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The '''Free Internet Chess Server''' (FICS) is a volunteer-run ]. It was organised as a free alternative to the ] (ICC), after that site began charging for membership.<ref name=":1" /> The '''Free Internet Chess Server''' (FICS) is a volunteer-run ]. It launched in 1995, in response to the commercialization of the original American Internet Chess Server (ICS).<ref name=":1" />


==History== ==History==
In January 1992, Michael Moore of the ] and Richard Nash started the first online service facilitating live chess games, the American Internet Chess Server (commonly known as the Internet Chess Server or ICS). The initial release, accessible via ], was hosted at the ]<nowiki/>h, but over its first two years it moved repeatedly across American universities, with additional servers opening and connecting to each other through Nash's Internet Ratings Server.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Petroff |first=Chris |date=2009-03-05 |title=History of the Internet Chess Server – Part I |url=http://members.cox.net/cpetroff/FICS/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313150500/http://members.cox.net/cpetroff/FICS/ |archive-date=2010-03-13 |access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref><ref name="fics10year"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Doggers |first=Peter |title=The Chess Revolution: From the Ancient World to the Digital Age |publisher=Puzzlewright |year=2024 |isbn=9781454959243}}</ref> The software was coded, supported, and operated by volunteers. ], professor of computer science at ], took over operation in July 1992 and improved the code. One of his primary contributions was a mechanism to adjust clock times for the effects of internet lag. He announced plans to commercialize the service, copyrighted the code in 1994, and rebranded it as the Internet Chess Club (ICC) in 1995, charging membership fees.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.edcollins.com/chess/fics-icc.htm |title=Pawns Call King a Rook |first=Brad |last=Stone |access-date=2010-05-10 |date=2006-05-11 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=November 1995 |title=Trapped in the (Inter) Net |url=https://www.chicagochessleague.org/cicl/bulls/history/Yr1995_96/Nov1995.pdf |website=The Chicago Chess Player}}</ref>
{{stack|]}}
On {{start date and age|1992|1|15|df=y|paren=y}}, Michael Moore of the ] and Richard Nash started the first ], named the American Internet Chess Server (AICS), but generally known as simply the Internet Chess Server (ICS). The initial release was hosted at the ], but it was moved to ] later the same year.<ref name="fics10year"/>


Sleator's decision to commercialize the ICS was controversial, outraging members who felt the internet should be free and open, or who simply did not want to pay for a service which had been free.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Hurst |first=Sarah |title=Chess on the Web |publisher=Batsford |year=1999 |isbn=9780713485776}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Several former ICS programmers saw the move as exploiting their work. On the day its rebranding was announced, programmers created a mailing list focused on developing an alternative, though work had been in progress, using Nash's original code, since Sleator initially revealed his commercialization plans.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Several developers contributed, led by Nash, Henrik Gram, David Flynn, and Chris Petroff. The effort reacting to commercialization led to servers in several places around the world and in the United States, with the latter consolidating to form the Free Internet Chess Server, which launched on March 5, 1995.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="fics10year">{{Cite web|url=http://www.freechess.org/Events/Anniversary/2005/index.html |title=FICS 10th Anniversary Celebrations |access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref> Its tagline is "we do it for the game--not the money".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Slater |first=Derek |date=September 1, 1999 |title=Knight Moves |work=CIO|pages=20}}</ref> After a few months, it had 1,500 members.<ref name=":3" />
The software was coded, supported, and operated by volunteers until {{start date and age|1995|3|1|df=y|paren=y}}, when administrators{{who|date=April 2024}} began charging players for membership and changed the name to the ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.edcollins.com/chess/fics-icc.htm |title=Pawns Call King a Rook |first=Brad |last=Stone |access-date=2010-05-10 |date=2006-05-11 }}</ref>


⚫ In 1998, the Free Internet Chess Organization (FICS) was organized as a ], although the formal entity was dissolved in 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://gambiter.com/chess/online/Free_internet_chess_server.html|title=Free Internet Chess Server|website=gambiter.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-28}}</ref> The server is still maintained and administered by volunteers.<ref name=":0" />
Several former ICS programmers saw the commercialization of ICS as an exploitation of their work. This group, led by Chris Petroff and Henrik Gram, developed FICS as an alternative to the paid model, giving users free, unrestricted access. The server debuted on {{start date and age|1995|3|3|df=y|paren=y}}, just two days after the ICC announcement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.cox.net/cpetroff/FICS/ |title=History of the Internet Chess Server – Part I |first=Chris |last=Petroff |date=2009-03-05 |access-date=2010-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313150500/http://members.cox.net/cpetroff/FICS/ |archive-date=2010-03-13 }}</ref><ref name="fics10year">{{Cite web|url=http://www.freechess.org/Events/Anniversary/2005/index.html |title=FICS 10th Anniversary Celebrations |access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref>


FICS never matched the popularity of ICC, but as of 2012 it had about 900 people logged in at any given time,<ref name=":7" /> and by August 2014 it had over 650,000 registered accounts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menn |first=Joseph |title=All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=9781400050062}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 2016, 50,000 active players played a total of 23 million games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ficsgames.org/2013_stats.html |title=FICS Games Database – Statistics for 2013 |access-date=2014-08-03 }}</ref>
⚫ In 1998, the Free Internet Chess Organization (FICS) was organized as a ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://gambiter.com/chess/online/Free_internet_chess_server.html|title=Free Internet Chess Server|website=gambiter.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-28}}</ref>


In a 2024 book, Peter Doggers drew a comparison between the FICS and ICC rivalry and the later Lichess vs. Chess.com rivalry, with one side committed to free and open principles and the other offering more features for a fee.<ref name=":3" />
In 2007, the legal entity was involuntarily dissolved.{{clarifyme|date=April 2024}} The server is still maintained and administered by volunteers.<ref name=":0" />

As of August 2014, FICS had over 650,000 registered accounts.<ref name=":0" />

In 2016, 50,000 active players played a total of 23 million games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ficsgames.org/2013_stats.html |title=FICS Games Database – Statistics for 2013 |access-date=2014-08-03 }}</ref>


==Usage== ==Usage==

===Connecting===
] ]
FICS is accessible via ] and was text-only by default. Before graphical interfaces, users would see a board created by ] characters, with the lines of the board created by ] and ], and pieces represented by letters.<ref name=":3" /> Whereas ICC has dedicated, proprietary graphical interfaces, several have been developed for FICS, with none having official status. The earliest were XICS and ], with subsequent programs including ], BabasChess, Jin, Thief, Raptor, eboard, ], and JavaBoard.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Fernández Slezak |first1=Diego |last2=Etchemendy |first2=Pablo |last3=Sigman |first3=Mariano |date=2010 |title=Rapid chess: A massive-scale experiment |url=https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/152631 |journal=High-Performance Computing Symposium (HPC 2010) |language=en}}</ref> Though built with pre-web technology which typically requires a dedicated client, there are also web-based interfaces. Users can play using an anonymous guest account or register for an account with a username. Registered users can play games rated using the ].<ref>{{Cite web |author=vek/glickman |title=Vek-splanation of the Glicko Ratings System |url=http://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/glicko.html |access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref>
Playing chess on FICS requires connecting to the server either through a web-based applet on the or else by using a ] program, which could be as simple as a ] client, but is usually an ] designed specifically for playing Internet chess.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freechess.org/Help/QuickGuide/index.html |title=FICS QuickGuide : Graphical Interfaces |access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref> Users can log in either as an anonymous guest or else by registering for a free account. Each user is permitted only one account. The server maintains rating and game statistics for registered users. FICS uses the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/glicko.html |title=Vek-splanation of the Glicko Ratings System |author=vek/glickman|access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref>

===Gameplay===
Players can watch for game requests by other users broadcast or create their own seeks and wait for someone to respond. Seeks include time controls and frequently an optional ratings limit. Seeks can be programmed to require manual acceptance by the user, or they can automatically be accepted by the player. Users can challenge specific players to a game by using the match command. Moves are made with a mouse on an image of a chess board or users can type in moves in ]. All games played by registered users are recorded by a computer and made publicly available.<ref name=":0" />

=== Time controls ===
Since the mechanics of play are simplified, chess games played online tend to use faster time controls than in over-the-board (OTB) play. Longer games (i.e., usually 15 or more minutes per player) are called standard and are also common on the server. Separate ratings are maintained for lightning (under 3 minutes), blitz (usually 5 or 10 minutes), and standard (over 15 minutes). Irregular variants, such as Fischer Random, are grouped together into a handful of formats like Wild, and these are not further classified by time controls.<ref name=":0" />

] is popular: the time control is specified by two numbers, the minutes each player is allotted at the start of the game, and the seconds added to a player's clock after making a move (the ''increment''). For example, in the popular 2–12 time controls, each player receives 2 minutes at the beginning of the game, and 12 seconds are added to a player's clock after they make a move. Since all games are assumed to last 40 moves for format classification purposes, 2–12 is grouped with 10-minutes-per-player (10 minutes = (60s per minute * 2 minutes) + (12s * 40 moves) / 60s per minute).{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

The timeseal is a utility which allows the server to adjust for the effects of internet ]. Each move is time-stamped locally and the time it takes for each command to travel to the server is not deducted from the player's clock. This method of time stamping each move is helpful for players with slow internet connections. FICS does not track lag centrally and does not permit users to exclude persistent laggers.<ref name=":0" />

{|
! Format || Popular Controls (minutes and optional increment)
|-
| lightning (x<3) || 1
|-
| blitz (3<=x<15) || 3, 5, 2–12
|-
| standard (15<=x) || 15, 45-45
|}

===Interfaces===
]
FICS is designed to be accessed by a chess interface designed to connect to Internet chess servers. Interfaces are created independently. FICS does not have an official interface and does not endorse any interface. The most popular interfaces for ] are ], Jin, ], ], and Raptor.<ref name=":0" /> Mobialia Chess is the most common platform for mobile operating systems Android and IOS.

On other operating systems (mainly Unix-type boxes based on Linux or macOS), eboard, ], ], Jin, JavaBoard, and Raptor are popular choices. JavaBoard, JinApplet, and QXBoard are web interfaces that run in a web browser.<ref name=":0" />

In 2017, the open-source project released a web-based client targeted towards modern web browsers using ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freechess.club/ |title=Home |website=freechess.club}}</ref> In addition to a web interface, Free Chess Club provides a cross-platform desktop application that runs on ], ] and ].

===Channels===
FICS has a number of very conservatively censored chat channels numbered 0 through 255. Many of the channels are reserved for administrators and bots.<ref name=":0" />

Some of the more popular channels include:

*channel 1 – general help; questions asked in channel 1 are usually answered by FICS admins or Service Representatives (SRs)
*channel 4 – helping guests
*channel 50 – general chat
*channel 53 – guest chat
Registration is required for all channels except channels 1,4 and 53.

Some channels are used for FICS staff and cannot be seen by regular users:

*channel 0 – the admin channel
*channel 5 – the service representatives channel
*channel 48 – the mamer manager channel
*channel 63 – the chess advisor channel

A user can listen and send tells to up to thirty channels simultaneously. Another form of mass communication available to registered users is "shouts" which can be seen by all connected users who haven't turned shouts off.<ref name=":0" />

===Variants===
Currently, the following ] are available on FICS, besides regular chess:

*] – capturing is compulsory, a player wins by losing all his pieces; the king has no special significance
*Loser's chess – like suicide, but with additional rules pertaining to the king and check
*] – pieces "explode" when captured, removing all adjacent pieces except pawns
*Wild – Nine different variants similar to regular chess but with different types of starting positions, including ]
*] – fast-paced, four player game, in which two teams of two players face each other on two boards
*] – two player version (like in regular chess) of bughouse, where captured pieces reenter the game

===Tournaments on FICS===
Tournaments are regularly organised or relayed on FICS. The popular ] platform obtains its tournament relays via FICS.


Once connected, discussion takes place in a wide number of function-specific or subject-specific chat channels numbered 0 through 255. For example, channel 0 is for administrators only, 1 is for general help, 50 is general chat, and 49 is for tournaments.<ref name=":0" />
====Mamer tournaments====
Most tournaments are organised by "Mamer," an automated tournament director. Mamer is run by tourney managers who organize and supervise tournaments. Mamer announces tournaments through channel 49 and through tells and "tshouts." Tournaments organised by Mamer range in time controls and include variants.<ref name=":0" />


Players can choose any time control and increment. In addition to standard chess, FICS hosts several ], including ], ], ], wild (including ]), ], and ].<ref name=":5" />
====Other tournaments====
== Relay ==
Other regular conducted tournaments on FICS include tournaments featuring slow time controls (STC) of typically more than 45 minutes. Two of the most popular of these are FICS Teamleague, which uses 45 45 controls, and the Online Chess League (OCL), which uses 60 15 time controls. Both are team events with teams of 4 competing against each other, and each player typically plays one game per week. In addition, the STC Bunch, or the Slow Time Control Bunch, organised several tournaments with slow time controls.<ref name=":0" />
⚫ FICS relays major live chess events.<ref name=":5" /> A bot takes the moves in ongoing games and relays them to special demo accounts on FICS. These demo accounts bear the names of the players in the event. Users and guests on FICS can watch the games in progress and chat about the games with each other. The relay has covered every single ] since its inception. Other major relays include the yearly relay of ], ] and ].<ref name=":0" /> The web-based ] platform obtains its tournament relays via FICS.


===Relay=== == Archive ==
All games played by registered users are recorded by a computer and made publicly available for free.<ref name=":0" /> The FICS game archive has been used in academic studies on memory,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nagy |first1=David G. |last2=Török |first2=Balázs |last3=Orbán |first3=Gergő |date=2020-10-15 |title=Optimal forgetting: Semantic compression of episodic memories |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=e1008367 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008367 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-7358 |pmc=7591090 |pmid=33057380}}</ref> decision-making,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slezak |first1=Diego Fernandez |last2=Sigman |first2=Mariano |last3=Cecchi |first3=Guillermo A. |date=2018-03-02 |title=An entropic barriers diffusion theory of decision-making in multiple alternative tasks |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=e1005961 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005961 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-7358 |pmc=5851639 |pmid=29499036}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> and user interface design.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Picussa |first1=Juliano |last2=Garcia |first2=Laura S. |last3=Bueno |first3=Juliana |last4=Ferreira |first4=Marica V. R. |last5=Direne |first5=Alexandre I. |last6=de Bona |first6=Luis C. E. |last7=Silva |first7=Fabiano |last8=Castilho |first8=Marcos A. |last9=Sunye |first9=Marcos S. |chapter=A user-interface environment solution for an online educational Chess server |date=June 2008 |title=2008 Second International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rcis.2008.4632106 |publisher=IEEE |pages=179–186 |doi=10.1109/rcis.2008.4632106|isbn=978-1-4244-1677-6 }}</ref> The server and its archive have been used to train ] and chess-related ] projects,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Isaac |last2=Chico Camargo |date=2023 |title=Machine Learning to Study Patterns in Chess Games |url=https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.30894.52807 |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.30894.52807}}</ref> while the FICS code has been used to launch similar regional or thematic chess servers as well as influencing the design of other chess projects.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Bouman |first=Egbert |date=2012 |title=Tribler-G: A Decentralized Social Network for Playing Chess |url=https://egbertbouman.github.io/tribler-g/publications/Tribler-G%20A%20Decentralized%20Social%20Network%20for%20Playing%20Chess%20Online%20(MSc%20thesis).pdf |website=Delft University of Technology}}</ref>
⚫ FICS relays major chess events. A bot takes the moves in ongoing games and relays them to special demo accounts on FICS. These demo accounts bear the names of the ] playing in the event. Users and guests on FICS can watch the games in progress and chat about the games with each other. The relay has covered every single World Chess Championship since its inception. Other major relays include the yearly relay of ], Morelia-Linares and Amber Melody.<ref name=":0" />


==See also== ==See also==
Line 108: Line 39:
==External links== ==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.freechess.org/}} * {{official website|http://www.freechess.org/}}
*
* – database of all games played * – database of all games played
*
*
*
*


] ]

Revision as of 21:05, 24 November 2024

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A chess game on FICS using an interface named Jin

The Free Internet Chess Server (FICS) is a volunteer-run internet chess server. It launched in 1995, in response to the commercialization of the original American Internet Chess Server (ICS).

History

In January 1992, Michael Moore of the University of Utah and Richard Nash started the first online service facilitating live chess games, the American Internet Chess Server (commonly known as the Internet Chess Server or ICS). The initial release, accessible via telnet, was hosted at the University of Utah, but over its first two years it moved repeatedly across American universities, with additional servers opening and connecting to each other through Nash's Internet Ratings Server. The software was coded, supported, and operated by volunteers. Daniel Sleator, professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University, took over operation in July 1992 and improved the code. One of his primary contributions was a mechanism to adjust clock times for the effects of internet lag. He announced plans to commercialize the service, copyrighted the code in 1994, and rebranded it as the Internet Chess Club (ICC) in 1995, charging membership fees.

Sleator's decision to commercialize the ICS was controversial, outraging members who felt the internet should be free and open, or who simply did not want to pay for a service which had been free. Several former ICS programmers saw the move as exploiting their work. On the day its rebranding was announced, programmers created a mailing list focused on developing an alternative, though work had been in progress, using Nash's original code, since Sleator initially revealed his commercialization plans. Several developers contributed, led by Nash, Henrik Gram, David Flynn, and Chris Petroff. The effort reacting to commercialization led to servers in several places around the world and in the United States, with the latter consolidating to form the Free Internet Chess Server, which launched on March 5, 1995. Its tagline is "we do it for the game--not the money". After a few months, it had 1,500 members.

In 1998, the Free Internet Chess Organization (FICS) was organized as a nonprofit organization, although the formal entity was dissolved in 2007. The server is still maintained and administered by volunteers.

FICS never matched the popularity of ICC, but as of 2012 it had about 900 people logged in at any given time, and by August 2014 it had over 650,000 registered accounts. In 2016, 50,000 active players played a total of 23 million games.

In a 2024 book, Peter Doggers drew a comparison between the FICS and ICC rivalry and the later Lichess vs. Chess.com rivalry, with one side committed to free and open principles and the other offering more features for a fee.

Usage

FICS using BabasChess interface

FICS is accessible via telnet and was text-only by default. Before graphical interfaces, users would see a board created by ASCII characters, with the lines of the board created by hyphens and pipes, and pieces represented by letters. Whereas ICC has dedicated, proprietary graphical interfaces, several have been developed for FICS, with none having official status. The earliest were XICS and XBoard, with subsequent programs including WinBoard, BabasChess, Jin, Thief, Raptor, eboard, PyChess, and JavaBoard. Though built with pre-web technology which typically requires a dedicated client, there are also web-based interfaces. Users can play using an anonymous guest account or register for an account with a username. Registered users can play games rated using the Glicko rating system.

Once connected, discussion takes place in a wide number of function-specific or subject-specific chat channels numbered 0 through 255. For example, channel 0 is for administrators only, 1 is for general help, 50 is general chat, and 49 is for tournaments.

Players can choose any time control and increment. In addition to standard chess, FICS hosts several chess variants, including suicide, loser's, atomic, wild (including chess960), bughouse, and crazyhouse.

Relay

FICS relays major live chess events. A bot takes the moves in ongoing games and relays them to special demo accounts on FICS. These demo accounts bear the names of the players in the event. Users and guests on FICS can watch the games in progress and chat about the games with each other. The relay has covered every single World Chess Championship since its inception. Other major relays include the yearly relay of Wijk aan Zee, Morelia-Linares and Amber Melody. The web-based Lichess platform obtains its tournament relays via FICS.

Archive

All games played by registered users are recorded by a computer and made publicly available for free. The FICS game archive has been used in academic studies on memory, decision-making, and user interface design. The server and its archive have been used to train chess engines and chess-related machine learning projects, while the FICS code has been used to launch similar regional or thematic chess servers as well as influencing the design of other chess projects.

See also

References

  1. ^ Stone, Brad (11 May 2006). "Pawns Call King a Rook". Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  2. ^ Petroff, Chris (5 March 2009). "History of the Internet Chess Server – Part I". Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  3. ^ "FICS 10th Anniversary Celebrations". Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  4. ^ Doggers, Peter (2024). The Chess Revolution: From the Ancient World to the Digital Age. Puzzlewright. ISBN 9781454959243.
  5. ^ "Trapped in the (Inter) Net" (PDF). The Chicago Chess Player. November 1995.
  6. ^ Hurst, Sarah (1999). Chess on the Web. Batsford. ISBN 9780713485776.
  7. Slater, Derek (1 September 1999). "Knight Moves". CIO. p. 20.
  8. ^ "Free Internet Chess Server". gambiter.com. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  9. ^ Bouman, Egbert (2012). "Tribler-G: A Decentralized Social Network for Playing Chess [Master's Thesis]" (PDF). Delft University of Technology.
  10. Menn, Joseph (2003). All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 9781400050062.
  11. "FICS Games Database – Statistics for 2013". Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  12. ^ Fernández Slezak, Diego; Etchemendy, Pablo; Sigman, Mariano (2010). "Rapid chess: A massive-scale experiment". High-Performance Computing Symposium (HPC 2010).
  13. vek/glickman. "Vek-splanation of the Glicko Ratings System". Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  14. Nagy, David G.; Török, Balázs; Orbán, Gergő (15 October 2020). "Optimal forgetting: Semantic compression of episodic memories". PLOS Computational Biology. 16 (10): e1008367. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008367. ISSN 1553-7358. PMC 7591090. PMID 33057380.
  15. Slezak, Diego Fernandez; Sigman, Mariano; Cecchi, Guillermo A. (2 March 2018). "An entropic barriers diffusion theory of decision-making in multiple alternative tasks". PLOS Computational Biology. 14 (3): e1005961. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005961. ISSN 1553-7358. PMC 5851639. PMID 29499036.
  16. Picussa, Juliano; Garcia, Laura S.; Bueno, Juliana; Ferreira, Marica V. R.; Direne, Alexandre I.; de Bona, Luis C. E.; Silva, Fabiano; Castilho, Marcos A.; Sunye, Marcos S. (June 2008). "A user-interface environment solution for an online educational Chess server". 2008 Second International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science. IEEE. pp. 179–186. doi:10.1109/rcis.2008.4632106. ISBN 978-1-4244-1677-6.
  17. Cheng, Isaac; Chico Camargo (2023). "Machine Learning to Study Patterns in Chess Games". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.30894.52807. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links

Categories: