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{{Short description|Ancient Greek tragedy by Euripides}} {{Short description|Ancient Greek tragedy by Euripides}}
{{for|other uses of the terms The Trojan Women or Women of Troy|The Trojan Women (disambiguation)}} {{for|other uses of the terms The Trojan Women or Women of Troy|The Trojan Women (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox play | name = The Trojan Women {{Infobox play | name = The Trojan Women
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'''''The Trojan Women''''' ({{lang-grc|Τρῳάδες|translit=Trōiades}}), also translated as '''''The Women of Troy''''', and also known by its transliterated Greek title '''''Troades''''', is a ] by the ] ] ]. Produced in 415 BC during the ], it is often considered a commentary on the capture of the ] island of ] and the subsequent slaughter and subjugation of its populace by the ] earlier that year ''(see ])''.<ref>See Croally 2007.</ref> 415 BC was also the year of the scandalous desecration of the '']i'' and the launch of the ], events which may also have influenced the author. '''''The Trojan Women''''' ({{langx|grc|Τρῳάδες|translit=Trōiades}}, lit. "The Female Trojans") is a ] by the ] ] ], produced in 415 BCE. Also translated as ''The Women of Troy,'' or as its transliterated Greek title ''Troades''',''' The Trojan Women'' presents commentary on the costs of war through the lens of women and children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trojan Women |url=https://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/mythology/trojan_women.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=public.wsu.edu}}</ref> The four central women of the play are the same that appear in the final book of the ''],'' lamenting over the corpse of Hector after the ].


'']'', another tragedy by Euripides, similarly deals with the experiences of women left behind by war and was more popular in antiquity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4. The Captive Woman's Lament and Her Revenge in Euripides' Hecuba |url=https://chs.harvard.edu/chapter/4-the-captive-womans-lament-and-her-revenge-in-euripides-hecuba/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Center for Hellenic Studies |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=1. Griffith 2. Most |first=1. Mark 2. Glenn |date=2013 |title=The Trojan Women: Introduction |url=https://tdps.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/introduction_to_the_trojan_women_by_mark_griffith_and_glenn_most_-_university_of_chicago_press_-_2013.pdf |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Berkeley Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies}}</ref>
''The Trojan Women'' was the third tragedy of a trilogy dealing with the ]. The first tragedy, ''Alexandros'', was about the recognition of the Trojan prince Paris who had been abandoned in infancy by his parents and rediscovered in adulthood. The second tragedy, ''Palamedes'', dealt with Greek mistreatment of their fellow Greek ]. This trilogy was presented at the ] along with the comedic ] ''Sisyphos''. The plots of this trilogy were not connected in the way that Aeschylus' ''Oresteia'' was connected. Euripides did not favor such connected trilogies.


The tragedy has inspired many modern adaptation across film, literature, and the stage.
Euripides won second prize at the ] for his effort, losing to the obscure tragedian ].<ref>]: ''Varia Historia'' (page may cause problems with ])</ref>


== Historical background ==
The four Trojan women of the play are the same that appear in the final book of the '']'' lamenting over the corpse of ]. Taking place near the same time is '']'', another play by Euripides.
''The Trojan Women'' was written as a reaction to the ] in 416 BCE during the ], in which Athens invaded the ] island of ], destroyed its city, and slaughtered and enslaved its populace ''(see ])''.<ref name=":0">See Croally 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trojan Women |url=https://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/mythology/trojan_women.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=public.wsu.edu}}</ref>

It is the third play in a ] by Euripides, all drawn from the same source material: the ''Iliad''. The other works in the tetralogy include the tragedies ''Alexandros and Palamedes,'' and the comedic ] ], all of which are largely lost, and only fragments survive.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Review of: Euripides, Alexandros: Introduction, Text and Commentary. Texte und Kommentare, 57 |url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018.09.56/ |journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review |issn=1055-7660}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2018-11-15 |title=Euripides, Trojan Women |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/classics/classical-play/past-productions/2013-euripides-trojan-women/euripides-trojan-women |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Department of Greek & Latin |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=1. Griffith 2. Most |first=1. Mark 2. Glenn |date=2013 |title=The Trojan Women: Introduction |url=https://tdps.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/introduction_to_the_trojan_women_by_mark_griffith_and_glenn_most_-_university_of_chicago_press_-_2013.pdf |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Berkeley Theater, Dance, and Performance Studies}}</ref> ''The'' ''Trojan Women'' was performed for the first time in 415 BCE as part of this tetralogy at the ] festival in Athens.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnston |first=Ian |title=Euripides The Trojan Women 415 BC |date=March 2022 |pages=Introductory Note}}</ref> Euripides won second place, losing to the obscure tragedian ].<ref>]: ''Varia Historia'' (page may cause problems with ])</ref>


==Plot== ==Plot==
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Hecuba: ''O land that reared my children!''}} Hecuba: ''O land that reared my children!''}}


Euripides's play follows the fates of the women of ] after their city has been sacked, their husbands killed, and their remaining families taken away as slaves. However, it begins first with the gods ] and ] discussing ways to punish the Greek armies because they condoned that ] raped ], the eldest daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, after dragging her from a statue of Athena. What follows shows how much the Trojan women have suffered as their grief is compounded when the Greeks dole out additional deaths and divide their shares of women. Euripides's play follows the fates of the women of ] after their city has been sacked, their husbands killed, and their remaining families taken away as slaves. However, it begins first with the gods ] and ] discussing ways to punish the Greek armies because they condoned that ] raped ], the eldest daughter of King ] and Queen ], after dragging her from a statue of Athena. What follows shows how much the Trojan women have suffered as their grief is compounded when the Greeks dole out additional deaths and divide their shares of women. The Greek herald ] arrives to tell the dethroned queen Hecuba what will befall her and her children. Hecuba will be taken away to the Greek general ], and Cassandra is destined to become the conquering general ] ].
] by the Greeks on an ]]]

The Greek herald ] arrives to tell the dethroned queen Hecuba what will befall her and her children. Hecuba will be taken away to the Greek general ], and Cassandra is destined to become the conquering general Agamemnon's ].

Cassandra, who can see the future, is morbidly delighted by this news: she sees that when they arrive in ], her new master's embittered wife ] will kill both her and her new master. She sings a wedding song for herself and Agamemnon that describes their bloody deaths. However, Cassandra is also cursed so that her visions of the future are never believed, and she is carried off. Cassandra, who can see the future, is morbidly delighted by this news: she sees that when they arrive in ], her new master's embittered wife ] will kill both her and her new master. She sings a wedding song for herself and Agamemnon that describes their bloody deaths. However, Cassandra is also cursed so that her visions of the future are never believed, and she is carried off.


The widowed princess ] arrives and Hecuba learns from her that her youngest daughter, ], has been killed as a sacrifice at the tomb of the Greek warrior ]. The widowed princess ] arrives and Hecuba learns from her that her youngest daughter, ], has been killed as a sacrifice at the tomb of the Greek warrior ].


Andromache's lot is to be the concubine of ]' son ], and more horrible news for the royal family is yet to come: Talthybius reluctantly informs her that her baby son, ], has been condemned to die. The Greek leaders are afraid that the boy will grow up to avenge his father Hector, and rather than take this chance, they plan to throw him off from the battlements of Troy to his death. Andromache's lot is to be the concubine of ]' son ], and more horrible news for the royal family is yet to come: Talthybius reluctantly informs her that her baby son, ], has been condemned to die. The Greek leaders are afraid that the boy will grow up to avenge his father ], and rather than take this chance, they plan to throw him off from the battlements of Troy to his death.
] killing ] and ]]]
⚫ ] is supposed to suffer greatly as well: ] arrives to take her back to Greece with him where a death sentence awaits her. Helen tries to convince Menelaus that ] was the cause of her betrayal and that she should not be punished, but Hecuba says that Helen is lying and has only ever been loyal to herself. While he remains resolved that he will slay her when they return to Greece, at the end of the play it is revealed that she is still alive; moreover, the audience knows from ]' visit to Sparta in Homer's '']'' that Menelaus continued to live with Helen as his wife after the Trojan War.


⚫ In the end, Talthybius returns, carrying with him the body of little Astyanax on Hector's shield. Andromache's wish had been to bury her child herself, performing the proper rituals according to Trojan ways, but her ship had already departed. Talthybius gives the corpse to Hecuba, who prepares the body of her grandson for burial before they are finally taken off with Odysseus.
⚫ ] is supposed to suffer greatly as well: ] arrives to take her back to Greece with him where a death sentence awaits her. Helen begs and tries to seduce her husband into sparing her life. Menelaus remains resolved to kill her, but the audience watching the play knows that he will let her live and take her back. At the end of the play it is revealed that she is still alive; moreover, the audience knows from Telemachus' visit to Sparta in Homer's '']'' that Menelaus continued to live with Helen as his wife after the Trojan War.

⚫ In the end, Talthybius returns, carrying with him the body of little Astyanax on ]'s shield. Andromache's wish had been to bury her child herself, performing the proper rituals according to Trojan ways, but her ship had already departed. Talthybius gives the corpse to Hecuba, who prepares the body of her grandson for burial before they are finally taken off with Odysseus.


Throughout the play, many of the Trojan women lament the loss of the land that reared them. Hecuba in particular lets it be known that Troy had been her home for her entire life, only to see herself as an old grandmother watching the burning of Troy, the death of her husband, her children, and her grandchildren before she will be taken as a slave to Odysseus. Throughout the play, many of the Trojan women lament the loss of the land that reared them. Hecuba in particular lets it be known that Troy had been her home for her entire life, only to see herself as an old grandmother watching the burning of Troy, the death of her husband, her children, and her grandchildren before she will be taken as a slave to Odysseus.

== Themes and significance ==
<blockquote>]: ''O my dear child, it is not the same to be alive and dead. The one is nothing but in the other there is hope.''

]: ''Mother, listen to my argument, a powerful one, that I offer as a comfort to your heart. I say that never to have been is the same as death, but to die is better than to live in grief''. </blockquote>''The Trojan Women'' presents an anti-war narrative as it highlights the postwar experiences of the women left behind after the Trojan War. The women of Troy experience grief and suffering over the loss of their husbands and children. The tragedy also calls attention to how women were treated as commodities in antiquity by showing how they were divided among the remaining men as spoils of war. The character of Cassandra demonstrates how women were not listened to or taken seriously, but rather, seen as hysterical and irrational.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Cassandra? {{!}} Operavision |url=https://operavision.eu/feature/who-cassandra |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=operavision.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Euripides and Feminism |url=https://www.classicsnetwork.com/essays/euripides-and-feminism/203#google_vignette |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.classicsnetwork.com}}</ref>

Euripides' social commentary on the costs of war ''The Trojan Women'' has left a lasting legacy. Many of its themes still resonate with the public today, inspiring modern adaptations.


==Modern treatments and adaptations== ==Modern treatments and adaptations==
===Film===
⚫ The Mexican film ''Las Troyanas'' (1963) directed by ], adapted by writer Miguel Angel Garibay and Véjar, is faithful to the Greek text and setting.{{cn|date= March 2023}}


⚫ ] director ] used Euripides' play (in the famous ] translation) as the basis for his 1971 film '']''. The movie starred American actress ] as Hecuba, British actors ] and ] as Andromache and Talthybius, ] actress ] as Cassandra, Greek actress ] as Helen, and ]-born ] as Menelaus.{{cn|date= March 2023}}
⚫ In 1974, Ellen Stewart, founder of La MaMa Experimental Theater Club in New York, presented "The Trojan Women" as the last Fragment of a Trilogy (including Medea and Electra). With staging by Romanian-born theater director Andrei Serban and music by American composer Elizabeth Swados, this production of The Trojan Women went on to tour more than thirty countries over the course of forty years. Since 2014, The Trojan Women Project has been sharing this production with diverse communities that now include Guatemala, Cambodia and Kosovo. A Festival of work from all participants is scheduled for December, 2019.


===Novel===
The French ], ] wrote a version of ''The Trojan Women'' that mostly is faithful to the original Greek text, yet includes veiled references to European ] in Asia, and emphases of ] themes. The Israeli playwright ] also wrote his own version of the play, adding more disturbing scenes and scatological details.
⚫ ] wove ''The Trojan Women'' into her 1988 ] novel '']''.{{cn|date= March 2023}}


===Stage===
A 1905 stage version, translated by ], starred ] as ] and ] as Athena at the ] in London.<ref> MacCarthy, Desmond ''The Court Theatre, 1904-1907; a Commentary and Criticism''</ref> A 1905 stage version, translated by ], starred ] as ] and ] as Athena at the ] in London.<ref> MacCarthy, Desmond ''The Court Theatre, 1904-1907; a Commentary and Criticism''</ref>


The French public intellectual ] wrote a version of ''The Trojan Women'' (''Les Troyennes'') in 1965.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
⚫ The Mexican film ''Las Troyanas'' (1963) directed by ], adapted by writer Miguel Angel Garibay and Véjar, is faithful to the Greek text and setting; ] portrays Hecuba, the black&white photography is by Agustín Jimenez.


Israeli playwright ] (1943–1999) wrote his own version of the play, ''The Lost Women of Troy'', adding more disturbing scenes and scatological details.{{cn|date= March 2023}}
⚫ Cypriot-Greek director ] used Euripides' play (in the famous ] translation) as the basis for his 1971 film '']''. The movie starred ] actress ] as Hecuba, ] actors ] and ] as Andromache and Talthybius, ] actress ] as Cassandra, ] actress ] as Helen, and ], an actor born in ], as Menelaus.


⚫ In 1974, Ellen Stewart, founder of ] in ], presented ''The Trojan Women'' as the last fragment of a trilogy (which included '']'' and '']''). With staging by Romanian-born theatre director Andrei Serban and music by American composer Elizabeth Swados, this production went on to tour more than 30 countries over the course of 40 years. Since 2014, The Trojan Women Project has been sharing this production{{when|date=March 2023}} with diverse communities that now{{when|date=March 2023}} include Guatemala, Cambodia and ].{{cn|date= March 2023}}
⚫ ]’s 2001 adaptation, ''Trojan Women'',<ref>Stuttard, David, ''An Introduction to Trojan Women'' (Brighton 2005)</ref> written in the aftermath of the ], has toured widely within the UK and been staged internationally. In an attempt to reposition ''The Trojan Women'' as the third play of a trilogy, Stuttard then reconstructed Euripides’ lost ''Alexandros'' and ''Palamedes'' (in 2005 and 2006 respectively), to form a 'Trojan Trilogy', which was performed in readings at the ] and ] (2007), and Europe House, Smith Square (2012), London. He has also written a version of the ] ''Sisyphus'' (2008), which rounded off Euripides’ original trilogy.<ref name="Open University">{{cite web | title=David Stuttard RECONSTRUCTING EURIPIDES' TROJAN TRILOGY | website=Open University | url=https://www.open.ac.uk/arts/research/pvcrs/2007/stuttard | access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>


⚫ ] adapted ''The Trojan Women'' in 1994 to have a more modern, updated outlook on war. He included original interviews with ] and ] survivors. His play is called ''Trojan Women: A Love Story''.{{cn|date= March 2023}}
⚫ ]'s 2004 play '']'' sets the story in 1821, after the conquest of the ] by a coalition of other West African states. Although it is set in 19th century Africa, Osofisan has said that the play was also inspired by the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the U.S. led coalition.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Osofisan|first1=Femi|title=Women of Owu|date=2006|publisher=University Press PLC|location=Ibadan, Nigeria|isbn=978-069-026-3|page=vii}}</ref>


In 2000, the ] produced the play in modern costumes and props, with the Greek soldiers wearing ] and carrying ].<ref>{{cite web | title=The Trojan Women|website=Oregon Shakespeare Festival| url=https://www.osfashland.org/-/media/pdf/Company/PHD-Decades/2000s-Production-History.ashx?la=en&hash=68CECAFB5346141D766E296B58DD77E4E3D4B8C9 | access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
⚫ ]
Another movie based on the play came out in 2004, directed by ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQ1PSLJAdSQC&dq=%22Brad+MAys%22+Bacchae&pg=PA215|title=Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic|first=Martin M.|last=Winkler|date=12 July 2006|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9781405131834|accessdate=13 April 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref> based on ]'s translation</ref> The production was actually a documentary film of the stage production Mays directed for the ] in 2003. In anticipation of his soon-to-come ] production of '']'', Mays utilized a marginal multimedia approach to the play, opening the piece with a faux ] report intended to echo the then-current war in ].


⚫ ]’s 2001 adaptation, ''Trojan Women'',<ref>Stuttard, David, ''An Introduction to Trojan Women'' (Brighton 2005)</ref> written in the aftermath of the ], toured widely within the UK and was staged internationally. In an attempt to reposition ''The Trojan Women'' as the third play of a trilogy, Stuttard then reconstructed Euripides' lost ''Alexandros'' and ''Palamedes'' (in 2005 and 2006 respectively), to form a "Trojan Trilogy", which was performed in readings at the ] and ] (2007), and Europe House (2012) in ]. He also wrote a version of the ] ''Sisyphus'' (2008) to round off Euripides' original trilogy.<ref>{{cite web | title=David Stuttard reconstructing Euripides' Trojan trilogy | website=Open University | url=https://www.open.ac.uk/arts/research/pvcrs/2007/stuttard | access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>
⚫ ] adapted ''The Trojan Women'' in 1994 to have a more modern, updated outlook on war. He included original interviews with ] and ] survivors. His play is called ''Trojan Women: A Love Story''.


⚫ ]'s 2004 play '']'' sets the story in 1821, after the conquest of the ] by a coalition of other ]n states. Although it is set in 19th century Africa, Osofisan has said that the play was also inspired by the ] by the U.S.-led coalition.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Osofisan|first1=Femi|title=Women of Owu|date=2006|publisher=University Press PLC|location=Ibadan, Nigeria|isbn=978-069-026-3|page=vii}}</ref>
⚫ ''The Women of Troy'', directed by ], was performed at the ] in London in 2007/08. The cast included ] as Hecuba, Sinead Matthews as Cassandra and ] as Andromache.


⚫ ] at the ] (2003)]]
⚫ ''The Trojan Women'', directed by ], was performed at the ] at the Tom Patterson Theatre in ], Canada, from May 14 to October 5, 2008 with Canadian actress ] as Hecuba.
] directed a ] production for the ] in ] in 2003. The play opened with a faux ] TV news report intended to echo the then-current ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Gallery: Trojan Women | website=Brad Mays | url=http://www.bradmays.com/gallery/trojan_women.html | access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref> A documentary film was made of the production, released in 2004.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQ1PSLJAdSQC&dq=%22Brad+MAys%22+Bacchae&pg=PA215|title=Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic|first=Martin M.|last=Winkler|date=12 July 2006|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9781405131834|accessdate=13 April 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref>


⚫ ''The Women of Troy'', directed by ], was performed at the ] in London in 2007/08. The cast included ] as Hecuba, Sinead Matthews as Cassandra and ] as Andromache.{{cn|date= March 2023}}
⚫ ] wove ''The Trojan Women'' into her ] novel '']''.


⚫ ''The Trojan Women'', directed by ], was performed at the ] at the Tom Patterson Theatre in ], Canada, from 14 May to 5 October 2008 with Canadian actress ] as Hecuba.{{cn|date= March 2023}}
⚫ Christine Evans reworks and modernizes the ''Trojan Women'' story in her 2009 play ''Trojan Barbie''. ''Trojan Barbie'' is a postmodern updating, which blends the modern and ancient worlds, as contemporary London doll repair shop owner Lotte is pulled into a Trojan women's prison camp that is located in both ancient Troy and the modern Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|title="Trojan Barbie: A Car-Crash Encounter with Euripides' 'Trojan Women'" by newest faculty member Christine Evans|url=https://performingarts.georgetown.edu/trojan-barbie|website=Department of Performing Arts|publisher=Georgetown University|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>


⚫ Christine Evans reworked and modernised the ''Trojan Women'' story in her 2009 play ''Trojan Barbie''. ''Trojan Barbie'' is a ] updating, which blends the modern and ancient worlds, as contemporary London doll repair shop owner Lotte is pulled into a Trojan women's prison camp that is located in both ancient Troy and the modern Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|title="Trojan Barbie: A Car-Crash Encounter with Euripides' 'Trojan Women'" by newest faculty member Christine Evans|url=https://performingarts.georgetown.edu/trojan-barbie|website=Department of Performing Arts|publisher=]|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220110104/https://performingarts.georgetown.edu/trojan-barbie|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫ In 2011, ] ] premiered ''Trojan Women (After Euripides)'' at Getty Villa before touring the production, which received mixed reviews.

⚫ In 2011, ]'s ] premiered ''Trojan Women (After Euripides)'' at Getty Villa before touring the production.{{cn|date= March 2023}}


In 2016, Zoe Lafferty's version of the play, ''Queens of Syria'', in Arabic with English subtitles, was put on by the ] before touring Britain.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Tim |title=Queens of Syria gives modern twist to ancient tale |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-36711948 |publisher=BBC |access-date=6 July 2016 |date=6 July 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Zoe Lafferty's version of the play, ''Queens of Syria'', in Arabic with English subtitles, was put on by the ] before touring Britain.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Tim |title=Queens of Syria gives modern twist to ancient tale |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-36711948 |publisher=BBC |access-date=6 July 2016 |date=6 July 2016}}</ref>


In 2021, ], the experimental poet, translator, and classicist, published her translation as ''Trojan Women: A Comic'' with illustrations by ], a portion of which was excerpted earlier that year in the 236th issue of the ].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theparisreview.org/miscellaneous/7662/from-euripides-the-trojan-women-anne-carson-rosanna-bruno | title=From Euripides' "The Trojan Women" | newspaper=The Paris Review }}</ref> Carson's vision was realized by Bruno to stage the production of a tragedy in the form of a "comic," or ] with the characters cast as uncanny figures, such as ] as an old, once-regal dog, the goddess ] as a pair of overalls wearing an owl mask, and the murdered baby ] (last heir to the Trojan throne) as a ] ]. In 2021, ], the experimental poet, translator, and classicist, published her translation as ''Trojan Women: A Comic'' with illustrations by ], a portion of which was excerpted earlier that year in the 236th issue of the '']''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theparisreview.org/miscellaneous/7662/from-euripides-the-trojan-women-anne-carson-rosanna-bruno | title=From Euripides' "The Trojan Women" | newspaper=The Paris Review }}</ref> Carson's vision was realised by Bruno to stage the production of a tragedy in the form of a "comic," or ] with the characters cast as uncanny figures, such as ] as an old, once-regal dog, the goddess ] as a pair of overalls wearing an owl mask, and the murdered baby ] (last heir to the Trojan throne) as a ] sapling.{{cn|date= March 2023}}

In March 2023 a production of ''Women of Troy'' directed by ] and starring his wife actor-producer ] was staged at the ] festival in ], Australia. Poetry by Iranian-Kurdish refugee ], who was for many years detained by the Australian Government in ], was set to music composed by ] and performed by a chorus of Tasmanian women and girls, interspersed with the text of the play.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ross | first=Selina | title=Former detainee and advocate Behrouz Boochani brings new life to an ancient play | website=ABC News| publisher= ]| date=5 March 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-05/behrouz-boochani-women-of-troy-adaptation-tasmania/102052790 | access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>


==Translations== ==Translations==
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Latest revision as of 00:38, 20 November 2024

Ancient Greek tragedy by Euripides For other uses of the terms The Trojan Women or Women of Troy, see The Trojan Women (disambiguation).

The Trojan Women
An engraving of the death of Astyanax
Written byEuripides
ChorusTrojan women
CharactersHecuba
Cassandra
Andromache
Talthybius
Menelaus
Helen
Poseidon
Athena
Place premieredAthens
Original languageAncient Greek
GenreTragedy
SettingNear the walls of Troy

The Trojan Women (Ancient Greek: Τρῳάδες, romanized: Trōiades, lit. "The Female Trojans") is a tragedy by the Greek playwright Euripides, produced in 415 BCE. Also translated as The Women of Troy, or as its transliterated Greek title Troades, The Trojan Women presents commentary on the costs of war through the lens of women and children. The four central women of the play are the same that appear in the final book of the Iliad, lamenting over the corpse of Hector after the Trojan War.

Hecuba, another tragedy by Euripides, similarly deals with the experiences of women left behind by war and was more popular in antiquity.

The tragedy has inspired many modern adaptation across film, literature, and the stage.

Historical background

The Trojan Women was written as a reaction to the Siege of Melos in 416 BCE during the Peloponnesian War, in which Athens invaded the Aegean island of Melos, destroyed its city, and slaughtered and enslaved its populace (see History of Milos).

It is the third play in a tetralogy by Euripides, all drawn from the same source material: the Iliad. The other works in the tetralogy include the tragedies Alexandros and Palamedes, and the comedic satyr play Sisyphus, all of which are largely lost, and only fragments survive. The Trojan Women was performed for the first time in 415 BCE as part of this tetralogy at the City Dionysia festival in Athens. Euripides won second place, losing to the obscure tragedian Xenocles.

Plot

Hecuba: Alas! Alas! Alas! Ilion is ablaze; the fire consumes the citadel, the roofs of our city, the tops of the walls!

Chorus: Like smoke blown to heaven on the wings of the wind, our country, our conquered country, perishes. Its palaces are overrun by the fierce flames and the murderous spear.

Hecuba: O land that reared my children!

Euripides's play follows the fates of the women of Troy after their city has been sacked, their husbands killed, and their remaining families taken away as slaves. However, it begins first with the gods Athena and Poseidon discussing ways to punish the Greek armies because they condoned that Ajax the Lesser raped Cassandra, the eldest daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, after dragging her from a statue of Athena. What follows shows how much the Trojan women have suffered as their grief is compounded when the Greeks dole out additional deaths and divide their shares of women. The Greek herald Talthybius arrives to tell the dethroned queen Hecuba what will befall her and her children. Hecuba will be taken away to the Greek general Odysseus, and Cassandra is destined to become the conquering general Agamemnon's concubine.

Sacrifice of Polyxena by the Greeks on an Attic black-figure Tyrrhenian amphora

Cassandra, who can see the future, is morbidly delighted by this news: she sees that when they arrive in Argos, her new master's embittered wife Clytemnestra will kill both her and her new master. She sings a wedding song for herself and Agamemnon that describes their bloody deaths. However, Cassandra is also cursed so that her visions of the future are never believed, and she is carried off.

The widowed princess Andromache arrives and Hecuba learns from her that her youngest daughter, Polyxena, has been killed as a sacrifice at the tomb of the Greek warrior Achilles.

Andromache's lot is to be the concubine of Achilles' son Neoptolemus, and more horrible news for the royal family is yet to come: Talthybius reluctantly informs her that her baby son, Astyanax, has been condemned to die. The Greek leaders are afraid that the boy will grow up to avenge his father Hector, and rather than take this chance, they plan to throw him off from the battlements of Troy to his death.

Neoptolemus killing Priam and Astyanax

Helen is supposed to suffer greatly as well: Menelaus arrives to take her back to Greece with him where a death sentence awaits her. Helen tries to convince Menelaus that Aphrodite was the cause of her betrayal and that she should not be punished, but Hecuba says that Helen is lying and has only ever been loyal to herself. While he remains resolved that he will slay her when they return to Greece, at the end of the play it is revealed that she is still alive; moreover, the audience knows from Telemachus' visit to Sparta in Homer's Odyssey that Menelaus continued to live with Helen as his wife after the Trojan War.

In the end, Talthybius returns, carrying with him the body of little Astyanax on Hector's shield. Andromache's wish had been to bury her child herself, performing the proper rituals according to Trojan ways, but her ship had already departed. Talthybius gives the corpse to Hecuba, who prepares the body of her grandson for burial before they are finally taken off with Odysseus.

Throughout the play, many of the Trojan women lament the loss of the land that reared them. Hecuba in particular lets it be known that Troy had been her home for her entire life, only to see herself as an old grandmother watching the burning of Troy, the death of her husband, her children, and her grandchildren before she will be taken as a slave to Odysseus.

Themes and significance

Hecuba: O my dear child, it is not the same to be alive and dead. The one is nothing but in the other there is hope. Andromache: Mother, listen to my argument, a powerful one, that I offer as a comfort to your heart. I say that never to have been is the same as death, but to die is better than to live in grief.

The Trojan Women presents an anti-war narrative as it highlights the postwar experiences of the women left behind after the Trojan War. The women of Troy experience grief and suffering over the loss of their husbands and children. The tragedy also calls attention to how women were treated as commodities in antiquity by showing how they were divided among the remaining men as spoils of war. The character of Cassandra demonstrates how women were not listened to or taken seriously, but rather, seen as hysterical and irrational.

Euripides' social commentary on the costs of war The Trojan Women has left a lasting legacy. Many of its themes still resonate with the public today, inspiring modern adaptations.

Modern treatments and adaptations

Film

The Mexican film Las Troyanas (1963) directed by Sergio Véjar, adapted by writer Miguel Angel Garibay and Véjar, is faithful to the Greek text and setting.

Cypriot-Greek director Michael Cacoyannis used Euripides' play (in the famous Edith Hamilton translation) as the basis for his 1971 film The Trojan Women. The movie starred American actress Katharine Hepburn as Hecuba, British actors Vanessa Redgrave and Brian Blessed as Andromache and Talthybius, French-Canadian actress Geneviève Bujold as Cassandra, Greek actress Irene Papas as Helen, and Northern Ireland-born Patrick Magee as Menelaus.

Novel

Sheri Tepper wove The Trojan Women into her 1988 feminist science fiction novel The Gate to Women's Country.

Stage

A 1905 stage version, translated by Gilbert Murray, starred Gertrude Kingston as Helen and Ada Ferrar as Athena at the Royal Court Theatre in London.

The French public intellectual Jean-Paul Sartre wrote a version of The Trojan Women (Les Troyennes) in 1965.

Israeli playwright Hanoch Levin (1943–1999) wrote his own version of the play, The Lost Women of Troy, adding more disturbing scenes and scatological details.

In 1974, Ellen Stewart, founder of La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in New York City, presented The Trojan Women as the last fragment of a trilogy (which included Medea and Electra). With staging by Romanian-born theatre director Andrei Serban and music by American composer Elizabeth Swados, this production went on to tour more than 30 countries over the course of 40 years. Since 2014, The Trojan Women Project has been sharing this production with diverse communities that now include Guatemala, Cambodia and Kosovo.

Charles L. Mee adapted The Trojan Women in 1994 to have a more modern, updated outlook on war. He included original interviews with Holocaust and Hiroshima survivors. His play is called Trojan Women: A Love Story.

In 2000, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival produced the play in modern costumes and props, with the Greek soldiers wearing camouflage and carrying assault rifles.

David Stuttard’s 2001 adaptation, Trojan Women, written in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, toured widely within the UK and was staged internationally. In an attempt to reposition The Trojan Women as the third play of a trilogy, Stuttard then reconstructed Euripides' lost Alexandros and Palamedes (in 2005 and 2006 respectively), to form a "Trojan Trilogy", which was performed in readings at the British Museum and Tristan Bates Theatre (2007), and Europe House (2012) in London. He also wrote a version of the satyr play Sisyphus (2008) to round off Euripides' original trilogy.

Femi Osofisan's 2004 play Women of Owu sets the story in 1821, after the conquest of the Owu kingdom by a coalition of other West African states. Although it is set in 19th century Africa, Osofisan has said that the play was also inspired by the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the U.S.-led coalition.

Willow Hale (Hecuba) and Sterling Wolfe (Talthybius) in The Trojan Women, directed by Brad Mays at the ARK Theatre Company (2003)

Brad Mays directed a multimedia production for the ARK Theatre Company in Los Angeles in 2003. The play opened with a faux CNN TV news report intended to echo the then-current war in Iraq. A documentary film was made of the production, released in 2004.

The Women of Troy, directed by Katie Mitchell, was performed at the National Theatre in London in 2007/08. The cast included Kate Duchêne as Hecuba, Sinead Matthews as Cassandra and Anastasia Hille as Andromache.

The Trojan Women, directed by Marti Maraden, was performed at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival at the Tom Patterson Theatre in Stratford, Ontario, Canada, from 14 May to 5 October 2008 with Canadian actress Martha Henry as Hecuba.

Christine Evans reworked and modernised the Trojan Women story in her 2009 play Trojan Barbie. Trojan Barbie is a postmodern updating, which blends the modern and ancient worlds, as contemporary London doll repair shop owner Lotte is pulled into a Trojan women's prison camp that is located in both ancient Troy and the modern Middle East.

In 2011, Anne Bogart's SITI Company premiered Trojan Women (After Euripides) at Getty Villa before touring the production.

In 2016, Zoe Lafferty's version of the play, Queens of Syria, in Arabic with English subtitles, was put on by the Young Vic before touring Britain.

In 2021, Anne Carson, the experimental poet, translator, and classicist, published her translation as Trojan Women: A Comic with illustrations by Rosanna Bruno, a portion of which was excerpted earlier that year in the 236th issue of the Paris Review. Carson's vision was realised by Bruno to stage the production of a tragedy in the form of a "comic," or graphic novel with the characters cast as uncanny figures, such as Hekabe as an old, once-regal dog, the goddess Athena as a pair of overalls wearing an owl mask, and the murdered baby Astyanax (last heir to the Trojan throne) as a poplar tree sapling.

In March 2023 a production of Women of Troy directed by Ben Winspear and starring his wife actor-producer Marta Dusseldorp was staged at the 10 Days on the Island festival in Tasmania, Australia. Poetry by Iranian-Kurdish refugee Behrouz Boochani, who was for many years detained by the Australian Government in Manus Island detention centre, was set to music composed by Katie Noonan and performed by a chorus of Tasmanian women and girls, interspersed with the text of the play.

Translations

Translator Year Style Full text
Robert Potter 1781 Verse
Edward Philip Coleridge 1891 Prose Wikisource,
Gilbert Murray 1911 Verse
Arthur Way 1912 Verse
Moses Hadas and John McLean 1936 Prose
Edith Hamilton 1937 Verse
Richmond Lattimore 1947 Verse available for digital loan
Isabelle Raubitschek and Anthony E. Raubitschek 1954 Prose
Philip Vellacott 1954 Prose and verse
Gwendolyn MacEwen 1981 Prose
Shirley A. Barlow 1986 Prose
Don Taylor 1990 Prose and verse
David Kovacs 1999 Prose
James Morwood 2000 Prose
Howard Rubenstein 2002 Verse
Ellen McLaughlin 2005 Prose
George Theodoridis 2008 Prose
Alan Shapiro 2009 Prose
Emily Wilson 2016 Verse
Anne Carson 2021 Comic Book, verse Euripides' Trojan Women: A Comic, with illustrations by Rosanna Bruno

See also

Notes

  1. "The Trojan Women". public.wsu.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  2. "4. The Captive Woman's Lament and Her Revenge in Euripides' Hecuba". The Center for Hellenic Studies. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  3. 1. Griffith 2. Most, 1. Mark 2. Glenn (2013). "The Trojan Women: Introduction" (PDF). Berkeley Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies. Retrieved 23 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. See Croally 2007.
  5. "The Trojan Women". public.wsu.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  6. "Review of: Euripides, Alexandros: Introduction, Text and Commentary. Texte und Kommentare, 57". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
  7. UCL (15 November 2018). "Euripides, Trojan Women". Department of Greek & Latin. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  8. 1. Griffith 2. Most, 1. Mark 2. Glenn (2013). "The Trojan Women: Introduction" (PDF). Berkeley Theater, Dance, and Performance Studies. Retrieved 23 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. Johnston, Ian (March 2022). Euripides The Trojan Women 415 BC. pp. Introductory Note.
  10. Claudius Aelianus: Varia Historia 2.8. (page may cause problems with Internet Explorer)
  11. "Who is Cassandra? | Operavision". operavision.eu. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  12. "Euripides and Feminism". www.classicsnetwork.com. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  13. MacCarthy, Desmond The Court Theatre, 1904-1907; a Commentary and Criticism
  14. "The Trojan Women". Oregon Shakespeare Festival. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  15. Stuttard, David, An Introduction to Trojan Women (Brighton 2005)
  16. "David Stuttard reconstructing Euripides' Trojan trilogy". Open University. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  17. Osofisan, Femi (2006). Women of Owu. Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press PLC. p. vii. ISBN 978-069-026-3.
  18. "Gallery: Trojan Women". Brad Mays. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  19. Winkler, Martin M. (12 July 2006). Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic. Wiley. ISBN 9781405131834. Retrieved 13 April 2022 – via Google Books.
  20. ""Trojan Barbie: A Car-Crash Encounter with Euripides' 'Trojan Women'" by newest faculty member Christine Evans". Department of Performing Arts. Georgetown University. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  21. Masters, Tim (6 July 2016). "Queens of Syria gives modern twist to ancient tale". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  22. "From Euripides' "The Trojan Women"". The Paris Review.
  23. Ross, Selina (5 March 2023). "Former detainee and advocate Behrouz Boochani brings new life to an ancient play". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 March 2023.

References

Additional resources

External links

Plays by Euripides
Extant plays
Lost and
fragmentary plays
The Trojan Women by Euripides
Film
Operas
Literature
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