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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
'''Ardahan''' ( "Ardı han" in old ]) is the capital of ] in north-eastern ]. With a population of 17,274 (] census) it is the smallest provincial capital in Turkey. Its named is derived from "ardı han", named after a Seljuk han ( also called cervansarai in ]) nearby the city.
{{Infobox Turkey place
| type = municipality
| name = Ardahan
| other_name =
| image_skyline = Ardahan.JPG
| image_caption =
| image_shield =
| coordinates = {{coord|41|06|40|N|42|42|08|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| province = Ardahan
| district = Ardahan
| leader_party = ]
| leader_name = Faruk Demir
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 1811
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total = 22927
| population_as_of = 2021
| postal_code = 75000
| area_code =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ardahan.bel.tr/}}
}}
'''Ardahan''' ({{lang-ka|არტაანი|tr}};<ref>{{Cite web|title=არტაანი|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=14&t=15411|access-date=5 July 2020|publisher=National Parliamentary Library of Georgia|language=ka}}</ref> {{langx|hy|Արդահան|translit=Ardahan}};<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Թորոսյան|first=Շիրակ|title=Արդահանի հարցը հայ-վրացական հարաբերություններում և խնդրի ժամանակավոր լուծումը (1919 թ. մայիս-դեկտեմբեր)|url=http://ysu.am/files/02S_Torosyan.pdf|publisher=]|pages=1}}</ref> {{Langx|ku-Latn|Erdêxan}};<ref>{{Cite news|title=Erdêxan|language=ku|work=Ria Taza|url=https://krd.riataza.com/2018/10/16/erdexan/|access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> ]: Ардаган) is a ] in northeastern ], near the ]. It is the seat of ] and ].<ref name=il>, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</ref> Its population is 22,927 (2021).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx |access-date=12 January 2023|publisher=]|language=tr |format=XLS}}</ref>


==History==
{{Districts of Ardahan}}


===Ancient and medieval===
{{turkey-geo-stub}}
Ardahan was historically located in the region of ] (]), which ] calls a part of the ] that was taken away from the ].<ref>]. '']''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201223623/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&query=Str.%2011.14.7&getid=1 |date=1 February 2014 }}.</ref><ref name="ASE2">{{in lang|hy}} "Ardahan," ]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 2, p. 7.</ref> In the ] Ardahan served as an important transit point for goods arriving from the ] and departing to the regions around the ]. During the 8th to 10th centuries the region was in hands of the ] princes of ] under the name of ], and later part of ] between 11th to 15th centuries. According to the Arab historian ], the ] razed Ardahan and ] in 1021.<ref name="ASE2"/>


The ] took hold of the city in the 1230s but the Georgian princes of ] were able to recapture it in 1266. In 1555, by the ], the western part of the principality of Samtskhe was annexed by the ],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442241466|page=xxxi|edition=2}}</ref> and Ardahan was included into the '']'' of Ardahan (an overall part of the '']'' of ]).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The Ottomans turned Ardahan into a formidable fortress-town. In the 1640s the Ottoman traveler ] visited Ardahan and gave the following description: "The fortress of Ardahan sits atop an inaccessible cliff. It is square-shaped and sturdy... This fortress has a cold climate and, because of this, there are no gardens or orchards. Fruits arrive from the fortress at ] and ]."<ref>{{in lang|hy}} ]. ''Turkakan Aghbyurner, Evlia Chelebi'' , trans. and commentary by A. Kh. Safrastian. Part of the Series on Foreign Sources on Armenia and Armenians: Turkish Sources, vol. 3. (Yerevan: Haykakan SSH Gitutyunneri Akademiayi Hratarakchutyun, 1967), p. 113.</ref>
]

]
===Modern===
]
].]]
]
Before 1829 Ardahan was recorded to have had 400 households, the majority of them Armenian.<ref name="ASE2"/> Many of them later emigrated to the ] in the early 19th century. During the ] it was an important road junction connecting the border fortress of ] to the Kars-Erzerum road. The town passed into the hands of Russia following the ] and was made a part of the ] of the ]. The majority of the town was made up of ], while other ethnic groups included ], ] (here usually called ]), ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="ASE2"/> A ] community was also established, with the majority of Poles being sent to Ardahan from the ] of ] after being conscripted to the ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chodubski|first=Andrzej|year=2009|title=O Polakach w Armenii i Azerbejdżanie w XIX i na początku XX wieku|journal=Studia Polonijne|language=pl|volume=30|location=]|pages=132, 138|issn=0137-5210}}</ref> The town flourished economically under Russian rule, exporting fruits, smoked lamb meat, wheat and wood. New roads were constructed, linking Ardahan to ], ], and ]. On 25 December 1914, in the early months of the ], the ] occupied Ardahan and massacred many of its ], ], and ].{{dubious|date=December 2022}} The Russians, with the help of Armenian and Pontic Greek militias, captured the town on January 3, 1915, allowing some of the original inhabitants who had fled to return.
]

]
As Russian forces withdrew from the front following the October Revolution, a small Armenian volunteer force took up positions to defend the town from the approaching ]. On March 6, 1918, the Ottoman army, along with the help of the town's Muslims, overwhelmed Ardahan's Armenian garrison and retook the town. Ardahan was occupied by <ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/884723 The Fight of Domination in Ardahan According to Turkish, Georgian and Armenian Historians (Turkish Article) Page 1235</ref>] in 20 April 1919. When the ] captured Ardahan in 23 February 1921,<ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/884723 The Fight of Domination in Ardahan According to Turkish, Georgian and Armenian Historians (Turkish Article) Page 1241</ref> the town's remaining Armenians, Pontic Greeks, and Georgians fled to ], northern ], and Georgia.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The ], signed the following year between the ] and the ], confirmed Ardahan as a part of Turkish territory.

In 1986 a brief description of the fortress was published.<ref>Robert W. Edwards, "The Fortifications of Artvin: A Second Preliminary Report on the Marchlands of Northeast Turkey," ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' 40, 1986, pp.176-78, pls. 44-45.</ref> The original late antique/medieval walls of Ardahan Kalesi were extensively rebuilt several times and in the 19th they were adapted to accommodate small cannons.

In 1960, Ardahan's population stood at 7,228 and was populated by both ] and ].<ref name="ASE2"/>

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Total
! Ethnic groups
|-
| 1886<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Şimşek |first=Oğuz |title=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin İlk Genel Nüfus Sayımında Ardahan Vilâyeti'nin Nüfus Özellikleri |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/495347 |journal= |language=tr |pages=209}}</ref>
| 778
| Turks 403 (51.8%), Russians 172 (22.1%), Armenians 141 (18.1%), Greeks 48 (6.2%), ] 7 (0.9%)
|-
| 1897<ref name="1897 census">{{cite web|script-title=ru:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=406|publisher=Demoscope Weekly|access-date=8 April 2014|language=ru}}</ref>
| 4,142
| Russians 1,331 (32.1%), Armenians 1,315 (31.7%), Turks 746 (18%), Poles 206 (5%)
|-
|1916<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1917 год |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1917 |edition=72nd |publication-place=Tiflis |pages=198–201 |language=Russian |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1917 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322 |archive-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
|3,167
|Armenians 1,708 (53.9%), Sunni Muslims 778 (24.6%), Roma 361 (11.4%), Russians 270 (8.5%)
|-
| 1960<ref name="belediyelerkonusuyor">{{cite web|title=Ardahan: Nüfus Bilgileri |url=http://www.belediyelerkonusuyor.com/Ardahan-ARDAHAN-belediyesi-25 |publisher=Belediyeler Konuşuyor |access-date=17 April 2014 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417121253/http://www.belediyelerkonusuyor.com/Ardahan-ARDAHAN-belediyesi-25 |archive-date=17 April 2014 }}</ref>
| 7,228
|
|-
| 1970<ref name="belediyelerkonusuyor"/>
| 13,399
|
|-
| 1980<ref name="belediyelerkonusuyor"/>
| 14,912
|
|-
| 1990<ref>{{cite web|title=Ardahan'ın Tarihçesi|url=http://ardahan.gtb.gov.tr/ardahanin-tarihcesi|publisher=Ardahan Ticaret İl Müdürlüğü|access-date=17 April 2014|language=tr|quote=Kentin 1990 yılı nüfusu 16,761'dir.}}</ref>
| 16,761
|
|-
| 2000<ref name="belediyelerkonusuyor"/>
| 17,274
|
|-
| 2010<ref name="belediyelerkonusuyor"/>
| 16,251
|
|}

== Geography ==
Ardahan is situated in northeastern Turkey, close to the border with ]. It lies on the upper course of the river ], south of the ]. The town consists of 7 quarters: Halilefendi, Karagöl, Kaptanpaşa, Yenimahalle, ], Atatürk and Inönü.<ref>, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</ref>

=== Climate ===
Ardahan has a ] (Köppen: ''Dfb,'' Trewartha: ''Dclc''), bordering on a ] (Köppen: ''Dfc,'' Trewartha: ''Eclc'') on higher elevations, with brief, mild summers and very cold winters.

Summers are mild to warm during daytime, but turn colder nocturnally. Because of this, temperatures below freezing have been recorded every month of the year. It is also frequently rainy most of the year, especially in spring and summer.

Winters are quite snowy with snow cover lasting from late October to mid April. Although it does snow in September and May, accumulating snowfall is rare. On rarer occasions, it has also snowed in summer months, such as the snowfall in August 2013.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} The highest recorded snow thickness was 113&nbsp;cm (44.5 inches) on 30 January 1968.

Highest recorded temperature:{{Convert|35.0|C|F|abbr=on}} on 29 August 1998<br>Lowest recorded temperature: {{Convert|-39.8|C|F|abbr=on}} on 21 January 1972<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ARDAHAN |title=İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri |access-date=23 June 2024 |publisher=Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü}}</ref>

{{Weather box|location = Ardahan (1991–2020, extremes 1958–2023)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 11.1
|Feb record high C = 11.0
|Mar record high C = 18.4
|Apr record high C = 25.0
|May record high C = 28.9
|Jun record high C = 33.1
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 35.0
|Sep record high C = 32.1
|Oct record high C = 26.0
|Nov record high C = 18.7
|Dec record high C = 14.3
|year record high C = 35.0
|Jan high C = -4.4
|Feb high C = -2.7
|Mar high C = 3.6
|Apr high C = 11.1
|May high C = 16.4
|Jun high C = 20.8
|Jul high C = 24.3
|Aug high C = 25.2
|Sep high C = 21.2
|Oct high C = 15.2
|Nov high C = 6.7
|Dec high C = -1.5
|year high C = 11.3
|Jan mean C = -10.3
|Feb mean C = -9.1
|Mar mean C = -2.3
|Apr mean C = 4.7
|May mean C = 9.6
|Jun mean C = 13.3
|Jul mean C = 16.4
|Aug mean C = 16.7
|Sep mean C = 12.5
|Oct mean C = 7.2
|Nov mean C = -0.1
|Dec mean C = -7.3
|year mean C = 4.3
|Jan low C = -15.5
|Feb low C = -14.6
|Mar low C = -7.5
|Apr low C = -0.8
|May low C = 3.6
|Jun low C = 6.5
|Jul low C = 9.4
|Aug low C = 9.3
|Sep low C = 4.9
|Oct low C = 0.7
|Nov low C = -5.4
|Dec low C = -12.1
|year low C = -1.8
|Jan record low C = -39.8
|Feb record low C = -38.7
|Mar record low C = -33.2
|Apr record low C = -19.0
|May record low C = -8.5
|Jun record low C = -4.5
|Jul record low C = -2.2
|Aug record low C = -2.8
|Sep record low C = -5.8
|Oct record low C = -15.0
|Nov record low C = -28.9
|Dec record low C = -36.3
|year record low C = -39.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 24.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 21.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 37.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 54.2
|May precipitation mm = 85.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 101.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 77.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 64.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 38.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 41.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 29.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 24.7
|year precipitation mm = 600.4
|Jan precipitation days = 9.13
|Feb precipitation days = 9.4
|Mar precipitation days = 11.53
|Apr precipitation days = 13.87
|May precipitation days = 16.93
|Jun precipitation days = 15.3
|Jul precipitation days = 12.37
|Aug precipitation days = 12.13
|Sep precipitation days = 8.53
|Oct precipitation days = 11.3
|Nov precipitation days = 8.77
|Dec precipitation days = 9.93
|year precipitation days = 139.2
| Jan snow days =7.5
| Feb snow days =5.9
| Mar snow days =8.4
| Apr snow days =2.5
| May snow days =0.3
| Jun snow days =0
| Jul snow days =0
| Aug snow days =0
| Sep snow days =0
| Oct snow days =0.9
| Nov snow days =3.4
| Dec snow days =6.4
| year snow days =
| Jan humidity = 75.4
| Feb humidity = 75.1
| Mar humidity = 72.6
| Apr humidity = 67.6
| May humidity = 68.2
| Jun humidity = 68.6
| Jul humidity = 68.1
| Aug humidity = 65.7
| Sep humidity = 65.2
| Oct humidity = 68.8
| Nov humidity = 72.9
| Dec humidity = 77.3
| year humidity = 70.5
|Jan sun = 80.6
|Feb sun = 104.5
|Mar sun = 155.0
|Apr sun = 153.0
|May sun = 195.3
|Jun sun = 234.0
|Jul sun = 257.3
|Aug sun = 251.1
|Sep sun = 213.0
|Oct sun = 164.3
|Nov sun = 111.0
|Dec sun = 77.5
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 2.6
|Febd sun = 3.7
|Mard sun = 5.0
|Aprd sun = 5.1
|Mayd sun = 6.3
|Jund sun = 7.8
|Juld sun = 8.3
|Augd sun = 8.1
|Sepd sun = 7.1
|Octd sun = 5.3
|Novd sun = 3.7
|Decd sun = 2.5
|yeard sun = 5.5
|source 1 = ]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=ARDAHAN
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 11 April 2021}}</ref>
|date=January 2016
|source 2 = ] (humidity 1991-2020),<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Ardahan_17046.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Ardahan |format=CSV
| publisher = ]
| access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Meteomanz(snow days 2014-2023)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6290&ind=17046&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=12&y2=2023 |title=Ardahan - Weather data by months |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=meteomanz}}</ref>
}}

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}}
;Twin towns—Sister cities
Ardahan is ] with:
*{{flagicon|GEO}} ], ]
*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], ]

== Notable locals ==

* See ]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*

==Further reading==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*{{in lang|hy}} Kyureghyan, Levon. ''Կարս և Արտահան'' (''Kars and Artahan''). Vienna: ], 1949.
*{{in lang|hy}} ] ''Հայաստանը ըստ «Աշխարհացույցի»'' (''Armenia According to the ]''). Yerevan: ], 1963.

{{Portal bar|Geography|Turkey}}
{{Ardahan District}}
{{Authority control}}

]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 01:00, 26 November 2024

Municipality in Turkey
Ardahan
Municipality
Ardahan is located in TurkeyArdahanArdahanLocation in Turkey
Coordinates: 41°06′40″N 42°42′08″E / 41.11111°N 42.70222°E / 41.11111; 42.70222
CountryTurkey
ProvinceArdahan
DistrictArdahan
Government
 • MayorFaruk Demir (CHP)
Elevation1,811 m (5,942 ft)
Population22,927
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code75000
Websitewww.ardahan.bel.tr

Ardahan (Georgian: არტაანი, romanized: art'aani; Armenian: Արդահան, romanized: Ardahan; Kurdish: Erdêxan; Russian: Ардаган) is a city in northeastern Turkey, near the Georgian border. It is the seat of Ardahan Province and Ardahan District. Its population is 22,927 (2021).

History

Ancient and medieval

Ardahan was historically located in the region of Gogarene (Gugark), which Strabo calls a part of the Armenia that was taken away from the Kingdom of Iberia. In the Middle Ages Ardahan served as an important transit point for goods arriving from the Abbasid Caliphate and departing to the regions around the Black Sea. During the 8th to 10th centuries the region was in hands of the Bagrationi princes of Tao-Klarjeti under the name of Artaani, and later part of Kingdom of Georgia between 11th to 15th centuries. According to the Arab historian Yahya of Antioch, the Byzantines razed Ardahan and slaughtered its population in 1021.

The Mongols took hold of the city in the 1230s but the Georgian princes of Samtskhe were able to recapture it in 1266. In 1555, by the Peace of Amasya, the western part of the principality of Samtskhe was annexed by the Ottoman Empire, and Ardahan was included into the sanjak of Ardahan (an overall part of the vilayet of Akhaltsikhe). The Ottomans turned Ardahan into a formidable fortress-town. In the 1640s the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi visited Ardahan and gave the following description: "The fortress of Ardahan sits atop an inaccessible cliff. It is square-shaped and sturdy... This fortress has a cold climate and, because of this, there are no gardens or orchards. Fruits arrive from the fortress at Ajara and Tortum."

Modern

The storming of the Ardahan fortress by the Russian troops on 5 May 1877. A painting by
Aleksey Kivshenko.

Before 1829 Ardahan was recorded to have had 400 households, the majority of them Armenian. Many of them later emigrated to the Russian Empire in the early 19th century. During the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) it was an important road junction connecting the border fortress of Akhaltsikhe to the Kars-Erzerum road. The town passed into the hands of Russia following the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War and was made a part of the Ardahan Okrug of the Kars Oblast. The majority of the town was made up of Armenians, while other ethnic groups included Georgians, Pontic Greeks (here usually called Caucasus Greeks), Caucasus Jews, Russians, Kurds, Ossetians, and Yazidis. A Polish community was also established, with the majority of Poles being sent to Ardahan from the Russian Partition of Poland after being conscripted to the Russian Army. The town flourished economically under Russian rule, exporting fruits, smoked lamb meat, wheat and wood. New roads were constructed, linking Ardahan to Akhalkalak, Kars, and Oltu. On 25 December 1914, in the early months of the First World War, the Ottoman Army occupied Ardahan and massacred many of its Armenians, Pontic Greeks, and Georgians. The Russians, with the help of Armenian and Pontic Greek militias, captured the town on January 3, 1915, allowing some of the original inhabitants who had fled to return.

Rural Ardahan

As Russian forces withdrew from the front following the October Revolution, a small Armenian volunteer force took up positions to defend the town from the approaching Ottoman Army. On March 6, 1918, the Ottoman army, along with the help of the town's Muslims, overwhelmed Ardahan's Armenian garrison and retook the town. Ardahan was occupied by Democratic Republic of Georgia in 20 April 1919. When the Turkish Nationalists captured Ardahan in 23 February 1921, the town's remaining Armenians, Pontic Greeks, and Georgians fled to Armenia, northern Greece, and Georgia. The Treaty of Moscow, signed the following year between the Soviets and the Ankara Government, confirmed Ardahan as a part of Turkish territory.

In 1986 a brief description of the fortress was published. The original late antique/medieval walls of Ardahan Kalesi were extensively rebuilt several times and in the 19th they were adapted to accommodate small cannons.

In 1960, Ardahan's population stood at 7,228 and was populated by both Kurds and Turks.

Demographics

Year Total Ethnic groups
1886 778 Turks 403 (51.8%), Russians 172 (22.1%), Armenians 141 (18.1%), Greeks 48 (6.2%), Kurds 7 (0.9%)
1897 4,142 Russians 1,331 (32.1%), Armenians 1,315 (31.7%), Turks 746 (18%), Poles 206 (5%)
1916 3,167 Armenians 1,708 (53.9%), Sunni Muslims 778 (24.6%), Roma 361 (11.4%), Russians 270 (8.5%)
1960 7,228
1970 13,399
1980 14,912
1990 16,761
2000 17,274
2010 16,251

Geography

Ardahan is situated in northeastern Turkey, close to the border with Georgia. It lies on the upper course of the river Kura, south of the Yalnızçam Mountains. The town consists of 7 quarters: Halilefendi, Karagöl, Kaptanpaşa, Yenimahalle, Gürçayir, Atatürk and Inönü.

Climate

Ardahan has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb, Trewartha: Dclc), bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc, Trewartha: Eclc) on higher elevations, with brief, mild summers and very cold winters.

Summers are mild to warm during daytime, but turn colder nocturnally. Because of this, temperatures below freezing have been recorded every month of the year. It is also frequently rainy most of the year, especially in spring and summer.

Winters are quite snowy with snow cover lasting from late October to mid April. Although it does snow in September and May, accumulating snowfall is rare. On rarer occasions, it has also snowed in summer months, such as the snowfall in August 2013. The highest recorded snow thickness was 113 cm (44.5 inches) on 30 January 1968.

Highest recorded temperature:35.0 °C (95.0 °F) on 29 August 1998
Lowest recorded temperature: −39.8 °C (−39.6 °F) on 21 January 1972

Climate data for Ardahan (1991–2020, extremes 1958–2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		28.9
(84.0) 		33.1
(91.6) 		34.3
(93.7) 		35.0
(95.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		26.0
(78.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.3
(57.7) 		35.0
(95.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.4
(24.1) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		11.1
(52.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.2
(77.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		11.3
(52.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.3
(13.5) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.4
(61.5) 		16.7
(62.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		4.3
(39.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.5
(4.1) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		3.6
(38.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.4
(48.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−12.1
(10.2) 		−1.8
(28.8)
Record low °C (°F) −39.8
(−39.6) 		−38.7
(−37.7) 		−33.2
(−27.8) 		−19.0
(−2.2) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−15.0
(5.0) 		−28.9
(−20.0) 		−36.3
(−33.3) 		−39.8
(−39.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 24.0
(0.94) 		21.7
(0.85) 		37.0
(1.46) 		54.2
(2.13) 		85.2
(3.35) 		101.7
(4.00) 		77.2
(3.04) 		64.8
(2.55) 		38.9
(1.53) 		41.1
(1.62) 		29.9
(1.18) 		24.7
(0.97) 		600.4
(23.64)
Average precipitation days 9.13 9.4 11.53 13.87 16.93 15.3 12.37 12.13 8.53 11.3 8.77 9.93 139.2
Average snowy days 7.5 5.9 8.4 2.5 0.3 0 0 0 0 0.9 3.4 6.4 35.3
Average relative humidity (%) 75.4 75.1 72.6 67.6 68.2 68.6 68.1 65.7 65.2 68.8 72.9 77.3 70.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 80.6 104.5 155.0 153.0 195.3 234.0 257.3 251.1 213.0 164.3 111.0 77.5 1,996.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 2.6 3.7 5.0 5.1 6.3 7.8 8.3 8.1 7.1 5.3 3.7 2.5 5.5
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service
Source 2: NOAA (humidity 1991-2020), Meteomanz(snow days 2014-2023)

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey
Twin towns—Sister cities

Ardahan is twinned with:

Notable locals

References

  1. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  2. "არტაანი" (in Georgian). National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  3. Թորոսյան, Շիրակ. "Արդահանի հարցը հայ-վրացական հարաբերություններում և խնդրի ժամանակավոր լուծումը (1919 թ. մայիս-դեկտեմբեր)" (PDF). Yerevan State University: 1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. "Erdêxan". Ria Taza (in Kurdish). Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  5. İl Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  6. Strabo. Geographica. 11.14.7 Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^ (in Armenian) "Ardahan," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 2, p. 7.
  8. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-1442241466.
  9. (in Armenian) Evliya Çelebi. Turkakan Aghbyurner, Evlia Chelebi , trans. and commentary by A. Kh. Safrastian. Part of the Series on Foreign Sources on Armenia and Armenians: Turkish Sources, vol. 3. (Yerevan: Haykakan SSH Gitutyunneri Akademiayi Hratarakchutyun, 1967), p. 113.
  10. Chodubski, Andrzej (2009). "O Polakach w Armenii i Azerbejdżanie w XIX i na początku XX wieku". Studia Polonijne (in Polish). 30. Lublin: 132, 138. ISSN 0137-5210.
  11. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/884723 The Fight of Domination in Ardahan According to Turkish, Georgian and Armenian Historians (Turkish Article) Page 1235
  12. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/884723 The Fight of Domination in Ardahan According to Turkish, Georgian and Armenian Historians (Turkish Article) Page 1241
  13. Robert W. Edwards, "The Fortifications of Artvin: A Second Preliminary Report on the Marchlands of Northeast Turkey," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 40, 1986, pp.176-78, pls. 44-45.
  14. Şimşek, Oğuz. "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin İlk Genel Nüfus Sayımında Ardahan Vilâyeti'nin Nüfus Özellikleri" (in Turkish): 209. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  16. Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 198–201. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
  17. ^ "Ardahan: Nüfus Bilgileri" (in Turkish). Belediyeler Konuşuyor. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  18. "Ardahan'ın Tarihçesi" (in Turkish). Ardahan Ticaret İl Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Kentin 1990 yılı nüfusu 16,761'dir.
  19. Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  20. "İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri". Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  21. "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  22. "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Ardahan" (CSV). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  23. "Ardahan - Weather data by months". meteomanz. Retrieved 15 July 2024.

External links

Further reading

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