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] and First Lady ] with the prized gelding "Sardar".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackie-kennedy-receives-horse-from-governor-of-pakistan|title=Jackie Kennedy receives horse from governor of Pakistan - Mar 23, 1962 - HISTORY.com|website=history.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317090022/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackie-kennedy-receives-horse-from-governor-of-pakistan|archive-date=2016-03-17}}</ref>]]
] and First Lady ] with the prized gelding "Sardar".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackie-kennedy-receives-horse-from-governor-of-pakistan|title=Jackie Kennedy receives horse from governor of Pakistan – Mar 23, 1962 – HISTORY.com|website=history.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317090022/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackie-kennedy-receives-horse-from-governor-of-pakistan|archive-date=2016-03-17}}</ref>]]
] ], the last Ottoman ''Serdar-ı Azam''.]]
] ], the last Ottoman ''Serdar-ı Azam''.]]
]'' ] of the ] and ].]]
]'' ] of the ] and ].]]
'''Sardar''', also spelled as '''Sardaar'''/'''Sirdar''' ({{lang-fa|سردار}}, {{IPA-fa|særˈdɑr}}, 'commander', literally 'headmaster'), is a title of ] and ] that was originally used to denote ]s, ], chiefs, ]s and other ]. It has also been used to denote a chief or leader of a tribe or group. It is used as a Persian synonym of the title '']'' of Arabic origin.
'''Sardar''', also spelled as '''Sardaar''' ({{langx|fa|سردار}}, {{IPA|fa|særˈdɑr}}, 'commander', literally 'headmaster'), is a title of ] and ] that was originally used to denote ]s, ], chiefs, ]s and other ]. It has also been used to denote a chief or leader of a tribe or group. It is used as a Persian synonym of the title '']'' of Arabic origin.
The term and its cognates originate from Persian ''sardār'' ({{lang|fa|]}}) and have been historically used across ] (Iran), the ] and Turkey (as "]"), ] (now Iraq), Syria], South Asia (Pakistan, India, ] and ]), the ], Central Asia, the ] and ] (as "]").<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Sirdar |volume=25 |page=154}}</ref>
The term and its cognates originate from Persian ''sardār'' ({{lang|fa|]}}) and have been historically used across ] (Iran), the ] and Turkey (as "]"), ] (as "Sardar" for a member of the royal ] in meaning of ]), ] (now Iraq), Syria, South Asia (Pakistan, India, ] and ]), Central Asia, the ], the ] and ] (as "]").<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Sirdar |volume=25 |page=154}}</ref>
The term ''sardar'' was used by ] leaders and generals who held important positions in various ]. The title is still commonly used by Sikhs today. Though historically signifying one's military rank or membership of a locally important family, in the contemporary period the title is used widely in India and neighbouring countries for any respected Sikh male. ''Sardar'' was also used to refer to generals of the ]. After the decline of ], ''sardar'' later indicated a ], a ], and an army ]. As a military rank, a ''sardar'' typically marked the ] or the highest-ranking ] in an army, akin to the modern ], ] or ]. The more administrative title ''Sirdar-Bahadur'' denoted a ] or ] of a remote province, akin to a British ].
Amongst Sikhs, the term began to be adopted due to Afghan influence in the mid-18th century to signify a leader of a ] or ] and gradually replaced other prior used terms for these positions, such as ']' and 'Misldar'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |volume=2: E-L |pages=362–3}}</ref> The term ''sardar'' was used by ] leaders and generals who held important positions in various ]. The title is still commonly used by Sikhs today. Though historically signifying one's military rank or membership of a locally important family, in the contemporary period the title is used widely in India and neighbouring countries for any respected Sikh male. ''Sardar'' was also used to refer to generals of the ]. After the decline of ], ''sardar'' later indicated a ], a ], and an army ]. As a military rank, a ''sardar'' typically marked the ] or the highest-ranking ] in an army, akin to the modern ], ] or ]. The more administrative title ''Sirdar-Bahadur'' denoted a ] or ] of a remote province, akin to a British ].
In ] ], a ''sirdar'' is a local leader of the ].<ref>{{cite book | last = Sayre | first = Woodrow Wilson | title = Four Against Everest | url = https://archive.org/details/fouragainstevere00sayr | url-access = registration | publisher = Prentice-Hall | year = 1964 | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA | id = Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 64-15208 }}</ref> Among other duties, he records the heights reached by each Sherpa, which factors into their compensation.
In ] ], a ''sirdar'' is a local leader of the ].<ref>{{cite book | last = Sayre | first = Woodrow Wilson | title = Four Against Everest | url = https://archive.org/details/fouragainstevere00sayr | url-access = registration | publisher = Prentice-Hall | year = 1964 | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA | id = Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 64-15208 }}</ref> Among other duties, he records the heights reached by each Sherpa, which factors into their compensation.
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*The ], have been ruled by kings of state styled ''Sardar''. For example, the king of ] used the title of Sardar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html|title=Royal Kapurthala Dynasty History}}</ref>
*The ], have been ruled by kings of state styled ''Sardar''. For example, the king of ] used the title of Sardar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html|title=Royal Kapurthala Dynasty History}}</ref>
==Examples of RegionalUse==
==Examples of regional use==
* In ], the title ''Sardar'' marked the chief of his tribe.
* ] ''sirdar'', ca.1820]]In ], the title ''Sardar'' marked the chief of his tribe.
* In the ], the original ''Nishan-i-Sardari'' (Order of the Leader), founded by ] in 1923, was bestowed for exceptional service to the Crown by the Afghan monarch. Recipients enjoyed the titles of ''Sardar-i-Ala'' or ''Sardar-i-Ali'' before their names and also received grants of land. The original Order was disbanded in 1929, and was later revived by ]. The address was also granted by birth for descendants of the ].
* In the ], the original ''Nishan-i-Sardari'' (Order of the Leader), founded by ] in 1923, was bestowed for exceptional service to the Crown by the Afghan monarch. Recipients enjoyed the titles of ''Sardar-i-Ala'' or ''Sardar-i-Ali'' before their names and also received grants of land. The original Order was disbanded in 1929, and was later revived by ].
* In ], Serdar was a rank in ] with ], later ], encompassing entire ], and parts of ] and ], as well as in other parts Ottoman Montenegro, Serbia, and other lands. Serdar was also used in the ] and the ] as an honorary "title" below that of ]. For example, ] who was a military leader and former prime minister of Montenegro with title of ''Serdar''. However, this were not noble titles as there was no nobility in Serbia and Montenegro and no hereditary titles apart from those borne by members of the reigning families of both countries.
* In ], Serdar was a rank in ] with ], later ], encompassing entire ], and parts of ] and ], as well as in other parts Ottoman Montenegro, Serbia, and other lands. Serdar was also used in the ] and the ] as an honorary "title" below that of ]. For example, ] who was a military leader and former prime minister of Montenegro with title of ''Serdar''. However, these were not noble titles as there was no nobility in Serbia and Montenegro and no hereditary titles apart from those borne by members of the reigning families of both countries.
* In ], ''Sardar-i-Bozorg'' was the title of both ] and his brother Hasan Khan Qajar. Both were uncles of ], the King-Emperor of Persia and the Commander-in-chief under Emperor ] in the ] and ].
* In ], ''Sardar-i-Bozorg'' was the title of both ] and his brother Hasan Khan Qajar. Both were uncles of ], the King-Emperor of Persia and the Commander-in-chief under Emperor ] in the ] and ].
*In ], village chiefs, military commanders, and noble personalities were referred to as Sardars. The title is commonly used by both Muslims and Sikhs.
*In ], village chiefs, military commanders, and noble personalities were referred to as Sardars. The title is commonly used by both Muslims and Sikhs.
* The early ] ] prior to ] administration (1674–1749) used the title ''Sardar'' to identify an imperial court ] with military and diplomatic functions. If granted land ('']''), the title ''Sardar'' also marked a ] responsible for administration, defense and taxing of the granted territory (equivalent to the European title ], from the French ''comte'' meaning the "companion" or delegate to the ] that administered a ]). These ''Sardars'' of the early ] were ]; the title was not hereditary.
* The early ] ] prior to ] administration (1674–1749) used the title ''Sardar'' to identify an imperial court ] with military and diplomatic functions. If granted land ('']''), the title ''Sardar'' also marked a ] responsible for administration, defense and taxing of the granted territory (equivalent to the European title ], from the French ''comte'' meaning the "companion" or delegate to the ] that administered a ]). These ''Sardars'' of the early ] were ]; the title was not hereditary.
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==Aristocrats==
==Aristocrats==
* In the ] of Pakistan, the word ''Sardar'' is used by the ] tribe, traditionally, to stress their upper-caste status.
* In the ] of Pakistan, the word ''Sardar'' is used by the ] tribe, traditionally, to stress their upper-caste status.
*In the small district of ], ], ''Sardar'' is used by the hybrid ] tribe. Also, Poonch families in this region use ''Sardar'' at the beginning of their names.
*In the districts of ] and ], ], ''Sardar'' is used by the hybrid ] tribe and ] tribe. Also, other tribal families in Poonch use ''Sardar'' at the beginning of their names.
* Similarly ''Sardar'' is used by ] tribe noble men, native to the districts of ] and adjacent areas of ].
* Similarly ''Sardar'' is used by ] tribe noble men, native to the districts of ] and adjacent areas of ].
*''Sardar'' was used for important political, tribal, military and religious officers rankings by the ]s during the period of Maharaja ].
*''Sardar'' was used for important political, tribal, military and religious officers rankings by the ]s during the period of Maharaja ].
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* ], the first Deputy Prime Minister of India was referred to as Sardar Patel; he is also now known as the "Iron Man of India".
* ], the first Deputy Prime Minister of India was referred to as Sardar Patel; he is also now known as the "Iron Man of India".
* ''Sadr-e-Riyasat'' was the title of one Constitutional ] of the princely state of ], Yuvaraj Shri Karan Singhji Bahadur, who was appointed as Heir Apparent in 1931. After his father had acceded to India, ending the sovereign Monarchy, Regent in 1949 to 1956. ''Sardar-i-Riyasat'' 1956 to 1965 (succeeded on the death of his father as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1961, no longer carrying any hereditary power), next Governor of the Indian constitutive State of ] 1965 to 1967.
* ''Sadr-e-Riyasat'' was the title of one Constitutional ] of the princely state of ], Yuvaraj Shri Karan Singhji Bahadur, who was appointed as Heir Apparent in 1931. After his father had acceded to India, ending the sovereign Monarchy, Regent in 1949 to 1956. ''Sardar-i-Riyasat'' 1956 to 1965 (succeeded on the death of his father as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1961, no longer carrying any hereditary power), next Governor of the Indian constitutive State of ] 1965 to 1967.
*] of Afghanistan had the title of ''Sardar'' as president.
*] of Afghanistan had the title of ''Sardar'' as president.
* ], the authoritarian ruler of ] in 1990–2006, carried a few glorifying titles, one of which was ''Serdar'' (“Leader”).<ref>{{cite book|last=Cummings|first=Sally N.|date=2010|title= Symbolism and Power in Central Asia: Politics of the Spectacular|location=Milton, United Kingdom|publisher=Routledge|pages=91–92|isbn= 978-0415575676}}</ref>
* ], the authoritarian ruler of ] in 1990–2006, carried a few glorifying titles, one of which was ''Serdar'' (“Leader”).<ref>{{cite book|last=Cummings|first=Sally N.|date=2010|title= Symbolism and Power in Central Asia: Politics of the Spectacular|location=Milton, United Kingdom|publisher=Routledge|pages=91–92|isbn= 978-0415575676}}</ref>
*] of Sikh Empire had the title of Sardar. Among Sikhs, Sardar is the title used by Sikh nobles, Military leaders & village chiefs.
*Sardar ] of Sikh Empire had the title of Sardar. Among Sikhs, Sardar is the title used by Sikh nobles, Military leaders & village chiefs.
==Military title==
==Military title==
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]
]
], a ] Sardar]]
], a ] Sardar]]
* '''Sardar''' is a ] used by the ] ] of ] during the reign of ] and ] ] conferred by the ]s of Both sultanates to the Koli ] or Koli protecters of hilly tracts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&dq=Koli+Sardars&pg=PA332 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |publisher=] |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=332: The Koli country was then known as Bávan Mávals, or fifty - two valleys, each under a naik . These naiks held a good position, both in the Bahamani and in the Ahmednagar kingdoms, ranking among the nobles called ' Sardars ' and Mansabsar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVS9DwAAQBAJ&dq=koli+Sardar&pg=PA46 |title=Tribal Studies in India: Perspectives of History, Archaeology and Culture |date=2019-11-09 |publisher=] |isbn=978-981-329-026-6 |location=], India |pages=] ]s conferred the title of Sardar to the Koli chiefs who held the charge of hilly tracts |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heredia |first1=Rudolf C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYKAAAAAMAAJ |title=Mobile, and Marginalized Peoples: Perspectives from the Past |last2=Ratnagar |first2=Shereen |publisher=Manohar Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7304-497-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=160: Raja Vikramajit, Shahjahan's governor of Gujarat, had to conduct an expedition in 1622 against some Kolis north of Ahmedabad who had ... The Bahmanis conferred the rank of Sardar on Koli chiefs who held charge of hill tracts |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Frederick Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9dmbS_n9UEC |title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818–1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry |publisher=] |year=1978 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=158–360: The men to be appointed over these jurisdictions were to be selected from among the existing Koli Sardars (men of influence), whom this official characterized both as having " acquired rank and substance |language=en}}</ref>
* The later ] under ] administration (1749–1818) used the title ''Sardar'' to denote a ] or ].
* The later ] under ] administration (1749–1818) used the title ''Sardar'' to denote a ] or ].
* '']'' was the official title of the British ] of the Anglo-Egyptian army.<ref name=EB1911/>
* '']'' was the official title of the British ] of the Anglo-Egyptian army.<ref name=EB1911/>
* The title '']'' is also common amongst ] in referring to a Commander-in-Chief. The ] adopted this usage from the Ottomans (e.g. ]).
* The title '']'' is also common amongst ] in referring to a Commander-in-Chief. The ] adopted this usage from the Ottomans (e.g. ]).
* In Turkish, ''Serdar'' or ''Serdar-i-Ekrem'' was the title of the Commander-in-Chief in several military operations throughout the Ottoman Empire history.
* In Turkish, ''Serdar'' or ''Serdar-i-Ekrem'' was the title of the Commander-in-Chief in several military operations throughout the Ottoman Empire history.
* In Afghanistan, ''Sardar-i-Salar'' meant ] or ].
* In Afghanistan, ''Sardar-i-Salar'' meant ] or ].
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==Modern usage==
==Modern usage==
* The term ''Sardar'' is today used to refer to adult male followers of the religion of ], as a disproportionate number of Sikhs have honorably served in many high-ranking positions within the ]. Notable examples include Generals ] and ].
* The term ''Sardar'' is today used to refer to adult male followers of the religion of ], as a disproportionate number of Sikhs have honorably served in many high-ranking positions within the Indian Army. Notable examples include Generals ] and ].
*In ] ], a ''Sirdar'' is the local leader of the ] and porters.<ref>{{cite book| last = Sayre | first = Woodrow Wilson| title = Four Against Everest | publisher = Prentice-Hall| year = 1964 | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA | url =https://archive.org/details/fouragainstevere00sayr| url-access = registration | id = Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 64-15208 | page = }}</ref> Among other duties, he records the heights reached by individual Sherpas, which dictates the amounts the Sherpas will be paid.
*In ] ], a ''Sirdar'' is the local leader of the ] and porters.<ref>{{cite book| last = Sayre | first = Woodrow Wilson| title = Four Against Everest | publisher = Prentice-Hall| year = 1964 | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA | url =https://archive.org/details/fouragainstevere00sayr| url-access = registration | id = Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 64-15208 | page = }}</ref> Among other duties, he records the heights reached by individual Sherpas, which dictates the amounts the Sherpas will be paid.
*The title ''Sardar'' was granted to various writers and poets during Rana rule in Nepal
*The title ''Sardar'' was granted to various writers and poets during Rana rule in Nepal
* ] was a World War II ] submarine.
* ] was a World War II ] submarine.
* ] is a fictional ] destroyer in the novel '']''
* ] is a fictional ] destroyer in the novel '']''
* "Siridar" is a title of planetary rulers in Frank Herbert's ]. The ]'s elite troops are also called the '']''.
* "Siridar" is a title of planetary rulers in Frank Herbert's ]. The ]'s elite troops are also called the '']''.
* Sardar is now used for leaders of a tribe in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and ].
* Sardar is now used for leaders of a tribe in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India. Many communities and tribes in indian subcontinent, especially in ] and ], use this title, including ], ], ], ] and ].
Sardar, also spelled as Sardaar (Persian: سردار, Persian pronunciation: [særˈdɑr], 'commander', literally 'headmaster'), is a title of royalty and nobility that was originally used to denote princes, noblemen, chiefs, kings and other aristocrats. It has also been used to denote a chief or leader of a tribe or group. It is used as a Persian synonym of the title Emir of Arabic origin.
Amongst Sikhs, the term began to be adopted due to Afghan influence in the mid-18th century to signify a leader of a Jatha or Misl and gradually replaced other prior used terms for these positions, such as 'Jathedar' and 'Misldar'. The term sardar was used by Sikh leaders and generals who held important positions in various Sikh Misls. The title is still commonly used by Sikhs today. Though historically signifying one's military rank or membership of a locally important family, in the contemporary period the title is used widely in India and neighbouring countries for any respected Sikh male. Sardar was also used to refer to generals of the Maratha Empire. After the decline of feudalism, sardar later indicated a Head of State, a Commander-in-chief, and an army military rank. As a military rank, a sardar typically marked the Commander-in-Chief or the highest-ranking military officer in an army, akin to the modern Field Marshal, General of the Army or Chief of Army. The more administrative title Sirdar-Bahadur denoted a Governor-General or Chief Minister of a remote province, akin to a British Viceroy.
In Himalayanmountaineering, a sirdar is a local leader of the Sherpas. Among other duties, he records the heights reached by each Sherpa, which factors into their compensation.
Princes
The Kapurthala State, have been ruled by kings of state styled Sardar. For example, the king of Kapurthala used the title of Sardar.
Examples of regional use
Portrait of a Sikhsirdar, ca.1820In Balochistan, the title Sardar marked the chief of his tribe.
In the Royal Afghan Kingdom, the original Nishan-i-Sardari (Order of the Leader), founded by King Amanullah in 1923, was bestowed for exceptional service to the Crown by the Afghan monarch. Recipients enjoyed the titles of Sardar-i-Ala or Sardar-i-Ali before their names and also received grants of land. The original Order was disbanded in 1929, and was later revived by King Muhammad Zahir Shah.
In Ottoman Turkey, Serdar was a rank in Bosnia Eyalet with Herzegovina Eyalet, later Bosnia Vilayet, encompassing entire Bosnia and Herzegovina, and parts of Montenegro and Serbia, as well as in other parts Ottoman Montenegro, Serbia, and other lands. Serdar was also used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as an honorary "title" below that of Vojvoda. For example, Janko Vukotić who was a military leader and former prime minister of Montenegro with title of Serdar. However, these were not noble titles as there was no nobility in Serbia and Montenegro and no hereditary titles apart from those borne by members of the reigning families of both countries.
In Punjab, village chiefs, military commanders, and noble personalities were referred to as Sardars. The title is commonly used by both Muslims and Sikhs.
The early feudalMaratha Empire prior to Peshwa administration (1674–1749) used the title Sardar to identify an imperial court minister with military and diplomatic functions. If granted land (jagir), the title Sardar also marked a feudal superior responsible for administration, defense and taxing of the granted territory (equivalent to the European title Count, from the French comte meaning the "companion" or delegate to the Emperor that administered a county). These Sardars of the early Maratha Empire were life peers; the title was not hereditary.
The title Sirdar was used by Englishmen to describe native noblemen in British India (e.g., Sirdars of the Deccan).
Aristocrats
In the Hazara Division of Pakistan, the word Sardar is used by the Karlal tribe, traditionally, to stress their upper-caste status.
In the districts of Poonch and Sudhanoti, Kashmir, Sardar is used by the hybrid Sudhan tribe and Douli tribe. Also, other tribal families in Poonch use Sardar at the beginning of their names.
Similarly Sardar is used by Khattar tribe noble men, native to the districts of Attock and adjacent areas of Rawalpindi.
Sardar was used for important political, tribal, military and religious officers rankings by the Sikhs during the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of India was referred to as Sardar Patel; he is also now known as the "Iron Man of India".
Sadr-e-Riyasat was the title of one Constitutional Head of State of the princely state of Kashmir, Yuvaraj Shri Karan Singhji Bahadur, who was appointed as Heir Apparent in 1931. After his father had acceded to India, ending the sovereign Monarchy, Regent in 1949 to 1956. Sardar-i-Riyasat 1956 to 1965 (succeeded on the death of his father as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1961, no longer carrying any hereditary power), next Governor of the Indian constitutive State of Jammu and Kashmir 1965 to 1967.
Saparmurat Niyazov, the authoritarian ruler of Turkmenistan in 1990–2006, carried a few glorifying titles, one of which was Serdar (“Leader”).
Sardar Sulakhan Singh Puar of Sikh Empire had the title of Sardar. Among Sikhs, Sardar is the title used by Sikh nobles, Military leaders & village chiefs.
The title Serdar is also common amongst Ottomans in referring to a Commander-in-Chief. The Serbs adopted this usage from the Ottomans (e.g. Serdar Janko Vukotić).
In Turkish, Serdar or Serdar-i-Ekrem was the title of the Commander-in-Chief in several military operations throughout the Ottoman Empire history.
During the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the term Sardar became even more common as a title given to Sikh men. Although it was officially reserved to address a high-ranking official or a commanding chief such as a general or officer.
Modern usage
The term Sardar is today used to refer to adult male followers of the religion of Sikhism, as a disproportionate number of Sikhs have honorably served in many high-ranking positions within the Indian Army. Notable examples include Generals Joginder Jaswant Singh and Harbaksh Singh.
In Himalayanmountaineering, a Sirdar is the local leader of the Sherpas and porters. Among other duties, he records the heights reached by individual Sherpas, which dictates the amounts the Sherpas will be paid.
The title Sardar was granted to various writers and poets during Rana rule in Nepal
"Siridar" is a title of planetary rulers in Frank Herbert's Dune. The Padishah Emperor's elite troops are also called the Sardaukar.
Sardar is now used for leaders of a tribe in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India. Many communities and tribes in indian subcontinent, especially in Punjab and Kashmir, use this title, including Dogar, Jat, Gujjar, Mughal and Sikh.
Cummings, Sally N. (2010). Symbolism and Power in Central Asia: Politics of the Spectacular. Milton, United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 91–92. ISBN978-0415575676.
www.thesardarco.com. "What is a Sardar?". The Sardar Co. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
Sayre, Woodrow Wilson (1964). Four Against Everest. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall. p. 223. Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 64-15208.
