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			]{{Short description\|Group of composers in 20th century Vienna}}
	The '''Second Viennese School''' was a group of ]s made up of ] and those who studied under him in early ] ]. Their music was inititally characterized by ] ] and, later, ] and Schoenberg's ] technique, though Schoenberg's teaching (as his various published textbooks demonstrate) was highly traditional and conservative, and did not include discussion of his serial method.
			]

			The '''Second Viennese School''' ({{langx\|de\|Zweite Wiener Schule, Neue Wiener Schule}}) was the group of ]s that comprised ] and his pupils, particularly ] and ], and close associates in early 20th-century ]. Their music was initially characterized by late-] expanded tonality and later, a totally chromatic ] without a firm tonal centre, often referred to as ]; and later still, Schoenberg's ] ]. ] said that the twelve-tone method, when it had evolved into maturity, was a "veritable message in a bottle", addressed to an unknown and uncertain future.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Volbach\|first1=W. R.\|last2=Adorno\|first2=Theodor W.\|date=1950\|title=Philosophie der neuen Musik\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40089560\|journal=Books Abroad\|volume=24\|issue=4\|pages=394\|doi=10.2307/40089560\|jstor=40089560 \|issn=0006-7431}}</ref> Though this common development took place, it neither followed a common time-line nor a cooperative path. Likewise, it was not a direct result of Schoenberg's teaching—which, as his various published textbooks demonstrate, was highly traditional and conservative. Schoenberg's textbooks also reveal that the Second Viennese School spawned not from the development of his serial method, but rather from the influence of his creative example.
	The principal members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were ] and ], although there are lesser known composers who perhaps ought to be covered by the term, such as the ] ].

			== Members ==
	The ']', which is rarely referred to as such except in comparison to the Second, is generally taken to consist of Vienna-based composers working in the late ] and early ], particularly ], ], ] and ].
			{{See also\|List of students of Arnold Schoenberg}}

			The principal members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were ] and ], who were among his first composition pupils. Both of them had already produced copious and talented music in a late Romantic idiom but felt they gained new direction and discipline from Schoenberg's teaching. Other members of this generation included ], ], ] and ], and somewhat later ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>], "Wiener Schule", ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik'', second, revised edition, edited by musicologist ], 26 volumes in two parts, (Kassel, Basel, London, : Bärenreiter-Verlag; Stuttgart and Weimar: J. B. Metzler, 1998): Part 1 (Sachteil), vol. 9 (Sy–Z): cols. 2034–45. {{ISBN\|978-3-7618-1128-3}} (Bärenreiter); {{ISBN\|978-3-476-41025-2}} (Metzler). citation from cols. 2035–36.</ref> Schoenberg's brother-in-law ] is sometimes included as part of the Second Viennese School, though he was never Schoenberg's pupil and never renounced a traditional conception of tonality.
⚫	]
	]

			Though Berg and Webern both followed Schoenberg into total chromaticism and both, each in his own way, adopted twelve-tone technique soon after he did, not all of these others did so, or waited for a considerable time before following suit. Several yet later disciples, such as Zillig, the ] Gerhard, the ]n Hannenheim and the Greek Skalkottas, are sometimes covered by the term, though (apart from Gerhard) they never studied in Vienna but as part of Schoenberg's masterclass in Berlin.
	]

	]
			Membership in the school is not generally extended to Schoenberg's many pupils in the United States from 1933, such as ], ] and ], nor to many other composers who, at a greater remove, wrote compositions evocative of the Second Viennese style, such as the ] pianist ]. By extension, however, certain pupils of Schoenberg's pupils, such as Berg's pupil ] and Webern's pupils ], ] and Ludwig Zenk, are usually included in the roll-call.
	]

	]
			The broader circle of the Second Viennese School included, among others, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], {{ill\|Otto Jokl\|de}}, ] of the ], ], {{ill\|Rita Kurzmann-Leuchter\|de}}, {{ill\|Erwin Leuchter\|de}}, Olga Novakovic, ], Rudolf Ploderer, Josef Polnauer, ], {{ill\|Willi Reich\|de}}, ], ], Julius Schloss, ], ], ], ], Rudolf Weirich, ], ], ], and ].
	]

	]
			Contemporaneous performers, friends, admirers, and supporters of the circle at various times included figures as diverse as ], ],{{sfn\|Johnson\|2006\|loc=198–199}} ], Imre Balabán and ] of the New Hungarian Music Society, ], ], ],{{sfn\|Krenek\|1998\|loc=788}} ], ], ], ], {{ill\|Gottfried Feist\|ca}}, ], ] of the Galimir Quartet, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] of '']'', ], ] and ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], {{ill\|Luigi Rognoni\|it}}, ] et al. of the ], ], ] et al. of the ], ], ], {{ill\|Alfredo Sangiorgi\|it}}, {{ill\|Alfred Schlee\|de}}, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], {{ill\|Erika Stiedry-Wagner\|de}}, ], ],{{sfn\|Shreffler\|1994\|loc=21–22}} ] et al. of the ], Steuermann's sister ],{{sfn\|Viertel\|1969\|loc=3, 56–58, 80–82, 101, 167, 197, 206–210, 220, 257–260, 280–281, 314–316}} ] et al. of the {{ill\|Waldbauer-Kerpely Quartet\|hu\|Waldbauer–Kerpely-vonósnégyes}}, ], ], and '']'' writers ], ], ], and ].{{citation needed\|date=July 2023}}
	]

			== Practices ==
			Though the school included highly distinct musical personalities (the styles of Berg and Webern are in fact very different from each other, and from Schoenberg—for example, only the works of Webern conform to the rule stated by Schoenberg that only a single row be used throughout all movements of a composition<ref>Perle, George. ''Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern'', p.2n3. Fourth Edition. 1977. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. {{ISBN\|0-520-03395-7}}</ref>—while Gerhard and Skalkottas were closely involved with the folk music of their respective countries) the impression of cohesiveness was enhanced by the literary efforts of some of its members. Wellesz wrote the first book on Schoenberg, who was also the subject of several ]en put together by his friends and pupils; Rufer and Spinner both wrote books on the technique of twelve-tone composition; and Leibowitz's influential study of Schoenberg, Berg and Webern, ''Schoenberg et son école'', helped to establish the image of a school in the period immediately after World War II in France and abroad. Several of those mentioned (e.g. Jalowetz, Rufer) were also influential as teachers, and others (e.g. Kolisch, Rankl, Stein, Steuermann, Zillig) as performers, in disseminating the ideals, ideas and approved repertoire of the group. Perhaps the culmination of the school took place at Darmstadt almost immediately after World War II, at the ], wherein Schoenberg—who was invited but too ill to travel—was ultimately usurped in musical ideology by the music of his pupil, Webern, as composers and performers from the Second Viennese School (e.g. Leibowitz, Rufer, ], Kolisch, ], ], ], ]) converged with the new serialists (e.g. ], ], ], ], et al.).

			== First Viennese School ==
			{{Unsourced section\|date=April 2019}}
			{{Main\|First Viennese School}}
			German musical literature refers to the grouping as the "Wiener Schule" or "Neue Wiener Schule". The existence of a "]" is debatable. The term is often assumed to connote the great Vienna-based masters of the ] style working in the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly ], ], ] and ]. Though Mozart and Schubert did not study with Haydn, Beethoven did for a time receive lessons from the older master, Haydn, though he was not a pupil in the sense that Berg and Webern were pupils of Schoenberg.

			== In art and culture ==

			Berg, Schoenberg, or Webern featured (or were inferred) in the work of composers ], ], and ] and writers ], ], ], ], and ]. ] named her "Malinconia Militare" (2003) after the first line of Rosselli's "Webern Opus 4".

			Webern's Op. 27 was used in '']'' episode "]".

			==See also==
			*]

			== References ==
			===Citations===
			{{Reflist}}

			===Sources===
			* {{wikicite\|ref={{harvid\|Johnson\|2006}}\|reference=Johnson, Julius. 2006. "Anton Webern, the Social Democratic Kunstelle and Musical Modernism." ''Austrian Studies'' 14(1):197–213.}}
			* {{wikicite\|ref={{harvid\|Krenek\|1998}}\|reference=Krenek, Ernst. 1998. ''Im Atem der Zeit: Erinnerungen an die Moderne'', trans. Friedrich Saathen and Sabine Schulte. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe. {{ISBN\|978-3-455-11170-5}} (hbk).}}
			* {{wikicite\|ref={{harvid\|Shreffler\|1994}}\|reference=Shreffler, Anne C. 1994. ''Webern and the Lyric Impulse: Songs and Fragments on Poems of Georg Trakl''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-198-16224-7}}.}}
			* {{wikicite\|ref={{harvid\|Viertel\|1969}}\|reference=]. 1969. ''''. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. First edition. {{ISBN\|978-0-03-076470-7}} (hbk).}}

			== Further reading ==
			* René Leibowitz, ''Schoenberg et son école'' (Paris, Editeur J B Janin, 1947) translated by ] as ''Schoenberg and His School: The Contemporary Stage of the Language of Music'' (New York, Philosophical Library, 1949)

			== External links ==
			*

			{{Atonality}}
			{{Avant-garde}}
			{{Composition schools}}
			{{Second Viennese School}}
			{{Twelve-tone technique}}

			{{Authority control}}

			]
			]
			]
		⚫	]

Latest revision as of 11:07, 23 November 2024

Group of composers in 20th century Vienna

Prime, retrograde, inverse, and retrograde-inverse permutations.

The Second Viennese School (German: Zweite Wiener Schule, Neue Wiener Schule) was the group of composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils, particularly Alban Berg and Anton Webern, and close associates in early 20th-century Vienna. Their music was initially characterized by late-Romantic expanded tonality and later, a totally chromatic expressionism without a firm tonal centre, often referred to as atonality; and later still, Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique. Adorno said that the twelve-tone method, when it had evolved into maturity, was a "veritable message in a bottle", addressed to an unknown and uncertain future. Though this common development took place, it neither followed a common time-line nor a cooperative path. Likewise, it was not a direct result of Schoenberg's teaching—which, as his various published textbooks demonstrate, was highly traditional and conservative. Schoenberg's textbooks also reveal that the Second Viennese School spawned not from the development of his serial method, but rather from the influence of his creative example.

Members

The principal members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were Alban Berg and Anton Webern, who were among his first composition pupils. Both of them had already produced copious and talented music in a late Romantic idiom but felt they gained new direction and discipline from Schoenberg's teaching. Other members of this generation included Ernst Krenek, Heinrich Jalowetz, Erwin Stein and Egon Wellesz, and somewhat later Eduard Steuermann, Hanns Eisler, Robert Gerhard, Norbert von Hannenheim, Rudolf Kolisch, Paul A. Pisk, Karl Rankl, Josef Rufer, Nikos Skalkottas, Viktor Ullmann, and Winfried Zillig. Schoenberg's brother-in-law Alexander Zemlinsky is sometimes included as part of the Second Viennese School, though he was never Schoenberg's pupil and never renounced a traditional conception of tonality.

Though Berg and Webern both followed Schoenberg into total chromaticism and both, each in his own way, adopted twelve-tone technique soon after he did, not all of these others did so, or waited for a considerable time before following suit. Several yet later disciples, such as Zillig, the Catalan Gerhard, the Transylvanian Hannenheim and the Greek Skalkottas, are sometimes covered by the term, though (apart from Gerhard) they never studied in Vienna but as part of Schoenberg's masterclass in Berlin.

Membership in the school is not generally extended to Schoenberg's many pupils in the United States from 1933, such as John Cage, Leon Kirchner and Gerald Strang, nor to many other composers who, at a greater remove, wrote compositions evocative of the Second Viennese style, such as the Canadian pianist Glenn Gould. By extension, however, certain pupils of Schoenberg's pupils, such as Berg's pupil Hans Erich Apostel and Webern's pupils René Leibowitz, Leopold Spinner and Ludwig Zenk, are usually included in the roll-call.

The broader circle of the Second Viennese School included, among others, Oskar Adler, Theodor W. Adorno, Hans Erich Apostel, Robert Gerhard, Norbert von Hannenheim, Heinrich Jalowetz, Hanns Jelinek, Sándor Jemnitz, Otto Jokl [de], Rudolf Kolisch of the Kolisch Quartet, Ernst Krenek, Rita Kurzmann-Leuchter [de], Erwin Leuchter [de], Olga Novakovic, Paul Pisk, Rudolf Ploderer, Josef Polnauer, Erwin Ratz, Willi Reich [de], Josef Rufer, Peter Schacht, Julius Schloss, Nikos Skalkottas, Erwin Stein, Eduard Steuermann, Viktor Ullmann, Rudolf Weirich, Adolph Weiss, Egon Wellesz, Alexander Zemlinsky, and Winfried Zillig.

Contemporaneous performers, friends, admirers, and supporters of the circle at various times included figures as diverse as Guido Adler, David Josef Bach, Ernst Bachrich, Imre Balabán and Béla Bartók of the New Hungarian Music Society, Julius Bittner, Artur Bodanzky, Mark Brunswick, Richard Buhlig, Edward Clark, Henry Cowell, Herbert Eimert, Gottfried Feist [ca], Marya Freund, Felix Galimir of the Galimir Quartet, Rudolph Ganz, George Gershwin, Richard Gerstl, Walter Gropius, Marie Gutheil-Schoder, Alois Hába, Emil Hertzka, Jascha Horenstein, Felicie Hüni-Mihacsek, Erich Itor Kahn, Wassily Kandinsky, Hans Keller, Erich Kleiber, Gustav Klimt, Wilhelm Klitsch, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Louis Krasner, Józef Koffler, Oskar Kokoschka, René Leibowitz, Erich Leinsdorf, Adolf Loos, Darius Milhaud and Francis Poulenc of Les Six, Elisabeth Lutyens, Gustav and Alma Mahler, Frank Martin, Dimitri Mitropoulos, Soma Morgenstern, Johanna Müller-Hermann, Dika Newlin, Will Ogdon, Max Oppenheimer, Otakar Ostrčil, Maurice Ravel, Rudolph Reti, Luigi Rognoni [it], Arnold Rosé et al. of the Rosé Quartet, Hans Rosbaud, Nikolai Roslavets et al. of the Association for Contemporary Music, Hermann Scherchen, Egon Schiele, Alfredo Sangiorgi [it], Alfred Schlee [de], Erich Schmid, Franz Schreker, Erwin Schulhoff, Eugenie Schwarzwald, Rudolf Serkin, Roger Sessions, Peter Stadlen, Erika Stiedry-Wagner [de], Igor Stravinsky, Georg Trakl, Edgard Varèse et al. of the International Composers Guild, Steuermann's sister Salka Viertel, Imre Waldbauer et al. of the Waldbauer-Kerpely Quartet [hu], Franz Werfel, Arnold Zweig, and Jung-Wien writers Peter Altenberg, Hermann Bahr, Karl Kraus, and Arthur Schnitzler.

Practices

Though the school included highly distinct musical personalities (the styles of Berg and Webern are in fact very different from each other, and from Schoenberg—for example, only the works of Webern conform to the rule stated by Schoenberg that only a single row be used throughout all movements of a composition—while Gerhard and Skalkottas were closely involved with the folk music of their respective countries) the impression of cohesiveness was enhanced by the literary efforts of some of its members. Wellesz wrote the first book on Schoenberg, who was also the subject of several Festschriften put together by his friends and pupils; Rufer and Spinner both wrote books on the technique of twelve-tone composition; and Leibowitz's influential study of Schoenberg, Berg and Webern, Schoenberg et son école, helped to establish the image of a school in the period immediately after World War II in France and abroad. Several of those mentioned (e.g. Jalowetz, Rufer) were also influential as teachers, and others (e.g. Kolisch, Rankl, Stein, Steuermann, Zillig) as performers, in disseminating the ideals, ideas and approved repertoire of the group. Perhaps the culmination of the school took place at Darmstadt almost immediately after World War II, at the Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik, wherein Schoenberg—who was invited but too ill to travel—was ultimately usurped in musical ideology by the music of his pupil, Webern, as composers and performers from the Second Viennese School (e.g. Leibowitz, Rufer, Adorno, Kolisch, Heiss, Stadlen, Stuckenschmidt, Scherchen) converged with the new serialists (e.g. Boulez, Stockhausen, Maderna, Nono, et al.).

First Viennese School

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Main article: First Viennese School

German musical literature refers to the grouping as the "Wiener Schule" or "Neue Wiener Schule". The existence of a "First Viennese School" is debatable. The term is often assumed to connote the great Vienna-based masters of the Classical style working in the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert. Though Mozart and Schubert did not study with Haydn, Beethoven did for a time receive lessons from the older master, Haydn, though he was not a pupil in the sense that Berg and Webern were pupils of Schoenberg.

In art and culture

Berg, Schoenberg, or Webern featured (or were inferred) in the work of composers Michael Dellaira, Ernst Krenek, and René Staar and writers William H. Gass, Gert Jonke, Thomas Mann, Thomas Pynchon, and Amelia Rosselli. Erika Fox named her "Malinconia Militare" (2003) after the first line of Rosselli's "Webern Opus 4".

Webern's Op. 27 was used in The Sopranos episode "Bust Out".

References

Citations

Volbach, W. R.; Adorno, Theodor W. (1950). "Philosophie der neuen Musik". Books Abroad. 24 (4): 394. doi:10.2307/40089560. ISSN 0006-7431. JSTOR 40089560.
Rudolf Stephan, "Wiener Schule", Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik, second, revised edition, edited by musicologist Ludwig Finscher, 26 volumes in two parts, (Kassel, Basel, London, : Bärenreiter-Verlag; Stuttgart and Weimar: J. B. Metzler, 1998): Part 1 (Sachteil), vol. 9 (Sy–Z): cols. 2034–45. ISBN 978-3-7618-1128-3 (Bärenreiter); ISBN 978-3-476-41025-2 (Metzler). citation from cols. 2035–36.
Johnson 2006, 198–199.
Krenek 1998, 788.
Shreffler 1994, 21–22.
Viertel 1969, 3, 56–58, 80–82, 101, 167, 197, 206–210, 220, 257–260, 280–281, 314–316.
Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern, p.2n3. Fourth Edition. 1977. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03395-7

Sources

Johnson, Julius. 2006. "Anton Webern, the Social Democratic Kunstelle and Musical Modernism." Austrian Studies 14(1):197–213.
Krenek, Ernst. 1998. Im Atem der Zeit: Erinnerungen an die Moderne, trans. Friedrich Saathen and Sabine Schulte. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe. ISBN 978-3-455-11170-5 (hbk).
Shreffler, Anne C. 1994. Webern and the Lyric Impulse: Songs and Fragments on Poems of Georg Trakl. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-198-16224-7.
Viertel, Salka. 1969. The Kindness of Strangers. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. First edition. ISBN 978-0-03-076470-7 (hbk).

External links

Arnold Schoenberg Center in Vienna

v t e Atonality and post-tonality
Scales and tuning	Equal temperament Mode of limited transposition Mystic chord Octatonic scale Whole-tone scale
Genres and schools	Twelve-tone technique Row List Second Viennese School Serialism Spectral music
Techniques and concepts	Chromaticism Cyclic set Dissonant counterpoint Dynamic tonality Emancipation of the dissonance Klangfarbenmelodie Polymodal chromaticism Polytonality Distance model Quartal and quintal harmony Tone Clock Tone cluster Unified field
Compositions	List of atonal compositions

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Music

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General

v t e Composition schools
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Second Viennese School

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)

Vocal	Vier Lieder, Op. 2 (1899-1900) Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, Op. 15 (1907-1909) Herzgewächse, Op. 20 (1911) Pierrot lunaire, Op. 21 (1912) Vier Lieder, Op. 22 (1913-1916)
Chamber	Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 (1899, 1916-1917 and 1943 arr. for str. orch.) String Quartet No. 1, Op. 7 (1904-1905) String Quartet No. 2 (with soprano), Op. 10 (1907-1908, 1919 and 1929 arr. for str. orch.) Wind Quintet, Op. 26 (1923-1924) Suite, Op. 29 (1925–1926) String Quartet No. 3, Op. 30 (1927) String Quartet No. 4, Op. 37 (1936)
Choral	Gurre-Lieder, Op. (1900-1903, orch. 1910-1911) Die Jakobsleiter (1914–1922, rev. 1944) "Prelude" to Genesis Suite (1945) A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46 (1947)
Orchestral	Pelleas und Melisande, Op. 5 (1902-1903, rev. 1920) Chamber Symphony No. 1, Op. 9 (1906) Fünf Orchesterstücke, Op. 16 (1909, rev. 1922) Variations for orchestra, Op. 31 (1926-1928) Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene, Op. 34 (1929-1930) Chamber Symphony No. 2, Op. 38 (1906–1940) and Op. 38b (arr. for 2pf, 1941-1942)
Instrumental	Drei Klavierstücke, Op. 11 (1909) Sechs kleine Klavierstücke, Op. 19 (1911) Fünf Klavierstücke, Op. 23 (1920-1923) Suite für Klavier, Op. 25 (1921-1923) Klavierstücke, Op. 33a (1928-1929) and Op. 33b (1931)
Opera	Erwartung, Op. 17 (1909) Die glückliche Hand, Op. 18 (1910-1913) Von heute auf morgen, Op. 32 (1928-1929) Moses und Aron (1930–32, compl. Kocsis 2010)
Concertante	Violin Concerto, Op. 36 (1934-1936) Piano Concerto, Op. 42 (1942)
Text	Harmonielehre (1910-1911, rev. 1921)
Drama	Der biblische Weg (1922-1927)

Anton Webern (1883-1945)

Langsamer Satz (1905)
Passacaglia, Op. 1 (1908)
Symphony, Op. 21 (1927-1928)
Concerto for Nine Instruments, Op. 24 (1931-1934)
Variations for piano, Op. 27 (1935-1936)
String Quartet, Op. 28 (1937–38)

Alban Berg (1885-1935)

"Schließe mir die Augen beide" (first setting, 1907)
Seven Early Songs (1905-1908, orch. 1928)
Piano Sonata, Op. 1 (1907-1908, rev. 1920)
String Quartet, Op. 3 (1910, rev. 1924)
Altenberg Lieder, Op. 4 (1911-1912, iv rearr. 1917)
Three Orchestral Pieces, Op. 6 (1913-1915, rev. 1929)
Wozzeck, Op. 7 (1914-1922)
Kammerkonzert (1923-1935; ii "Adagio" arr. for cl, vl, pf 1935)
"Schließe mir die Augen beide" (second setting, 1925)
Lyric Suite (1925-1926 for string quartet, 1928 ii-iv arr. for str. orch.)
Lulu (1928-1935, orch. compl. Cerha 1962-1978)
Der Wein (1929)
Violin Concerto (1935, rev. ed. Douglas Jarman 1996)

v t e Twelve-tone technique and serialism
Fundamentals	Combinatoriality Complementation Derivation Hexachord Interval class Invariance Partition Cross partition Tone row Aggregate List
Permutations	Prime row Retrograde Inversion Retrograde inversion Multiplication
Notable composers	Milton Babbitt Pierre Boulez Josef Matthias Hauer Second Viennese School Alban Berg Arnold Schoenberg Anton Webern Charles Wuorinen ...more...
Related articles	All-interval twelve-tone row All-trichord hexachord Atonality Chromatic scale Duration series Equivalence Formula composition Modernism (music) Punctualism Semitone Set theory Time point Trope
List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions

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