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{{Short description|Art or science of measuring time}} {{Short description|Art or science of measuring time}}
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'''Horology''' ({{lit|the study of time}}; related to ] ''{{wikt-lang|la|horologium}}''; {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὡρολόγιον}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὡρολόγιον}})|instrument for telling the hour}}; {{etymology||''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὥρα}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὥρα}})|hour, time}}, ] ''-o-'', and suffix '']'')<ref>{{OEtymD|horology}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|w(rolo/gion|ὡρολόγιον}}, {{LSJ|w(/ra2|ὥρα|ref}}.</ref> is the study of the measurement of ]. ]s, ], ], ]s, ]es, ], ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]s are all examples of ]s used to measure ]. In current usage, horology refers mainly to the study of mechanical time-keeping devices, while ] more broadly includes electronic devices that have largely supplanted mechanical clocks for the best accuracy and precision in time-keeping.

People interested in horology are called ''horologists''. That term is used both by people who deal professionally with timekeeping apparatuses (watchmakers, clockmakers), as well as ] and scholars of horology. Horology and horologists have numerous organizations, both professional associations and more scholarly societies. The largest horological membership organisation globally is the NAWCC, the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, which is USA based, but also has local chapters elsewhere.

== History ==
{{see also|History of timekeeping devices}}Large watch mechanisms have been installed in the bell towers of the cities of the ] since the ] (examples ] in 1354; ] in 1394; ] in 1405 or ] in 1410).

The manufacture of the first watch mechanisms driven by springs was established in the sixteenth century. These small mechanisms often included astronomical indications and were placed on a table. The cities of ], ] and ] were the first centers of creation and ] of these mechanisms. Quite quickly, other watchmaking centers appeared throughout Europe.

The watchmaking industry began very early in ] and then in ], with multiple inventions and tricks for organizing work and massing production, allowing a very advanced progress for the time, in technology as in the refinement of products, against the background of intervention by the political power.

Precision, automation, fine metalworking, have made it possible to set milestones for other strategic activities, in particular the navy, and other future mechanized industries. This history gradually accelerated from the eighteenth century with the appearance of a massive proto-industry in the ], which preceded the industrial revolution and resisted it for a long time.

=== Jeweler and watchmaker, two professions on the same market ===
Several regions that are part of French-speaking Switzerland have seen the start of the watchmaking industry: Geneva, the Pays de Vaud, the village of La Sagne in the mountains of Neuchâtel, the Joux Valley and its villages, Chenit, Brassus, cradle of famous watchmaking manufactures, such as Audemars Piguet, Jaeger-LeCoultre, Breguet, Blancpain. These regions have experienced an influx of French Huguenot refugees, after the edict of Fontainebleau, after a first wave of immigration arrived a century earlier, after the Saint-Barthélemy massacre in France.

As early as 1541, the reformer ] banned signs of wealth in ], forcing ] and other jewelers, who enjoy a great ] abroad, to turn to ]. The goldsmiths' regulations of 1566 prohibit the manufacture of crosses, ] and other objects used in Catholic worship, forcing craftsmen to turn to "the watch box": the watches are inlaid in boxes, real jewels inside, which we hide in our clothes. ] (1607-1691) and ] (1702-1789) would later become remarkable ] of ] ] in terms of ] that adorn ], ] and ].

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== Museums and libraries ==
], ], ]]]

=== In Europe ===
There are many horology museums and several specialized libraries devoted to the subject. One example is the ], which is also the source of the ] (] 0° 0' 0"), and the home of the first marine timekeepers accurate enough to determine longitude (made by ]). Other horological museums in the London area include the ], which re-opened at the Science Museum in October 2015, the horological collections at the ], the ], and the ]. The ] in ] contains an extensive public collection on horology. In Upton, also in the United Kingdom, at the headquarters of the ], there is the Museum of Timekeeping. A more specialised museum of horology in the United Kingdom is the ] in ], which hosts the world's largest collection of antique ]s.

One of the more comprehensive museums dedicated to horology is the ], in ] in Switzerland, which contains a public library of horology. The ] is smaller but located nearby. Other good horological libraries providing public access are at the ] in Switzerland, at ], and at ].

In France, ] has the Musée du Temps (Museum of Time) in the historic Palais Grenvelle. In ] and ], in ], there is the Museu do Relógio. In Germany, there is the ] in ], in the ], which contains a public library of horology.

The first French watchmaker, ], a native of ] in ], is qualified by the register of inhabitants on November 6, 1554 as a goldsmith and an "orologist". Over the following years, he was followed by watchmakers from ], ], and ], in all for more than fifteen years2. The arrival in 1587 of Charles Cusin, who came from Autun, precedes the birth of a corporation in 1601 under the name of "Maîtrise des horlogers de Genève", on the model of the jurande des orfèvres of 15663. Access to the profession is restricted (only one apprentice per master), but open to foreigners, who founded this "Mastery". The box fitters in 1698 and the engravers in 1716 constitute in turn their own mastery, escaping the jurisdiction of watchmakers and goldsmiths.

=== In North America ===
The two leading specialised horological museums in North America are the ] in ], and the ] in ]. Another museum dedicated to clocks is the ] in ]. One of the most comprehensive horological libraries open to the public is the ] in ].

== Organizations ==
Notable scholarly horological organizations include:
* ] – AWCI (United States of America)
* ] – AHS (United Kingdom)
* ] – BHI (United Kingdom)
* ] (Switzerland)
* ] – DGC (Germany)
* – HSNY (United States of America)
* ] – NAWCC (United States of America)
* - UK Clock & Watch Company based in Bristol

=== World exhibitions ===
* Geneva Time Exhibition
* Salon International de la Haute Horlogerie (SIHH)

== Glossary ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Term !! Explanation
|-
| Chablon
| French term for a ] (not including the dial and hands), that is not completely assembled.
|-
| ]
| French term (commonly used in English-speaking countries) for a movement blank, i.e., an incomplete watch movement sold as a set of loose parts—comprising the main plate, bridges, train, winding and setting mechanism, and regulator. The timing system, escapement, and mainspring, however, are not parts of the ébauche.
|-
| Établissage
| French term for the method of manufacturing watches or movements by assembling their various components. It generally includes the following operations: receipt, inspection and stocking of the "ébauche", the regulating elements and the other parts of the movement and of the make-up; assembling; springing and timing; fitting the dial and hands; casing; final inspection before packing and dispatching.
|-
| Établisseur
| French term for a watch factory that assembles watches from components it buys from other suppliers.
|-
| Factory, works
| In the Swiss watch industry, the term manufacture is used of a factory that manufacturers watches almost completely, as distinct from an ''atelier de terminage'', which only assembles, times, and fits hands and casing.
|-
| Manufacture d'horlogerie
| French term for a watch factory that produces components (particularly the "ébauche") for its products (watches, alarm and desk clocks, etc.).
|-
| ]
| French term for a small secondary source of power, typically a weight or spring, which runs the timekeeping mechanism and is itself periodically rewound by the timepiece's main power source, such as a ].
|-
| Terminage
| French term denoting the process of assembling watch parts for the account of a producer.
|-
| Termineur
| French term for an independent watchmaker (or workshop) engaged in assembling watches, either wholly or in part, for the account of an "établisseur" or a "manufacture", who supply the necessary loose parts. See "atelier de terminage" above.
|}

==See also==
*
{{cmn|
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Wiktionary|horology}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web |title=The Queen has a specialist team of clock masters that spend 40 hours tweaking over 1,000 clocks in her residences for daylight-saving time |date=4 Nov 2021 |author=Maria Noyen |website=Insider |url=https://www.insider.com/queen-clock-masters-spend-40-hours-prepping-for-daylight-saving-2021-11#}}
* Perman, Stacy, , Atria Books (Simon & Schuster), February 2013. {{ISBN|9781439190081}}
* Berner, G.A., , ] FH 1961 - 2012
* Daniels, George, , London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 1981 (reprinted June 15, 2011)
* ], , 1903, from ]
* Grafton, Edward, , London: Aylett and Jones, 1849


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