| Revision as of 08:00, 26 September 2021 edit46.2.60.185 (talk) Sourced Information Uploaded.Tags: Reverted Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit← Previous edit | Revision as of 20:21, 19 November 2024 edit undoSo562718 (talk | contribs)51 editsm King of Armenia in 260bcTags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web editNext edit → | ||
| (26 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Other uses|Sames (disambiguation)}} | {{Other uses|Sames (disambiguation)}} | ||
| {{More citations needed|date=September 2017}} | |||
| {{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| | name = |
| name = Sames I | ||
| | succession = |
| succession = King of ] and ] | ||
| | image = | | image = Sames coin 260 BC.png | ||
| | caption = | | caption = Coin of Sames I | ||
| | reign = circa |
| reign = {{circa|260 BC}} | ||
| | coronation = | | coronation = | ||
| | |
| predecessor = ] | ||
| | predecessor = | |||
| | successor = ] | | successor = ] | ||
| | spouse = |
| spouse = | ||
| | issue = ] | | issue = ] | ||
| | royal house = | | royal house = | ||
| | dynasty = ] | | dynasty = ] | ||
| | father = |
| father = | ||
| | mother = | | mother = | ||
| | birth_date = | | birth_date = | ||
| Line 22: | Line 20: | ||
| | death_place = | | death_place = | ||
| | date of burial = | | date of burial = | ||
| | place of burial = |
| place of burial = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Sames I''' (also spelled '''Samos I'''), was the ] king of ], Armenia and ], ruling around 260 BC. | |||
| == Name == | |||
| '''Samos'''<ref name="Bloemer"/><ref name="GoelSanders">Nemrud Dağı Text, Theresa Goell, Donald Hugo Sanders, ed. Eisenbrauns, 1996, p. 367 "Puchstein's epigraphic interpretation was not unambiguous; the name of the father could be read or restored to Samos (Sames) or Arsames. Puchstein had decided to read Samos; Honigmann (1963: 981) decided likewise to read Samos; Reinach and" ... "Samos was the "founder" of Samosata in the same way that his son Arsames was "founder" of Arsameia ", p.368 "Chronologically, this king Samos belongs to the first half of the third century B.C.E." </ref> or '''Sames''' (]: Շամուշ, Greek: Σάμος) was ] of ], ] king of ] and ].<ref name="Bloemer">Michael Blömer / Religious Life of Commagene in the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Period pp.95-129/The Letter of Mara bar Sarapion in Context. Proceedings of the Symposium Held at Utrecht University, 10–12 December 2009 /BRILL 2012<blockquote>In doing so, Samosata, the Commagenian capital and hometown of Mara bar Sarapion, would suit best as the prime object of investigation. The place was one of the most important sites along the Upper Euphrates. It offered an easy crossing of the river and was occupied since Chalcolithic times. It is named Kummuḫ in Iron Age sources and was the centre of an eponymous independent Syro-Hittite kingdom from the 12th to the 8th century BCE. The Assyrian king Sargon II conquered Kummuḫ in 708 BCE, but it remained an important provincial town during late Iron Age. In Hellenistic times it was capital of the kingdom of Commagene. The city was renamed Samosata by a predecessor of the Commagenian royal family, the Armenian king Samos I, in the 3rd century BCE. After the Roman occupation in CE 72, Samosata prospered as a major commercial, cultural and military centre of the Roman province of Syria.</blockquote></ref><ref>M. J. Versluys/ Visual Style and Constructing Identity in the Hellenistic World: Nemrud Dag and Commagene under Antiochos I/Cambridge University Press, 2017 г.—pp.48 (312) {{ISBN|1107141974}}, 9781107141971<blockquote>We know nothing about the status of Commagene under Seleucid rule. The Armenian king Samos I is believed to have founded Samosata, later the capital of Commagene, in the middle of the third century BC. The second century BC saw the rise of the two powers that would play an important role in Commagene's future during the next centuries: Rome and Parthia. Their growing prominence, combined with the failing of the central Seleucid power, resulted in the rise of several small monarchies, of which Commagene was one. Other independent kingdoms that came into being around this time include Pergamon, Pontos, Baktria, Parthia, Armenia, Iudea and Nabatea. Diodorus tells us that a Seleucid epistates named Ptolemy rose to power in Commagene in 163 BC. Most scholars assume that Ptolemy was the first Commagenean king and that he descended from the Armenian Orontids. We know virtually nothing about the following decades. Samos II took power around 130 BC, as is concluded from some coins that have been preserved, showing a portrait with the inscription “king Samos.” </blockquote></ref> | |||
| ⚫ | The name of "Samos" is possibly derived from the ] name ''Sāma'', the father of the Avestan hero ], which would indicate some sort of custom of Iranian religious or ] lore amongst the ].{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=109}} | ||
| War between the ] and the ] seems to have allowed Sames an opportunity for independence for his kingdom. What side he took in the ] is unknown as most of the records of that era have been lost, though it is considered likely that he would have supported the Ptolemaic Kingdom against his large and powerful neighbour, the Seleucid Empire. | |||
| == Biography == | |||
| ⚫ | The name of "Samos" is possibly derived from the ] name ''Sāma'', the father of the Avestan hero ], which would |
||
| The Kingdom of Sophene was ruled by the Orontid dynasty of ] origin, which was descended from ], a ]n nobleman who was the son-in-law of the ] ] ] ({{reign|404|358|era=BC}}).{{sfn|Facella|2021}} According to the Greek writer ] (died 24 AD) in his '']'', Sophene first emerged as a distinct kingdom under ] ({{floruit|190 BC}}), who was installed as its ruler by the Seleucid king ] ({{reign|222|187|era=BC}}). He further adds that following the defeat of Antiochus III against the ], Zariadres declared independence.{{sfn|Marciak|2017|pp=113, 117}} However this report is strongly contradicted by epigraphic and numismatic evidence.{{sfn|Facella|2021}}{{sfn|Marciak|2017|p=123}} Sophene most likely emerged as a distinct kingdom in the 3rd-century BC, during the gradual decline of Seleucid influence in the Near East and the split of the Orontid dynasty into several branches. Three rulers belonging to a different Orontid branch, Sames I, ] and ] ruled the western part of ], perhaps from ] to ].{{sfn|Marciak|2017|p=157}} | |||
| == Building activity == | |||
| Most sources give ] as Samos' father. {{Citation needed|reason=please indicate which sources|date=December 2016}} After Orontes III died in 260 BC, there is no record for when Sames began his rule, only that his year of death is also 260 BC. {{Citation needed|reason=please provide sources - I could not locate any such claim|date=December 2016}} This could be chronological error or it may be that Sames was meant to succeed Orontes III, but died in the same year. However it seems that Arsames I took control of Commagene, Sophene and Armenia after 260 BC. | |||
| Sometime before 245 BC, Sames I refounded the city of Samosata on the previous ] site of Kummuh.{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=109}} He may have refounded the city in order to assert his claim over the area, a common practice amongst Iranian and ] dynasties, such as ], ], ] and ].{{sfn|Michels|2021|pp=478–479}} The city was built in a "sub-]" Persian ], similar to the rest of Orontid buildings in Greater Armenia.<ref>{{harvnb|Canepa|2021|p=84}}; see also {{harvnb|Canepa|2018|p=110}}</ref> Naming cities such as Samosata (] ''*Sāmašād''; ] ''*Sāmašiyāti-'') the "joy of" or "happiness of" was an Orontid (and later ]) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse.{{sfn|Canepa|2021|p=82}} Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=110}} | |||
| == Coinage == | |||
| Commagene was outside the boundary of historic ], yet the ] satraps remained in occupation of many regions of Anatolia, such as ] and ]. It may have been that the son and heir to the ] would rule another region, just as the son or heir to the ] had always ruled an outlying region, such as ] or ]. Viewing it from this perspective it would make sense, as his father Orontes III was of the ] family.{{Citation needed|reason=no such info provided by sources, a lot of information which is not connected with the article|date=December 2016}} | |||
| Similar to the early ] of ] and ] of ], the Orontids of Sophene experimented with images of Iranian royal power. On his coins, Sames I is shown as clean-shaven and wearing the '']'',{{sfn|Canepa|2017|p=207}} a type of headgear originally worn by the satraps of the Achaemenid Empire.{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=252}} The tip of Sames I's ''kyrbasia'' is more prominent, similar to that of the headgear worn by the early ] of Cappadocia.{{sfn|Canepa|2017|p=207}} | |||
| It is suggested that Samos founded the city of ], which has been submerged by the ] since 1989. | |||
| ] was a ]n god, equivalent to ]; it was a dramatic break from a seemingly continuous tradition of satraps with ] and Persian names. The neighbouring region of ] maintained a strong ] culture that the Armenian and Persian occupiers never replaced. Although Sames had a very Babylonian (Aramaic) name, his name might have been "Mihrdat" which many of his successors had, but he replaced it with the Babylonian equivalent for cultural reasons on taking control of Commagene. | |||
| He was succeeded by his son, ]. | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 44: | Line 40: | ||
| ==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
| * {{cite book|last= Canepa|first= Matthew|author-link= Matthew P. Canepa|title= The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity Through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE|year= 2018|location= Oakland|publisher= ]|isbn= 9780520379206}} | |||
| * Wayne G. Sayles, "Ancient Coin Collecting VI: Non-Classical Cultures", Krause Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|0-87341-753-4}}, p. 29 | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Canepa|first=Matthew |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter=Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=71–103 |isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/52655937 |url-access=registration}} | * {{cite book |last=Canepa|first=Matthew |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter=Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=71–103 |isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/52655937 |url-access=registration}} | ||
| * {{cite book |last=Canepa|first=Matthew P.|title=Persianism in Antiquity |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |year=2017|isbn=978-3515113823 |editor-last1=Strootman|editor-first1=Rolf|editor-last2=Versluys|editor-first2=Miguel John|pages=201–223|chapter=Rival Images of Iranian Kingship and Persian Identity in Post-Achaemenid Western Asia|url=https://www.academia.edu/31635801|url-access=registration}} | |||
| * {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/orontids-COM_362451|title=Orontids|first=Margherita|last=Facella|year=2021}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Marciak|first=Michał|authorlink=Michał Marciak|title=Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West|date=2017|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004350724|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEtDwAAQBAJ&dq=}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Michels |first=Christoph |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter='Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=475–496|isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/53107747 |url-access=registration}} | |||
| {{authority control}} | {{authority control}} | ||
| {{Kingdom of Sophene}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Sames |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sames I}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 20:21, 19 November 2024
For other uses, see Sames (disambiguation). King of Sophene and Commagene| Sames I | |
|---|---|
 Coin of Sames I | |
| King of Sophene and Commagene | |
| Reign | c. 260 BC |
| Predecessor | Orontes III |
| Successor | Arsames I |
| Issue | Arsames I |
| Dynasty | Orontid dynasty |
Sames I (also spelled Samos I), was the Orontid king of Sophene, Armenia and Commagene, ruling around 260 BC.
Name
The name of "Samos" is possibly derived from the Avestan name Sāma, the father of the Avestan hero Garshasp, which would indicate some sort of custom of Iranian religious or epic lore amongst the Orontids.
Biography
The Kingdom of Sophene was ruled by the Orontid dynasty of Iranian origin, which was descended from Orontes I, a Bactrian nobleman who was the son-in-law of the Achaemenid King of Kings Artaxerxes II (r. 404–358 BC). According to the Greek writer Strabo (died 24 AD) in his Geographica, Sophene first emerged as a distinct kingdom under Zariadres (fl. 190 BC), who was installed as its ruler by the Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great (r. 222–187 BC). He further adds that following the defeat of Antiochus III against the Romans, Zariadres declared independence. However this report is strongly contradicted by epigraphic and numismatic evidence. Sophene most likely emerged as a distinct kingdom in the 3rd-century BC, during the gradual decline of Seleucid influence in the Near East and the split of the Orontid dynasty into several branches. Three rulers belonging to a different Orontid branch, Sames I, Arsames I and Xerxes ruled the western part of Greater Armenia, perhaps from Commagene to Arzanene.
Building activity
Sometime before 245 BC, Sames I refounded the city of Samosata on the previous Neo-Hittite site of Kummuh. He may have refounded the city in order to assert his claim over the area, a common practice amongst Iranian and Hellenistic dynasties, such as Cappadocia, Pontus, Parthia and Armenia. The city was built in a "sub-Achaemenid" Persian architectural form, similar to the rest of Orontid buildings in Greater Armenia. Naming cities such as Samosata (Middle Persian *Sāmašād; Old Persian *Sāmašiyāti-) the "joy of" or "happiness of" was an Orontid (and later Artaxiad) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse. Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.
Coinage
Similar to the early Arsacids of Parthia and Frataraka of Persis, the Orontids of Sophene experimented with images of Iranian royal power. On his coins, Sames I is shown as clean-shaven and wearing the kyrbasia, a type of headgear originally worn by the satraps of the Achaemenid Empire. The tip of Sames I's kyrbasia is more prominent, similar to that of the headgear worn by the early Ariarathids of Cappadocia.
References
- ^ Canepa 2018, p. 109.
- ^ Facella 2021.
- Marciak 2017, pp. 113, 117.
- Marciak 2017, p. 123.
- Marciak 2017, p. 157.
- Michels 2021, pp. 478–479.
- Canepa 2021, p. 84; see also Canepa 2018, p. 110
- Canepa 2021, p. 82.
- Canepa 2018, p. 110.
- ^ Canepa 2017, p. 207.
- Canepa 2018, p. 252.
Sources
- Canepa, Matthew (2018). The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity Through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520379206.
- Canepa, Matthew (2021). "Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I". Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 71–103. ISBN 978-3515129251.
- Canepa, Matthew P. (2017). "Rival Images of Iranian Kingship and Persian Identity in Post-Achaemenid Western Asia". In Strootman, Rolf; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.). Persianism in Antiquity. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 201–223. ISBN 978-3515113823.
- Facella, Margherita (2021). "Orontids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
- Marciak, Michał (2017). Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West. BRILL. ISBN 9789004350724.
- Michels, Christoph (2021). "'Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor". Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 475–496. ISBN 978-3515129251.
| Kings of Sophene | |
|---|---|