Misplaced Pages

7 World Trade Center: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 11:07, 1 February 2010 editIgdrasa (talk | contribs)46 edits Replaced the term "conspiracy theory" with "alternative theory" to maintain NPV← Previous edit Latest revision as of 04:40, 25 November 2024 edit undoEpicgenius (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, File movers, IP block exemptions, Mass message senders, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers329,693 edits added Category:2000s architecture in the United States using HotCat 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Office building in Manhattan, New York}}
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes|expiry=January 19, 2009}}
{{About|the current building on the site completed in 2006|the original structure destroyed on September 11, 2001|7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)}}
{{Infobox Skyscraper
|building_name=7 World Trade Center
|image=]
|caption = The new 7 World Trade Center<br>(view from southeast)
|construction_period=2002–2006
|use=Office
|location=250 Greenwich Street<br/>New York City, New York, United States
|roof=741 ft (226 m)
|floor_count=52
|floor_area=1.7 million ]<br/>158,000 m²
|architect=] ]
|engineer=]
|developer=]
|lighting design=Cline Bettridge Bernstein Lighting Design
|}}


{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
'''7&nbsp;World Trade Center''' is a building in ] located across from the ] in ]. The name "7&nbsp;World Trade Center" has referred to two buildings: the original structure, completed in 1987, and the current structure. The original building was destroyed on ], and replaced with the new 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, which opened in 2006. Both buildings were developed by ], who holds a ] for the site from the ].
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox building
The original 7&nbsp;World Trade Center was 47&nbsp;stories tall, clad in red exterior masonry, and occupied a ]al footprint. An elevated walkway connected the building to the ] plaza. The building was situated above a ] (Con Ed) power substation, which imposed unique structural design constraints. When the building opened in 1987, Silverstein had difficulties attracting tenants. In 1988, ] signed a long-term lease, and became the main tenants of the building. On September 11, 2001, 7&nbsp;WTC was damaged by ] when the nearby North Tower of the ]. The debris also ignited fires, which continued to burn throughout the afternoon on lower floors of the building, with a lack of water to fight the fires. The building collapsed completely at 5:21:10&nbsp;p.m.<ref name="fema-ch5"/>, after a critical column on the 13th floor buckled and triggered structural failure throughout, causing at first the crumble of the east mechanical penthouse at 5:20:33&nbsp;p.m.
| name = 7 World Trade Center

| image = Wtc7 jan06.jpg
The new 7&nbsp;World Trade Center construction began in 2002 and was completed in 2006. It is 52&nbsp;stories tall and still situated above the Con Ed power substation. Built on a smaller footprint than the original to allow ] to be restored from ] through the World Trade Center site and south to ], the new building is bounded by ], ], ], and Barclay streets. A small park across Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint. The current 7&nbsp;World Trade Center's design placed emphasis on safety, with a ] core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing of steel columns, and incorporates numerous ] features.
| image_size =

| image_alt = The glass facade of 7 World Trade Center, a skyscraper in New York's World Trade Center
==1983–2001==
| caption = 7 World Trade Center nearing completion, January 2006
{{multiple image
| align = left | status = complete
| start_date = May 7, 2002<ref name="nyt-7wtcstart">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/08/nyregion/as-a-hurdle-is-cleared-building-begins-at-ground-zero.html |title=As a Hurdle Is Cleared, Building Begins At Ground Zero |first=Charles V. |last=Bagli |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=May 8, 2002 |access-date=August 16, 2009 |archive-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828162104/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/08/nyregion/as-a-hurdle-is-cleared-building-begins-at-ground-zero.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| width = 167
| completion_date = 2006
| image1 = Wtc arial march2001.jpg
| caption1 = 7 World Trade Center, behind and to the left of the Twin Towers | opened = May 23, 2006
| location = 250 ]<br />], ] 10006, United States
| image2 = Wtc7 from wtc observation deck.jpg
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| caption2 = The original 7&nbsp;World Trade Center from the WTC observation deck, August 14, 1992
| coordinates = {{Coord|40.7133|-74.0120|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| map_type =
| building_type = Office
| architectural = {{convert|743|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="skyscraperCenter">{{cite web |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/7-world-trade-center/1117 |title=7 World Trade Center – The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |access-date=April 9, 2024 |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612163722/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/7-world-trade-center/1117 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| roof = {{convert|741|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="som"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211193617/https://www.som.com/project/7-world-trade-center |date=December 11, 2013}}, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</ref>
| top_floor = {{convert|679|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="skyscraperCenter" />
| floor_count = 52<ref name="som" /><ref name="Silverstein Properties">See: * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085010/https://www.silversteinproperties.com/commercial-office-space-nyc/7-world-trade-center |date=February 5, 2017}}, Silverstein Properties *</ref>
| elevator_count = 29<ref name="skyscraperCenter" />
| floor_area = {{convert|1681118|sqft|m2|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="skyscraperCenter" />
| architect = ] of ]<ref name="skyscraperCenter" />
| structural_engineer = ]<ref name="skyscraperCenter" />
| developer = ]<ref name="skyscraperCenter" /><ref name="Silverstein Properties" />
| engineer = ] (MEP)<ref name="skyscraperCenter" />
| website = , wtc.com
| references = <ref name="skyscraperCenter" />
| main_contractor = ]
}} }}
The original 7&nbsp;World Trade Center was a 47-story building, designed by ], with a red ] ]. The building was 610&nbsp;feet (186&nbsp;m) tall, with a ]al footprint that was 330&nbsp;ft (101&nbsp;m) long and 140&nbsp;ft (43&nbsp;m) wide.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p13">{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |pages=13 |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005}}</ref><ref name="emporis1">
{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=114932 |publisher=Emporis.com |title=Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11) |accessdate=2006-05-07}}</ref> ] managed construction of the building, which began in 1983.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p13"/> In March 1987, the building opened, becoming the seventh structure of the ].


'''7 World Trade Center''' ('''7 WTC''', '''WTC-7''', or '''Tower 7''') is an office building constructed as part of the new ] in ], ]. The tower is located on a city block bounded by Greenwich, ], ], and Barclay Streets on the east, south, west, and north, respectively. 7 World Trade Center was developed by ], who holds a ] for the site from the ], and designed by ].
The building was constructed above a ] ] that had been on the site since 1967.<ref name="NIST-june2004">{{cite web |year = 2004 |url = http://wtc.nist.gov/progress_report_june04/appendixl.pdf | format = pdf | title = Interim Report on WTC 7 | work = Appendix L | publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology |accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>


The building was constructed to replace ], part of the ]. The previous structure, completed in 1987, was destroyed in the ] in 2001. Construction of the new {{nowrap|7 World}} Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed on May 23, 2006. The building is {{nowrap|52 stories}} tall (plus one underground floor), making it the ].<ref name="skyscraperCenter"/> It is built on a smaller footprint than the original; a small park across Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint.
The substation had a ] foundation designed to carry the weight of a future building of 25&nbsp;stories containing 600,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (55,700&nbsp;m²).<ref name="salvarinas"/> The final design for 7&nbsp;World Trade Center was for a much larger building covering a larger footprint than originally planned when the substation was built.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/oct05NCSTAR1-1index.htm |title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |chapter=NIST NCSTAR 1-1: Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems |author=Lew, H.S., ''et al.'' |publisher=NIST |month=September | year=2005 |pages=xxxvii |format=pdf|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>


The current building's design emphasizes safety, with a ] core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing on steel columns. It also incorporates numerous ] features. The building received the U.S. Green Building Council's ] (LEED) Gold certification and was part of the council's pilot program for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – Core and Shell Development (LEED-CS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/about/office-tower-7/office-tower-7-green |title=About the WTC |publisher=Wtc.com |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528045715/http://www.wtc.com/about/office-tower-7/office-tower-7-green |archive-date=May 28, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The structural design of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center included features to allow a larger building than originally planned to be constructed. A system of gravity column transfer trusses and girders was located between floors&nbsp;5 and 7 to transfer loads to the smaller foundation.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> Existing caissons installed in 1967 were used, along with new ones, to accommodate the building. The fifth floor functioned as a structural diaphragm, providing lateral stability and distribution of loads between the new and old caissons. Above the seventh floor, the building's structure was a typical tube-frame design, with columns in the core and on the perimeter, and lateral loads resisted by perimeter moment frames.<ref name="salvarinas"/>
<!-- ==Site== -->


==History==
]


The ] was a 47-story ] with a red ] facade.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p13">{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |page=13 |last1=Lew |first1=H.S. |first2=Richard W. |last2=Bukowski |first3=Nicholas J. |last3=Carino |date=September 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=114932 |publisher=Emporis.com |title=Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11) |access-date=May 7, 2006 |archive-date=April 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428020754/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=114932 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> It opened in 1987 as part of the original ] building complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-wtc.html |title=History of the World Trade Center |work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |access-date=May 26, 2015 |archive-date=June 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607110234/https://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-wtc.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ] caused the ]; falling debris from the collapsing 110-story ] destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, including ], which collapsed shortly thereafter.<ref name="nyt-2002-02-12">{{Cite news |last1=Glanz |first1=James |last2=Lipton |first2=Eric |date=February 12, 2002 |title=Rescuing the Buildings Beyond Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/12/nyregion/rescuing-the-buildings-beyond-ground-zero.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401004744/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/12/nyregion/rescuing-the-buildings-beyond-ground-zero.html |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
A shipping and receiving ramp, which served the entire World Trade Center complex, occupied the eastern quarter of the 7&nbsp;World Trade Center footprint. The building was open below the third floor, providing space for truck clearance on the shipping ramp.<ref name="salvarinas">{{cite conference |author=Salvarinas, John J. |year=1986 |title=Seven World Trade Center, New York, Fabrication and Construction Aspects |booktitle=Proceedings of the 1986 Canadian Structural Engineering Conference |location=Vancouver |publisher=Canadian Steel Construction Council}}</ref> The spray-on ] for structural steel elements was ]-based ] which had a two-hour fire rating for steel beams, girders and truss, and a three-hour rating for columns.<ref name="fema-ch5"/>


{{Stack|float=left|
Mechanical equipment was installed on floors four through seven, including 12&nbsp;]s on the fifth floor. Several generators in the building were used by the Office of Emergency Management, Salomon Smith Barney and others.<ref name="fema-ch5"/> Storage tanks contained 24,000&nbsp;gallons (91,000&nbsp;L) of ] to supply the generators.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://fpemag.com/archives/article.asp?issue_id=14&i=183&p=1 |title=Study of Building Performance in the WTC Disaster |author=Milke, James |journal=Fire Protection Engineering |date=Spring 2003|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Fuel oil distribution components were located at ground level, up to the ninth floor.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-1J.pdf |format=pdf| title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |chapter=NIST NCSTAR 1-1J: Documentation of the Fuel System for Emergency Power in World Trade Center 7 |month=September | year=2005 |author=Grill, Raymond A., Duane A. Johnson |publisher=NIST|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> After the ] of February 26, 1993, New York City mayor ] decided to situate the emergency command center and associated fuel tanks at 7&nbsp;World Trade Center. Although this decision was criticized in light of the events of ], the fuel in the building is today not believed to have contributed to the collapse of the building.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02EEDD103EF933A15751C1A9679C8B63|title= A Nation Challenged: The Trade Center; City Had Been Warned of Fuel Tank at 7 World Trade Center| author=Glanz, James and Eric Lipton|work =The New York Times|date=2001-12-20|accessdate=2007-11-21}}</ref><ref>"Rudy Giuliani's 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record," '']'' August 8–14, 2007, pp. 22–36.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2004/5/23/204909.shtml | title=Replying to Giuliani | author=Ruddy, Christopher | date=2004-05-24 | publisher=NewsMax | accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,271917,00.html | title=Transcript: Rudy Giuliani on Fox News Sunday | date=2007-05-14 | accessdate=2007-09-29 | quote=Then why did he say the building — he said it's not — the place in Brooklyn is not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan |publisher=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Onetime Giuliani Insider Is Now a Critic | work =The New York Times|author=Russ Buettner|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/us/politics/22giuliani.html?_r=1&pagewanted=2&oref=slogin | date =2007-05-22|accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Giuliani Blames Aide for Poor Emergency Planning | url=http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2007/05/guiliani_blames_aide_for_poor_emergency_planning.html | publisher=Daily Intelligencer|date=2007-05-15|accessdate=2007-06-12 }}</ref><ref name="NIST Advisory Committee Dec 2007">{{cite web | url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NCSTACMeetingMinutes121807.pdf | title=Transcript: Meeting of the National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee, December 18, 2007 | author=National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee|format=PDF}}</ref> The roof of the building included a small west penthouse and a larger east mechanical penthouse.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/>
]
}}
{{New World Trade Center}}


===Construction===
Each floor had 47,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (4,366&nbsp;m²) of rentable office space which made the building's floor plans considerably larger than most office buildings in the City.<ref>{{cite news |author=Horsley, Carter B |title=Lower Manhattan Luring Office Developers |work =The New York Times |date=1981-10-25|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E5DB1039F936A15753C1A967948260|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>
]
In all, 7&nbsp;World Trade Center had 1,868,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (174,000&nbsp;m²) of office space.<ref name="fema-ch5">{{cite book |author=Gilsanz, Ramon, Edward M. DePaola, Christopher Marrion, and Harold "Bud" Nelson |url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch5.pdf |format=pdf| publisher=FEMA |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |chapter=WTC7 (Chapter 5) |month=May | year=2002 |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Two pedestrian bridges connected the main World Trade Center complex, across Vesey Street, to the third floor of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center. The lobby of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center had three murals by artist ]: ''The Third Circle'', ''Pan North XII'', and ''Vorces VII''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nga.gov.au/InternationalPrints/Tyler/Default.cfm?MnuID=3&ArtistIRN=11644&List=True |title=Al Held |publisher=National Gallery of Australia |accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is Bigger Necessarily Better? |work=Newsweek |date=1989-04-17 |author=Plagens, Peter}}</ref>
The construction phase of the new 7 World Trade Center began on May 7, 2002, with the installation of a fence around the construction site.<ref name="nyt-7wtcstart" /> Restoring the ] substation was an urgent priority to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan; the utility stated that it needed to replace four of the ten destroyed transformers by 2003.<ref name="nyt-20020411">{{cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W |date=April 11, 2002 |title=21st-Century Plans, but Along 18th-Century Paths |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/11/nyregion/blocks-21st-century-plans-but-along-18th-century-paths.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325193831/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E4D91F3DF932A25757C0A9649C8B63 |archive-date=March 25, 2008 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Because 7&nbsp;World Trade Center is separate from the main {{convert|16|acre|ha|adj=on}} ], ] required approval only from the landowner, the ], before he could rebuild the tower.<ref>{{cite news |title=Developer's Pace at 7 World Trade Center Upsets Some |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=January 31, 2002 |last=Bagli |first=Charles V |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/31/nyregion/developer-s-pace-at-7-world-trade-center-upsets-some.html |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325201844/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E4DD1F3AF932A05752C0A9649C8B63 |archive-date=March 25, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of the power substation was completed in October 2003,<ref name="Post 2005" /> and the substation went into service in May 2004.<ref name="Dunlap 2004 s119">{{cite web |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=May 25, 2004 |title=A New Source Of Power Rises Over Ground Zero |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/25/nyregion/a-new-source-of-power-rises-over-ground-zero.html |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208021608/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/25/nyregion/a-new-source-of-power-rises-over-ground-zero.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


Work next proceeded on the office tower itself. An unusual approach was used in constructing the building; erecting the steel frame before adding the concrete core. This approach allowed the construction schedule to be shortened by a few months.<ref name="Post 2005">{{cite news |title=Strategy for Seven World Trade Center Exceeds Expectations |last=Post |first=Nadine M |work=Engineering News Record |date=September 12, 2005 |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/wtc/archives/050912seven.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210044447/http://archrecord.construction.com/news/wtc/archives/050912seven.asp |archive-date=December 10, 2005 |access-date=February 17, 2008}}</ref> By July 2005, ] was planning to lease {{convert|20000|ft2}} of space, making it the building's first tenant.<ref name="Fried 2005 n252">{{cite web | last=Fried | first=Joseph P. | title=7 World Trade Center Is Said to Be Close to Signing Its First Tenant | website=The New York Times | date=July 26, 2005 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/26/nyregion/7-world-trade-center-is-said-to-be-close-to-signing-its-first.html | access-date=December 8, 2023 | issn=0362-4331 | archive-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208011856/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/26/nyregion/7-world-trade-center-is-said-to-be-close-to-signing-its-first.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lisberg 2005 s891">{{cite web | last=Lisberg | first=Adam | title=AMEX IS ON WAY TO 7 WTC. It'll be first real tenant | website=New York Daily News | date=July 25, 2005 | url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2005/07/25/amex-is-on-way-to-7-wtc-itll-be-first-real-tenant/ | access-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208011856/https://www.nydailynews.com/2005/07/25/amex-is-on-way-to-7-wtc-itll-be-first-real-tenant/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Although Silverstein intended for the building's design to attract tenants, he wanted occupants to pay {{cvt|50|$/ft2}} to lease space by 2005, which ''New York'' magazine called "easily the highest price in lower Manhattan".<ref name="Kolker 2019 k885" />
===Tenants===
]


Construction was completed in 2006 at a cost of $700&nbsp;million.<ref name="ar-June2006">{{cite news |date=May 17, 2006 |title=Major Step at Ground Zero: 7 World Trade Center Opening |work=Architectural Record |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/wtc/archives/060517opening.asp |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522024049/http://archrecord.construction.com/news/wtc/archives/060517opening.asp |archive-date=May 22, 2006}}</ref> Though Silverstein received $861&nbsp;million from insurance on the old building, he owed more than $400&nbsp;million on its mortgage.<ref>{{cite news |last=Herman |first=Eric |date=May 31, 2002 |title=No Tenants for New 7 WTC, Construction to Begin with Financing in Doubt |work=Daily News (New York)}}</ref> Costs to rebuild were covered by $475&nbsp;million in ], which provide tax-exempt financing to help stimulate rebuilding in Lower Manhattan and insurance money that remained after other expenses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pristin |first=Terry |date=July 12, 2006 |title=A Pot of Tax-Free Bonds for Post-9/11 Projects Is Empty |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/12/realestate/12liberty.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423101613/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/12/realestate/12liberty.html |archive-date=April 23, 2009 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In June 1986, before construction was completed, Silverstein signed ] as a tenant to lease the entire 7&nbsp;World Trade Center building for $3&nbsp;billion over a term of 30&nbsp;years.<ref>
{{cite news |author=Scardino, Albert |title=A Realty Gambler's Big Coup |work =The New York Times |date=1986-07-11}}</ref>
In December 1986, after the ] ] scandal, Drexel Burnham Lambert canceled the lease, leaving Silverstein to find other tenants.<ref>
{{cite news |author=Scardino, Albert |title=$3 Billion Office Pact Canceled by Drexel |work =The New York Times |date=1986-12-03}}</ref>
Spicer & Oppenheim agreed to lease 14&nbsp;percent of the space, but for more than a year, as ] and other factors adversely affected the ] real estate market, Silverstein was unable to find tenants for the remaining space. By April 1988, Silverstein had lowered the rent and made other concessions.<ref>
{{cite news |author=Berg, Eric N |title=Talking Deals; Developer Plays A Waiting Game |work =The New York Times |date=1988-04-07|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6DE113AF934A35757C0A96E948260|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>


A {{convert|15,000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} triangular park was created between the extended Greenwich Street and West Broadway by David Childs with Ken Smith and his colleague, Annie Weinmayr, of Ken Smith Landscape Architect. The park comprises an open central plaza with a fountain and flanking groves of ] trees and ] shrubs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nyas.org/publications/updateUnbound.asp?updateID=66 |title=A Prism with Prose&nbsp;— Seven World Trade Center |last=Collins |first=Glenn |date=July–August 2006 |work=Update Unbound |publisher=New York Academy of Science |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225092859/http://www.nyas.org/publications/updateUnbound.asp?updateID=66 |archive-date=February 25, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the center of the fountain, sculptor ] created a {{convert|9|ft|m|-tall|adj=mid}} stainless steel sculpture called ''Balloon Flower (Red)''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Luster of 7 World Trade Center Has Tattered Reminder of 9/11 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=May 24, 2006 |last=Dunlap |first=David W |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/24/nyregion/247wtc.html |access-date=March 20, 2017 |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112331/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/24/nyregion/247wtc.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
In November 1988, ] withdrew from plans to build a large new complex at ] in ] and agreed to a 20-year lease for the top 19 floors of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center.<ref>
{{cite news |author=Berkowitz, Harry |title=Salomon to Move Downtown |publisher=Newsday |date=1988-11-29}}</ref>
The building was extensively renovated in 1989 to accommodate the needs of Salomon Brothers.<ref name="Salomonsolution">
{{cite news |work =The New York Times |date=1989-02-19 |title=The Salomon Solution; A Building Within a Building, at a Cost of $200 Million |author=McCain, Mark|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFDD113BF93AA25751C0A96F948260|accessdate=2007-02-17}}</ref>
Most of three existing floors were removed as tenants continued to occupy other floors, and more than 350&nbsp;tons (U.S.) of steel were added to construct three double-height trading floors. Nine diesel generators were installed on the 5th floor as part of a backup power station. "Essentially, Salomon is constructing a building within a building - and it's an occupied building, which complicates the situation," said a district manager of ]. The unusual task was possible, said ], because it was designed to allow for "entire portions of floors to be removed without affecting the building's structural integrity, on the assumption that someone might need double-height floors."<ref name="Salomonsolution"/>


===Completion and early years===
At the time of the September 11, 2001 attacks, ] was by far the largest tenant in 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, occupying 1,202,900&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (111,750&nbsp;m²) (64&nbsp;percent of the building) which included floors 28–45.<ref name="fema-ch5"/><ref name="tenants">
====<span class="anchor" id="Opening"></span>2000s====
{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/tenants7.html |title=Building: 7 World Trade Center |publisher=CNN | year = 2001 | accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref> Other major tenants included ] (122,590&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/11,400&nbsp;m²), ] Bank International (106,117&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/9,900&nbsp;m²), ] (111,398&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/10,350&nbsp;m²), and the ] (106,117&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/9,850&nbsp;m²).<ref name="tenants"/> Smaller tenants included the ] Regional Council (90,430&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/8,400&nbsp;m²) and the ] (85,343&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/7,900&nbsp;m²).<ref name="tenants"/> The smallest tenants included the ],<ref name="R000978">{{cite news | first=James | last=Glanz | coauthors=Eric Lipton | title=Workers Shore Up Wall Keeping Hudson's Waters Out | date=2001-11-16| publisher= | url =http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E1D6143BF935A25752C1A9679C8B63 | work =The New York Times | pages = | accessdate = 2008-10-18}}</ref> ], ], First State Management Group Inc., ], and the ].<ref name="tenants"/> The ] (DOD) and ] (CIA) shared the 25th floor with the IRS.<ref name="fema-ch5"/> Floors 46–47 were mechanical floors, as were the bottom six floors and part of the seventh floor.<ref name="fema-ch5"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/11/05/archive/main316911.shtml |publisher=CBSNews.com / AP |title=CIA Lost Office In WTC: A secret office operated by the CIA was destroyed in the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, seriously disrupting intelligence operations' |date=2001-11-05|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>
The building was officially opened on May 23, 2006.<ref name="Stevenson 2006 w809">{{cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Peter |date=May 23, 2006 |title=Building Opens At 7 World Trade Center |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/building-opens-at-7-world-trade-center/ |access-date=December 9, 2023 |website=CBS News |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209010517/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/building-opens-at-7-world-trade-center/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The opening was marked by a free concert featuring ], ], Bill Ware Vibes, ], ], ], ] (of the ]), and special guest ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |title=7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) |date=May 22, 2006 |access-date=July 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809115805/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |archive-date=August 9, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="WaPo-7WTCOpens-2006">{{Cite news |last=Westfeldt |first=Amy |date=May 23, 2006 |title=First Rebuilt Skyscraper at WTC Opens |language=en-US |newspaper=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301328.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071647/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301328.html |archive-date=April 24, 2018 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Prior to its opening, in March 2006, the new building was used as a filming location for the movie '']''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.downtownexpress.com/de_149/undercover.html |title=Under Cover, Tower 7 is no 'Stranger' to fame |date=March 2006 |publisher=Downtown Express |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221224329/http://www.downtownexpress.com/de_149/undercover.html |archive-date=February 21, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>


The building was 10 percent leased by August&nbsp;2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ny1.com/ny1/content/index.jsp?stid=203&aid=62235 |title=9/11: Five Years Later: 7 World Trade Open For Business, Lacking Tenants |publisher=NY1 News |date=August 31, 2006 |last=Spitz |first=Rebecca |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215011910/http://www.ny1.com/ny1/content/index.jsp?stid=203&aid=62235 |archive-date=February 15, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Several of the unoccupied upper floors were used for events such as charity lunches, fashion shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed space in the new building to be used for these events as a means to draw people to see the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/54369?page_no=2 |title=The City's Hottest Event Space? Try 7 World Trade Center |last=Birkner |first=Gabrielle |work=New York Sun |date=May 14, 2007 |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-date=March 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330082012/http://www2.nysun.com/article/54369?page_no=2 |url-status=live}}</ref> From September 8 to October 7, 2006, the work of photographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "An American Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by the ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Kay|last2=Merrill|first2=James|date=2009|title=September 11: The Burden of the Ephemeral|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40600535|journal=Western Folklore|volume=68|issue=2/3|pages=197–198|jstor=40600535 |issn=0043-373X|access-date=December 8, 2023|archive-date=December 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208023151/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40600535|url-status=live}}</ref> on the 45th floor of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center.<ref name="Lipton 2006 f733">{{cite web | last=Lipton | first=Jeff | title=9/11 museum takes shapeFormer Five Towner leads creation of memorial | website=Herald Community Newspapers | date=September 7, 2006 | url=https://www.liherald.com/stories/911-museum-takes-shapeformer-five-towner-leads-creation-of-memorial,7169 | access-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208023152/https://www.liherald.com/stories/911-museum-takes-shapeformer-five-towner-leads-creation-of-memorial,7169 | url-status=live }}</ref> The exhibit consisted of 63 photographs that captured Americans' responses after the September 11 attacks.<ref name="The Associated Press 2006 p625">{{cite news | agency=The Associated Press | title=Two Photo Exhibits Open Near WTC Site | website=The Denver Post | date=August 8, 2006 | url=https://www.denverpost.com/2006/08/08/two-photo-exhibits-open-near-wtc-site/ | access-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208023151/https://www.denverpost.com/2006/08/08/two-photo-exhibits-open-near-wtc-site/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Davis 2006 r765">{{cite web | last=Davis | first=Nicole | title=Moving on, despite the pull of the past, at 9/11 exhibit | website=amNewYork | date=August 31, 2006 | url=https://www.amny.com/news/moving-on-despite-the-pull-of-the-past-at-9-11-exhibit/ | access-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208024653/https://www.amny.com/news/moving-on-despite-the-pull-of-the-past-at-9-11-exhibit/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
===Collapse===
]
{{see also|Collapse of the World Trade Center}}


In September 2006, ] signed a 20-year lease for 15&nbsp;floors at 7&nbsp;World Trade Center;<ref>See:<br/>{{cite news |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Moody's+signs+on+dotted+line+at+7WTC.-a0152640728 |title=Moody's signs on dotted line at 7WTC |work=Real Estate Weekly |date=September 20, 2006 |access-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120175733/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Moody%27s+signs+on+dotted+line+at+7WTC.-a0152640728 |url-status=live}}<br/>{{cite news |url=http://gothamist.com/2006/06/20/pricey_midtown.php |title=Pricey Midtown Rents Mean Big Tenant for 7 WTC |date=June 20, 2006 |publisher=Gothamist |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221134128/http://gothamist.com/2006/06/20/pricey_midtown.php |archive-date=February 21, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bagli 2006 m521"/> prior to Moody's lease, only eight floors had been occupied.<ref name="Bagli 2006 m521">{{cite web | last=Bagli | first=Charles V. | title=7 World Trade Center Gets a Major Tenant | website=The New York Times | date=June 20, 2006 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/20/nyregion/7-world-trade-center-gets-a-major-tenant.html | access-date=December 8, 2023 | issn=0362-4331 | archive-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208011856/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/20/nyregion/7-world-trade-center-gets-a-major-tenant.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Other tenants that had signed leases in 7&nbsp;World Trade Center in its first two years included ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Lower Manhattan: A Relative Bargain but Filling Up Fast |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=February 28, 2007 |last=Pristin |first=Terry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/realestate/commercial/28downtown.html |access-date=March 20, 2017 |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112257/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/realestate/commercial/28downtown.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ] Inc.,<ref name="WaPo-7WTCOpens-2006" /> ],<ref name="Observer 2007 u480">{{cite web |date=April 10, 2007 |title=7 World Trade Snags Two New Leases |url=https://observer.com/2007/04/7-world-trade-snags-two-new-leases/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Observer |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208021608/https://observer.com/2007/04/7-world-trade-snags-two-new-leases/ |url-status=live }}</ref> publisher ],<ref name="Sosnowski 2006 j197">{{cite web |last=Sosnowski |first=Tom |date=July 26, 2006 |title=7 WTC Inks Mansueto to 40,000 SF |url=https://www.globest.com/sites/globest/2006/07/26/7-wtc-inks-mansueto-to-40000-sf/?slreturn=20231107204425 |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=GlobeSt |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208021618/https://www.globest.com/sites/globest/2006/07/26/7-wtc-inks-mansueto-to-40000-sf/?slreturn=20231107204425 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dunlap 2006 v054">{{cite web |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=October 30, 2006 |title=For Science Academy, Move to World Trade Center Is Like Going Home |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/30/nyregion/30wtc.html |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208021609/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/30/nyregion/30wtc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the ].<ref name="Dunlap 2006 v054" /><ref name="WaPo-7WTCOpens-2006" /> ] also had offices<ref name="Stevenson 2006 w809" /> and the Silver Suites executive office suites at 7 World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seeing Big Promise in Manhattan Corporate Apartments |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/realestate/commercial/silverstein-properties-adding-more-corporate-apartments-in-manhattan.html |last=Levere |first=Jane |date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=April 30, 2013 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304083757/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/realestate/commercial/silverstein-properties-adding-more-corporate-apartments-in-manhattan.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Architectural and engineering firms working on ], ], ], and ] also set up offices in the building.<ref>See:<br/>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/25/nyregion/25blocks.html |title=What a View to Behold, And It's Really Something |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=January 25, 2007 |last=Dunlap |first=David W |access-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112619/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/25/nyregion/25blocks.html |url-status=live}}<br/>{{cite news |title=Behind the Scenes, Three Towers Take Shape |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=January 18, 2007 |last=Dunlap |first=David W |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/nyregion/18blocks.html |access-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112251/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/nyregion/18blocks.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Two-thirds of the building's office space had been leased by April 2007.<ref name="Observer 2007 u480" /> After ABN AMRO was acquired by the ], ] services provider ] subleased some of the Royal Bank of Scotland's space in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |last=Geminder |first=Emily |date=November 30, 2009 |title=Midtown, Schmidtown! Currency Trader FXDD Subleases 40K Feet in 7 WTC |url=https://observer.com/2009/11/midtown-schmidtown-currency-trader-fxdd-subleases-40k-feet-in-7-wtc/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=Observer |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728055306/https://observer.com/2009/11/midtown-schmidtown-currency-trader-fxdd-subleases-40k-feet-in-7-wtc/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
As the North Tower collapsed on September 11, 2001, heavy debris hit 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, causing damage to the south face of the building.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> The bottom portion of the building's south face was damaged by debris, including damage to the southwest corner from the 8th to 18th floors, a large vertical gash on the center-bottom extending at least ten floors, and other damage as high as the 18th floor.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> The building was equipped with a ], but had many single-point vulnerabilities for failure: the sprinkler system required manual initiation of the electrical fire pumps, rather than being a fully automatic system; the floor-level controls had a single connection to the sprinkler water riser; and the sprinkler system required some power for the ] to deliver water. Also, water pressure was low, with little or no water to feed sprinklers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/P4InvestigationofActiveFireProtection.pdf|format=pdf |title=Active Fire Protection Systems Issues |author=Grosshandler, William |publisher=NIST |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-4.pdf |format=pdf|title=Active Fire Protection Systems |author=Evans, David D |publisher=NIST |month=September | year=2005 |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref>


====2010s to present====
After the North Tower collapsed, some firefighters entered 7&nbsp;World Trade Center to search the building. They attempted to extinguish small pockets of fire, but low water pressure hindered their efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/nyregion/20050812_WTC_GRAPHIC/9110313.PDF |format=pdf|title=Oral Histories From Sept. 11 - Interview with Captain Anthony Varriale |work =The New York Times |date=2001-12-12 |accessdate=2007-08-22}}</ref> A massive fire burned into the afternoon on the 11th and 12th floors of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, the flames visible on the east side of the building.<ref>{{cite video | people=Spak, Steve | date=September 11, 2001 | url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6790722824543352916&hl=en | title=WTC 9-11-01 Day of Disaster | medium=Video | location=New York City | publisher=Spak, Steve}}</ref><ref>{{cite paper |author=Scheuerman, Arthur |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/ScheuermanStatementDec2006.pdf |format=pdf |title=The Collapse of Building 7 |date=2006-12-08 |publisher=NIST |accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref> During the afternoon, fire was also seen on floors 6–10, 13–14, 19–22, and 29–30.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> In particular, the fires on floors 7 through 9 and 11 through 13 continued to burn out of control during the afternoon.<ref name="nist-questions">{{cite web |url=http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/wtc_qa_082108.html |title=Questions and Answers about the NIST WTC 7 Investigation |publisher=NIST |accessdate=2008-08-21}}</ref> At approximately 2:00&nbsp;p.m., firefighters noticed a bulge in the southwest corner of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center between the 10th and 13th floors, a sign that the building was unstable and might collapse.<ref name="hayden">{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080616110107/http://www.firehouse.com/terrorist/911/magazine/gz/hayden.html |title=WTC: This Is Their Story, Interview with Chief Peter Hayden |publisher=Firehouse.com |date=2002-09-09 |accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref> During the afternoon, firefighters also heard creaking sounds coming from the building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080821235016/http://www.firehouse.com/terrorist/911/magazine/gz/boyle.html |title=WTC: This Is Their Story, Interview with Captain Chris Boyle |publisher=Firehouse.com |month=August | year=2002 |accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref> Around 3:30&nbsp;pm FDNY Chief Daniel Nigro decided to halt rescue operations, surface removal, and searches along the surface of the debris near 7&nbsp;World Trade Center and evacuate the area due to concerns for the safety of personnel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/nyregion/20050812_WTC_GRAPHIC/Nigro_Daniel.txt |title=Oral Histories From Sept. 11 - Interview with Chief Daniel Nigro |work =The New York Times |date=2001-10-24 |accessdate=2007-06-28}}</ref> At 5:20:33&nbsp;p.m. EDT on September 11, 2001, 7&nbsp;World Trade Center started to collapse, with the crumble of the east mechanical penthouse, while at 5:21:10&nbsp;p.m. EDT the entire building collapsed completely<ref name="fema-ch5"/>. There were no ] associated with the collapse.
The law firm ] signed {{Convert|200,000|ft2}} at the building in April 2011.<ref name="Colvin 2011 n274">{{cite web |last=Colvin |first=Jill |date=April 5, 2011 |title=Law Firm Signs City's First 'Green Lease' for 7 World Trade Center |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110405/downtown/law-firm-signs-citys-first-green-lease-for-7-world-trade-center/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=DNAinfo New York |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208092329/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110405/downtown/law-firm-signs-citys-first-green-lease-for-7-world-trade-center/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The building became fully leased that September after ] agreed to occupy {{convert|125,000|sqft|m2}} on the top floor;<ref>{{cite web | last=Chaban | first=Matt | title=Zero Ground: 7 World Trade Center Now Fully Leased | website=Observer | date=September 19, 2011 | url=https://observer.com/2011/09/zero-ground-7-world-trade-center-now-fully-leased/ | access-date=August 20, 2022 | archive-date=August 20, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820191014/https://observer.com/2011/09/zero-ground-7-world-trade-center-now-fully-leased/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=7 World Trade Center Skyscraper Fully Leased | website=NBC New York | date=September 19, 2011 | url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/7-world-trade-center-skyscraper-fully-leased/1907450/ | access-date=August 20, 2022 | archive-date=August 20, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820191015/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/7-world-trade-center-skyscraper-fully-leased/1907450/ | url-status=live }}</ref> other tenants at the time included FXDD, WilmerHale, and the bank ].<ref name="The Real Deal 2011 f611">{{cite web |date=September 19, 2011 |title=7 WTC fully leased as MSCI signs for 125,000 square feet |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2011/09/19/larry-silverstein-s-7-world-trade-center-is-fully-leased-thanks-to-deal-with-msci-brokered-by-cushman-wakefield-and-cb-richard-ellis/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=The Real Deal |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208021608/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2011/09/19/larry-silverstein-s-7-world-trade-center-is-fully-leased-thanks-to-deal-with-msci-brokered-by-cushman-wakefield-and-cb-richard-ellis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following this, Silverstein announced in 2012 that he would refinance the building with a $452.8 million Liberty bond issue and a $125 million ] loan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hlavenka |first=Jacqueline |date=March 19, 2012 |title=Silverstein To Refinance $577M in Bonds at 7 WTC |url=https://www.globest.com/sites/globest/2012/03/19/silverstein-to-refinance-577m-in-bonds-at-7-wtc/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=GlobeSt |archive-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729142917/https://www.globest.com/sites/globest/2012/03/19/silverstein-to-refinance-577m-in-bonds-at-7-wtc/?slreturn=20220629102916 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wsj-2012-03-19">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Eliot |date=March 19, 2012 |title=For Silverstein, Time to Celebrate |language=en-US |work=] |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304636404577289771539018252.html |access-date=July 28, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630000733/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304636404577289771539018252.html |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, the building was valued at $940 million, in large part because it was fully occupied.<ref name="wsj-2012-03-19" /> FXDD subleased its space to engineering company ] in 2015<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santani |first=Hitem |date=March 4, 2015 |title=A firm key to the rebuilding of 7WTC will now call it home |url=https://therealdeal.com/2015/03/04/a-firm-key-to-the-rebuilding-of-7wtc-will-now-call-it-home/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728055307/https://therealdeal.com/2015/03/04/a-firm-key-to-the-rebuilding-of-7wtc-will-now-call-it-home/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and artificial intelligence firm ] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Terence |date=June 9, 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence Company IPsoft Takes 27K SF at 7 WTC |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2016/06/artificial-intelligence-company-ipsoft-takes-27k-sf-in-sub-sublease-at-7-wtc/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728055307/https://commercialobserver.com/2016/06/artificial-intelligence-company-ipsoft-takes-27k-sf-in-sub-sublease-at-7-wtc/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The building was 94.8&nbsp;percent occupied by 2017. By then, roughly three-quarters of the space was occupied by four tenants, including ], the Royal Bank of Scotland, and WilmerHale.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gourarie |first=Chava |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Fitch upgrades CMBS debt on 7 WTC |url=https://therealdeal.com/2017/12/01/fitch-upgrades-cmbs-debt-on-7-wtc/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=The Real Deal New York |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728055307/https://therealdeal.com/2017/12/01/fitch-upgrades-cmbs-debt-on-7-wtc/ |url-status=live}}</ref>


Wedding planning company ]<ref>{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Betsy |date=January 17, 2019 |title=Zola Gets Hitched to 7 WTC |url=https://www.globest.com/2019/01/17/zola-gets-hitched-to-7-wtc/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=GlobeSt |archive-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729142916/https://www.globest.com/2019/01/17/zola-gets-hitched-to-7-wtc/?slreturn=20220629102916 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the building's own architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill both leased space at 7&nbsp;WTC in early 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baird-Remba |first=Rebecca |date=May 6, 2019 |title=Architecture Firm SOM Nails Down 80K SF at 7 WTC |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2019/05/architecture-firm-som-nails-down-80k-sf-at-7-wtc/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728055306/https://commercialobserver.com/2019/05/architecture-firm-som-nails-down-80k-sf-at-7-wtc/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This was followed in July 2019 by luxury drink brand ]<ref>{{cite web |last=Rizzi |first=Nicholas |date=July 2, 2019 |title=Moët Hennessy Ditching Chelsea for 7 WTC |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2019/07/moet-hennessy-lease-7-world-trade-center-silverstein-properties/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728055305/https://commercialobserver.com/2019/07/moet-hennessy-lease-7-world-trade-center-silverstein-properties/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Real Estate Weekly 20192">{{cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=Itʼs raining deals at 7 World Trade Center |url=https://rew-online.com/itʼs-raining-deals-at-7-world-trade-center/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=Real Estate Weekly |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728065317/https://rew-online.com/it%CA%BCs-raining-deals-at-7-world-trade-center/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and media company ].<ref name="Real Estate Weekly 20192" /> After Mansueto Ventures and three other firms leased space at 7&nbsp;WTC in April 2022, the building was 97 percent occupied.<ref>{{cite web |last=Young |first=Celia |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Publisher, Investment Manager Each Take 40K SF at 7 WTC |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2022/04/capstone-mansueto-ventures-7-wtc/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729142914/https://commercialobserver.com/2022/04/capstone-mansueto-ventures-7-wtc/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Real Estate Weekly 2022">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Silverstein Properties signs four leases at 7 World Trade Center |url=https://rew-online.com/silverstein-properties-signs-four-leases-at-7-world-trade-center/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=Real Estate Weekly |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728055308/https://rew-online.com/silverstein-properties-signs-four-leases-at-7-world-trade-center/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly afterward, Silverstein Properties refinanced the property with a $458 million loan from ].<ref name="Real Estate Weekly 2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Silverstein Scores $458M Refinancing at 7 World Trade Center |url=https://therealdeal.com/2022/04/07/silverstein-refis-7-world-trade-with-458m-in-green-bonds/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518163635/https://therealdeal.com/2022/04/07/silverstein-refis-7-world-trade-with-458m-in-green-bonds/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Morphy |first=Erika |date=April 7, 2022 |title=7 World Trade Center Lands 104k-SF in Leases; Secures $457.5M Refi |url=https://www.globest.com/2022/04/07/7-world-trade-center-lands-104k-sf-in-leases-secures-457-5m-refi/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=GlobeSt |archive-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729142917/https://www.globest.com/2022/04/07/7-world-trade-center-lands-104k-sf-in-leases-secures-457-5m-refi/?slreturn=20220629102916 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In May 2002, the ] (FEMA) issued a report on the collapse based on a preliminary investigation conducted jointly with the Structural Engineering Institute of the ] under leadership of Dr. ], P.E. FEMA made preliminary findings that the collapse was not primarily caused by actual impact damage from the collapse of 1&nbsp;WTC and 2&nbsp;WTC but by fires on multiple stories ignited by debris from the other two towers that continued unabated due to lack of water for sprinklers or manual firefighting. According to FEMA, structural elements were exposed to high temperatures for a sufficient period of time to reduce their strength to the point of collapse<ref name="fema-ch5"/>; nevertheless, it has since been determined that the fires burned out in 20 minutes at any given location as they moved from point to point.<ref name="NIST Advisory Committee Dec 2007"/>
]


== Architecture ==
]
The new 7&nbsp;World Trade Center has 52&nbsp;stories and is {{convert|741|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall.<ref>See:<br />{{cite web |title=7 World Trade Center |url=http://www.wtc.com/about/office-tower-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230021527/http://www.wtc.com/about/office-tower-7 |archive-date=December 30, 2009 |access-date=January 9, 2010 |publisher=World Trade Center}}<br />{{cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Anthony |date=September 30, 2004 |title=Construction Worker Dies in Fall at Trade Center Site |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/30/nyregion/30accident.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505031123/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/30/nyregion/construction-worker-dies-in-fall-at-trade-center-site.html |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The building has 42&nbsp;floors of leasable space, starting at the 11th floor, and a total of {{convert|1.7|e6sqft|m2|abbr=unit}} of office space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven World Trade Center (post-9/11) |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=170407 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929224333/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=170407 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |access-date=November 22, 2007 |publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> The first ten floors house an electrical substation which provides power to much of Lower Manhattan. The office tower has a narrower footprint at ground level than did its predecessor, so the course of Greenwich Street could be restored to reunite ] and the ]. The original building, on the other hand, had bordered West Broadway on the east, necessitating the destruction of Greenwich Street between Barclay Street and the northern border of the World Trade Center superblock.<ref name="nyt-20020411" />


===Facade===
The report did not reach conclusions about the cause of the collapse and called for further investigation:
]
] of ] worked in conjunction with glass artist and designer James Carpenter to create a design that uses ultra-clear, low-iron glass to provide reflectivity and light.<ref name="ar-June2006" /><ref name="Collins 2005 q802">{{cite web |last=Collins |first=Glenn |date=June 27, 2005 |title=Built to Be Noticed, and to Return the Favor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/27/nyregion/built-to-be-noticed-and-to-return-the-favor.html |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208021609/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/27/nyregion/built-to-be-noticed-and-to-return-the-favor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are stainless-steel ]s behind the glass to help reflect sunlight.<ref name="ar-June2006" /> The spandrels are textured and are curved in a manner that reflects light both from each story's ]s and from the sky.<ref name="Collins 2005 q802" /> On the lower stories, there are {{convert|15|by|5|ft|adj=on}} panels with steel triangular prisms. There are 130,000 prisms in total, which are tilted at different angles to reflect natural light from the sky. The window panes on the upper floors are {{Convert|13.6|ft}} high and are made of white glass with low concentrations of iron.<ref name="Collins 2005 q802" /> Stainless steel used in the facade is ]-containing Type&nbsp;316, which provides improved resistance to corrosion.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Houska |first=Catherine |date=January 2004 |title=New 7 World Trade Center Uses Type 316&nbsp;Stainless Steel |journal=International Molybdenum Association News Letter |pages=4–6}}</ref>


The new 7&nbsp;World Trade Center was built above the Con Edison substation.<ref name="Dunlap 2004 s119" /><ref name="Skidmore 2009 p.">{{cite book |last=Skidmore, Owings & Merrill |title=Architecture of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 1997-2008 |date=2009 |publisher=Monacelli Press |isbn=978-1-58093-224-0 |publication-place=New York |page=138 |oclc=299708729}}</ref> When the current building was constructed, the transformer vaults were rearranged into an {{convert|80|ft|m|-tall|adj=mid}} shell at the building's base.<ref name="Dunlap 2004 s119" /> To enclose the power substation and improve its aesthetics, the base of the building has a curtain wall with ] ]s that provide ventilation for the machinery.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blum |first=Andrew |date=March 28, 2006 |title=A World of Light and Glass |work=BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/mar2006/id20060328_770161.htm?chan=innovation_architecture_product+spotlight |url-status=dead |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324231124/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/mar2006/id20060328_770161.htm?chan=innovation_architecture_product+spotlight |archive-date=March 24, 2008}}</ref> The transformers each weigh {{convert|168|ST|LT t}} and are {{convert|20|ft}} tall. There are also radiators with vertical cooling blades facing the street, which in turn cool down the transformers.<ref name="Dunlap 2004 s119" />
<blockquote>Loss of structural integrity was likely a result of weakening caused by fires on the 5th to 7th floors. The specifics of the fires in WTC&nbsp;7 and how they caused the building to collapse remain unknown at this time. Although the total diesel fuel on the premises contained massive potential energy, the best hypothesis has only a low probability of occurrence. Further research, investigation, and analyses are needed to resolve this issue. <ref name="fema-ch5"/></blockquote>


There is a cable-net glass wall on the eastern ] of the facade, just above the Greenwich Street entrance.<ref name="Hill 2011 p. 27">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLn64RtcTO8C&pg=PA27 |title=Guide To Contemporary New York City Architecture |publisher=WW Norton |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-73326-6 |series=Architecture / regional |page=27 |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208021608/https://books.google.com/books?id=NLn64RtcTO8C&pg=PA27 |url-status=live }}</ref> This cable-net wall measures {{convert|50|by|110|ft}} across.<ref name="Skidmore 2009 p." /> During the day, the curtain wall reflects light, while at night it is illuminated by blue and white ] lights.<ref name="Collins 2005 q802" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Marpillero, Sandro |title=James Carpenter: Environmental Refractions |author2=Frampton, Kenneth |author3=Schlaich, Jorg |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=2006 |isbn=1-56898-608-4 |pages=55–70}}</ref> The curtain wall has 220,000 LEDs; at night, the prisms on the facade reflect light from each LED onto the street.<ref name="Collins 2005 q802" /> The curtain wall around the lobby uses heavily laminated, heat-strengthened glass that meets high standards for blast resistance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Garmhausen |first=Steve |date=November 16, 2004 |title=Curtain (Wall) Time |publisher=Slatin Report |url=http://www.theslatinreport.com/top_story.jsp?StoryName=1116curtains.txt |access-date=February 25, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050225083353/http://www.theslatinreport.com/top_story.jsp?StoryName=1116curtains.txt |archive-date=February 25, 2005}}</ref> At night, a large cube of light above the lobby also emanates blue light, while during the day it provides white light to the lobby, and at dusk, it transitions to violet and back to blue.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 1, 2007 |title=7 World Trade Center&nbsp;— Outstanding Achievement, Exterior Lighting |work=Architectural Lighting Magazine |url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1325&articleID=554018 |url-status=dead |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321093516/http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1325&articleID=554018 |archive-date=March 21, 2008}}</ref>
In response to FEMA's concerns, the ] (NIST) was authorized to lead an investigation into the structural failure and collapse of the World Trade Center twin towers and 7&nbsp;World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/nist_investigation_911.htm |title=NIST’s World Trade Center Investigation |publisher=NIST |accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref> The investigation, led by Dr S. Shyam Sunder, drew not only upon in-house technical expertise, but also upon the knowledge of several outside private institutions, including the Structural Engineering Institute of the ] (SEI/ASCE), the ] (SFPE), the ] (NFPA), the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the ] (CTBUH), and the ] (SEAoNY).<ref name="NIST-WTCreport">{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |format=pdf|title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |month=September | year=2005 |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>


=== Features ===
The bulk of the investigation of 7 World Trade Center was delayed until after reports were completed on the ] twin towers.<ref name="nist-questions"/> In the meantime, NIST provided a preliminary report about 7 World Trade Center in June 2004, and since then has released occasional updates on the investigation.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> According to NIST, the investigation of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center has been delayed for a number of reasons, including that NIST staff who had been working on 7&nbsp;World Trade Center were assigned full-time from June 2004 to September 2005 to work on the investigation of the collapse of the twin towers.<ref name="NISTFAQ">{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/factsheets/faqs_8_2006.htm |title=Answers to Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |month=August | year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> In June 2007, Shyam Sunder explained, "We are proceeding as quickly as possible while rigorously testing and evaluating a wide range of scenarios to reach the most definitive conclusion possible. The 7&nbsp;WTC investigation is in some respects just as challenging, if not more so, than the study of the towers. However, the current study does benefit greatly from the significant technological advances achieved and lessons learned from our work on the towers."<ref name="NIST7STAT1">{{cite press release |url=http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/wtc_062907.html|title=NIST Status Update on World Trade Center 7 Investigation|last=Newman|first=Michael|date=2007-06-29 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>
] office space on the 40th floor]]
Inside the main lobby, artist ] created an LED installation<ref name="Kolker 2019 k885">{{cite web |last=Kolker |first=Robert |date=April 8, 2005 |title=The Building Everyone Will Date But No One Will Marry |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/realestate/urbandev/features/11718/ |access-date=December 9, 2023 |website=New York Magazine |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209010516/https://nymag.com/nymetro/realestate/urbandev/features/11718/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hill 2011 p. 27" /><ref name="Collins 2006">{{Cite news |last=Collins |first=Glenn |date=March 6, 2006 |title=At Ground Zero, Accord Brings a Work of Art |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/06/nyregion/at-ground-zero-accord-brings-a-work-of-art.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728060104/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/06/nyregion/at-ground-zero-accord-brings-a-work-of-art.html |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> with glowing text moving across wide plastic panels.<ref name="ar-June2006" /> The wall measures {{convert|65|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall. Holzer worked with Klara Silverstein, the wife of Larry Silverstein, to select poetry for the art installation.<ref name="Collins 2006" /> The wall of the lobby is structurally fortified as a security measure.<ref name="Collins 2006" /> On the upper stories, some tenants customized the design of their spaces. The space occupied by Mansueto Ventures was designed to maximize natural light exposure and has an open floor plan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Claire |date=May 13, 2007 |title=An Open, Sunlit Space At 7 World Trade Center |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/realestate/commercial/13sqft.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210144311/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/realestate/commercial/13sqft.html |archive-date=December 10, 2008 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The 40th-floor space used by the New York Academy of Sciences was designed by H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture and includes a reception lobby with an ] screen; a 296-seat event room; and a horizontal {{convert|72|ft|m|-long|adj=mid}} mural.<ref name="Dunlap 2006 v054" />


7 World Trade Center is equipped with ] ] to reduce dwell times and travel times.<ref>{{cite news |last=Angwin |first=Julia |author-link=Julia Angwin |date=November 19, 2006 |title=No-button elevators take orders in lobby |work=Charleston Gazette (West Virginia)}}</ref> After pressing their destination floor number on a keypad in the lobby, passengers are directed to specific elevators that will stop at the selected floor; the elevator cabs do not contain buttons. The elevator system is integrated with the lobby key-card system, which can identify the floor on which an employee works, then automatically call an elevator for that floor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kretkowski |first=Paul |date=March 2007 |title=First Up |publisher=ARCHI-TECH |url=http://www.architechmag.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=3608 |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013193735/http://www.architechmag.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=3608 |archive-date=October 13, 2007}}</ref>
] captured footage of the south face of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, including a glimpse of a gash, extending approximately 10 stories.]]


] served as structural engineer on the project, while ] was the MEP engineer.<ref name="ncstar1-a">{{cite report |url=http://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=861610 |title=NIST NCSTAR1-A: Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 |date=November 2008 |publisher=] |access-date=July 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721055820/http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201A.pdf |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly 30 percent of structural steel used in the building consists of recycled steel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pogrebin |first=Robin |date=April 16, 2006 |title=7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/design/7-world-trade-center-and-hearst-building-new-yorks-test-cases.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211184549/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/design/7-world-trade-center-and-hearst-building-new-yorks-test-cases.html |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Rainwater is collected and used for irrigation of the park and to cool the building.<ref name="ar-June2006" /> Along with other sustainable design features, the building is designed to allow in plenty of natural light, power is metered to tenants to encourage them to conserve energy, the heating steam is reused to generate some power for the building, and recycled materials are used for insulation and interior materials.<ref>{{cite news |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |date=January 20, 2004 |title=At Ground Zero, Rebuilding With Nature in Mind |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/20/nyregion/at-ground-zero-rebuilding-with-nature-in-mind.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326222147/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03E6D91539F933A15752C0A9629C8B63 |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In its progress report, NIST released a video and still-photo analysis of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center before its collapse that appears to indicate a greater degree of structural damage from falling debris than originally assumed by FEMA. Specifically, NIST's interim report on 7&nbsp;World Trade Center displays photographs of the southwest facade of the building that show it to have significant damage. The report also highlights a 10-story gash in the center of the south facade, toward the bottom, extending approximately a quarter of the way into the interior.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html?page=5#wtc7 |title=Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report |publisher=Popular Mechanics |date=March 2005|accessdate=2008-01-17}}</ref> A unique aspect of the design of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center was that each outer structural column was responsible for supporting 2,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (186&nbsp;m²) of floor space, suggesting that the simultaneous removal of a number of columns severely compromised the structure's integrity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/WTC%20Part%20IIC%20-%20WTC%207%20Collapse%20Final.pdf |format=pdf|title=NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster (Part IIC - WTC 7 Collapse) |date=2005-04-05 |publisher=NIST |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Consistent with this theory, news footage shows cracking and bowing of the building's east wall immediately before the collapse, which began at the penthouse floors.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> In video of the collapse, taken from the north by ] and other news media, the first visible sign of collapse is movement in the east penthouse 8.2&nbsp;seconds before the north wall began to collapse, which took at least another 7&nbsp;seconds.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/><ref>{{cite video |url=http://www.archive.org/details/cbs200109111651-1733 |people=CBS News |date=2001-09-11 |title=CBS Sept. 11, 2001 4:51 pm - 5:33 pm (September 11, 2001) |publisher=], CBS 9, Washington, D.C |medium=Television}} - View of the collapse captured by CBS</ref>


The building was promoted as one of the safest skyscrapers in the U.S. upon its completion<ref>{{cite web |title=Downtown Construction and Building Information |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/7_world_trade_center_75464.asp#activities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517100513/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/7_world_trade_center_75464.asp |archive-date=May 17, 2006 |access-date=May 22, 2006 |publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center}}</ref> According to Silverstein Properties, it "incorporate a host of life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype for new high-rise construction."<ref>{{cite press release |title=Silverstein Properties Names CB Richard Ellis to Serve as Exclusive Leasing Agent for 7&nbsp;World Trade Center |publisher=Silverstein Properties |date=September 28, 2004}}</ref> The building has {{convert|2|ft|m|adj=mid|-thick}} ] and ] elevator and stairway access shafts. The original building used only ] to line these shafts.<ref name="reiss">{{cite news |last=Reiss |first=Matthew |date=March 2003 |title=Shortcuts to Safety |work=Metropolis Magazine / Skyscraper Safety Campaign |url=http://www.skyscrapersafety.org/html/article_20040309.html |url-status=dead |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183820/http://www.skyscrapersafety.org/html/article_20040309.html |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> The stairways are wider than in the original building to permit faster egress.<ref name="reiss" />
The working hypothesis, released in the June 2004 progress report and reiterated in a June 2007 status update, was that an initial failure in a critical column occurred below the 13th floor, caused by damage from fire and/or debris from the collapse of the two main towers. The collapse progressed vertically up to the east mechanical penthouse. The interior structure was unable to handle the redistributed load, resulting in horizontal progression of the failure across lower floors, particularly the 5th to 7th floors. This resulted in "a disproportionate collapse of the entire structure."<ref name="NIST-june2004"/><ref name="NIST7STAT1"/><ref>{{cite web | year = 2004 |url = http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/wtc_keyfindings.htm | title = Key Findings of NIST’s June 2004 Progress Report on the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster | work = Fact sheets from NIST | publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology |accessdate = 2006-07-28}}</ref>


==See also==
On August 21, 2008, NIST released its draft report on the causes of the collapse of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, beginning a period for public comments.<ref name="nist-questions"/> In its investigation, NIST utilized ] to model events leading up to collapse initiation and ] models to simulate the global response to the initiating events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/WTC7_Approach_Summary12Dec06.pdf |format=pdf|title=WTC 7 Technical Approach and Status Summary |author=McAllister, Therese |publisher=NIST |date=2006-12-12|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> NIST determined that diesel fuel did not play an important role, nor did the structural damage from the collapse of the twin towers. But the lack of water to fight the fire was an important factor. The fires burned out of control during the afternoon, including on floor 13, where a critical interior column buckled. With the buckling of that column, adjacent columns also failed along with the floor structure above. This triggered a vertical progression of floor failures to the roof. The collapse then progressed east-to-west across the structure, and ultimately the entire structure collapsed. The fires, fueled by office contents, along with the lack of water, were the key reasons for the collapse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NIST_NCSTAR_1A_for_public_comment.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 - Draft for Public Comment |publisher=NIST |pages=xxxii |month=August | year=2008 |format=PDF}}</ref>
{{Portal|New York City|Architecture}}
* ]
* ]


{{Clear}}
]'s ] was heavily damaged from the collapse of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, and is undergoing deconstruction.]]

When 7&nbsp;World Trade Center collapsed, debris caused substantial damage and contamination to the ]'s ] building, located adjacent at 30&nbsp;West Broadway, to the extent that the building was not salvageable. In August 2007, Fiterman Hall was scheduled for deconstruction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/fiterman_hall_39764.aspx |title=Fiterman Hall&nbsp;— Project Updates |publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center/LMDC |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> A revised plan called for demolition in 2009 and completion of the new Fiterman Hall in 2012, at a cost of $325 million.<ref> BMCC News, November 17, 2008</ref><ref>Agovino T Crain's New York Business November 13, 2008</ref> The adjacent ], an ] building constructed in 1926, had extensive damage to its east facade from the collapse of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, though it was able to be restored at a cost of US$1.4&nbsp;billion.<ref name="nyconstruction">{{cite web |url=http://newyork.construction.com/projects/TopProjects04/Verizon.asp |title=Verizon Building Restoration |publisher=New York Construction (McGraw Hill) |accessdate=2007-06-28}}</ref>

7 World Trade Center housed SEC files relating to numerous Wall Street investigations, as well as other federal investigative files. All the files for approximately 3,000 to 4,000 SEC cases were destroyed. While some were backed up in other places, others were not, especially those classified as confidential.<ref name="NYL">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title= SEC & EEOC: Attack Delays Investigations | date=2001-09-17 | publisher= | url =http://www.wanttoknow.info/010917natllawjournal.WTC7SECfiles | work =New York Lawyer | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-09 | language = }}</ref> Files relating Citigroup to the ] scandal were lost.<ref name="street">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Citigroup Facing Subpoena in IPO Probe | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.thestreet.com/markets/matthewgoldstein/10036925.html | work =The Street | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-09 | language = }}</ref> The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission estimates over 10,000 cases will be affected.<ref name="NYLEq">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Federal Agencies: Re-Creating Lost Files | date=2001-09-14 | publisher= | url =http://www.nylawyer.com/login.php?source=/news/01/09/091401b | work =New York Lawyer | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-09 | language = }}</ref> The Secret Service had its largest field office, with more than 200 employees, in WTC 7 and lost investigative files. Says one agent: “All the evidence that we stored at 7 World Trade, in all our cases, went down with the building.”<ref name="TTV">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Ground Zero for the Secret Service | date=2002-07-23 | publisher= | url =http://www.g4tv.com/techtvvault/features/27904/Ground_Zero_for_the_Secret_Service.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-09 | language = }}</ref>

The collapse of 7 World Trade Center is remarkable because it was the first known instance of a tall building collapsing primarily as a result of uncontrolled fires.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/wtc_qa_082108.html |title=Questions and answers about the NIST WTC 7 Investigation |publisher=NIST}}</ref>

] say that the building collapses on September 11, including that of ], were the result of ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060903/11conspiracy.htm |title=Viewing 9/11 From a Grassy Knoll |author=Sullivan, Will |date=2006-09-03|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= The evolution of a conspiracy theory |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7488159.stm |publisher=] |date=2008-07-04 |accessdate=2008-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Asquith |first=Christina |year=2006 |month=September |title=Conspiracies continue to abound surrounding 9/11: on the eve of the fifth anniversary, a group of professors say the attacks were an "inside job.". |journal=Diverse Issues in Higher Education |pages=12 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WMX/is_15_23/ai_n27000635 |accessdate=2008-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html?page=5#wtc7 |title=WTC 7 Collapse |accessdate=2008-07-09 |work=Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report |work =] |month=March | year=2005 }}</ref> The draft NIST report rejected this hypothesis, as the window breakages and blast sound that would have occurred if explosives were used were not observed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NIST_NCSTAR_1A_for_public_comment.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 - Draft for Public Comment |publisher=NIST |pages=22–3|month=August | year=2008 |format=PDF}}</ref>
The use of ] instead of explosives is discarded by NIST on the basis that it is unlikely the necessary 100 pounds of thermate for each steel column could have been planted without being discovered.<ref>http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/wtc_qa_082108.html</ref>

==Rebuilding 7 World Trade Center==
]

===Design===
The new 7&nbsp;World Trade Center has 52&nbsp;stories and is 741&nbsp;ft (226&nbsp;m) tall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rics.org/Networks/Regions/Americas/7_world_trade_center_tour.html |title=7 World Trade Center tour makes huge impression |accessdate=2008-05-20 |date=2006-05-24 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Anthony |last=Ramirez |title=Construction Worker Dies in Fall at Trade Center Site |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/30/nyregion/30accident.html |work=The New York Times |date=2004-09-30 |accessdate=2008-05-20 }}</ref> The building has 42&nbsp;floors of leasable space, starting at the 11th floor, and a total of 1,700,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (158,000&nbsp;m²) of office space.<ref name="emporis2">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=170407 |publisher=Emporis.com |title=Seven World Trade Center (post-9/11) |accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref> The first ten floors house an electrical substation, which provides power to much of Lower Manhattan. The office tower has a narrower footprint at ground level than its predecessor so the course of Greenwich Street could be restored to reunite ] and the ].<ref name="nyt-20020411"/>

] worked in conjunction with glass artist and designer James Carpenter to create a design that uses ultra-clear, low-iron glass to provide reflectivity and light, with stainless-steel spandrels behind the glass to help reflect sunlight.<ref name="ar-June2006"/> Stainless steel used in the building façade is ]-containing Type&nbsp;316, which provides improved resistance to corrosion.<ref>{{cite journal |title=New 7 World Trade Center Uses Type 316&nbsp;Stainless Steel |author=Houska, Catherine |journal=International Molybdenum Association News Letter |pages=4–6 |month=January | year=2004}}</ref> To enclose the power substation and improve its aesthetics, the base of the building has a curtain wall with ] ]s that provide ventilation for the machinery.<ref>{{cite news |title=A World of Light and Glass |url=http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/mar2006/id20060328_770161.htm?chan=innovation_architecture_product+spotlight |author=Blum, Andrew |date=2006-03-28 |work =BusinessWeek|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> During the day, the curtain wall reflects light, while at night it is illuminated with blue ] lights.<ref>{{cite book |author=Marpillero, Sandro, Kenneth Frampton, Jorg Schlaich |title=James Carpenter: Environmental Refractions |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=2006 |pages=55–70 |isbn=1568986084}}</ref> The curtain wall around the lobby uses heavily laminated, heat-strengthened glass that meets high standards for blast resistance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050225083353/http://www.theslatinreport.com/top_story.jsp?StoryName=1116curtains.txt|title=Curtain (Wall) Time |author=Garmhausen, Steve |publisher=Slatin Report |date=2004-11-16|accessdate=2005-02-25}}</ref> At night, a large cube of light above the lobby also emanates blue light, while during the day it provides white light to the lobby, and at dusk it transitions to violet and back to blue.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1325&articleID=554018 |title=7 World Trade Center&nbsp;— Outstanding Achievement, Exterior Lighting |work =Architectural Lighting Magazine |date=2007-07-01|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Inside the main lobby, artist ] created a large light installation with glowing text moving across wide plastic panels.<ref name="ar-June2006"/> The entire wall, which is 65&nbsp;ft (20&nbsp;m) wide and 14&nbsp;ft (4&nbsp;m) tall, changes color according to the time of day. Holzer worked with Klara Silverstein, the wife of Larry Silverstein, to select poetry for the art installation. The wall is structurally fortified as a security measure.<ref>{{cite news |title=At Ground Zero, Art Pact Results In Wall of Words |work=The New York Times |date=2006-03-06 |author=Collins, Glenn}}</ref>

The building is being promoted as the safest skyscraper in the U.S.<ref name="lower">{{cite web|url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/7_world_trade_center_75464.asp#activities|publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center|title=Downtown Construction and Building Information|accessdate=2006-05-22}}</ref> According to Silverstein Properties, the owner of the building, it "will incorporate a host of life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype for new high-rise construction".<ref>{{cite press release |title=Silverstein Properties Names CB Richard Ellis to Serve as Exclusive Leasing Agent for 7&nbsp;World Trade Center |publisher=Silverstein Properties |date=2004-09-28}}</ref> The building has 2&nbsp;ft (60&nbsp;cm) thick ] and ] elevator and stairway access shafts. The original building used only ] to line these shafts.<ref name="reiss">{{cite news |url=http://www.skyscrapersafety.org/html/article_20040309.html |title=Shortcuts to Safety |author=Reiss, Matthew |work =Metropolis Magazine / Skyscraper Safety Campaign |date=March 2003|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> The stairways are wider than in the original building to permit faster egress.<ref name="reiss"/>

7 World Trade Center is equipped with ] ]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=No-button elevators take orders in lobby |work =Charleston Gazette (West Virginia) |date=2006-11-19 |author=Angwin, Julia}}</ref> After pressing a destination floor number on a lobby keypad, passengers are grouped and directed to specific elevators that will stop at the selected floor (there are no buttons to press inside the elevators). This system is designed to reduce elevator waiting and travel times. The elevator system is integrated with the lobby turnstile and card reader system that identifies the floor on which a person works as he or she enters and can automatically call the elevator for that floor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.architechmag.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=3608 |author=Kretkowski, Paul |title=First Up |publisher=ARCHI-TECH |date=March 2007|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>

Nearly 30 percent of structural steel used in the building consists of recycled steel.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Green Is My Tower? |work =The New York Times |date=2006-04-16 |author=Pogrebin, Robin}}</ref> Rainwater is collected and used for irrigation of the park and to cool the building.<ref name="ar-June2006"/> Along with other sustainable design features, the building is designed to allow in plenty of natural light, power is metered to tenants to encourage them to conserve energy, the heating steam is reused to generate some power for the building, and recycled materials are used for insulation and interior materials.<ref>{{cite news |author=DePalma, Anthony |title=At Ground Zero, Rebuilding With Nature in Mind |work =The New York Times |date=2004-01-20|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03E6D91539F933A15752C0A9629C8B63|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyas.org/snc/gallery.asp?exhibitID=25&page=2 |title=The Academy's New 'Green' Home |publisher=New York Academy of Science |accessdate=2007-07-01}}</ref>

]

===Construction===
Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began on May 7, 2002 with the installation of a fence around the construction site.<ref name="nyt-7wtcstart">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/08/nyregion/as-a-hurdle-is-cleared-building-begins-at-ground-zero.html?scp=36&sq=%227+World+Trade+Center%22&st=nyt|title= As a Hurdle Is Cleared, Building Begins At Ground Zero| first=Charles V. |last=Bagli |work =The New York Times|date=2002-05-08|accessdate=2009-08-16}}</ref> Tishman Construction Corporation of New York began work at the new 7&nbsp;World Trade Center in 2002, soon after the site was cleared of debris. Restoring the Con Ed ] was an urgent priority to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.<ref name="nyt-20020411">{{cite news |author=Dunlap, David W |title=21st-Century Plans, but Along 18th-Century Paths |work =The New York Times |date=2002-04-11|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E4D91F3DF932A25757C0A9649C8B63|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Because 7&nbsp;World Trade Center is separate from the main 16&nbsp;acre (6.5&nbsp;ha) ], ] required approval only from the ] and rebuilding was able to proceed quickly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Developer's Pace at 7 World Trade Center Upsets Some |work =The New York Times |date=2002-01-31 |author=Bagli, Charles V|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E4DD1F3AF932A05752C0A9649C8B63|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Building Seven was not included in the original World Trade Center master plan by ], but was designed by ] under the leadership of David Childs, who largely ] the ].

Once construction of the power substation was complete in October 2003, work proceeded on building the office tower. An unusual approach was used in constructing the building; erecting the steel frame before adding the concrete core. This approach allowed the construction schedule to be shortened by a few months.<ref>{{cite news |title=Strategy for Seven World Trade Center Exceeds Expectations|author=Post, Nadine M |work =Engineering News Record |date=2005-09-12|url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/wtc/archives/050912seven.asp|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Construction was completed in 2006 at a cost of $700&nbsp;million.<ref name="ar-June2006">{{cite news |title=Major Step at Ground Zero: 7 World Trade Center Opening
|work =Architectural Record |date=2006-05-17|url=http://www.archrecord.construction.com/news/wtc/archives/060517opening.asp|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Though Silverstein received $861&nbsp;million from insurance on the old building, he had $400&nbsp;million remaining in mortgage to pay off.<ref>{{cite news |author=Herman, Eric |title=No Tenants for New 7 WTC, Construction to Begin with Financing in Doubt |work =Daily News (New York) |date=2002-05-31}}</ref> Costs to rebuild were covered by $475&nbsp;million in ], which provide tax-exempt financing to help stimulate rebuilding in Lower Manhattan and insurance money that remained after other expenses.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/12/realestate/12liberty.html?ex=1310356800&en=cf5291a4979664b2&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |title=A Pot of Tax-Free Bonds for Post-9/11 Projects Is Empty |work =The New York Times |date=2006-07-12|author=Pristin, Terry|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>

A 15,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (1,400&nbsp;m²) triangular park was created between the extended Greenwich Street and West Broadway by David Childs with Ken Smith and his colleague, Annie Weinmayr, of Ken Smith Landscape Architect. The park comprises an open central plaza with a fountain and flanking groves of ] trees and ] shrubs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nyas.org/publications/updateUnbound.asp?updateID=66 |title=A Prism with Prose&nbsp;— Seven World Trade Center |author=Collins, Glenn |date=July/August 2006 |work=Update Unbound |publisher=New York Academy of Science|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> As the seasons change, so will the colors in the park, providing a natural complement to the tower. At the center of the fountain, sculptor ] created ''Balloon Flower (Red)'', whose mirror-polished stainless steel represents a twisted balloon in the shape of a flower.<ref>{{cite news |title=Luster of 7 World Trade Center Has Tattered Reminder of 9/11 |work =The New York Times |date=2006-05-24|author=Dunlap, David W}}</ref>

===Building opened===
]
The building was officially opened at noon on May 23, 2006, with a free concert featuring ], ], Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls, Ollabelle, ], ] (of the ]), and special guest ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |title= 7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) |date=2006-05-22 |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> Prior to opening, in March 2006, the new 7&nbsp;World Trade Center frontage and lobby were used in scenes for the movie '']'' with ] and ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.downtownexpress.com/de_149/undercover.html |title=Under Cover, Tower 7 is no ‘Stranger’ to fame |date=March 2006 |publisher=Downtown Express|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>

Since the building opened, several unleased upper floors have been used for events such as charity lunches, fashion shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed space in the new building to be used for these events as a means to draw people to see the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/54369?page_no=2 |title=The City's Hottest Event Space? Try 7 World Trade Center |author=Birkner, Gabrielle |work =New York Sun |date=2007-05-14|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> From September 8 to October 7, 2006, the work of photographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "An American Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by the ] at 7&nbsp;World Trade Center. The photographs captured the response of people in New York City and across the United States after the September 11, 2001, attacks. The exhibit took place on the 45th floor while the space remained available for lease.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.buildthememorial.org/site/DocServer/5th_Anniversary_Exhibitions.pdf?docID=1881 |format=pdf|title=WTC Memorial Foundation Announces Photography Exhibitions to Mark 5th Anniversary of 9/11 |publisher=World Trade Center Memorial Foundation |date=2006-08-07|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>

{{New World Trade Center}}
By March 2007, 60&nbsp;percent of the building had been leased.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ny1.com/ny1/content/index.jsp?stid=203&aid=62235 |title=9/11: Five Years Later: 7 World Trade Open For Business, Lacking Tenants |publisher=NY1 News |date=2006-08-31 |author=Spitz, Rebecca|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> In September 2006, ] signed a 20-year lease to rent 15&nbsp;floors of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3601/is_6_53/ai_n16776901|title=Moody's signs on dotted line at 7WTC|work =Real Estate Weekly|date=2006-09-20}} Retrieved from findarticles.com on 2008-02-17.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://gothamist.com/2006/06/20/pricey_midtown.php |title=Pricey Midtown Rents Mean Big Tenant for 7 WTC |date=2006-06-20 |publisher=Gothamist|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Other tenants that had signed leases in 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, as of May 2007, include ],<ref>{{cite news |title=Lower Manhattan: A Relative Bargain but Filling Up Fast |work =The New York Times |date=2007-02-28|author=Pristin, Terry}}</ref> ] Inc.,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.ameriprise.com/amp/global/press-center/press-release-45.asp |title=Ameriprise Financial to lease 20,000 SF at 7 WTC |publisher=AmeriPrise Financial|date=2006-01-04|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Darby & Darby P.C.,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20061106174551/http://www.darbylaw.com/news/news_detail.asp?id=1932|title=Darby & Darby P.C. to move headquarters to 7 WTC |publisher=Darby & Darby |date=2006-08-24}} Retrieved from 2006-11-06 internet archive.</ref> Mansueto Ventures LLC, business publisher of ] and ],<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5604926/Mansueto-Ventures-Signs-Lease-at.html#abstract |title=Mansueto Ventures signs lease at 7 World Trade Center to become the first corporate tenant to locate its national headquarters in the building |publisher=Goliath |date=2006-07-26|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> and the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nyas.org/about/newsDetails.asp?newsID=210 |title=New York Academy of Sciences Signs Lease at 7 WTC |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences |date=2005-12-16|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>

The space occupied by Mansueto Ventures has been designed to use the maximum amount of natural light and has an open floor plan.<ref>{{cite news |title=An Open, Sunlit Space At 7 World Trade Center |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/realestate/commercial/13sqft.html?ex=1336708800&en=ceda67d8a2e597df&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |author=Wilson, Claire |date=2007-05-13|accessdate=2008-02-17 |work =The New York Times}}</ref> The space used by the ] on the 40th floor, designed by H<sup>3</sup> Hardy Collaboration Architecture, works with the parallelogram shape of the building. Keeping with the green design of the building, the NYAS uses recycled materials in many of the office furnishings, has zoned heating and cooling, and lights that detect motion, coming on automatically only when people are present, and adjust according to incoming sunlight.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New York Academy of Sciences (brochure) |publisher=H<sup>3</sup> Hardy Collaboration Architecture |author=H<sup>3</sup> Hardy Collaboration Architecture |year=2007}}</ref>

] also has offices in 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, along with office space used by the architectural and engineering firms working on ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/25/nyregion/25blocks.html?ex=157680000&en=53cdb254a428dd39&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |title=What a View to Behold, And It's Really Something |work =The New York Times |date=2007-01-25 |author=Dunlap, David W}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Behind the Scenes, Three Towers Take Shape |work =The New York Times |date=2007-01-18 |author=Dunlap, David W |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/nyregion/18blocks.html?ex=157680000&en=9ee0bb381409176f&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink}}</ref> As of September 2008, space remains available on the ten uppermost floors and floors 33 and 36 of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.silversteinproperties.com/inner_page.aspx?id=5 |title=7 World Trade Center&nbsp;— Current Space Availabilities |publisher=Silverstein Properties |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref>

{{featured article}}

==See also==
*]
{{portalpar|North America|North America.svg}}
*]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{reflist|1=30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{commonscat|7 World Trade Center}}
* * at SilversteinProperties.com
* on ] Skyscraper Center
*

{{coord|40.7133|-74.0120|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{World Trade Center}} {{World Trade Center}}
{{Financial District, Manhattan}}
{{Authority control}}


]
{{use mdy dates}}
]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]

{{Link FA|ca}}
{{Link FA|es}}

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 04:40, 25 November 2024

Office building in Manhattan, New York This article is about the current building on the site completed in 2006. For the original structure destroyed on September 11, 2001, see 7 World Trade Center (1987–2001).

7 World Trade Center
The glass facade of 7 World Trade Center, a skyscraper in New York's World Trade Center7 World Trade Center nearing completion, January 2006
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeOffice
Location250 Greenwich Street
Manhattan, New York City 10006, United States
Coordinates40°42′48″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7133°N 74.0120°W / 40.7133; -74.0120
Construction startedMay 7, 2002
Completed2006
OpenedMay 23, 2006
Height
Architectural743 ft (226 m)
Roof741 ft (226 m)
Top floor679 ft (207 m)
Technical details
Floor count52
Floor area1,681,118 sq ft (156,181 m)
Lifts/elevators29
Design and construction
Architect(s)David Childs of SOM
DeveloperSilverstein Properties
EngineerJaros, Baum & Bolles (MEP)
Structural engineerWSP Cantor Seinuk
Main contractorTishman Construction
Website
7 World Trade Center, wtc.com
References

7 World Trade Center (7 WTC, WTC-7, or Tower 7) is an office building constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on a city block bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay Streets on the east, south, west, and north, respectively. 7 World Trade Center was developed by Larry Silverstein, who holds a ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

The building was constructed to replace the original structure on the site, part of the original World Trade Center. The previous structure, completed in 1987, was destroyed in the September 11 attacks in 2001. Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed on May 23, 2006. The building is 52 stories tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 64th-tallest in New York. It is built on a smaller footprint than the original; a small park across Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint.

The current building's design emphasizes safety, with a reinforced concrete core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing on steel columns. It also incorporates numerous green design features. The building received the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification and was part of the council's pilot program for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – Core and Shell Development (LEED-CS).

History

The original 7 World Trade Center was a 47-story skyscraper with a red granite facade. It opened in 1987 as part of the original World Trade Center building complex. The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks caused the collapse of the World Trade Center; falling debris from the collapsing 110-story Twin Towers destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, including 7 World Trade Center, which collapsed shortly thereafter.

Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild
World Trade Center
Towers
Other elements
Artwork
History

Construction

7 World Trade Center construction in October 2004

The construction phase of the new 7 World Trade Center began on May 7, 2002, with the installation of a fence around the construction site. Restoring the Consolidated Edison substation was an urgent priority to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan; the utility stated that it needed to replace four of the ten destroyed transformers by 2003. Because 7 World Trade Center is separate from the main 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, Larry Silverstein required approval only from the landowner, the Port Authority, before he could rebuild the tower. Construction of the power substation was completed in October 2003, and the substation went into service in May 2004.

Work next proceeded on the office tower itself. An unusual approach was used in constructing the building; erecting the steel frame before adding the concrete core. This approach allowed the construction schedule to be shortened by a few months. By July 2005, American Express Financial Advisors was planning to lease 20,000 square feet (1,900 m) of space, making it the building's first tenant. Although Silverstein intended for the building's design to attract tenants, he wanted occupants to pay $50/sq ft ($540/m) to lease space by 2005, which New York magazine called "easily the highest price in lower Manhattan".

Construction was completed in 2006 at a cost of $700 million. Though Silverstein received $861 million from insurance on the old building, he owed more than $400 million on its mortgage. Costs to rebuild were covered by $475 million in Liberty Bonds, which provide tax-exempt financing to help stimulate rebuilding in Lower Manhattan and insurance money that remained after other expenses.

A 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m) triangular park was created between the extended Greenwich Street and West Broadway by David Childs with Ken Smith and his colleague, Annie Weinmayr, of Ken Smith Landscape Architect. The park comprises an open central plaza with a fountain and flanking groves of sweetgum trees and boxwood shrubs. At the center of the fountain, sculptor Jeff Koons created a 9-foot-tall (2.7 m) stainless steel sculpture called Balloon Flower (Red).

Completion and early years

2000s

The building was officially opened on May 23, 2006. The opening was marked by a free concert featuring Suzanne Vega, Citizen Cope, Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls, Ollabelle, Pharaoh's Daughter, Ronan Tynan (of the Irish Tenors), and special guest Lou Reed. Prior to its opening, in March 2006, the new building was used as a filming location for the movie Perfect Stranger.

The building was 10 percent leased by August 2006. Several of the unoccupied upper floors were used for events such as charity lunches, fashion shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed space in the new building to be used for these events as a means to draw people to see the building. From September 8 to October 7, 2006, the work of photographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "An American Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, on the 45th floor of 7 World Trade Center. The exhibit consisted of 63 photographs that captured Americans' responses after the September 11 attacks.

In September 2006, Moody's signed a 20-year lease for 15 floors at 7 World Trade Center; prior to Moody's lease, only eight floors had been occupied. Other tenants that had signed leases in 7 World Trade Center in its first two years included ABN AMRO, Ameriprise Financial Inc., DRW Trading Group, publisher Mansueto Ventures, and the New York Academy of Sciences. Silverstein Properties also had offices and the Silver Suites executive office suites at 7 World Trade Center. Architectural and engineering firms working on 1 World Trade Center, 150 Greenwich Street, 175 Greenwich Street, and 200 Greenwich Street also set up offices in the building. Two-thirds of the building's office space had been leased by April 2007. After ABN AMRO was acquired by the Royal Bank of Scotland, forex services provider FXDD subleased some of the Royal Bank of Scotland's space in 2009.

2010s to present

The law firm WilmerHale signed 200,000 square feet (19,000 m) at the building in April 2011. The building became fully leased that September after MSCI agreed to occupy 125,000 square feet (11,600 m) on the top floor; other tenants at the time included FXDD, WilmerHale, and the bank WestLB. Following this, Silverstein announced in 2012 that he would refinance the building with a $452.8 million Liberty bond issue and a $125 million commercial mortgage-backed security loan. At the time, the building was valued at $940 million, in large part because it was fully occupied. FXDD subleased its space to engineering company Permasteelisa in 2015 and artificial intelligence firm IPsoft in 2016. The building was 94.8 percent occupied by 2017. By then, roughly three-quarters of the space was occupied by four tenants, including Moody's, the Royal Bank of Scotland, and WilmerHale.

Wedding planning company Zola and the building's own architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill both leased space at 7 WTC in early 2019. This was followed in July 2019 by luxury drink brand Moët Hennessy and media company AccuWeather. After Mansueto Ventures and three other firms leased space at 7 WTC in April 2022, the building was 97 percent occupied. Shortly afterward, Silverstein Properties refinanced the property with a $458 million loan from Goldman Sachs.

7 World Trade Center looking from the southwest in 2008.

Architecture

The new 7 World Trade Center has 52 stories and is 741 ft (226 m) tall. The building has 42 floors of leasable space, starting at the 11th floor, and a total of 1.7 million sq ft (160,000 m) of office space. The first ten floors house an electrical substation which provides power to much of Lower Manhattan. The office tower has a narrower footprint at ground level than did its predecessor, so the course of Greenwich Street could be restored to reunite TriBeCa and the Financial District. The original building, on the other hand, had bordered West Broadway on the east, necessitating the destruction of Greenwich Street between Barclay Street and the northern border of the World Trade Center superblock.

Facade

The new 7 World Trade Center from the ground

David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill worked in conjunction with glass artist and designer James Carpenter to create a design that uses ultra-clear, low-iron glass to provide reflectivity and light. There are stainless-steel spandrels behind the glass to help reflect sunlight. The spandrels are textured and are curved in a manner that reflects light both from each story's window sills and from the sky. On the lower stories, there are 15-by-5-foot (4.6 by 1.5 m) panels with steel triangular prisms. There are 130,000 prisms in total, which are tilted at different angles to reflect natural light from the sky. The window panes on the upper floors are 13.6 feet (4.1 m) high and are made of white glass with low concentrations of iron. Stainless steel used in the facade is molybdenum-containing Type 316, which provides improved resistance to corrosion.

The new 7 World Trade Center was built above the Con Edison substation. When the current building was constructed, the transformer vaults were rearranged into an 80-foot-tall (24 m) shell at the building's base. To enclose the power substation and improve its aesthetics, the base of the building has a curtain wall with stainless steel louvers that provide ventilation for the machinery. The transformers each weigh 168 short tons (150 long tons; 152 t) and are 20 feet (6.1 m) tall. There are also radiators with vertical cooling blades facing the street, which in turn cool down the transformers.

There is a cable-net glass wall on the eastern elevation of the facade, just above the Greenwich Street entrance. This cable-net wall measures 50 by 110 feet (15 by 34 m) across. During the day, the curtain wall reflects light, while at night it is illuminated by blue and white LED lights. The curtain wall has 220,000 LEDs; at night, the prisms on the facade reflect light from each LED onto the street. The curtain wall around the lobby uses heavily laminated, heat-strengthened glass that meets high standards for blast resistance. At night, a large cube of light above the lobby also emanates blue light, while during the day it provides white light to the lobby, and at dusk, it transitions to violet and back to blue.

Features

New York Academy of Sciences office space on the 40th floor

Inside the main lobby, artist Jenny Holzer created an LED installation with glowing text moving across wide plastic panels. The wall measures 65 ft (20 m) wide and 14 ft (4.3 m) tall. Holzer worked with Klara Silverstein, the wife of Larry Silverstein, to select poetry for the art installation. The wall of the lobby is structurally fortified as a security measure. On the upper stories, some tenants customized the design of their spaces. The space occupied by Mansueto Ventures was designed to maximize natural light exposure and has an open floor plan. The 40th-floor space used by the New York Academy of Sciences was designed by H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture and includes a reception lobby with an openwork screen; a 296-seat event room; and a horizontal 72-foot-long (22 m) mural.

7 World Trade Center is equipped with Otis destination elevators to reduce dwell times and travel times. After pressing their destination floor number on a keypad in the lobby, passengers are directed to specific elevators that will stop at the selected floor; the elevator cabs do not contain buttons. The elevator system is integrated with the lobby key-card system, which can identify the floor on which an employee works, then automatically call an elevator for that floor.

WSP Cantor Seinuk served as structural engineer on the project, while Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the MEP engineer. Nearly 30 percent of structural steel used in the building consists of recycled steel. Rainwater is collected and used for irrigation of the park and to cool the building. Along with other sustainable design features, the building is designed to allow in plenty of natural light, power is metered to tenants to encourage them to conserve energy, the heating steam is reused to generate some power for the building, and recycled materials are used for insulation and interior materials.

The building was promoted as one of the safest skyscrapers in the U.S. upon its completion According to Silverstein Properties, it "incorporate a host of life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype for new high-rise construction." The building has 2-foot-thick (0.61 m) reinforced-concrete and fireproofed elevator and stairway access shafts. The original building used only drywall to line these shafts. The stairways are wider than in the original building to permit faster egress.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (May 8, 2002). "As a Hurdle Is Cleared, Building Begins At Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
  2. ^ "7 World Trade Center – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  3. ^ 7 World Trade Center Archived December 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
  4. ^ See: * Building Tenants Archived February 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Silverstein Properties *
  5. "About the WTC". Wtc.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  6. Lew, H.S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 13.
  7. "Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11)". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2006. Retrieved May 7, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. "History of the World Trade Center". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  9. Glanz, James; Lipton, Eric (February 12, 2002). "Rescuing the Buildings Beyond Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  10. ^ Dunlap, David W (April 11, 2002). "21st-Century Plans, but Along 18th-Century Paths". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  11. Bagli, Charles V (January 31, 2002). "Developer's Pace at 7 World Trade Center Upsets Some". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  12. ^ Post, Nadine M (September 12, 2005). "Strategy for Seven World Trade Center Exceeds Expectations". Engineering News Record. Archived from the original on December 10, 2005. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  13. ^ Dunlap, David W. (May 25, 2004). "A New Source Of Power Rises Over Ground Zero". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  14. Fried, Joseph P. (July 26, 2005). "7 World Trade Center Is Said to Be Close to Signing Its First Tenant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  15. Lisberg, Adam (July 25, 2005). "AMEX IS ON WAY TO 7 WTC. It'll be first real tenant". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  16. ^ Kolker, Robert (April 8, 2005). "The Building Everyone Will Date But No One Will Marry". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  17. ^ "Major Step at Ground Zero: 7 World Trade Center Opening". Architectural Record. May 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 22, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  18. Herman, Eric (May 31, 2002). "No Tenants for New 7 WTC, Construction to Begin with Financing in Doubt". Daily News (New York).
  19. Pristin, Terry (July 12, 2006). "A Pot of Tax-Free Bonds for Post-9/11 Projects Is Empty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  20. Collins, Glenn (July–August 2006). "A Prism with Prose — Seven World Trade Center". Update Unbound. New York Academy of Science. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  21. Dunlap, David W (May 24, 2006). "Luster of 7 World Trade Center Has Tattered Reminder of 9/11". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  22. ^ Stevenson, Peter (May 23, 2006). "Building Opens At 7 World Trade Center". CBS News. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  23. "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
  24. ^ Westfeldt, Amy (May 23, 2006). "First Rebuilt Skyscraper at WTC Opens". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  25. "Under Cover, Tower 7 is no 'Stranger' to fame". Downtown Express. March 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  26. Spitz, Rebecca (August 31, 2006). "9/11: Five Years Later: 7 World Trade Open For Business, Lacking Tenants". NY1 News. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  27. Birkner, Gabrielle (May 14, 2007). "The City's Hottest Event Space? Try 7 World Trade Center". New York Sun. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  28. Turner, Kay; Merrill, James (2009). "September 11: The Burden of the Ephemeral". Western Folklore. 68 (2/3): 197–198. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 40600535. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  29. Lipton, Jeff (September 7, 2006). "9/11 museum takes shapeFormer Five Towner leads creation of memorial". Herald Community Newspapers. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  30. "Two Photo Exhibits Open Near WTC Site". The Denver Post. The Associated Press. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  31. Davis, Nicole (August 31, 2006). "Moving on, despite the pull of the past, at 9/11 exhibit". amNewYork. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  32. See:
    "Moody's signs on dotted line at 7WTC". Real Estate Weekly. September 20, 2006. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
    "Pricey Midtown Rents Mean Big Tenant for 7 WTC". Gothamist. June 20, 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  33. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (June 20, 2006). "7 World Trade Center Gets a Major Tenant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  34. Pristin, Terry (February 28, 2007). "Lower Manhattan: A Relative Bargain but Filling Up Fast". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  35. ^ "7 World Trade Snags Two New Leases". Observer. April 10, 2007. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  36. Sosnowski, Tom (July 26, 2006). "7 WTC Inks Mansueto to 40,000 SF". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  37. ^ Dunlap, David W. (October 30, 2006). "For Science Academy, Move to World Trade Center Is Like Going Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  38. Levere, Jane (January 29, 2013). "Seeing Big Promise in Manhattan Corporate Apartments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  39. See:
    Dunlap, David W (January 25, 2007). "What a View to Behold, And It's Really Something". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
    Dunlap, David W (January 18, 2007). "Behind the Scenes, Three Towers Take Shape". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  40. Geminder, Emily (November 30, 2009). "Midtown, Schmidtown! Currency Trader FXDD Subleases 40K Feet in 7 WTC". Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  41. Colvin, Jill (April 5, 2011). "Law Firm Signs City's First 'Green Lease' for 7 World Trade Center". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  42. Chaban, Matt (September 19, 2011). "Zero Ground: 7 World Trade Center Now Fully Leased". Observer. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  43. "7 World Trade Center Skyscraper Fully Leased". NBC New York. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  44. "7 WTC fully leased as MSCI signs for 125,000 square feet". The Real Deal. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  45. Hlavenka, Jacqueline (March 19, 2012). "Silverstein To Refinance $577M in Bonds at 7 WTC". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  46. ^ Brown, Eliot (March 19, 2012). "For Silverstein, Time to Celebrate". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  47. Santani, Hitem (March 4, 2015). "A firm key to the rebuilding of 7WTC will now call it home". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  48. Cullen, Terence (June 9, 2016). "Artificial Intelligence Company IPsoft Takes 27K SF at 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  49. Gourarie, Chava (December 1, 2017). "Fitch upgrades CMBS debt on 7 WTC". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  50. Kim, Betsy (January 17, 2019). "Zola Gets Hitched to 7 WTC". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  51. Baird-Remba, Rebecca (May 6, 2019). "Architecture Firm SOM Nails Down 80K SF at 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  52. Rizzi, Nicholas (July 2, 2019). "Moët Hennessy Ditching Chelsea for 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  53. ^ "Itʼs raining deals at 7 World Trade Center". Real Estate Weekly. July 11, 2019. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  54. Young, Celia (April 7, 2022). "Publisher, Investment Manager Each Take 40K SF at 7 WTC". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  55. ^ "Silverstein Properties signs four leases at 7 World Trade Center". Real Estate Weekly. April 9, 2022. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  56. "Silverstein Scores $458M Refinancing at 7 World Trade Center". The Real Deal New York. April 7, 2022. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  57. Morphy, Erika (April 7, 2022). "7 World Trade Center Lands 104k-SF in Leases; Secures $457.5M Refi". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  58. See:
    "7 World Trade Center". World Trade Center. Archived from the original on December 30, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
    Ramirez, Anthony (September 30, 2004). "Construction Worker Dies in Fall at Trade Center Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  59. "Seven World Trade Center (post-9/11)". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  60. ^ Collins, Glenn (June 27, 2005). "Built to Be Noticed, and to Return the Favor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  61. Houska, Catherine (January 2004). "New 7 World Trade Center Uses Type 316 Stainless Steel". International Molybdenum Association News Letter: 4–6.
  62. ^ Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (2009). Architecture of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 1997-2008. New York: Monacelli Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-58093-224-0. OCLC 299708729.
  63. Blum, Andrew (March 28, 2006). "A World of Light and Glass". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  64. ^ Hill, John (2011). Guide To Contemporary New York City Architecture. Architecture / regional. WW Norton. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-393-73326-6. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  65. Marpillero, Sandro; Frampton, Kenneth; Schlaich, Jorg (2006). James Carpenter: Environmental Refractions. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 55–70. ISBN 1-56898-608-4.
  66. Garmhausen, Steve (November 16, 2004). "Curtain (Wall) Time". Slatin Report. Archived from the original on February 25, 2005. Retrieved February 25, 2005.
  67. "7 World Trade Center — Outstanding Achievement, Exterior Lighting". Architectural Lighting Magazine. July 1, 2007. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  68. ^ Collins, Glenn (March 6, 2006). "At Ground Zero, Accord Brings a Work of Art". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  69. Wilson, Claire (May 13, 2007). "An Open, Sunlit Space At 7 World Trade Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  70. Angwin, Julia (November 19, 2006). "No-button elevators take orders in lobby". Charleston Gazette (West Virginia).
  71. Kretkowski, Paul (March 2007). "First Up". ARCHI-TECH. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  72. NIST NCSTAR1-A: Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 (Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology. November 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  73. Pogrebin, Robin (April 16, 2006). "7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  74. DePalma, Anthony (January 20, 2004). "At Ground Zero, Rebuilding With Nature in Mind". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  75. "Downtown Construction and Building Information". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
  76. "Silverstein Properties Names CB Richard Ellis to Serve as Exclusive Leasing Agent for 7 World Trade Center" (Press release). Silverstein Properties. September 28, 2004.
  77. ^ Reiss, Matthew (March 2003). "Shortcuts to Safety". Metropolis Magazine / Skyscraper Safety Campaign. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2008.

External links

World Trade Center
First WTC
(1973–2001)
Art
Major events
Second WTC
(2001–present)
Site, towers,
and structures
Rapid transit
9/11 memorials
People
Other
Brookfield Place
Other nearby structures
Financial District
Manhattan, New York City
Buildings
West of Broadway/
State Street
East of Broadway/
State Street
Former buildings
Other points of interest
Arts and culture
Parks and plazas
Food and drink
Education
Schools
Museums
Transportation
Public
transport
Other transport
Streets
See also: Manhattan Community Board 1
Categories: