is based on Lidzbarski’s lexicrographical files, today in the University of Halle an der Saale, and Drower’s lexical collection.</ref> and ]. |
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==Neo-Mandaic== |
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==Neo-Mandaic== |
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{{main|Neo-Mandaic}} |
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{{main|Neo-Mandaic}} |
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Neo-Mandaic represents the latest stage of the phonological and morphological development of Mandaic, a Northwest Semitic language of the ] sub-family. Having developed in isolation from one another, most Neo-Aramaic dialects are mutually unintelligible and should therefore be considered separate languages. Determining the relationship between Neo-Aramaic dialects is difficult because of poor knowledge of the dialects themselves and their history.<ref name="Haberl 2009">Charles Häberl, ''The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr'', (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009).</ref> |
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Neo-Mandaic represents the latest stage of the phonological and morphological development of Mandaic. Having developed in isolation from one another, most Neo-Aramaic dialects are mutually unintelligible and should therefore be considered separate languages. Determining the relationship between Neo-Aramaic dialects is difficult because of poor knowledge of the dialects themselves and their history.<ref name="Haberl 2009">Charles Häberl, ''The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr'', (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009).</ref> |
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Although no direct descendants of ] survive today, most of the Neo-Aramaic dialects spoken today belong to the Eastern sub-family of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Mandaic, among them Neo-Mandaic that can be described with any certainty as the direct descendant of one of the Aramaic dialects attested in Late Antiquity, probably Mandaic. Neo-Mandaic preserves a Semitic "suffix" conjugation (or perfect) that is lost in other dialects. The ] of Neo-Mandaic is divergent from other Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects.<ref>], ''Neumandäische Chrestomathie'' (Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 1989).</ref> |
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Although no direct descendants of ] survive today, most of the Neo-Aramaic dialects spoken today belong to the Eastern sub-family of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Mandaic, among them Neo-Mandaic that can be described with any certainty as the direct descendant of one of the Aramaic dialects attested in Late Antiquity, probably Mandaic. Neo-Mandaic preserves a Semitic "suffix" conjugation (or perfect) that is lost in other dialects. The ] of Neo-Mandaic is divergent from other Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects.<ref>], ''Neumandäische Chrestomathie'' (Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 1989).</ref> |
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== Sample Text == |
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== Sample text == |
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The following is a sample text in Mandaic of Article 1 of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Mandaic |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/node/104394 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> |
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The following is a sample text in Mandaic of Article 1 of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Mandaic |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/node/104394 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> |
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'''Mandaic:''' ".{{Script|Mand|ࡊࡅࡋ ࡀࡍࡀࡔࡀ ࡌࡀࡅࡃࡀࡋࡇ ࡀࡎࡐࡀࡎࡉࡅࡕࡀ ࡅࡁࡊࡅࡔࡈࡂࡉࡀࡕࡀ ࡊࡅࡉ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ. ࡄࡀࡁ ࡌࡅࡄࡀ ࡅࡕࡉࡓࡀࡕࡀ ࡏࡃࡋࡀ ࡏࡉࡕ ࡓࡄࡅࡌ ࡅࡆࡁࡓ ࡁࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ|rtl=yes|size=150%}}" |
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'''Mandaic:''' ".{{Script|Mand|ࡊࡅࡋ ࡀࡍࡀࡔࡀ ࡌࡀࡅࡃࡀࡋࡇ ࡀࡎࡐࡀࡎࡉࡅࡕࡀ ࡅࡁࡊࡅࡔࡈࡂࡉࡀࡕࡀ ࡊࡅࡉ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ. ࡄࡀࡁ ࡌࡅࡄࡀ ࡅࡕࡉࡓࡀࡕࡀ ࡏࡃࡋࡀ ࡏࡉࡕ ࡓࡄࡅࡌ ࡅࡆࡁࡓ ࡁࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ|rtl=yes|size=150%}}" |
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== References == |
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== Citations == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== General and cited references == |
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==Literature== |
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* {{cite book |last=Al-Mubaraki |first=Brayan Majid |author-link=Majid Fandi Al-Mubaraki |date=2001 |title=A Mandaean Language Teaching Book |location=Sydney |publisher=Al-Mubaraki |isbn=0-9585705-9-0}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Al-Mubaraki |first=Brayan Majid |last2=Mubaraki |first2=Brayan |last3=Al-Mubaraki |first3=Majid Fandi |title=A Mandaic Dictionary |publisher=Mandaic Aramaic |date=2006 |isbn=1-876888-10-5 |publication-place=Sydney}} |
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* ]. 1862. "Ueber die Mundart der Mandäer," ''Abhandlungen der Historisch-Philologischen Classe der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen'' 10: 81-160. |
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* {{Cite book |last=Burtea |first=Bogdan |year=2012 |chapter=Mandaic |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC |title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook |location=Berlin; Boston |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=670–685 |isbn=9783110251586 |oclc=1030912322}} |
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* ]. 1964. ''Mandäische Grammatik'', Halle: Waisenhaus; reprint Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft with Appendix of annotated handnotes from the hand edition of Theodor Nöldeke by Anton Schall. |
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* ] and ] (1963). ''A Mandaic Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. |
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* Svend Aage Pallis. 1933. ''Essay on Mandaean Bibliography''. London: Humphrey Milford. |
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* ] (2009). ''The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of ]''. ]: ]. |
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* ]. 1939. "Das Mandäische," in ''Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Nöldeke’s Veröffentlichungen''. Leiden: Brill, pp. 224–254. |
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* {{Cite book |last=Häberl |first=Charles G. |year=2012 |chapter=Neo-Mandaic |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC |title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook |location=Berlin; Boston |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=725–737 |isbn=9783110251586 |oclc=1030912322}} |
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* ] and ]. 1963. ''A Mandaic Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Ronald |title=Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |year=2008 |volume=128 |number=3 |pages=505–510}} |
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* ]. 1965. ''Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic''. Berlin: De Gruyter. |
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* ]. 1989. ''Neumandäische Chrestomathie''. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz. |
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* ] (1965). ''Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic''. Berlin: De Gruyter. |
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* {{Cite book|last=Macuch|first=Rudolf|title=Neumandäische Texte im Dialekt von Ahwaz|year=1993|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=3447033827}} |
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* Rudolf Macuch (1989). ''Neumandäische Chrestomathie''. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz. |
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* {{Cite book |last=Macuch |first=Rudolf |title=Neumandäische Texte im Dialekt von Ahwaz |year=1993 |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=3447033827}} |
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* Joseph L. Malone. 1997. ''Modern and Classical Mandaic Phonology,'' in ''Phonologies of Asia and Africa'', edited by Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. |
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* Joseph L. Malone (1997). "Modern and Classical Mandaic Phonology", in ''Phonologies of Asia and Africa'', edited by Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. |
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* {{Cite book |last=Müller-Kessler |first=Christa |year=2009 |chapter=Mandaeans v. Mandaic Language |chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mandaeans-5-language |title=]}} |
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* Rainer M. Voigt. 2007."Mandaic," in ''Morphologies of Asia and Africa,'' in ''Phonologies of Asia and Africa'', edited by Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. |
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* ] (1862). "Ueber die Mundart der Mandäer," ''Abhandlungen der Historisch-Philologischen Classe der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen'' 10: 81–160. |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Ronald|title=Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=2008|volume=128|number=3|pages=505–510}} |
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* ] (1964). ''Mandäische Grammatik'', Halle: Waisenhaus; reprint Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft with Appendix of annotated handnotes from the hand edition of Theodor Nöldeke by Anton Schall. |
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* {{Cite book|last=Müller-Kessler|first=Christa|chapter=Mandaeans v. Mandaic Language|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|year=2009|chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mandaeans-5-language}} |
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* Svend Aage Pallis (1933). ''Essay on Mandaean Bibliography''. London: Humphrey Milford. |
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* ]. 2009. ''The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of ]''. ]: ]. |
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* ] (1939). "Das Mandäische," in ''Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Nöldeke’s Veröffentlichungen''. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, pp. 224–254. |
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* {{Cite book|last=Häberl|first=Charles G.|chapter=Neo-Mandaic|title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook|year=2012|location=Berlin-Boston|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=725–737|isbn=9783110251586|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC}} |
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* Rainer M. Voigt (2007). "Mandaic," in ''Morphologies of Asia and Africa'', in Alan S. Kaye, ed., ''Phonologies of Asia and Africa''. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. |
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* {{Cite book|last=Burtea|first=Bogdan|chapter=Mandaic|title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook|year=2012|location=Berlin-Boston|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=670–685|isbn=9783110251586|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC}} |
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== External links == |
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== External links == |
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* ; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401192517/http://www.mandaic.org/Mandaic/lexicon/main.htm |date=2016-04-01 }} |
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* — a recording of the opening of the ''Ginza Rabba'' spoken by a Mandaean priest. |
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* —A recording of the opening of the ''Ginza Rabba'' spoken by a Mandaean priest. |
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* — a recording of autobiographical material by Sâlem Çoheylî in Neo-Mandaic. |
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* —A recording of autobiographical material by ] in Neo-Mandaic. |
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* Information on the Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr |
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* ; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104071635/http://www.mandaic.org/ |date=2018-11-04 }} Information on the Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr |
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Classical Mandaic belongs to the Southeastern group of Aramaic and is closely related to the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic dialect in the major portions of the Babylonian Talmud, but less to the various dialects of Aramaic appearing in the incantation texts on unglazed ceramic bowls (incantation bowls) found mostly in central and south Iraq as well as the Khuzestan province of Iran. It is considered a sister language to the northeastern Aramaic dialect of Suret.
This southeastern Aramaic dialect is transmitted through religious, liturgical, and esoteric texts, most of them stored today in the Drower Collection, Bodleian Library (Oxford), the Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), the British Library (London), and in the households of various Mandaeans as religious texts. More specific written objects and of linguistic importance on account of their early transmission (5th–7th centuries CE) are the earthenware incantation bowls and Mandaic lead rolls (amulets) (3rd–7th centuries CE), including silver and gold specimens that were often unearthed in archaeological excavations in the regions of their historical living sites between Wasiṭ and Baṣra, and frequently in central Iraq, for example (Bismaya, Kish, Khouabir, Kutha, Uruk, Nippur), north and south of the confluences of the Euphrates and Tigris (Abu Shudhr, al-Qurnah), and the adjacent province of Khuzistan (Hamadan).
Neo-Mandaic represents the latest stage of the phonological and morphological development of Mandaic. Having developed in isolation from one another, most Neo-Aramaic dialects are mutually unintelligible and should therefore be considered separate languages. Determining the relationship between Neo-Aramaic dialects is difficult because of poor knowledge of the dialects themselves and their history.
The following table compares a few words in Old Mandaic with three Neo-Mandaic dialects. The Iraq dialect, documented by E. S. Drower, is now extinct.
Mandaic is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
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Iraq topics
