Misplaced Pages

Russian influence operations in Estonia: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 00:53, 8 February 2016 edit141.218.36.146 (talk)No edit summary← Previous edit Latest revision as of 01:34, 23 November 2024 edit undoSuperb Owl (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users16,847 edits →See also: add Transnational repression by RussiaTag: Visual edit 
(33 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Overview of the Russian influence operations in Estonia}}
⚫ According to the ], '''Russian influence operations in Estonia''' form a complex system of financial, political, economic and espionage activities in ] for the purposes of influencing Estonia's political and economic decisions in ways considered favourable to ] and conducted under the doctrine of '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kapo.ee/yearbook_2006_ENG.pdf|publisher=]|title=Ninth Annual (2006) of the Security Police Board}}</ref> The Russian government has actively pursued the imposition of a dependent relationship upon the Baltic states, with the desire to remain the region's dominant actor and political arbiter, continuing the Soviet pattern of ] relations with these small neighbouring states.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mark A. Cichock |year=2007 |title=Interdependence and manipulation in the Russian-Baltic relationship: 1993–97 |journal=Journal of Baltic Studies |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=89–116 |publisher= |doi=10.1080/01629779900000011 |pmid= |pmc= |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01629779900000011 |accessdate= }}</ref> According to the ], the Russian information campaign which the centre characterises as a "real mud throwing" exercise, has provoked a split in Estonian society amongst Russian speakers, inciting some to riot over the relocation of the ].<ref>{{cite web | last=Denisenko | first=Viktor | title=Information war: invention or a current reality? | url=http://www.geopolitika.lt/?artc=877 | date=2007-06-13 | work= | publisher=Centre for Geopolitical Studies | accessdate=2009-08-04 }}</ref> The ] is considered to be an information operation against Estonia, with the intent to influence the decisions and actions of the Estonian government; while Russia denies any direct involvement in the attacks, hostile rhetoric from the political elite via the media influenced people to attack.<ref>Rain Ottis, ''Analysis of the 2007 Cyber Attacks Against Estonia from the Information Warfare Perpectve'', Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Information Warfare, Academic Conferences Limited</ref>

⚫ '''Russian influence operations''' '''in Estonia''' consist of the alleged actions taken by the government of the Russian Federation to produce a favorable political and social climate in the ]. According to the ], Russian influence operations in Estonia form a complex system of financial, political, economic and espionage activities in Republic of Estonia for the purposes of influencing Estonia's political and economic decisions in ways considered favourable to the ] and conducted under the doctrine of '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kapo.ee/yearbook_2006_ENG.pdf|publisher=]|title=Ninth Annual (2006) of the Security Police Board}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Conversely, the ] generally take a more sympathetic view of Moscow than that of the Estonian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Russian minority shuns Estonia vote over Ukraine support |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230305-russian-minority-shuns-estonia-vote-over-ukraine-support |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> According to some, such as Professor Mark A. Cichock of the University of Texas at Arlington, the Russian government has actively pursued the imposition of a dependent relationship upon the Baltic states, with the desire to remain the region's dominant actor and political arbiter, continuing the Soviet pattern of ] relations with these small neighbouring states.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mark A. Cichock |year=2007 |title=Interdependence and manipulation in the Russian-Baltic relationship: 1993–97 |journal=Journal of Baltic Studies |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=89–116 |doi=10.1080/01629779900000011 }}</ref> According to the Centre for Geopolitical Studies, the Russian information campaign which the centre characterises as a "real mud throwing" exercise, has provoked a split in Estonian society amongst Russian speakers, inciting some to riot over the relocation of the ].<ref>{{cite web | last=Denisenko | first=Viktor | title=Information war: invention or a current reality? | url=http://www.geopolitika.lt/?artc=877 | date=2007-06-13 | publisher=Centre for Geopolitical Studies | access-date=2009-08-04 }}</ref> The ] is considered to be an information operation against Estonia, with the intent to influence the decisions and actions of the Estonian government. While Russia denies any direct involvement in the attacks, hostile rhetoric from the political elite via the media influenced people to attack.<ref>Rain Ottis, ''Analysis of the 2007 Cyber Attacks Against Estonia from the Information Warfare Perpectve'', Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Information Warfare, Academic Conferences Limited</ref>


== Nature of influence operations == == Nature of influence operations ==
According to Mariusz Nogaj, influence operations are orchestrated through the insertion of specific press articles in foreign newspapers, sponsoring NGOs or informal groups (activists and youth groups), or so called ].<ref name="nogaj">Mariusz Nogaj, ''Russia - A New Empire under construction: the Russian policy towards former communist satellites - mechanisms of exertion of influence'', Naval Postgraduate School, 2008</ref> According to Mariusz Nogaj, influence operations are orchestrated through the insertion of specific press articles in foreign newspapers, sponsoring NGOs or informal groups (activists and youth groups), or so called ].<ref name="nogaj">Mariusz Nogaj, ''Russia - A New Empire under construction: the Russian policy towards former communist satellites - mechanisms of exertion of influence'', Naval Postgraduate School, 2008</ref>


Richard H. Schultz and Roy Godson contend that "an agent of influence may be a journalist, a government official, a labor leader, an academic, an opinion leader, an artist, or involved in one of a number of other professions. The main objective of an influence operation is the use of the agent’s position - be it in government, politics, labor, journalism, or some other field to support and promote political conditions desired by the sponsoring foreign power".<ref>Richard H. Schultz and Roy Godson, ''Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy'' (New York: Pergamon Brassey’s, 1984), p133.</ref> ] and ] contend that "an agent of influence may be a journalist, a government official, a labor leader, an academic, an opinion leader, an artist, or involved in one of a number of other professions. The main objective of an influence operation is the use of the agent’s position - be it in government, politics, labor, journalism, or some other field to support and promote political conditions desired by the sponsoring foreign power".<ref>] and ], '']'' (New York: Pergamon Brassey’s, 1984), p133.</ref>


In relation to Russia's influence operation in regard to NATO accession by Estonia and the other Eastern European states, Janusz Bugajski noted "Regular propaganda attacks by Russia’s state media outlets are supplemented by more systematic disinformation campaign in familiar KGB style operations. These have targeted particular government, specific politicians, or pro-Western political parties in nearby states. These targets are depicted as dangerously ‘Russophobic’ and thus their inclusion NATO would allegedly poison the West’s relations with Russia and introduce unstable states into the Alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2012/02/declining-russian-influence-russias.html|title=Declining Russian Influence: Russia's Attitude Towards New and Future NATO Members|last=Cristina|first=Avram|date=27 February 2012|publisher=|accessdate=2012-02-27}}</ref> The Russian press has frequently cited U.S. and European commentators who speak out against NATO enlargement on the grounds that it will undermine relations with Moscow by making the Alliance more anti-Russian."<ref>Janusz Bugajski, ''Cold Peace: Russia’s New Imperialism''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.</ref> In relation to Russia's influence operation in regard to NATO accession by Estonia and the other Eastern European states, Janusz Bugajski noted "Regular propaganda attacks by Russia’s state media outlets are supplemented by more systematic disinformation campaign in familiar KGB style operations. These have targeted particular government, specific politicians, or pro-Western political parties in nearby states. These targets are depicted as dangerously ‘Russophobic’ and thus their inclusion NATO would allegedly poison the West's relations with Russia and introduce unstable states into the Alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2012/02/declining-russian-influence-russias.html|title=Declining Russian Influence: Russia's Attitude Towards New and Future NATO Members|last=Cristina|first=Avram|date=27 February 2012|access-date=2012-02-27}}</ref> The Russian press has frequently cited U.S. and European commentators who speak out against NATO enlargement on the grounds that it will undermine relations with Moscow by making the Alliance more anti-Russian."<ref>Janusz Bugajski, ''Cold Peace: Russia’s New Imperialism''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.</ref>


== Involvement in Estonian politics == == Involvement in Estonian politics ==
Russia has exerted intense diplomatic, economic, and psychological pressure on Estonia in order to influence the Estonian policy toward its Russian population.<ref>Claus Neukirch ''Russia and the OSCE- The Influence of Interested Third and Disinterested Fourth Parties on the Conflicts in Estonia and Moldova'', Centre for OSCE Research, Germany 2001</ref> According to the ], in 2007, one of the primary goals of the Russian activities was to achieve representation of the ] in ], the Estonian parliament. The party is a minor political organisation run from ].<ref name='epl-kapo-yb2008'>] 20 June 2008: by ]</ref> Russia has exerted intense diplomatic, economic, and psychological pressure on Estonia in order to influence the Estonian policy toward its Russian population.<ref>Claus Neukirch ''Russia and the OSCE- The Influence of Interested Third and Disinterested Fourth Parties on the Conflicts in Estonia and Moldova'', Centre for OSCE Research, Germany 2001</ref> According to the ], in 2007, one of the primary goals of the Russian activities was to achieve representation of the ] in ], the Estonian parliament. The party is a minor political organisation run from ].<ref name="epl-kapo-yb2008">] 20 June 2008: by ]</ref>


== Involvement in European politics == == Involvement in European politics ==
Russia has used disinformation campaigns and international institutions as platforms for accusations of discrimination against minorities, aggravating inter-ethnic tensions in a way that has worked against the country's integration policies.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Russian Second Generation in Tallinn and Kohtla-Järve: The TIES Study in Estonia |last=Vetik |first=Raivo |authorlink= |author2=Jelena Helemäe |year=2011 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location= |isbn= 978-90-8964-250-9 |page=167 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> According to the Estonian Internal Security Service yearbook published in April 2009, Russian special services are trying to influence the ] in a way that would lead to election of somebody loyal to ], possibly ] or ], to the ].<ref name='pm-koorits'>] 15 April 2009: by ]</ref> Russia has used disinformation campaigns and international institutions as platforms for accusations of discrimination against minorities, aggravating inter-ethnic tensions in a way that has worked against the country's integration policies.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Russian Second Generation in Tallinn and Kohtla-Järve: The TIES Study in Estonia |last=Vetik |first=Raivo |author2=Jelena Helemäe |year=2011 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn= 978-90-8964-250-9 |page=167 }}</ref> According to the Estonian Internal Security Service yearbook published in April 2009, Russian special services are trying to influence the ] in a way that would lead to election of somebody loyal to ], possibly Aleksei Semjonov or ], to the ].<ref name='pm-koorits'>] 15 April 2009: by Vahur Koorits</ref>


== Attempts of mobilisation of Russian diaspora == == Attempts of mobilisation of Russian diaspora ==
{{See also|Anti-Estonian sentiment|Anti-Russian sentiment|Bronze Nights}} {{See also|Anti-Estonian sentiment|Anti-Russian sentiment|Bronze Nights}}


Russia has long sought to politically mobilize its ] in order to exert influence<ref>Graham Smith, Andrew Eilson, ''Rethinking Russia's post-Soviet Diaspora: the potential for political mobilisation in Eastern Ukraine and North-east Estonia'', Europe-Asia Studies, 1997, Vol 49, No 5</ref> At various times Russian national television, accessible to this diaspora, has effectively shaped ]<ref>{{cite book |title=Media Manipulation and Political Control in Russia |last=Lipman |first=Maria |authorlink= |year=2009 |publisher=Chatham House |location= |isbn= |page=10 |pages= |url=http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/13290_300109lipman.pdf |accessdate=}}</ref> with the state controlled media redoubling their anti-Estonian campaign after specific events that displease Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=32427&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=171&no_cache=1|title=Moscow stung by Estonian ban on totalitarianism's symbols|last=Socor|first=Vladimir|date=26 January 2007|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-12}}</ref> According to the Estonian Internal Security Service, attempts to build a "]" consisting of ] people loyal to Russia from residents of Estonia, Russian organs have from the latter days of ] been systematically spreading rumours regarding anti-Russian discrimination in many forms in Estonia and, since the ], also rumours regarding intense hatred between Estonians and Russians in Estonia.<ref>] 14 April 2009 14:50: by ]</ref> In relation to the Bronze Soldier controversy, ] ] "We are witnesses to the ] against Estonia which is already reminiscent of an ideological aggression".<ref>Statement made by the President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves, 30.04.2007 {{cite web | last=Sinisalu | first=Arnold | title=Propaganda, Information War and the Estonian-Russian Treaty Relations: Some Aspects of International Law | url=http://www.juridica.ee/international_en.php?document=en/international/2008/2/145397.ART.10.pub.php | work=Juridica International | publisher= | accessdate=2009-04-04 }}</ref> Russia has long sought to politically mobilize its ] in order to exert influence<ref>Graham Smith, Andrew Eilson, ''Rethinking Russia's post-Soviet Diaspora: the potential for political mobilisation in Eastern Ukraine and North-east Estonia'', Europe-Asia Studies, 1997, Vol 49, No 5</ref> At various times Russian national television, accessible to this diaspora, has effectively shaped ]<ref>{{cite book|last=Lipman|first=Maria|url=http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/13290_300109lipman.pdf|title=Media Manipulation and Political Control in Russia|publisher=Chatham House|year=2009|page=10|author-link=Maria Lipman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615145427/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/13290_300109lipman.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the state controlled media redoubling their anti-Estonian campaign after specific events that displease Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=32427&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=171&no_cache=1|title=Moscow stung by Estonian ban on totalitarianism's symbols|last=Socor|first=Vladimir|date=26 January 2007|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-12}}</ref> According to the Estonian Internal Security Service, attempts to build a "]" consisting of ] people loyal to Russia from residents of Estonia, Russian organs have from the latter days of ] been systematically spreading rumours regarding anti-Russian discrimination in many forms in Estonia and, since the ], also rumours regarding intense hatred between Estonians and Russians in Estonia.<ref>] 14 April 2009 14:50: by Andres Putting</ref> In relation to the Bronze Soldier controversy, ] ] "We are witnesses to the ] against Estonia which is already reminiscent of an ideological aggression".<ref>Statement made by the President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves, 30.04.2007 {{cite web | last=Sinisalu | first=Arnold | title=Propaganda, Information War and the Estonian-Russian Treaty Relations: Some Aspects of International Law | url=http://www.juridica.ee/international_en.php?document=en/international/2008/2/145397.ART.10.pub.php | work=Juridica International | access-date=2009-04-04 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


Several international organisations, including ], have presented evidence of discrimination against ethnic minorites in Estonia, but the Estonian government claims that statistical studies do not back up neither the claims of discrimination nor claims of widespread ethnic hatred.<ref>] 21 February 2008: </ref> Several international organisations, including ], have presented evidence of discrimination against ethnic minorities in Estonia, but the Estonian government claims that statistical studies do not back up neither the claims of discrimination nor claims of widespread ethnic hatred.<ref>] 21 February 2008: </ref>


The ] denies such activities.<ref>] 22 May 2007 17:04: </ref> The ] denies such activities.<ref>] 22 May 2007 17:04: </ref>
Line 25: Line 27:
=== Examples === === Examples ===


Few international ] agencies have argued for some of the allegations of discrimination. According to ] Russian speakers are victims of discrimination in Estonia.<ref>http://www.russiatoday.com/Top_News/2006-12-08/Russian_speakers_discriminated_in_Estonia_Amnesty_International.html</ref><ref>http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR51/002/2006/en/08694661-d3d3-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/eur510022006en.html</ref> On the other hand, ] of '']'' regards the Amnesty International report as a bad piece of work which is both ahistorical and unbalanced, and criticized the organization's use of limited resources as bizarre when there are real human rights abuses in Belarus and Russia.<ref>Baltic Business News: </ref> Few international ] agencies have argued for some of the allegations of discrimination. According to ], Russian speakers are victims of discrimination in Estonia.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur51/002/2006/en/ |title = Document}}</ref> On the other hand, ] of '']'' regards the Amnesty International report as a bad piece of work which is both ahistorical and unbalanced, and criticized the organization's use of limited resources as bizarre when there are real human rights abuses in Belarus and Russia.<ref>Baltic Business News: </ref>


Forum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=Webpage&s=About|title=About us|accessdate=2009-08-04}}</ref> ] published an article in 2005 alleging Latvia and Estonia employ a "sophisticated and extensive policy regime of discrimination" against their respective ] populations.<ref>http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=WebPage&DocumentID=586</ref> In that same newsletter Professor Hughes' arguments were opposed by former Latvian minister for social integration Dr. Nils Muiznieks who argued his views were simplistic and "similar to what Russian propaganda has been touting in international fora over the last 10 years".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Muiznieks|first=Nils|date=February 2005|title=Rejoinder to James Hughes|journal=Development and Transition newsletter: Migration and Minorities|publisher=Development and Transition|url=http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=WebPage&DocumentID=587}}</ref> Forum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=Webpage&s=About|title=About us|access-date=2009-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903140940/http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=Webpage&s=About|archive-date=2009-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Development and Transition published an article in 2005 alleging Latvia and Estonia employ a "sophisticated and extensive policy regime of discrimination" against their respective ] populations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=WebPage&DocumentID=586 |title=D&T; - Discrimination against the Russophone Minority in Estonia and Latvia |access-date=2008-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504025222/http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=WebPage&DocumentID=586 |archive-date=2008-05-04 }}</ref> In that same newsletter Professor Hughes' arguments were opposed by former Latvian minister for social integration Dr. Nils Muiznieks who argued his views were simplistic and "similar to what Russian propaganda has been touting in international fora over the last 10 years".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Muiznieks|first=Nils|date=February 2005|title=Rejoinder to James Hughes|journal=Development and Transition Newsletter: Migration and Minorities|url=http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=WebPage&DocumentID=587|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001060339/http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=WebPage&DocumentID=587|archive-date=2011-10-01}}</ref>


The ] has also examined Estonia's treatment of its Russophone minority. In the conclusion of its Working Paper No. 20, the author notes that "As the UN Human Rights Committee reports reveal, additional efforts will be needed to reduce the number of stateless persons", "Whereas all international organisations agree that no forms of systematic discrimination towards the Russian-speaking and often stateless population can be observed, a lack of attention to these people’s rights increases the danger of social destabilisation", "The EU preaccession conditionality has - together with the efforts of other international organisations (..) resulted in a number of amendments to laws on education, language and the status of noncitizens, efforts which can be praised as largely eliminating the possibility of ethnic violence. This, however, does not imply that all problems of integration have been solved (..) Tackling the high number of stateless persons and the comparatively low number of naturalisations, problems of political participation and the socio-economic impact of restrictive language and citizenship policies remains an importance challenge".<ref> by Peter van Elsuwege Working Paper # 20 ISSN 1435-9812 — pp. 54-55</ref> The ] has also examined Estonia's treatment of its Russophone minority. In the conclusion of its Working Paper No. 20, the author notes that "As the UN Human Rights Committee reports reveal, additional efforts will be needed to reduce the number of stateless persons", "Whereas all international organisations agree that no forms of systematic discrimination towards the Russian-speaking and often stateless population can be observed, a lack of attention to these people’s rights increases the danger of social destabilisation", "The EU preaccession conditionality has - together with the efforts of other international organisations (..) resulted in a number of amendments to laws on education, language and the status of noncitizens, efforts which can be praised as largely eliminating the possibility of ethnic violence. This, however, does not imply that all problems of integration have been solved (..) Tackling the high number of stateless persons and the comparatively low number of naturalisations, problems of political participation and the socio-economic impact of restrictive language and citizenship policies remains an importance challenge".<ref> by Peter van Elsuwege Working Paper # 20 ISSN 1435-9812 — pp. 54-55</ref>


==Historical propaganda== ==Historical propaganda==
Use of historical propaganda is another way in which Russia seeks to influence Estonia. According to the 2010 Estonian Internal Security Service annual report, themes drawn from World War 2 are used in information attacks upon Estonia. 2010 saw the ] member Boris Shpigel initiate the formation of the organisation "]" in ], with the aim of creating the situation where questioning Russia's version of historical events is equated with ]. The organisation's management board has two Estonian resident representatives Maksim Reva and Andrei Zarenkov, who according to the Estonian Internal Security Service are radical nationalists who promote Russian chauvinism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kapo.ee/cms-data/_text/138/124/files/kapo-aastaraamat-2010-eng.pdf|publisher=]|title=Annual Review 2010 of the Security Police Board}}</ref> Use of historical propaganda is another way in which Russia seeks to influence Estonia. According to the 2010 Estonian Internal Security Service annual report, themes drawn from World War 2 are used in information attacks upon Estonia. 2010 saw the ] member Boris Shpigel initiate the formation of the organisation "]" in ], with the aim of creating the situation where questioning Russia's version of historical events is equated with ]. The organisation's management board has two Estonian resident representatives Maksim Reva and Andrei Zarenkov, who according to the Estonian Internal Security Service are radical nationalists who promote Russian chauvinism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kapo.ee/cms-data/_text/138/124/files/kapo-aastaraamat-2010-eng.pdf|publisher=]|title=Annual Review 2010 of the Security Police Board|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305143040/http://www.kapo.ee/cms-data/_text/138/124/files/kapo-aastaraamat-2010-eng.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-05}}</ref>


== See also == ==See also==
* ] *]
* ] *]
*]
*]


== References == == References ==

Latest revision as of 01:34, 23 November 2024

Overview of the Russian influence operations in Estonia

Russian influence operations in Estonia consist of the alleged actions taken by the government of the Russian Federation to produce a favorable political and social climate in the Republic of Estonia. According to the Estonian Internal Security Service, Russian influence operations in Estonia form a complex system of financial, political, economic and espionage activities in Republic of Estonia for the purposes of influencing Estonia's political and economic decisions in ways considered favourable to the Russian Federation and conducted under the doctrine of near abroad. Conversely, the ethnic Russians in Estonia generally take a more sympathetic view of Moscow than that of the Estonian government. According to some, such as Professor Mark A. Cichock of the University of Texas at Arlington, the Russian government has actively pursued the imposition of a dependent relationship upon the Baltic states, with the desire to remain the region's dominant actor and political arbiter, continuing the Soviet pattern of hegemonic relations with these small neighbouring states. According to the Centre for Geopolitical Studies, the Russian information campaign which the centre characterises as a "real mud throwing" exercise, has provoked a split in Estonian society amongst Russian speakers, inciting some to riot over the relocation of the Bronze Soldier. The 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia is considered to be an information operation against Estonia, with the intent to influence the decisions and actions of the Estonian government. While Russia denies any direct involvement in the attacks, hostile rhetoric from the political elite via the media influenced people to attack.

Nature of influence operations

According to Mariusz Nogaj, influence operations are orchestrated through the insertion of specific press articles in foreign newspapers, sponsoring NGOs or informal groups (activists and youth groups), or so called black public relations.

Richard H. Shultz and Roy Godson contend that "an agent of influence may be a journalist, a government official, a labor leader, an academic, an opinion leader, an artist, or involved in one of a number of other professions. The main objective of an influence operation is the use of the agent’s position - be it in government, politics, labor, journalism, or some other field to support and promote political conditions desired by the sponsoring foreign power".

In relation to Russia's influence operation in regard to NATO accession by Estonia and the other Eastern European states, Janusz Bugajski noted "Regular propaganda attacks by Russia’s state media outlets are supplemented by more systematic disinformation campaign in familiar KGB style operations. These have targeted particular government, specific politicians, or pro-Western political parties in nearby states. These targets are depicted as dangerously ‘Russophobic’ and thus their inclusion NATO would allegedly poison the West's relations with Russia and introduce unstable states into the Alliance. The Russian press has frequently cited U.S. and European commentators who speak out against NATO enlargement on the grounds that it will undermine relations with Moscow by making the Alliance more anti-Russian."

Involvement in Estonian politics

Russia has exerted intense diplomatic, economic, and psychological pressure on Estonia in order to influence the Estonian policy toward its Russian population. According to the Estonian Internal Security Service, in 2007, one of the primary goals of the Russian activities was to achieve representation of the Constitution Party in Riigikogu, the Estonian parliament. The party is a minor political organisation run from Moscow.

Involvement in European politics

Russia has used disinformation campaigns and international institutions as platforms for accusations of discrimination against minorities, aggravating inter-ethnic tensions in a way that has worked against the country's integration policies. According to the Estonian Internal Security Service yearbook published in April 2009, Russian special services are trying to influence the 2009 European Parliament election in Estonia in a way that would lead to election of somebody loyal to Kremlin, possibly Aleksei Semjonov or Dimitri Klenski, to the European Parliament.

Attempts of mobilisation of Russian diaspora

See also: Anti-Estonian sentiment, Anti-Russian sentiment, and Bronze Nights

Russia has long sought to politically mobilize its diaspora in order to exert influence At various times Russian national television, accessible to this diaspora, has effectively shaped anti-Estonian sentiment with the state controlled media redoubling their anti-Estonian campaign after specific events that displease Moscow. According to the Estonian Internal Security Service, attempts to build a "fifth column" consisting of Russophone people loyal to Russia from residents of Estonia, Russian organs have from the latter days of Intermovement been systematically spreading rumours regarding anti-Russian discrimination in many forms in Estonia and, since the Bronze Nights, also rumours regarding intense hatred between Estonians and Russians in Estonia. In relation to the Bronze Soldier controversy, President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves "We are witnesses to the information war against Estonia which is already reminiscent of an ideological aggression".

Several international organisations, including Amnesty International, have presented evidence of discrimination against ethnic minorities in Estonia, but the Estonian government claims that statistical studies do not back up neither the claims of discrimination nor claims of widespread ethnic hatred.

The Embassy of Russia in Tallinn denies such activities.

Examples

Few international human rights agencies have argued for some of the allegations of discrimination. According to Amnesty International, Russian speakers are victims of discrimination in Estonia. On the other hand, Edward Lucas of The Economist regards the Amnesty International report as a bad piece of work which is both ahistorical and unbalanced, and criticized the organization's use of limited resources as bizarre when there are real human rights abuses in Belarus and Russia.

Forum Development and Transition published an article in 2005 alleging Latvia and Estonia employ a "sophisticated and extensive policy regime of discrimination" against their respective Russophone populations. In that same newsletter Professor Hughes' arguments were opposed by former Latvian minister for social integration Dr. Nils Muiznieks who argued his views were simplistic and "similar to what Russian propaganda has been touting in international fora over the last 10 years".

The European Centre for Minority Issues has also examined Estonia's treatment of its Russophone minority. In the conclusion of its Working Paper No. 20, the author notes that "As the UN Human Rights Committee reports reveal, additional efforts will be needed to reduce the number of stateless persons", "Whereas all international organisations agree that no forms of systematic discrimination towards the Russian-speaking and often stateless population can be observed, a lack of attention to these people’s rights increases the danger of social destabilisation", "The EU preaccession conditionality has - together with the efforts of other international organisations (..) resulted in a number of amendments to laws on education, language and the status of noncitizens, efforts which can be praised as largely eliminating the possibility of ethnic violence. This, however, does not imply that all problems of integration have been solved (..) Tackling the high number of stateless persons and the comparatively low number of naturalisations, problems of political participation and the socio-economic impact of restrictive language and citizenship policies remains an importance challenge".

Historical propaganda

Use of historical propaganda is another way in which Russia seeks to influence Estonia. According to the 2010 Estonian Internal Security Service annual report, themes drawn from World War 2 are used in information attacks upon Estonia. 2010 saw the Russian Federation Council member Boris Shpigel initiate the formation of the organisation "World without Nazism" in Kyiv, with the aim of creating the situation where questioning Russia's version of historical events is equated with Holocaust denial. The organisation's management board has two Estonian resident representatives Maksim Reva and Andrei Zarenkov, who according to the Estonian Internal Security Service are radical nationalists who promote Russian chauvinism.

See also

References

  1. "Ninth Annual (2006) of the Security Police Board" (PDF). Estonian Internal Security Service.
  2. "Russian minority shuns Estonia vote over Ukraine support". France 24. 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  3. Mark A. Cichock (2007). "Interdependence and manipulation in the Russian-Baltic relationship: 1993–97". Journal of Baltic Studies. 30 (2): 89–116. doi:10.1080/01629779900000011.
  4. Denisenko, Viktor (2007-06-13). "Information war: invention or a current reality?". Centre for Geopolitical Studies. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  5. Rain Ottis, Analysis of the 2007 Cyber Attacks Against Estonia from the Information Warfare Perpectve, Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Information Warfare, Academic Conferences Limited
  6. Mariusz Nogaj, Russia - A New Empire under construction: the Russian policy towards former communist satellites - mechanisms of exertion of influence, Naval Postgraduate School, 2008
  7. Richard H. Shultz and Roy Godson, Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy (New York: Pergamon Brassey’s, 1984), p133.
  8. Cristina, Avram (27 February 2012). "Declining Russian Influence: Russia's Attitude Towards New and Future NATO Members". Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  9. Janusz Bugajski, Cold Peace: Russia’s New Imperialism. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.
  10. Claus Neukirch Russia and the OSCE- The Influence of Interested Third and Disinterested Fourth Parties on the Conflicts in Estonia and Moldova, Centre for OSCE Research, Germany 2001
  11. Eesti Päevaleht 20 June 2008: Kaitsepolitsei aastaraamat: Vene luure tegi mullu Eestis usinalt tööd by Kärt Anvelt
  12. Vetik, Raivo; Jelena Helemäe (2011). The Russian Second Generation in Tallinn and Kohtla-Järve: The TIES Study in Estonia. Amsterdam University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-90-8964-250-9.
  13. Postimees 15 April 2009: Venemaa tahab kapo väitel europarlamenti oma meest by Vahur Koorits
  14. Graham Smith, Andrew Eilson, Rethinking Russia's post-Soviet Diaspora: the potential for political mobilisation in Eastern Ukraine and North-east Estonia, Europe-Asia Studies, 1997, Vol 49, No 5
  15. Lipman, Maria (2009). Media Manipulation and Political Control in Russia (PDF). Chatham House. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-15.
  16. Socor, Vladimir (26 January 2007). "Moscow stung by Estonian ban on totalitarianism's symbols". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  17. Delfi 14 April 2009 14:50: Kapo: kaasmaalastest saab Venemaa põhirelv by Andres Putting
  18. Statement made by the President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves, 30.04.2007 Sinisalu, Arnold. "Propaganda, Information War and the Estonian-Russian Treaty Relations: Some Aspects of International Law". Juridica International. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
  19. Statistics Estonia 21 February 2008: Integratsioon Eestis
  20. Postimees 22 May 2007 17:04: Vene saatkond eitab kavatsust tekitada Eestis «viies kolonn»
  21. "Document".
  22. Baltic Business News: Estonia is right and Amnesty is wrong - The Economist
  23. "About us". Archived from the original on 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  24. "D&T; - Discrimination against the Russophone Minority in Estonia and Latvia". Archived from the original on 2008-05-04. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  25. Muiznieks, Nils (February 2005). "Rejoinder to James Hughes". Development and Transition Newsletter: Migration and Minorities. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01.
  26. Russian-speaking minorities in Estonia and Latvia: problems of integration at the threshold of the European Union by Peter van Elsuwege Working Paper # 20 ISSN 1435-9812 — pp. 54-55
  27. "Annual Review 2010 of the Security Police Board" (PDF). Estonian Internal Security Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-05.
Categories: