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{{Short description|Microorganisms giving mental health effects}}
Psychobiotics are ] or ] substances which are intended to confer ] benefits by assisting or causing ] of the gut with ] in an attempt to engineer changes in the ] which modify brain function via the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Amar|last2=Lehto|first2=Soili M.|last3=Harty|first3=Siobhán|last4=Dinan|first4=Timothy G.|last5=Cryan|first5=John F.|last6=Burnet|first6=Philip W. J.|date=11 2016|title=Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27793434|journal=Trends in Neurosciences|volume=39|issue=11|pages=763–781|doi=10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.002|issn=1878-108X|pmc=PMC5102282|pmid=27793434}}</ref> The term was introduced in 2012 by Dinan et al. in their seminal paper ''Psychobiotics: a novel class of Psychotropic'' to refer to “a live organism that, when ingested in adequate amounts, produces a health benefit in patients suffering from psychiatric illness”.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Dinan|first=Timothy G.|last2=Stanton|first2=Catherine|last3=Cryan|first3=John F.|date=2013-11-15|title=Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23759244|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=74|issue=10|pages=720–726|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001|issn=1873-2402|pmid=23759244}}</ref> This definition was expanded to include prebiotic treatment by Sarkar et al. in 2016.<ref name=":0" /> Recently it has been suggested that all medications which modify the microbiome including antipsychotics, antidepressants and antibiotics may be considered to be psychobiotics.
{{medref|date=December 2018}}

'''Psychobiotics''' is a term used in preliminary research to refer to ] that, when ingested in appropriate amounts, might confer a ] benefit by affecting ] of the host organism.<ref name="Sarkar_2016" /> Whether bacteria might play a role in the ] is under research. A 2020 literature review suggests that the consumption of psychobiotics could be considered as a viable option to restore mental health<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Psychobiotics: Mechanisms of Action, Evaluation Methods and Effectiveness in Applications with Food Products |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/nu12123896|pmc=7767237 |doi-access=free |last1=Del Toro-Barbosa |first1=M. |last2=Hurtado-Romero |first2=A. |last3=Garcia-Amezquita |first3=L. E. |last4=García-Cayuela |first4=T. |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=3896 |pmid=33352789 }}</ref> although lacking ] on clear mental health outcomes in humans.<ref name="romijn">{{cite journal | vauthors = Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ | title = Systematic review of evidence to support the theory of psychobiotics | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 73 | issue = 10 | pages = 675–93 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26370263 | doi = 10.1093/nutrit/nuv025 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="lin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu B, He Y, Wang M, Liu J, Ju Y, Zhang Y, Liu T, Li L, Li Q | title = Efficacy of probiotics on anxiety-A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Depression and Anxiety | volume = 35 | issue = 10 | pages = 935–45 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29995348 | doi = 10.1002/da.22811| s2cid = 51615532 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


== Types == == Types ==
] ]
In experimental probiotic psychobiotics, the bacteria most commonly used are ], such as '']'' and '']'' families, as these do not contain ] chains, reducing the likelihood of an ].<ref name="Sarkar_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarkar A, Lehto SM, Harty S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Burnet PW | title = Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 39 | issue = 11 | pages = 763–81 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27793434 | pmc = 5102282 | doi = 10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.002 }}</ref> ] are substances, such as ] and ], that induce the growth or activity of beneficial ]s, such as bacteria on being ] in the gut.<ref name="Sarkar_2016" /><ref name="2015defRev">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hutkins RW, Krumbeck JA, Bindels LB, Cani PD, Fahey G, Goh YJ, Hamaker B, Martens EC, Mills DA, Rastal RA, Vaughan E, Sanders ME | title = Prebiotics: why definitions matter | journal = Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume = 37 | pages = 1–7 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26431716 | pmc = 4744122 | doi = 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001 }}</ref> Multiple bacterial species contained in a single probiotic broth is known as a polybiotic.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bambury A, Sandhu K, Cryan JF, Dinan TG | title = Finding the needle in the haystack: systematic identification of psychobiotics | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 175 | issue = 24 | pages = 4430–38 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 29243233 | pmc = 6255950 | doi = 10.1111/bph.14127 }}</ref>
In probiotic psychobiotics the bacteria most commonly used are ] such as the ] and ] families, as these do not contain ] ] chains, reducing the likelihood of an ].<ref name=":0" />


== Gut-brain axis ==
<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Burnet|first=Philip W. J.|last2=Cowen|first2=Philip J.|date=2013-11-15|title=Psychobiotics highlight the pathways to happiness|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24144322|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=74|issue=10|pages=708–709|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.002|issn=1873-2402|pmid=24144322}}</ref>
Psychobiotics are probiotics that influence the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional communication network linking the gastrointestinal system and the brain. By positively modulating the gut microbiota, psychobiotics can impact the production of neurotransmitters, reduce inflammation, and enhance neural signaling, which may improve mental health and alleviate symptoms of neurological disorders. This highlights their potential as a therapeutic tool for maintaining a healthy gut-brain connection.

Prebiotic psychobiotics are substances such as ] and ], which promote the growth of intrinsic commensal bacteria by their fermentation in the gut.<ref name=":0" /> Commensal fermentation also produces ] which are important to gut physiology and play a role in the signalling between microbiota and the host.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Jane A.|date=2017-10-01|title=Targeting the Microbiome for Mental Health: Hype or Hope?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28870296|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=82|issue=7|pages=456–457|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.002|issn=1873-2402|pmid=28870296}}</ref>

A combination of a prebiotic and a probiotic is known as a ]. Multiple bacterial species contained in a single probiotic broth is known as a polybiotic.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Bambury|first=Aisling|last2=Sandhu|first2=Kiran|last3=Cryan|first3=John F.|last4=Dinan|first4=Timothy G.|date=2017-12-15|title=Finding the needle in the haystack: systematic identification of psychobiotics|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29243233|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|doi=10.1111/bph.14127|issn=1476-5381|pmid=29243233}}</ref>

== Proposed mechanisms of action ==
It has been observed that the gut microbiota of depressed patients differs from healthy individuals, and may be less diverse, and this has also been shown to hold true for animals which are subjected to models of depression. It is therefore thought that depression and gut microbiota phenotype are linked.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Liang|first=Shan|last2=Wu|first2=Xiaoli|last3=Hu|first3=Xu|last4=Wang|first4=Tao|last5=Jin|first5=Feng|date=2018-05-29|title=Recognizing Depression from the Microbiota⁻Gut⁻Brain Axis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29843470|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=19|issue=6|doi=10.3390/ijms19061592|issn=1422-0067|pmc=PMC6032096|pmid=29843470}}</ref>

Further to this it has been found that depressive symptoms can be transmitted from animal to animal, and from human to animal by means of ].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Kali|first=Arunava|date=2016-6|title=Psychobiotics: An emerging probiotic in psychiatric practice|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27621125|journal=Biomedical Journal|volume=39|issue=3|pages=223–224|doi=10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.004|issn=2320-2890|pmid=27621125}}</ref> It has been therefore speculated that microbiome composition may have a causative role in depression. Further to this, traditional ] therapy may influence gut microbiota and this may play a role in their mechanism of action. ] drugs have been shown to inhibit the growth and spread of Gram-positive bacteria, ] drugs have a similar effect on the proliferation of ] and ] species, and ] may also inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria.<ref name=":2" />

It is thought that the microbiome influences the brain's activity by three pathways:

* Influencing the functioning of the ] which has an impact on ]
* Interaction between the ] and the ] decreasing or increasing ]
* Modulation of ] by upregulation or downregulation of chronic inflammation in the gut.<ref name=":2" />

Pathological changes in gut microbiotia may activate pro-inflammatory pathways via the ] ] which has been identified as a potential trigger for ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Inserra|first=Antonio|last2=Rogers|first2=Geraint B.|last3=Licinio|first3=Julio|last4=Wong|first4=Ma-Li|date=2018-07-13|title=The Microbiota-Inflammasome Hypothesis of Major Depression|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bies.201800027|journal=BioEssays|language=en|volume=40|issue=9|pages=1800027|doi=10.1002/bies.201800027|issn=0265-9247}}</ref>

The brain-gut axis and ] have been linked. The brain cannot store tryptophan and requires a constant supply of this substance. Reduced peripheral tryptophan levels have been associated with depressive phenotype, and tryptophan levels and availability have been found to be directly influenced by the gut microbiota with Bifidobacteria being show to increase peripheral tryptophan. Bacteria play a role in serotonin synthesis from tryptophan in the gut ] and germ-free mice which are treated with probiotics show threefold increases in serotonin production.<ref name=":5" />

Some intestinal microbes have been found to produce psychotropic effects by secreting ] and neurotransmitter precursor molecules such as ], ] and ], ], and also by regulating ] expression.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Tang|first=Fengyi|last2=Reddy|first2=Bhaskara L.|last3=Saier|first3=Milton H.|date=2014|title=Psychobiotics and their involvement in mental health|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25196442|journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=24|issue=4|pages=211–214|doi=10.1159/000366281|issn=1660-2412|pmid=25196442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wall|first=Rebecca|last2=Cryan|first2=John F.|last3=Ross|first3=R. Paul|last4=Fitzgerald|first4=Gerald F.|last5=Dinan|first5=Timothy G.|last6=Stanton|first6=Catherine|date=2014|title=Bacterial neuroactive compounds produced by psychobiotics|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997036|journal=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology|volume=817|pages=221–239|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_10|issn=0065-2598|pmid=24997036}}</ref>

Commensal bacteria produce ] of ] including ].<ref name=":8" />


== Research == == Research ==
A 2021 review showed that treating anxiety in young people with psychobiotics had no significant effect.<ref name="cohen">{{Cite journal|last1=Cohen Kadosh|first1=Kathrin|last2=Basso|first2=Melissa|last3=Knytl|first3=Paul|last4=Johnstone|first4=Nicola|last5=Lau|first5=Jennifer Y. F.|last6=Gibson|first6=Glenn R.|date=2021-06-16|title=Psychobiotic interventions for anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, with youth consultation|journal=Translational Psychiatry|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|page=352 |doi=10.1038/s41398-021-01422-7|issn=2158-3188|pmc=8206413|pmid=34131108}}</ref> This study highlights the gut microbiome's role in brain function and mental health is a growing research area, particularly during adolescence, a critical period for gut-brain axis development. This study systematically reviewed and analyzed the effects of psychobiotic interventions on anxiety in youth (ages 10–24). Among 5416 studies identified, 14 were reviewed, and 10 included in the meta-analysis, involving 617 participants. The results showed minimal efficacy of psychobiotics in reducing anxiety, with a pooled standard mean difference of −0.03, indicating no significant effect. Despite limited evidence, future research focusing on mechanisms, causality, and youth perspectives is essential for advancing psychobiotic use in mental health management.
It has been found that ] demonstrate heightened physiological reactions to psychological stress compared to animals with a normal microbiome, and that these phenomena were reversible by promoting the formation of a healthy microbiome using probiotic treatment.<ref name=":0" />


Another article highlights how the nervous system disorders affect millions globally each year, sparking interest in the potential of probiotics to support the gut-brain axis alongside traditional treatments. Psychobiotics, a type of probiotic, have shown promise in improving gut microbiota and alleviating symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This study reviewed their impact on conditions like autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, and insomnia, among others. The findings suggest that psychobiotic-containing functional foods could be an effective tool for improving mental health and managing CNS disorders.
Psychobiotic treatment of mice exposed to a ] model of anxiety and depression has been found to prevent the fall in physical performance and raised pro-inflammatory ] levels associated with untreated mice, and treatment of mice with ] probiotics has been found to reduce activation of the ] and colonic dysfunction in similar circumstances. These mice also expressed fewer depressive and anxious behaviours.<ref name=":0" /> In a similar maternal stress model the psychobiotic species ] was able to reduce corticosterone markers of increased HPA axis activity in mice.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Yen-Wenn|last2=Liong|first2=Min-Tze|last3=Tsai|first3=Ying-Chieh|date=2018-9|title=New perspectives of Lactobacillus plantarum as a probiotic: The gut-heart-brain axis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30141154|journal=Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea)|volume=56|issue=9|pages=601–613|doi=10.1007/s12275-018-8079-2|issn=1976-3794|pmid=30141154}}</ref> A recent study found that psychobiotic lactobacillus broth treatment produced decreased levels of markers of ], ] and ] in the ] of diabetic rats, as well as lower indicators of anxiety and depression.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-07-01|title=Beneficial psychological effects of novel psychobiotics in diabetic rats: the interaction among the gut, blood and amygdala|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955286317310987|journal=The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry|language=en|volume=57|pages=145–152|doi=10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.022|issn=0955-2863}}</ref>


There is a need for more diverse human studies, mainly because those that exist have contradictory outcomes.<ref name="romijn" /><ref name="lin" /><ref name="cohen" />
Some studies have found prebiotic treatment with ] and ] influences changes in short chain fatty acid production and improves populations of ] bacteria implicated in improved metabolic health in mice and potentially improved mental health, although more translational studies are required to determine whether this effect occurs in humans.<ref name=":1" /> Bimuno-GOS and FOS prebiotic supplementation has been found to have neuroprotective activity in animal models, and to raise BDNF levels in the ].<ref name=":5" />


⚫ ===Species===
SFCAs such as ], ] and ] are produced in increased amounts following administration of prebiotics. Butyrate has been demonstrated to have antidepressant effects, can cross the ], and has neuroprotective activity. This is thought to be mediated via its role as an ] modulator, acting as a ]. SCFAs also affect the local gut mucosal immune system, a potential mechanism by which modulation of the HPA axis may occur.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" />

There is some evidence to suggest that in animals an infection by a pathogenic bacteria which does not cause sickness or immunological response may produce anxiety and depressive states by elevation of ] and ] levels normally suppressed by the activity of commensal bacteria.<ref name=":4" />

] has been shown to alter the composition of brain fatty acids and lipids, which can lead to alterations in neurone sensitivity and transmission.<ref name=":8" />

It has been proposed that high fat diets disrupt the gut microbiome in obese individuals, producing neuroinflammation and neurological disorders. ] ] compounds have been found to have a neuroprotective effect in obesity, which may be explained by their psychobiotic influence on the gut microbiome, and subsequently the gut-brain axis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marques|first=Cláudia|last2=Fernandes|first2=Iva|last3=Meireles|first3=Manuela|last4=Faria|first4=Ana|last5=Spencer|first5=Jeremy P. E.|last6=Mateus|first6=Nuno|last7=Calhau|first7=Conceição|date=2018-07-27|title=Gut microbiota modulation accounts for the neuroprotective properties of anthocyanins|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29744-5|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-29744-5|issn=2045-2322|pmc=PMC6063953|pmid=30054537}}</ref>

An association between adopting a ] and a reduction in depression has been well established, with even moderate adherence reducing depression risk, whilst more "western", high-fat, sugar diets are associated with higher reported anxiety and depression in women. It has been suggested that microbiota analysis of those on Mediterranean diets may help identify bacterial strains with potental psychobiotic activity.<ref name=":5" />

L. Plantarum strain C29 has been reported to protect against memory deficits caused by ] and ], and ageing, and increased BDNF levels were observed in these studies also, a ] reduced in ].<ref name=":6" />

Breast-fed infants have a different microbiome to formula-fed babies which may be responsible for their improved health outcomes. Damage to gut microbiota in early life may impact neurodevelopment leading to adverse mental health in later life.<ref name=":8" />

Several human studies have found probiotics to have a beneficial effect on psychological ], overall ], ], ], and ]. Additionally fMRI studies have shown changes in the activation of the ] after probiotic treatment, an area of the brain associated with processing emotional and sensory information.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tanner|first=Georgia|last2=Matthews|first2=Kacie|last3=Roeder|first3=Hannah|last4=Konopasek|first4=Maggie|last5=Bussard|first5=Adrienne|last6=Gregory|first6=Tanya|date=2018-5|title=Current and future uses of probiotics|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29698369|journal=JAAPA: official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants|volume=31|issue=5|pages=29–33|doi=10.1097/01.JAA.0000532117.21250.0f|issn=1547-1896|pmid=29698369}}</ref> ] administration also alleviated depression and anxiety associated with ] in one study.<ref name=":4" />



However several ]<nowiki/>s have found insufficient evidence for the efficacy of probiotics in mental health applications, citing the need for more studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Romijn|first=Amy R.|last2=Rucklidge|first2=Julia J.|date=2015-09-13|title=Systematic review of evidence to support the theory of psychobiotics|url=https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/73/10/675/1848054|journal=Nutrition Reviews|language=en|volume=73|issue=10|pages=675–693|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuv025|issn=0029-6643}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Bangshan|last2=He|first2=Yunan|last3=Wang|first3=Mi|last4=Liu|first4=Jin|last5=Ju|first5=Yumeng|last6=Zhang|first6=Yan|last7=Liu|first7=Tiebang|last8=Li|first8=Lingjiang|last9=Li|first9=Qi|date=2018-07-11|title=Efficacy of probiotics on anxiety-A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29995348|journal=Depression and Anxiety|doi=10.1002/da.22811|issn=1520-6394|pmid=29995348}}</ref> Not all probiotics are the same, and most that have been studied do not have psychobiotic activity.<ref name=":3" />
⚫ == Species ==
] ]
Several species of bacteria have been used in probiotic psychobiotic preparations:<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Several species of bacteria have been used in probiotic psychobiotic research:<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF | title = Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 74 | issue = 10 | pages = 720–26 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23759244 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 | s2cid = 40059439 }}</ref>


* ] * ]
Line 69: Line 31:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
*]
*'']''


== See also == == References ==
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
* ]
* {{cite book|title=The Psychobiotic Revolution|publisher=Random House US|first1=Scott C.|last1=Anderson|first2=John F.|last2=Cryan|first3=Ted|last3=Dinan|date=17 December 2019|edition=1|isbn=9781426219641}}
* ]
⚫ * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


{{Dietary supplement}}
== References ==

<references />
]
]
]
⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 01:17, 23 November 2024

Microorganisms giving mental health effects
This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Psychobiotic" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018)

Psychobiotics is a term used in preliminary research to refer to live bacteria that, when ingested in appropriate amounts, might confer a mental health benefit by affecting microbiota of the host organism. Whether bacteria might play a role in the gut-brain axis is under research. A 2020 literature review suggests that the consumption of psychobiotics could be considered as a viable option to restore mental health although lacking randomized controlled trials on clear mental health outcomes in humans.

Types

Fructans

In experimental probiotic psychobiotics, the bacteria most commonly used are gram-positive bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus families, as these do not contain lipopolysaccharide chains, reducing the likelihood of an immunological response. Prebiotics are substances, such as fructans and oligosaccharides, that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms, such as bacteria on being fermented in the gut. Multiple bacterial species contained in a single probiotic broth is known as a polybiotic.

Gut-brain axis

Psychobiotics are probiotics that influence the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional communication network linking the gastrointestinal system and the brain. By positively modulating the gut microbiota, psychobiotics can impact the production of neurotransmitters, reduce inflammation, and enhance neural signaling, which may improve mental health and alleviate symptoms of neurological disorders. This highlights their potential as a therapeutic tool for maintaining a healthy gut-brain connection.

Research

A 2021 review showed that treating anxiety in young people with psychobiotics had no significant effect. This study highlights the gut microbiome's role in brain function and mental health is a growing research area, particularly during adolescence, a critical period for gut-brain axis development. This study systematically reviewed and analyzed the effects of psychobiotic interventions on anxiety in youth (ages 10–24). Among 5416 studies identified, 14 were reviewed, and 10 included in the meta-analysis, involving 617 participants. The results showed minimal efficacy of psychobiotics in reducing anxiety, with a pooled standard mean difference of −0.03, indicating no significant effect. Despite limited evidence, future research focusing on mechanisms, causality, and youth perspectives is essential for advancing psychobiotic use in mental health management.

Another 2022 article highlights how the nervous system disorders affect millions globally each year, sparking interest in the potential of probiotics to support the gut-brain axis alongside traditional treatments. Psychobiotics, a type of probiotic, have shown promise in improving gut microbiota and alleviating symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This study reviewed their impact on conditions like autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, and insomnia, among others. The findings suggest that psychobiotic-containing functional foods could be an effective tool for improving mental health and managing CNS disorders.

There is a need for more diverse human studies, mainly because those that exist have contradictory outcomes.

Species

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Several species of bacteria have been used in probiotic psychobiotic research:

References

  1. ^ Sarkar A, Lehto SM, Harty S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Burnet PW (November 2016). "Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals". Trends in Neurosciences. 39 (11): 763–81. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.002. PMC 5102282. PMID 27793434.
  2. Del Toro-Barbosa, M.; Hurtado-Romero, A.; Garcia-Amezquita, L. E.; García-Cayuela, T. (2020). "Psychobiotics: Mechanisms of Action, Evaluation Methods and Effectiveness in Applications with Food Products". Nutrients. 12 (12): 3896. doi:10.3390/nu12123896. PMC 7767237. PMID 33352789.
  3. ^ Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ (October 2015). "Systematic review of evidence to support the theory of psychobiotics". Nutrition Reviews. 73 (10): 675–93. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv025. PMID 26370263.
  4. ^ Liu B, He Y, Wang M, Liu J, Ju Y, Zhang Y, Liu T, Li L, Li Q (July 2018). "Efficacy of probiotics on anxiety-A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Depression and Anxiety. 35 (10): 935–45. doi:10.1002/da.22811. PMID 29995348. S2CID 51615532.
  5. Hutkins RW, Krumbeck JA, Bindels LB, Cani PD, Fahey G, Goh YJ, Hamaker B, Martens EC, Mills DA, Rastal RA, Vaughan E, Sanders ME (February 2016). "Prebiotics: why definitions matter". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 37: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001. PMC 4744122. PMID 26431716.
  6. ^ Bambury A, Sandhu K, Cryan JF, Dinan TG (December 2018). "Finding the needle in the haystack: systematic identification of psychobiotics". British Journal of Pharmacology. 175 (24): 4430–38. doi:10.1111/bph.14127. PMC 6255950. PMID 29243233.
  7. ^ Cohen Kadosh, Kathrin; Basso, Melissa; Knytl, Paul; Johnstone, Nicola; Lau, Jennifer Y. F.; Gibson, Glenn R. (2021-06-16). "Psychobiotic interventions for anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, with youth consultation". Translational Psychiatry. 11 (1): 352. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01422-7. ISSN 2158-3188. PMC 8206413. PMID 34131108.
  8. Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF (November 2013). "Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic". Biological Psychiatry. 74 (10): 720–26. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001. PMID 23759244. S2CID 40059439.

Further reading

  • Anderson, Scott C.; Cryan, John F.; Dinan, Ted (17 December 2019). The Psychobiotic Revolution (1 ed.). Random House US. ISBN 9781426219641.
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