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Revision as of 22:45, 30 October 2017 edit70.190.102.49 (talk) I don't approve of zoosadism, but this is dubious-zoosadism, such as love of dogfighting and cockrighting, is prevalent across many cultures among people who do not commit homicide← Previous edit Latest revision as of 10:58, 21 November 2024 edit undo2601:282:8901:e000:20b3:ea0c:f82b:ce2d (talk)No edit summaryTags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit 
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{{short description|A paraphilia; sexual pleasure from the pain of animals}}
⚫ '''Zoosadism''' is ] derived from ]. Zoosadism is part of the ], a set of three behaviors that are a precursor to ].<ref name=macdonald>{{cite journal|author=J. M. MacDonald|title=The Threat to Kill|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=120|issue=2|pages=125–130|year=1963|doi=10.1176/ajp.120.2.125}}</ref> The term was coined by ].

{{Undue weight|date=January 2024}}
⚫ '''Zoosadism''' is ] derived from ]. It is a ], where people are sexually aroused by torturing animals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=dictionary.apa.org |language=en}}</ref> Zoosadism is part of the ], a set of three behaviors that have been considered a precursor to ].<ref name=macdonald>{{cite journal|author=J. M. MacDonald|title=The Threat to Kill|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=120|issue=2|pages=125–130|year=1963|doi=10.1176/ajp.120.2.125}}</ref>


==Research== ==Research==
In 1971, American researchers profiled the typical animal harmer as being a nine-and-a-half-year-old boy, with an ] of 91 and a history of ]. Some studies have shown that individuals who enjoy or are willing to inflict harm on animals are more likely to do so to humans. One of the known warning signs of certain psychopathologies, including ], is a history of torturing pets and small animals. According to '']'': Some studies have suggested that individuals who are ] are more likely to be violent to humans. According to '']'':


{{cquote|The ] has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of ] and ], and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for ]s.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Goleman | first = Daniel | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer | newspaper = New York Times | pages = | year = | date = 7 August 1991 | url = | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>}} {{cquote|The ] has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of ] and ], and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for ]s.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Goleman | first = Daniel | title = Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer | newspaper = New York Times | date = 7 August 1991 }}</ref>}}


Helen Gavin observed in ''Criminological and Forensic Psychology'' (2013): Helen Gavin wrote however in ''Criminological and Forensic Psychology'' (2013):


{{cquote|This is not a universal trait, though. ] had difficulty initiating social contact with people, but loved his faithful companion, Bleep, a mongrel bitch. After his arrest, he was very concerned for her welfare, as she was taken to the police station too.<ref name="Helen Gavin 2013 120">{{cite book|author=Helen Gavin|title=Criminological and Forensic Psychology|pages=120|year=2013}}</ref>}} {{cquote|This is not a universal trait, though. ] had difficulty initiating social contact with people, but loved his faithful companion, Bleep, a mongrel bitch. After his arrest, he was very concerned for her welfare, as she was taken to the police station too.<ref name="Helen Gavin 2013 120">{{cite book|author=Helen Gavin|title=Criminological and Forensic Psychology|pages=120|year=2013}}</ref>}}
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Alan R. Felthous reported in his paper "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People" (1980): Alan R. Felthous reported in his paper "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People" (1980):


{{cquote|A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a boy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Felthous | first = Alan R. | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People | journal = Child Psychiatry and Human Development | volume = 10 | pages = 169–177 | date = | year = 1980 | url = | doi = 10.1007/bf01433629| id = | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>}} {{cquote|A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a boy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Felthous | first = Alan R. | title = Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People | journal = Child Psychiatry and Human Development | volume = 10 | pages = 169–177 | year = 1980 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1007/bf01433629| pmid = 7357998 | s2cid = 24502567 }}</ref>}}


This is a commonly reproduced finding, and for this reason, violence toward animals is considered a warning sign of potential violence towards humans. This is a commonly reported finding, and for this reason, ] is often considered a warning sign of potential violence towards humans.

== Cases ==

] such as ], ], and ] were known for torturing and killing animals in their youth.<ref name="Poyser 2016 h222">{{cite web |last=Poyser |first=Sam |date=2016-02-26 |title=Is London's 'Cat Ripper' a Serial Killer in the Making? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/cat-kitten-killer-london-429403 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=None |url=https://archive.org/details/crueltytoanimals0000unse/mode/1up |title=Cruelty to animals and interpersonal violence : readings in research and application |date=1998 |publisher=West Lafayette, Ind. : Purdue University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-55753-105-6 |pages=239}}</ref>

In September 2018, a whistleblower tweeted a link to a Telegram channel.<ref> https://archive.today/20180917024028/https://twitter.com/zoodonym/status/1041321103220793344</ref>

“Zoosadist Evidence” was the name of the channel which contained images, video, and discussion of extreme violence to animals, and the ] alleged that the members involved were specific individuals in the ].

One zoosadist exposed during the 2018 zoosadism scandal was an adult member of the furry fandom in ], by the name of Rubén Marrero Pernas, or simply known as “Woof”. Pernas was found to be raping, torturing then killing dogs and puppies and recording the acts online for a group of zoosadists on ] who found this to be sexually gratifying.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Echarry|first=Irina|date=November 18, 2018|title=Zoosadism in Cuba and No Law to Punish it|work=Havana Times|url=https://havanatimes.org/diaries/irina-echarry/zoosadism-in-cuba-and-no-law-to-punish-it/}}</ref> Pernas being exposed lead to public outrage,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=Denuncian en Cuba a un violador y asesino de perros |url=https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2018-11-23-u1-e129488-s27061-denuncian-cuba-violador-asesino-perros |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=CiberCuba |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=2019-01-24 |title=Animal Defenders Organize against Zoosadism in Cuba |url=https://havanatimes.org/news/animal-defenders-organize-against-zoosadism-in-cuba/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Havana Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and eventual legal reform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoosadism in Cuba and No Law to Punish it {{!}} Havana Times |url=https://havanatimes.org/diaries/irina-echarry/zoosadism-in-cuba-and-no-law-to-punish-it/amp/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=havanatimes.org}}</ref>

A ] man, Leighton Labute, known as DollyFlesh online, was arrested in 2020 for torturing and killing three ]s, and uploading the video to social media.<ref name="Zielinski 2021 b975">{{cite web |last=Zielinski |first=Jen |date=2021-08-18 |title=Kelowna hamster killer handed conditional sentence, not allowed in pet stores |url=https://www.summerlandreview.com/news/kelowna-hamster-killer-handed-conditional-sentence-not-allowed-in-pet-stores/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Summerland Review}}</ref><ref name="Potenteau 2021 v742">{{cite web |last=Potenteau |first=Doyle |date=2021-08-18 |title=Kelowna man, 21, receives conditional sentence for torturing, killing hamsters — Okanagan |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8123769/kelowna-man-conditional-sentence-killing-hamsters/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Global News}}</ref>

Telegram zoosadist ] was arrested in 2022 arrest and plead guilty in 2023.<ref> {{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title=British croc expert admits to sexually abusing dogs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66920778 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web |title=NT crocodile expert who once hosted David Attenborough pleads guilty to animal sexual abuse {{!}} Australia news {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/sep/26/nt-crocodile-expert-who-once-hosted-david-attenborough-pleads-guilty-to-animal-sexual-abuse |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web |title='Sadistic' British crocodile expert Adam Britton admits sexually abusing and killing dozens of dogs |url=https://news.sky.com/story/sadistic-british-crocodile-expert-adam-britton-admits-sexually-abusing-and-killing-dozens-of-dogs-12970110 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2023, the ] uncovered a global ] ring, where participants would produce and distribute videos of monkeys being hurt and killed.<ref name="Gunter Henschke Ajengrastri 2023 j165">{{cite web | last1=Gunter | first1=Joel | last2=Henschke | first2=Rebecca | last3=Ajengrastri | first3=Astudestra | title=Global network of sadistic monkey torture exposed by BBC | website=BBC News | date=2023-06-19 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-65951188 | access-date=2023-09-16}}</ref>


==Legal status== ==Legal status==
In 1999, the United States Congress enacted a statute affecting the legality of crush films which criminalized the creation, sale, and possession of depictions of animal cruelty, though with an exception for "any depiction that has serious religious, political, scientific, educational, journalistic, historical, or artistic value."<ref>. United States Code: Title 18, Part I, Chapter 3, § 48. Cornell University Law School</ref>
In the ], since 2010, it has been a federal offense to create or distribute "obscene" depictions of "living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians ... subjected to serious bodily injury".<ref>] (2010-12-14) , ''Constitutional Law Prof Blog''</ref> This statute replaced an overly broad 1999 statute<ref></ref> which was found unconstitutional in '']''.

In 2008, the ] invalidated the ban on the sale and possession of such films (if not otherwise obscene) as a violation of the Constitution's guarantee for ].<ref>, ''The Legal Satyricon'', 20-07-2008</ref> The ] affirmed the Third Circuit's decision in '']'', finding the law unconstitutional because the law was so broad and vague that it included any portrayal of an animal in or being harmed such as by hunting or disease.<ref>{{citation |title=Justices Reject Ban on Videos of Animal Cruelty |author=Adam Liptak |work=] |date=April 20, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/21/us/21scotus.html }}</ref>


On November 28, 2010, bill H.R. 5566, which prohibits ] in animal crush films, was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate, and on December 9, the bill was signed by President Obama becoming the ].<ref name="h111-5566"> www.govtrack.us</ref>
==Criticism==
Critics of the concept of a general neurological basis for cruelty to animals, let alone generalization to humans, cite the fact that animals can be cruel to some animals yet caring to other animals, combined with ]'s studies using metronomes at different rates to test conditioned learning showing that humans can discriminate in fine ways that animals cannot,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Catania, A.C.|year=1994|title=Query: Did Pavlov's research ring a bell?|journal=Psycoloquy Newsletter, June 7}}</ref> and conclude that there is no such general basis. The exact way these critics explain studies that seems to show links varies, but most of them state that psychiatric and criminological studies are subject to ] and ].<ref>Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill, 2002 RobertWhitaker</ref><ref>The Unpredictable Species: What Makes Humans Unique by Lieberman, P 2013</ref>


On September 8, 2015, a Houston woman pleaded guilty in the nation's first federal animal crush video case.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/09/houston-woman-convicted-animal-crush-fetish-porn-videos|title=Houston woman convicted of making 'animal crush' fetish porn videos|first=Tom|last=Dart|date=9 September 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/houston/press-releases/2015/houston-woman-convicted-of-producing-and-distributing-animal-crush-videos|title=Houston Woman Convicted of Producing and Distributing Animal Crush Videos|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref>
==Insects==
Zoosadism towards ]s is also exhibited by some. The classic example of this subvariety of "schoolyard viciousness" is the child who pulls off a fly's wings. The ] historian ], in his '']'', claimed that the Emperor ] amused himself by catching flies and impaling them with needles.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Twelve Caesars |chapter=The Life of Domitian |authorlink=Suetonius |first=C. Suetonius |last=Tranquillus |page=345 |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Domitian*.html#3}}</ref>


On November 25, 2019, ] signed into law the PACT ACT, the Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture (PACT) Act,<ref>https://www.congress.gov/116/plaws/publ72/PLAW-116publ72.pdf</ref> which authorized the FBI and other federal law enforcement agencies to prosecute malicious ].<ref>https://animalwellnessaction.org/2019/11/25/congress-and-president-say-cruelty-is-abhorrent-illegal/</ref> The PACT act defines animal crushing as when "one or more living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles or amphibians is purposely crushed, burned, drowned, suffocated, impaled or otherwise subjected to serious bodily injury."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/11/26/trump-signs-preventing-animal-cruelty-torture-act/4306002002/|title='A major step to end animal abuse': Trump signs bill making animal cruelty a felony|work=USA Today|date=26 November 2019}}</ref>
==Notable zoosadists==


==Criticism of alleged link to violence against humans==
* ]<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011181140/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/chase/index_1.html |date=October 11, 2007 }}</ref>
On the other hand, ], a professor of ] at the ], has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices of violence against animals, such as ] and ], that might be linked to violence against humans.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology |title=From Animal Abuse to Interhuman Violence? A Critical Review of the Progression Thesis |last1=Beirne |first1=Piers |journal=Society & Animals |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=2004 |pages=39–65 |doi=10.1163/156853004323029531 |access-date=2017-11-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021521/http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology |archive-date=2017-11-07 }}</ref>
* ], individual or individuals active in London, UK since c.2014
* ]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/animalrights/story/0,11917,1546812,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Childhood cruelty to animals may signal violence in future | first=Rosie | last=Cowan | date=11 August 2005 | accessdate=20 April 2010}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Helen Gavin 2013 120">{{cite book|author=Helen Gavin|title=Criminological and Forensic Psychology|pages=120|year=2013}}</ref>
* ]
* ]


==See also== ==See also==
* ], for the equivalent paraphilia when the victim is human
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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{{paraphilia}} {{paraphilia}}


]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 10:58, 21 November 2024

A paraphilia; sexual pleasure from the pain of animals
This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Zoosadism is sexual pleasure derived from cruelty to animals. It is a paraphilia, where people are sexually aroused by torturing animals. Zoosadism is part of the Macdonald triad, a set of three behaviors that have been considered a precursor to psychopathic behavior.

Research

Some studies have suggested that individuals who are cruel to animals are more likely to be violent to humans. According to The New York Times:

The FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of serial rapists and murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders.

Helen Gavin wrote however in Criminological and Forensic Psychology (2013):

This is not a universal trait, though. Dennis Nilsen had difficulty initiating social contact with people, but loved his faithful companion, Bleep, a mongrel bitch. After his arrest, he was very concerned for her welfare, as she was taken to the police station too.

Alan R. Felthous reported in his paper "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People" (1980):

A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a boy.

This is a commonly reported finding, and for this reason, cruelty to animals is often considered a warning sign of potential violence towards humans.

Cases

Serial killers such as Ted Bundy, Edmund Kemper, and Jeffrey Dahmer were known for torturing and killing animals in their youth.

In September 2018, a whistleblower tweeted a link to a Telegram channel.

“Zoosadist Evidence” was the name of the channel which contained images, video, and discussion of extreme violence to animals, and the whistleblower alleged that the members involved were specific individuals in the furry fandom.

One zoosadist exposed during the 2018 zoosadism scandal was an adult member of the furry fandom in Cuba, by the name of Rubén Marrero Pernas, or simply known as “Woof”. Pernas was found to be raping, torturing then killing dogs and puppies and recording the acts online for a group of zoosadists on Telegram who found this to be sexually gratifying. Pernas being exposed lead to public outrage, and eventual legal reform.

A Canadian man, Leighton Labute, known as DollyFlesh online, was arrested in 2020 for torturing and killing three hamsters, and uploading the video to social media.

Telegram zoosadist Adam Britton was arrested in 2022 arrest and plead guilty in 2023.

In June 2023, the BBC uncovered a global monkey torture ring, where participants would produce and distribute videos of monkeys being hurt and killed.

Legal status

In 1999, the United States Congress enacted a statute affecting the legality of crush films which criminalized the creation, sale, and possession of depictions of animal cruelty, though with an exception for "any depiction that has serious religious, political, scientific, educational, journalistic, historical, or artistic value."

In 2008, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit invalidated the ban on the sale and possession of such films (if not otherwise obscene) as a violation of the Constitution's guarantee for freedom of speech. The United States Supreme Court affirmed the Third Circuit's decision in United States v. Stevens, finding the law unconstitutional because the law was so broad and vague that it included any portrayal of an animal in or being harmed such as by hunting or disease.

On November 28, 2010, bill H.R. 5566, which prohibits interstate commerce in animal crush films, was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate, and on December 9, the bill was signed by President Obama becoming the Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act of 2010.

On September 8, 2015, a Houston woman pleaded guilty in the nation's first federal animal crush video case.

On November 25, 2019, President Donald Trump signed into law the PACT ACT, the Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture (PACT) Act, which authorized the FBI and other federal law enforcement agencies to prosecute malicious animal cruelty. The PACT act defines animal crushing as when "one or more living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles or amphibians is purposely crushed, burned, drowned, suffocated, impaled or otherwise subjected to serious bodily injury."

Criticism of alleged link to violence against humans

On the other hand, Piers Beirne, a professor of criminology at the University of Southern Maine, has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices of violence against animals, such as animal slaughter and vivisection, that might be linked to violence against humans.

See also

References

  1. "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  2. J. M. MacDonald (1963). "The Threat to Kill". American Journal of Psychiatry. 120 (2): 125–130. doi:10.1176/ajp.120.2.125.
  3. Goleman, Daniel (7 August 1991). "Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer". New York Times.
  4. Helen Gavin (2013). Criminological and Forensic Psychology. p. 120.
  5. Felthous, Alan R. (1980). "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People". Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 10 (3): 169–177. doi:10.1007/bf01433629. PMID 7357998. S2CID 24502567.
  6. Poyser, Sam (2016-02-26). "Is London's 'Cat Ripper' a Serial Killer in the Making?". Newsweek. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  7. None (1998). Cruelty to animals and interpersonal violence : readings in research and application. Internet Archive. West Lafayette, Ind. : Purdue University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-55753-105-6.
  8. https://archive.today/20180917024028/https://twitter.com/zoodonym/status/1041321103220793344
  9. Echarry, Irina (November 18, 2018). "Zoosadism in Cuba and No Law to Punish it". Havana Times.
  10. "Denuncian en Cuba a un violador y asesino de perros". CiberCuba (in Spanish). 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  11. Robinson, Circles (2019-01-24). "Animal Defenders Organize against Zoosadism in Cuba". Havana Times. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  12. "Zoosadism in Cuba and No Law to Punish it | Havana Times". havanatimes.org. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  13. Zielinski, Jen (2021-08-18). "Kelowna hamster killer handed conditional sentence, not allowed in pet stores". Summerland Review. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  14. Potenteau, Doyle (2021-08-18). "Kelowna man, 21, receives conditional sentence for torturing, killing hamsters — Okanagan". Global News. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  15. "British croc expert admits to sexually abusing dogs". BBC News. 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  16. "NT crocodile expert who once hosted David Attenborough pleads guilty to animal sexual abuse | Australia news | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  17. "'Sadistic' British crocodile expert Adam Britton admits sexually abusing and killing dozens of dogs". Sky News. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  18. Gunter, Joel; Henschke, Rebecca; Ajengrastri, Astudestra (2023-06-19). "Global network of sadistic monkey torture exposed by BBC". BBC News. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  19. § 48. Depiction of animal cruelty. United States Code: Title 18, Part I, Chapter 3, § 48. Cornell University Law School
  20. United States v. Stevens - Protecting Animals no Justification for First Amendment Amputation, The Legal Satyricon, 20-07-2008
  21. Adam Liptak (April 20, 2010), "Justices Reject Ban on Videos of Animal Cruelty", The New York Times
  22. H.R. 5566: Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act of 2010. www.govtrack.us
  23. Dart, Tom (9 September 2015). "Houston woman convicted of making 'animal crush' fetish porn videos". The Guardian.
  24. "Houston Woman Convicted of Producing and Distributing Animal Crush Videos". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
  25. https://www.congress.gov/116/plaws/publ72/PLAW-116publ72.pdf
  26. https://animalwellnessaction.org/2019/11/25/congress-and-president-say-cruelty-is-abhorrent-illegal/
  27. "'A major step to end animal abuse': Trump signs bill making animal cruelty a felony". USA Today. 26 November 2019.
  28. Beirne, Piers (2004). "From Animal Abuse to Interhuman Violence? A Critical Review of the Progression Thesis". Society & Animals. 12 (1): 39–65. doi:10.1163/156853004323029531. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-08.

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