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{{Short description|German-American lawyer, politician, revolutionary and army officer (1811–1881)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox military person {{Infobox military person
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⚫ | name = Friedrich Hecker
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1881|3|24|1811|9|28}} | death_date={{death date and age|1881|3|24|1811|9|28}}
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'''Friedrich Franz Karl Hecker''' (September 28, 1811 – March 24, 1881) was a German lawyer, politician and revolutionary. He was one of the most popular speakers and agitators of the ]. After moving to the United States, he served as a ] commander in the ] during the ]. '''Friedrich Franz Karl Hecker''' (September 28, 1811 – March 24, 1881) was a German lawyer, politician and revolutionary. He was one of the most popular speakers and agitators of the ]. After moving to the United States, he served as a ] commander in the ] during the ].


==Education and politics== ==Education and politics==
Born at Eichtersheim (now ] in ]), the son of a revenue official, he studied law at the ] with the intention of becoming a lawyer. In Heidelberg he became a member of the ]. In 1838, he was an advocate before the Supreme Court in Mannheim.{{sfn|''New International Encyclopædia''|1905}} He abandoned the legal profession on being elected to the Second Chamber of ] in 1842, and at once began to take part in the opposition against the government, which assumed a more and more openly ] character. His talents as an agitator and his personal charm won him wide popularity and influence. His influence helped to oust the Blittersdorf ministry from office.{{sfn|''New International Encyclopædia''|1905}} Born at Eichtersheim (now ] in ]), the son of a revenue official, he studied law at the ] with the intention of becoming a lawyer. In Heidelberg he became a member of the ]. In 1838, he was an advocate before the Supreme Court in Mannheim.{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1905}} He abandoned the legal profession on being elected to the Second Chamber of ] in 1842, and at once began to take part in the opposition against the government, which assumed a more and more openly ] character. His talents as an agitator and his personal charm won him wide popularity and influence. His influence helped to oust the Blittersdorf ministry from office.{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1905}}


In early 1845 the political issue of the incorporation of ] with ] arose in the public eye, with a particular interest to democratically minded politicians who favored unity of all the German states as a core of their programme. On February 6 he gave a speech opposing this annexation in the Baden Second Chamber, which gave him much notoriety outside Baden. On March 9 his friend and liberal compatriot ] died suddenly of a lung disease, marking the beginning an ever increasing tone of bitterness by Hecker toward the government. Later that year he and ] conducted a campaign of democracy, one result of which was his expulsion from ] on the occasion of a journey to ], which had the effect of adding to his popularity. During this time, even before the outbreak of the revolution, he also began to lean towards ].{{sfn|von Weech|1905}}{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}} In early 1845 the political issue of the incorporation of ] with ] arose in the public eye, with a particular interest to democratically minded politicians who favored unity of all the German states as a core of their programme. On February 6 he gave a speech opposing this annexation in the Baden Second Chamber, which gave him much notoriety outside Baden. On March 9 his friend and liberal compatriot ] died suddenly of a lung disease, marking the beginning an ever increasing tone of bitterness by Hecker toward the government. Later that year he and ] conducted a campaign of democracy, one result of which was his expulsion from ] on the occasion of a journey to ], which had the effect of adding to his popularity. During this time, even before the outbreak of the revolution, he also began to lean towards ].{{sfn|von Weech|1905}}{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}}


==1848-49 revolutions== ==1848–49 revolutions==
{{POV check|section|date=February 2013}}
] ]
In 1847 he was temporarily occupied with ideas of emigration, and with this object made a journey to ], but returned to Baden and resumed his former position as the radical champion of popular rights, later becoming president of the ], where he was destined to fall still further under the influence of the agitator ]. In conjunction with Struve he drew up the radical programme carried at the great Liberal meeting held at ] on September 12, 1847 (entitled ''Thirteen Claims put forward by the People of Baden''). In addition to the Offenburg programme, the Sturm petition of March 1, 1848, attempted to extort from the government the most far-reaching concessions. But it was in vain that on becoming a deputy Hecker endeavoured to carry out its impracticable provisions. He had to yield to the more moderate majority, but on this account was driven still further towards the Left. The proof lies in the new Offenburg demands of March 19, and in the resolution moved by Hecker in the preliminary ] that Germany should be declared a republic. But neither in Baden nor Frankfurt did he at any time gain his point.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}} In 1847 he was temporarily occupied with ideas of emigration, and with this object made a journey to ], but returned to Baden and resumed his former position as the radical champion of popular rights, later becoming president of the ], where he was destined to fall still further under the influence of the agitator ]. In conjunction with Struve he drew up the radical programme carried at the great Liberal meeting held at ] on September 12, 1847 (entitled ''Thirteen Claims put forward by the People of Baden''). In addition to the Offenburg programme, the Sturm petition of March 1, 1848, attempted to gain from the government the most far-reaching concessions. But it was in vain that on becoming a deputy Hecker endeavoured to carry out its provisions. He had to yield to the more moderate majority, but on this account was driven still further towards the Left. The proof lies in the new Offenburg demands of March 19, and in the resolution moved by Hecker in the preliminary ] that Germany should be declared a republic. But neither in Baden nor Frankfurt did he at any time gain his point.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}}


]]] ]]]
This double failure, combined with various energetic measures of the government, which were indirectly aimed at him (e.g. the arrest of the editor of the ''Constanzer Seeblatt'', a friend of Hecker's, in Karlsruhe station on April 8), inspired Hecker with the idea of an armed rising under pretext of the foundation of the German republic. The 9th to 11 April were secretly spent in preliminaries of what would be known as the ]. On April 12, Hecker and Struve sent a proclamation to the inhabitants of the ] and of the ] to summon the people who could bear arms to ] at mid-day on the 14th, with arms, ammunition and provisions for six days. They expected 70,000 men, but only a few thousand appeared.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}} This double failure, combined with various energetic measures of the government, which were indirectly aimed at him (e.g. the arrest of the editor of the ''Constanzer Seeblatt'', a friend of Hecker's, in Karlsruhe station on April 8), inspired Hecker with the idea of an armed rising for the foundation of the German republic. The 9th to 11 April were secretly spent in preliminaries of what would be known as the ]. On April 12, Hecker and Struve sent a proclamation to the inhabitants of the ] and of the ] to summon the people who could bear arms to ] at mid-day on the 14th, with arms, ammunition and provisions for six days. They expected 70,000 men, but only a few thousand appeared.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}}


The grand-ducal government of the Seekreis was dissolved, and Hecker gradually gained reinforcements. But friendly advisers also joined him, pointing out the risks of his undertaking. Hecker, however, was not at all ready to listen to them. On the contrary, he added to violence an absurd defiance, and offered an amnesty to the German princes on condition of their retiring within fourteen days into private life. The troops of Baden and ] marched against him, under the command of General ], and on April 20 they met near ], where, although Gagern was killed, Hecker was completely defeated.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}} The grand-ducal government of the Seekreis was dissolved, and Hecker gradually gained reinforcements. But friendly advisers also joined him, pointing out the risks of his undertaking. Hecker disagreed with them. The troops of Baden and ] marched against him, under the command of General ], and on April 20 they met near ], where, although Gagern was killed, Hecker was defeated.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}}


He fled into the ], where he published a radical newspaper, and wrote his work ''Die Volkserhebung in Baden'' (“The popular uprising in Baden”). Although he was again elected to the chamber of Baden, the government, no longer willing to respect his immunity as a deputy, refused its ratification. On being refused admission to the Frankfort Parliament, though twice elected to represent ], Hecker resolved in September 1848 to emigrate to North America like many other “],” and bought a farm near ].{{sfn|''New International Encyclopædia''|1905}} He fled into the ], where he published a radical newspaper, and wrote his work "{{Lang|de|Die Volkserhebung in Baden}}" ("The popular uprising in Baden"). He was again elected to the chamber of Baden, but the government refused its ratification and would no longer respect his immunity as a deputy. On being refused admission to the Frankfurt Parliament, though twice elected to represent ], Hecker resolved in September 1848 to emigrate to North America like many other ] and bought a farm near ].{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1905}}


==American experience and the Civil War== ==American experience and the Civil War==
] ]
After moving to the United States, Hecker always maintained an acute interest in events in Germany. In the spring of 1849, the Baden revolution re-ignited, and Hecker returned to Europe to participate. However, he only made it as far as ] when word came that the insurrection had been defeated by Prussian troops and he returned to Illinois.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}} In 1851 he wrote a foreword to the German translation of ]'s ''The Rights of Man'' which was published in Leipzig in 1851.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} After moving to the United States, Hecker always maintained an acute interest in events in Germany. In the spring of 1849, the Baden revolution re-ignited, and Hecker returned to Europe to participate. However, he only made it as far as ] when word came that the insurrection had been defeated by the ] and he returned to Illinois.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}} In 1851 he wrote a foreword to the German translation of ]'s '']'' which was published in ] in 1851.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}


However, like most ], his attention became increasingly focused on domestic political issues in the United States, and in particular the issue of ].{{sfn|Cole|1922|pp=23-25}} When the ] was organized at a convention in 1856, German-American Forty-Eighters were everywhere conspicuous in the proceedings; Hecker and ] were selected to be the two ] if ] were to win the state (which he did not).{{sfn|Cole|1922|p=146}} The Republicans attracted a wide array of political perspectives, with often strongly divergent views except for their opposition to slavery, and the interests of the immigrant Forty-Eighters was in conflict with the nativist ]s. The influence of Hecker and the other German-American leaders was critical in keeping the party unified in regard to its most important principles.{{sfn|Cole|1922|p=151}} However, like most ], his attention became increasingly focused on domestic political issues in the United States, and in particular the issue of ].{{sfn|Cole|1922|pp=23-25}} When the ] was organized at a convention in 1856, ] ] were everywhere conspicuous in the proceedings; Hecker and ] were selected to be the two ] if ] were to win the state (which he did not).{{sfn|Cole|1922|p=146}} The Republicans attracted a wide array of political perspectives, with often strongly divergent views except for their opposition to slavery, and the interests of the immigrant Forty-Eighters was in sharp conflict with those of the nativist ]s. The influence of Hecker and the other German-American leaders was critical in keeping the party unified in regard to its most important principles.{{sfn|Cole|1922|p=151}}


After the ], Lincoln called for ] from among the state militia. The Illinois allotment of 6,000 volunteers was exceeded in five days. By June, ten regiments had been accepted, one of which was the ], commanded by now ] Hecker. The 24th Illinois was the first unit mobilized from Chicago, and was made up of German, Hungarian, Czech and Slovak immigrants, mostly Forty-Eighters. In the early days of the war, the 24th Illinois primarily was assigned to garrison and other rear echelon duties in the western theaters. Under the conditions of dreary guard duty, and not being professional soldiers, morale and discipline faltered, and Hecker resigned his command on December 23, 1861.{{sfn|Wagner|1864|pp=5-8}} The 24th continued on, still under the informal name of "Hecker's Old Regiment," and saw action throughout the western theater, including at ]. After the ], Lincoln called for ] from among the state militia. The Illinois allotment of 6,000 volunteers was exceeded in five days. By June, ten regiments had been accepted, one of which was the ], commanded by now ] Hecker. The 24th Illinois was the first unit mobilized from Chicago, and was made up of German, Hungarian, Czech and Slovak immigrants, mostly Forty-Eighters. In the early days of the war, the 24th Illinois primarily was assigned to garrison and other rear echelon duties in the western theaters. Under the conditions of dreary guard duty, and not being professional soldiers, morale and discipline faltered, and Hecker resigned his command on December 23, 1861.{{sfn|Wagner|1864|pp=5-8}} The 24th continued on, still under the informal name of "Hecker's Old Regiment," and saw action throughout the western theater, including at ].


In October 1862, he became colonel of the ]. Approximately two-thirds of its members were German immigrants and most of the other third was composed of immigrants from various countries. Company C was entirely made up of ], and Company I was all ]ns. The unit served in the ], and Hecker was badly wounded at ] on May 2, 1863. After recovering from his wounds, he later served at the ] and in the capturing of ] and ]. Hecker resigned this command on March 21, 1864, but like the 24th Illinois, "Hecker's Second Regiment" continued on active duty for the remainder of the war. In October 1862, he became colonel of the ]. Approximately two-thirds of its members were German immigrants and most of the other third was composed of immigrants from various countries. Company C was entirely made up of ], and Company I was all ]ns. The unit served in the ], and Hecker was badly wounded at ] on May 2, 1863. After recovering from his wounds, he later served at the ] and in the capturing of ] and ]. Hecker resigned this command on March 21, 1864, but like the 24th Illinois, "Hecker's Second Regiment" continued on active duty for the remainder of the war.


When Hecker returned home, almost immediately he became involved in a political split in the Republican Party. Dissatisfaction among ] with Lincoln's middle political road came to a head in May 1864 when Hecker led a faction of Frémont supporters to oppose Lincoln's renomination. The Lincoln faction won, and Hecker and others organized an independent convention in Cleveland to nominate Frémont (Frémont ultimately withdrew). The effect, in the end, was to strengthen Lincoln's candidacy among mainstream Republicans.{{sfn|Cole|1922|p=316}} When Hecker returned home, almost immediately he became involved in a political split in the Republican Party. Dissatisfaction among ] with Lincoln's middle political road came to a head in May 1864 when Hecker led a faction of Frémont supporters to oppose Lincoln's renomination. The Lincoln faction won, and Hecker and others organized an independent convention in Cleveland to nominate Frémont (Frémont ultimately withdrew). The effect, in the end, was to strengthen Lincoln's candidacy among mainstream Republicans.{{sfn|Cole|1922|p=316}}


==Post-war activities and reputation== ==Post-war activities and reputation==
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After the war, Hecker returned to his farm in Illinois. It was with great joy that he heard of the union of Germany brought about by the ] in 1870-71. It was then that he gave his famous address at ], in which he gave animated expression to the enthusiasm of the German Americans for their newly united fatherland. After the war, he became more and more involved in the ] press and ] activities. He received a less favourable impression when he visited Germany in 1873 for criticizing lack of individual rights and the size of government in the new German government organization. He died at his farm in ], Illinois on March 24, 1881.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}} After the war, Hecker returned to his farm in Illinois. It was with great joy that he heard of the union of Germany brought about by the ] in 1870-71. It was then that he gave his famous address at ], in which he gave animated expression to the enthusiasm of the German Americans for their newly united fatherland. After the war, he became more and more involved in the ] press and ] activities. He received a less favourable impression when he visited Germany in 1873 for criticizing lack of individual rights and the size of government in the new German government organization. He died at his farm in ], Illinois on March 24, 1881.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}}


Hecker was always very much a favourite with all the German democrats. The song ("Heckerlied") and the hat named after him (a broad ] with a feather) became famous as the symbols of the middle-classes in revolt. In America he won great esteem, not only on political grounds but also for his personal qualities.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}} Hecker was always very much a favourite with all the German democrats. The song ({{
Interlanguage link
| 1=Heckerlied
| 2=de
| 3=Heckerlied
| lt="Heckerlied"
}}) and the hat named after him (a broad ] with a feather) became famous as the symbols of the middle-classes in revolt. In America he won great esteem, not only on political grounds but also for his personal qualities.{{sfn|Hashagen|1911|p=194}}


On October 1, 1882, the Friedrich Hecker Monument was installed in Benton Park, in St. Louis, Missouri. More than 15,000 people reportedly attended. The monument is a tall obelisk in the southeastern section of the park.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thecivilwarmuse.com/index.php?page=hecker-monument| title=The Friedrich Hecker Monument in Benton Park| publisher=The Civil War Muse| accessdate= October 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/metro/news/this-week-in-south-side-history-pastoral-city-park-rests-on-site-of-former-graveyard/article_27c4d173-058c-5f12-a36b-abf5e28d2f3d.html| author=Jim Merkel| title=THIS WEEK IN SOUTH SIDE HISTORY: Pastoral city park rests on site of former graveyard| publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch| date=June 24, 2009}}</ref>
⚫ ==Descendants==


⚫ ==Descendants==
⚫ Among Hecker's male-line descendants are US Army Col. ], a veteran of the ], and Major ], a former English instructor at ] and scholar of ]'s military career who was killed in the ] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 41506256|title = Major William F. Hecker|journal = The Edgar Allan Poe Review|volume = 7|issue = 1|pages = 104–109|last1 = Fusco|first1 = Richard|last2 = Hoffman|first2 = Daniel|last3 = MacGowan|first3 = Tony|last4 = McKenna-Uff|first4 = Helen|last5 = Ranger|first5 = Park|year = 2006}}</ref>
Among Hecker's male-line descendants are:
* Colonel Bill Hecker, U.S. Army veteran of the ]
⚫ * Major William Frederick Hecker III (1968{{Spaced en dash}}2006), former English instructor at ], scholar of ]'s military career, killed in the ] in 2006<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 41506256|title = Major William F. Hecker|journal = The Edgar Allan Poe Review|volume = 7|issue = 1|pages = 104–109|last1 = Fusco|first1 = Richard|last2 = Hoffman|first2 = Daniel|last3 = MacGowan|first3 = Tony|last4 = McKenna-Uff|first4 = Helen|last5 = Ranger|first5 = Park|year = 2006}}</ref>
* Lansing G. Hecker (1949{{Spaced en dash}}present), former U.S. naval officer (1971{{Spaced en dash}}1977), German Honorary Consul with jurisdiction in Missouri and Illinois (2004{{Spaced en dash}}2016), advertising business owner in St. Louis, Missouri
* Edward N. Hecker, U.S. Navy veteran, retired entrepreneur, lives in St. Louis, Missouri
* George S. Hecker (deceased), World War II veteran, distinguished lawyer in St. Louis, Missouri, father of Edward N. Hecker
* David Hecker (2004{{Spaced en dash}}present){{Importance inline}}


==Works== ==Works==
Some published works by Friedrich Hecker Selected published works:
* ''Die Erhebung des Volkes in Baden für die deutsche Republik''. Basel, 1848 (Reprint edition: Köln: ISP-Verlag, 1997 {{ISBN|3-929008-94-7}}) * ''Die Erhebung des Volkes in Baden für die deutsche Republik''. Basel, 1848 (Reprint edition: Köln: ISP-Verlag, 1997 {{ISBN|3-929008-94-7}})
* ''Deutschland und Dänemark : für das deutsche Volk''. Schaffhausen, 1847 * ''Deutschland und Dänemark: Für das deutsche Volk''. Schaffhausen, 1847
* ''Reden und Vorlesungen''. St Louis Neerstadt a. d. Haardt, 1872 * ''Reden und Vorlesungen''. St Louis Neerstadt a. d. Haardt, 1872
* ''Aus den Reden & Vorlesungen von Friedrich Hecker / ausgewählt und mit einem Nachwort von Helmut Bender''. Waldkirch : Waldkircher Verl.-Ges., 1985 {{ISBN|3-87885-119-7}} (Badische Reihe; 15) * ''Aus den Reden & Vorlesungen von Friedrich Hecker / ausgewählt und mit einem Nachwort von Helmut Bender''. Waldkirch: Waldkircher Verl.-Ges., 1985 {{ISBN|3-87885-119-7}} (Badische Reihe; 15)
* ''Gepfefferte Briefe''. Mannheim: I. Schneider, 1868 * ''Gepfefferte Briefe''. Mannheim: I. Schneider, 1868


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|American Civil War|United States Army}} {{Portal|Biography|American Civil War}}
* ]
*] * ]
*], named after a nephew of Hecker
*] * ], named after a nephew of Hecker
* ]


==Notes== ==Notes==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==References== ==References==
* {{cite wikisource |title=Hecker, Frederick (Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie) |wslink=ADB:Hecker, Friedrich |first=Friedrich |last=] |wslanguage=de |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |year=1905 |location=München/Leipzig |volume=IV |ref=harv}} * {{cite wikisource |title=Hecker, Frederick (Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie) |wslink=ADB:Hecker, Friedrich |first=Friedrich |last=von Weech |author-link=Friedrich von Weech |wslanguage=de |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |year=1905 |location=München/Leipzig |volume=IV }}
* {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Arthur Charles |title=The Era of the Civil War 1848-1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/centennialhisto03illi |accessdate=February 23, 2012 |year=1922 |publisher=A.C. McClurg & Co. |location=Chicago |ref=harv |series=The Centennial History of Illinois |volume=3}} * {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Arthur Charles |title=The Era of the Civil War 1848-1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/centennialhisto03illi |access-date=February 23, 2012 |year=1922 |publisher=A.C. McClurg & Co. |location=Chicago |series=The Centennial History of Illinois |volume=3}}
* {{cite book |last=Wagner |first=Dr. William |title=History of the 24th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Old Hecker Regiment) |url=https://archive.org/details/historyof24thill00wagn |accessdate=February 23, 2012 |year=1864 |publisher=Illinois Staats Zeitung |location=Chicago |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Wagner |first=Dr. William |title=History of the 24th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Old Hecker Regiment) |url=https://archive.org/details/historyof24thill00wagn |access-date=February 23, 2012 |year=1864 |publisher=Illinois Staats Zeitung |location=Chicago }}


==Sources==
;Attribution
* {{NIE|wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz|year=1905}} * {{NIE|wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz|year=1905}}
* {{EB1911 |last=Hashagen |first=Justus |wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Franz Karl |volume=13|page=194}} * {{EB1911 |last=Hashagen |first=Justus |wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Franz Karl |volume=13|page=194}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* ], ''Aus dem Nachlasse von Karl Mathy: Briefe aus den Jahren 1846-1848''; ... hrsg. von Ludwig Mathy. Leipzig, 1898 * ], ''Aus dem Nachlasse von Karl Mathy: Briefe aus den Jahren 1846–1848''; hrsg. von Ludwig Mathy. Leipzig, 1898
* ''Erinnerung an Friedrich Hecker''. St Louis, Missouri, 1882 (Reprint edition: Köln: ß-Verl. Gruch, 1998 {{ISBN|3-931395-08-1}}) * ''Erinnerung an Friedrich Hecker''. St Louis, Missouri, 1882 (Reprint edition: Köln: ß-Verl. Gruch, 1998 {{ISBN|3-931395-08-1}})
* ''Friedrich Hecker und sein Antheil an der Geschichte Deutschlands und Amerikas''; hrsg. unter den Auspizien des deutsch-amerikanischen Hecker Denkmal-Vereins von Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati, Ohio: Deutsch-Amerikanischer Hecker-Denkmal-Verein, 1881 * ''Friedrich Hecker und sein Antheil an der Geschichte Deutschlands und Amerikas''; hrsg. unter den Auspizien des deutsch-amerikanischen Hecker Denkmal-Vereins von Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati, Ohio: Deutsch-Amerikanischer Hecker-Denkmal-Verein, 1881
* Don Heinrich Tolzmann, ed., Illinois' German Heritage. Milford, Ohio: Little Miami Publishing Co., 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-932250-27-5}} * Don Heinrich Tolzmann, ed., ''Illinois' German Heritage''. Milford, Ohio: Little Miami Publishing Co., 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-932250-27-5}}
* Sabine Freitag, ''Friedrich Hecker: Two Lives for Liberty''. Transl. from the German and ed. by Steven Rowan. St. Louis Mercantile Library, University of Missouri, 2006.


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Friedrich Hecker}} {{Commons category|Friedrich Hecker}}
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz}} * {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz|short=x}}
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz|year=1892 |short=x |notaref=x}} * {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz|year=1892 |short=x |notaref=x}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz|year=1920 |short=x}} * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz|year=1920 |short=x}}
* {{findagrave|8456659}} * {{Find a Grave|8456659}}


{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hecker, Friedrich}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hecker, Friedrich}}

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Latest revision as of 18:03, 24 November 2024

German-American lawyer, politician, revolutionary and army officer (1811–1881)

Friedrich Hecker
Born(1811-09-28)September 28, 1811
Eichtersheim, Grand Duchy of Baden
DiedMarch 24, 1881(1881-03-24) (aged 69)
Summerfield, Illinois, United States
BuriedSummerfield Cemetery
AllegianceUnited States
Union
Service / branchUnion Army
Years of service1861–1865
Rank Colonel
Commands24th Illinois Infantry Regiment
82nd Illinois Infantry Regiment
3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XI Corps
Battles / warsHecker Uprising
American Civil War
Other workLawyer, politician
Signature

Friedrich Franz Karl Hecker (September 28, 1811 – March 24, 1881) was a German lawyer, politician and revolutionary. He was one of the most popular speakers and agitators of the 1848 Revolution. After moving to the United States, he served as a brigade commander in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Education and politics

Born at Eichtersheim (now Angelbachtal in Baden-Württemberg), the son of a revenue official, he studied law at the University of Heidelberg with the intention of becoming a lawyer. In Heidelberg he became a member of the Corps Rhenania. In 1838, he was an advocate before the Supreme Court in Mannheim. He abandoned the legal profession on being elected to the Second Chamber of Baden in 1842, and at once began to take part in the opposition against the government, which assumed a more and more openly radical character. His talents as an agitator and his personal charm won him wide popularity and influence. His influence helped to oust the Blittersdorf ministry from office.

In early 1845 the political issue of the incorporation of Schleswig and Holstein with Denmark arose in the public eye, with a particular interest to democratically minded politicians who favored unity of all the German states as a core of their programme. On February 6 he gave a speech opposing this annexation in the Baden Second Chamber, which gave him much notoriety outside Baden. On March 9 his friend and liberal compatriot Adolf Sander died suddenly of a lung disease, marking the beginning an ever increasing tone of bitterness by Hecker toward the government. Later that year he and Johann Adam von Itzstein conducted a campaign of democracy, one result of which was his expulsion from Prussia on the occasion of a journey to Stettin, which had the effect of adding to his popularity. During this time, even before the outbreak of the revolution, he also began to lean towards socialism.

1848–49 revolutions

Glorification of Friedrich Hecker

In 1847 he was temporarily occupied with ideas of emigration, and with this object made a journey to Algiers, but returned to Baden and resumed his former position as the radical champion of popular rights, later becoming president of the Volksverein, where he was destined to fall still further under the influence of the agitator Gustav von Struve. In conjunction with Struve he drew up the radical programme carried at the great Liberal meeting held at Offenburg on September 12, 1847 (entitled Thirteen Claims put forward by the People of Baden). In addition to the Offenburg programme, the Sturm petition of March 1, 1848, attempted to gain from the government the most far-reaching concessions. But it was in vain that on becoming a deputy Hecker endeavoured to carry out its provisions. He had to yield to the more moderate majority, but on this account was driven still further towards the Left. The proof lies in the new Offenburg demands of March 19, and in the resolution moved by Hecker in the preliminary Frankfurt Parliament that Germany should be declared a republic. But neither in Baden nor Frankfurt did he at any time gain his point.

Friedrich Hecker leaving Germany at Strassburg

This double failure, combined with various energetic measures of the government, which were indirectly aimed at him (e.g. the arrest of the editor of the Constanzer Seeblatt, a friend of Hecker's, in Karlsruhe station on April 8), inspired Hecker with the idea of an armed rising for the foundation of the German republic. The 9th to 11 April were secretly spent in preliminaries of what would be known as the Hecker Uprising. On April 12, Hecker and Struve sent a proclamation to the inhabitants of the Seekreis and of the Black Forest to summon the people who could bear arms to Donaueschingen at mid-day on the 14th, with arms, ammunition and provisions for six days. They expected 70,000 men, but only a few thousand appeared.

The grand-ducal government of the Seekreis was dissolved, and Hecker gradually gained reinforcements. But friendly advisers also joined him, pointing out the risks of his undertaking. Hecker disagreed with them. The troops of Baden and Hesse marched against him, under the command of General Friedrich von Gagern, and on April 20 they met near Kandern, where, although Gagern was killed, Hecker was defeated.

He fled into the Canton of Basel, where he published a radical newspaper, and wrote his work "Die Volkserhebung in Baden" ("The popular uprising in Baden"). He was again elected to the chamber of Baden, but the government refused its ratification and would no longer respect his immunity as a deputy. On being refused admission to the Frankfurt Parliament, though twice elected to represent Thiengen, Hecker resolved in September 1848 to emigrate to North America like many other Forty-Eighters and bought a farm near Belleville, Illinois.

American experience and the Civil War

Colonel Hecker during the American Civil War

After moving to the United States, Hecker always maintained an acute interest in events in Germany. In the spring of 1849, the Baden revolution re-ignited, and Hecker returned to Europe to participate. However, he only made it as far as Strassburg when word came that the insurrection had been defeated by the Prussian Army and he returned to Illinois. In 1851 he wrote a foreword to the German translation of Thomas Paine's The Rights of Man which was published in Leipzig in 1851.

However, like most Forty-Eighters, his attention became increasingly focused on domestic political issues in the United States, and in particular the issue of abolishing slavery. When the Illinois Republican Party was organized at a convention in 1856, German-American Forty-Eighters were everywhere conspicuous in the proceedings; Hecker and Abraham Lincoln were selected to be the two electors-at-large if John Frémont were to win the state (which he did not). The Republicans attracted a wide array of political perspectives, with often strongly divergent views except for their opposition to slavery, and the interests of the immigrant Forty-Eighters was in sharp conflict with those of the nativist Know Nothings. The influence of Hecker and the other German-American leaders was critical in keeping the party unified in regard to its most important principles.

After the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers from among the state militia. The Illinois allotment of 6,000 volunteers was exceeded in five days. By June, ten regiments had been accepted, one of which was the 24th Illinois Infantry Regiment, commanded by now Colonel Hecker. The 24th Illinois was the first unit mobilized from Chicago, and was made up of German, Hungarian, Czech and Slovak immigrants, mostly Forty-Eighters. In the early days of the war, the 24th Illinois primarily was assigned to garrison and other rear echelon duties in the western theaters. Under the conditions of dreary guard duty, and not being professional soldiers, morale and discipline faltered, and Hecker resigned his command on December 23, 1861. The 24th continued on, still under the informal name of "Hecker's Old Regiment," and saw action throughout the western theater, including at Chickamauga.

In October 1862, he became colonel of the 82nd Illinois Infantry Regiment. Approximately two-thirds of its members were German immigrants and most of the other third was composed of immigrants from various countries. Company C was entirely made up of European Jews, and Company I was all Scandinavians. The unit served in the eastern campaigns, and Hecker was badly wounded at Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863. After recovering from his wounds, he later served at the Battle of Missionary Ridge and in the capturing of Chattanooga and Knoxville. Hecker resigned this command on March 21, 1864, but like the 24th Illinois, "Hecker's Second Regiment" continued on active duty for the remainder of the war.

When Hecker returned home, almost immediately he became involved in a political split in the Republican Party. Dissatisfaction among radical republicans with Lincoln's middle political road came to a head in May 1864 when Hecker led a faction of Frémont supporters to oppose Lincoln's renomination. The Lincoln faction won, and Hecker and others organized an independent convention in Cleveland to nominate Frémont (Frémont ultimately withdrew). The effect, in the end, was to strengthen Lincoln's candidacy among mainstream Republicans.

Post-war activities and reputation

Friedrich Hecker's Farm in Summerfield, Illinois

After the war, Hecker returned to his farm in Illinois. It was with great joy that he heard of the union of Germany brought about by the victory over France in 1870-71. It was then that he gave his famous address at St. Louis, in which he gave animated expression to the enthusiasm of the German Americans for their newly united fatherland. After the war, he became more and more involved in the German-language press and Republican Party activities. He received a less favourable impression when he visited Germany in 1873 for criticizing lack of individual rights and the size of government in the new German government organization. He died at his farm in Summerfield, Illinois on March 24, 1881.

Hecker was always very much a favourite with all the German democrats. The song ("Heckerlied" [de]) and the hat named after him (a broad slouch hat with a feather) became famous as the symbols of the middle-classes in revolt. In America he won great esteem, not only on political grounds but also for his personal qualities.

On October 1, 1882, the Friedrich Hecker Monument was installed in Benton Park, in St. Louis, Missouri. More than 15,000 people reportedly attended. The monument is a tall obelisk in the southeastern section of the park.

Descendants

Among Hecker's male-line descendants are:

  • Colonel Bill Hecker, U.S. Army veteran of the Vietnam War
  • Major William Frederick Hecker III (1968 – 2006), former English instructor at West Point, scholar of Edgar Allan Poe's military career, killed in the Iraq War in 2006
  • Lansing G. Hecker (1949 – present), former U.S. naval officer (1971 – 1977), German Honorary Consul with jurisdiction in Missouri and Illinois (2004 – 2016), advertising business owner in St. Louis, Missouri
  • Edward N. Hecker, U.S. Navy veteran, retired entrepreneur, lives in St. Louis, Missouri
  • George S. Hecker (deceased), World War II veteran, distinguished lawyer in St. Louis, Missouri, father of Edward N. Hecker
  • David Hecker (2004 – present)

Works

Selected published works:

  • Die Erhebung des Volkes in Baden für die deutsche Republik. Basel, 1848 (Reprint edition: Köln: ISP-Verlag, 1997 ISBN 3-929008-94-7)
  • Deutschland und Dänemark: Für das deutsche Volk. Schaffhausen, 1847
  • Reden und Vorlesungen. St Louis Neerstadt a. d. Haardt, 1872
  • Aus den Reden & Vorlesungen von Friedrich Hecker / ausgewählt und mit einem Nachwort von Helmut Bender. Waldkirch: Waldkircher Verl.-Ges., 1985 ISBN 3-87885-119-7 (Badische Reihe; 15)
  • Gepfefferte Briefe. Mannheim: I. Schneider, 1868

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Gilman, Peck & Colby 1905.
  2. von Weech 1905.
  3. ^ Hashagen 1911, p. 194.
  4. Cole 1922, pp. 23–25.
  5. Cole 1922, p. 146.
  6. Cole 1922, p. 151.
  7. Wagner 1864, pp. 5–8.
  8. Cole 1922, p. 316.
  9. "The Friedrich Hecker Monument in Benton Park". The Civil War Muse. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  10. Jim Merkel (June 24, 2009). "THIS WEEK IN SOUTH SIDE HISTORY: Pastoral city park rests on site of former graveyard". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  11. Fusco, Richard; Hoffman, Daniel; MacGowan, Tony; McKenna-Uff, Helen; Ranger, Park (2006). "Major William F. Hecker". The Edgar Allan Poe Review. 7 (1): 104–109. JSTOR 41506256.

References

Sources

Further reading

  • Karl Mathy, Aus dem Nachlasse von Karl Mathy: Briefe aus den Jahren 1846–1848; hrsg. von Ludwig Mathy. Leipzig, 1898
  • Erinnerung an Friedrich Hecker. St Louis, Missouri, 1882 (Reprint edition: Köln: ß-Verl. Gruch, 1998 ISBN 3-931395-08-1)
  • Friedrich Hecker und sein Antheil an der Geschichte Deutschlands und Amerikas; hrsg. unter den Auspizien des deutsch-amerikanischen Hecker Denkmal-Vereins von Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati, Ohio: Deutsch-Amerikanischer Hecker-Denkmal-Verein, 1881 Internet Archive
  • Don Heinrich Tolzmann, ed., Illinois' German Heritage. Milford, Ohio: Little Miami Publishing Co., 2005. ISBN 978-1-932250-27-5
  • Sabine Freitag, Friedrich Hecker: Two Lives for Liberty. Transl. from the German and ed. by Steven Rowan. St. Louis Mercantile Library, University of Missouri, 2006.

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