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{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the celery family Apiaceae}} {{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{other uses}} {{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Gewone engwortel R0012880 Plant.JPG |image = Gewone engwortel R0012880 Plant.JPG
|image_caption = ] (''Angelica sylvestris'') |image_caption = ] (''Angelica sylvestris'')
|taxon = Angelica |taxon = Angelica
|authority = ] |authority = ]
|display_parents = 2
|subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = About 50 species; see text |subdivision = About 90 species; see text.
|synonyms =
|}}
{{Genus list
|Agathorhiza|Raf.
|Angelocarpa|Rupr.
|Angelophyllum|Rupr.
|Archangelica|Wolf
|Callisace|Fisch. ex Hoffm.
|Coelopleurum|Ledeb.
|Czernaevia|Turcz. ex Ledeb.
|Gomphopetalum|Turcz.
|Halosciastrum|Koidz.
|Homopteryx|Kitag.
|Physolophium|Turcz.
|Porphyroscias|Miq.
|Razulia|Raf.
|Rompelia|Koso-Pol.
|Sphenosciadium|A.Gray
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
}}
] ]
'''''Angelica''''' is a genus of about 60 species of tall ] and ] ]s in the family ], native to temperate and subarctic regions of the ], reaching as far north as ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tidsskriftetgronland.dk/archive/1954-3-Artikel06.pdf | title=Kvanen -. Dens Udbredelse Og Anvendelse | author=Johannes Gröntved}}</ref> They grow to {{convert|1|–|3|m|abbr=on}} tall, with large bipinnate ] and large compound ]s of white or greenish-white ]s. Found mainly in ], its main use was for medicine. It shows variations in fruit anatomy, leaf morphology, and subterranean structures. The genes are extremely polymorphic. '''''Angelica''''' is a genus of about 90 species of tall ] and ] ]s in the family ], native to temperate and subarctic regions of the ], reaching as far north as Iceland, ], and ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tidsskriftetgronland.dk/archive/1954-3-Artikel06.pdf | title=Kvanen -. Dens Udbredelse Og Anvendelse | author=Johannes Gröntved}}</ref> They grow to {{convert|1|–|3|m|abbr=on}} tall, with large bipinnate ] and large compound ]s of white or greenish-white ]s. Found mainly in China, its main use was ]. It shows variations in fruit anatomy, leaf morphology, and subterranean structures. The genes are extremely polymorphic.


Some species can be found in ]. Some species can be found in ].

]


==Characteristics== ==Characteristics==
''Angelica'' species grow to {{convert|1|–|3|m|abbr=on}} tall, with large bipinnate ] and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white ]s. Their large, sparkling, starburst flowers<ref>{{cite web | work = Southern Colorado Wildflowers | title = ''Angelica grayi'' (Angelica) | url = http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/White%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/angelica.htm | access-date = 10 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130508002022/http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/White%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/angelica.htm | archive-date = 8 May 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref> are pollinated by a great variety of insects (the generalist ] syndrome),<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/plb.12328| pmid = 25754608| title = Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers| journal = Plant Biology| volume = 18| issue = 1| pages = 56–62| year = 2015| last1 = Van Der Kooi | first1 = C. J.| last2 = Pen | first2 = I.| last3 = Staal | first3 = M.| last4 = Stavenga | first4 = D. G.| last5 = Elzenga | first5 = J. T. M.| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273158762}}</ref> the floral scents are species-specific, and even specific to particular subspecies.<ref>{{ cite journal |author1=Tollsten, L. |author2=Knudsen, J. T. |author3=Bergström, L. G. | year = 1994 | title = Floral Scent in Generalistic ''Angelica'' (Apiaceae) — An Adaptive Character? | journal = Biochemical Systematics and Ecology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 161–169 | doi = 10.1016/0305-1978(94)90006-X }}</ref> The active ingredients of angelica are found in the roots and rhizomes<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Meschino Health | title = Comprehensive Guide to Angelica Species | url = http://www.meschinohealth.com/books/angelica_species | access-date = 10 July 2012}}</ref> and contains ] in its tissues, which make the skin sensitive to light.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Scienceray | title = Angelica - A Plant of the Family Apiaceae | url = http://scienceray.com/biology/angelica-a-plant-of-the-family-apiaceae/#ixzz20EwohfkZ | access-date = 10 July 2012 }}</ref> ''Angelica'' species grow to {{convert|1|–|3|m|abbr=on}} tall, with large bipinnate ] and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white ]s. Their large, sparkling, starburst flowers<ref>{{cite web | work = Southern Colorado Wildflowers | title = ''Angelica grayi'' (Angelica) | url = http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/White%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/angelica.htm | access-date = 10 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130508002022/http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/White%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/angelica.htm | archive-date = 8 May 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref> are pollinated by a great variety of insects (the generalist ] syndrome),<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/plb.12328| pmid = 25754608| title = Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers| journal = Plant Biology| volume = 18| issue = 1| pages = 56–62| year = 2015| last1 = Van Der Kooi | first1 = C. J.| last2 = Pen | first2 = I.| last3 = Staal | first3 = M.| last4 = Stavenga | first4 = D. G.| last5 = Elzenga | first5 = J. T. M.| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273158762}}</ref> the floral scents are species-specific, and even specific to particular subspecies.<ref>{{ cite journal |author1=Tollsten, L. |author2=Knudsen, J. T. |author3=Bergström, L. G. | year = 1994 | title = Floral Scent in Generalistic ''Angelica'' (Apiaceae) — An Adaptive Character? | journal = Biochemical Systematics and Ecology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 161–169 | doi = 10.1016/0305-1978(94)90006-X |bibcode=1994BioSE..22..161T }}</ref> The active ingredients of angelica are found in the roots and rhizomes<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Meschino Health | title = Comprehensive Guide to Angelica Species | url = http://www.meschinohealth.com/books/angelica_species | access-date = 10 July 2012 | archive-date = July 18, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170718063011/http://www.meschinohealth.com/books/angelica_species}}</ref> and contains ] in its tissues, which make the skin sensitive to light.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Scienceray | title = Angelica - A Plant of the Family Apiaceae | url = http://scienceray.com/biology/angelica-a-plant-of-the-family-apiaceae/#ixzz20EwohfkZ | access-date = 10 July 2012 }}</ref>


==Species== ==Species==
List of species accepted by ] {{as of|December 2022|lc=yes}}:<ref name=POWO>{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:39657-1|title=''Angelica'' L.|access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref>
*'']'' – {{Lang-zh|p=dong danggui|labels=no}} in Chinese and {{Nihongo3|||touki}} in Japanese
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*'']''
*'']'' – Adjarian angelica *'']'' – Adjarian angelica
*'']'' – giant angelica *'']'' – giant angelica
*'']'' – Norwegian angelica{{refn|group=note|name=angelicastrum|Accepted by PoWO, but considered a synonym of '']'' by GBIF.<ref>{{GBIF|id=5537873}}</ref>}}
*'']'' – garden angelica, archangel, angelique
*'']'' – Lyall's angelica *'']'' – anomalous angelica
*'']'' – purplestem angelica, alexanders *'']''
*'']'' – garden angelica, archangel, angelique
*'']'' – sharp-toothed angelica, Lyall's angelica
*'']'' – purplestem angelica, alexanders, American angelica, masterwort
*'']'' – heavy-toothed angelica
*'']'' – short-stem angelica
*'']'' – Brewer's angelica *'']'' – Brewer's angelica
*'']'' – California angelica *'']'' – California angelica
Line 29: Line 59:
*'']'' – Canby's angelica *'']'' – Canby's angelica
*'']'' – Ranger buttons *'']'' – Ranger buttons
*'']'' *'']''
*'']'' – {{Lang-zh|p=bai zhi|labels=no}} in Chinese *'']'' – Hubei angelica
*'']''
*'']'' – Nepalese angelica
*'']'' – Eastern Siberian angelica, parsley angelica
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – Dawson's angelica *'']'' – Dawson's angelica
*'']'' – descending angelica
*'']''
*'']'' – coastalplain angelica *'']'' – coastalplain angelica
*'']'' – DuCloux's angelica
*'']''
*'']'' – kneeling angelica *'']'' – kneeling angelica
*'']'' – {{Transl|ko|cham dangwi}} in Korean *'']''
*'']''
*''Angelica glabra'' – synonym for ''Angelica dahurica''<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Pimenov, M. G. | author2 = Leonov, M. V. | title = The Asian Umbelliferae Biodiversity Database (ASIUM) with Particular Reference to South-West Asian Taxa | journal = Turkish Journal of Botany | volume = 28 | year = 2004 | pages = 139–145 | url = http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-04-28-1-2/bot-28-1-2-13-0210-18.pdf | access-date = 6 July 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019095649/http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-04-28-1-2/bot-28-1-2-13-0210-18.pdf | archive-date = 19 October 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*'']'' – Gmelin's angelica, Okhostk angelica
*'']'' – {{Transl|kfy|gandhrain}} (]), chippe/chouru'{{Which lang|date=May 2021}} in ]i languages (India)
*'']'' – Gray's angelica *'']'' – Gray's angelica
*'']'' *'']'' – Hakone angelica
*'']'' – Henderson's angelica *'']'' – Henderson's angelica
*'']'' *'']'' – variable-fruit angelica
*'']'' – {{Nihongo3|||]}} in Japanese *'']'' – unequal angelica
*'']'' – Indian angelica
*'']'' – Japanese angelica
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – King's angelica *'']'' – King's angelica
*'']'' <ref> Acta botanica Gallica 144: 186 (1997)</ref> *'']''
*'']''
*'']'' <ref>Acta botanica Gallica 144: 186 (1997)</ref>
*'']''
*'']'' – poison angelica *'']'' – poison angelica
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – seacoast angelica *'']'' – seacoast angelica
*'']'' *'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – Portuguese angelica
*'']''
*'']'' – marsh angelica *'']'' – marsh angelica
*'']''
*'']'' – small-leaf angelica *'']'' – small-leaf angelica
*'']''
*'']'' *'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – {{Nihongo3|||shishiudo}} in Japanese, {{Lang-zh|p=du huo|labels=no}} in Chinese
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – rose angelica *'']'' – rose angelica
*'']'' *'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – {{Lang-zh|p=dong quai|labels=no}} in Cantonese and {{Lang-zh|p=danggui|labels=no}} in Mandarin Chinese
*'']'' – Charleston Mountain angelica, rough angelica *'']'' – Charleston Mountain angelica, rough angelica
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – wild angelica *'']'' – wild angelica
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – Korean gobon,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=354 |access-date=16 December 2016 |via=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> slender angelica<ref name=":0" /> *'']'' – Korean gobon,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=354 |access-date=16 December 2016 |via=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> slender angelica<ref name=":0" />
*'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – woolly angelica *'']'' – woolly angelica
*'']'' – filmy angelica *'']'' – filmy angelica, mountain angelica
*'']'' *'']''
*'']'' *'']''
*'']'' – ezo angelica
*'']''
*'']''
*'']'' – hairy angelica *'']'' – hairy angelica
*'']''
*'']'' – Utah angelica *'']'' – Utah angelica
*'']''
*'']''
{{div col end}}


==Cultivation and uses== ==Cultivation and uses==
Some species are grown as ] agents or for their ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spices and Herbs |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/food/spices.shtml |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.fs.fed.us}}</ref> The most notable of these is ] (''A. archangelica''), which is commonly known simply as '''angelica'''. Natives of Lapland use the fleshy roots as food and the stalks as medicine. Crystallized strips of young angelica stems and midribs are green in colour and are sold as decorative and flavoursome cake decoration material, but may also be enjoyed on their own. The roots and seeds are commonly used to flavour ]. Its presence accounts for the distinct flavour of many liqueurs, such as ]. Some species are grown as ] agents or for their ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spices and Herbs |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/food/spices.shtml |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.fs.fed.us}}</ref> The most notable of these is ] (''A. archangelica''), which is commonly known simply as ''angelica''. Crystallized strips of young angelica stems and midribs are green in colour and are sold as decorative and flavoursome cake decoration material, but may also be enjoyed on their own. The roots and seeds are commonly used to flavour ]. Its presence accounts for the distinct flavour of many liqueurs, such as ].

Among the ] of ], the plant is used to make a traditional musical instrument the '']''.


] (''A. lucida'') has been eaten as a wild version of ]. ] (''A. lucida'') has been eaten as a wild version of ].

''A. sylvestris'' and some other species are eaten by the ]e of some ] species, including ], ], ] and the ].

===Asia===
The herb, also known by the Chinese name, {{Lang-zh|p=bai zhi|labels=no}}, and Latin name, {{Lang|la|radix angelicae dahurica}}, is used medicinally in ].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}


In parts of Japan, especially the ], the shoots and leaves of '']'' (''A. keiskei'') are eaten as ], particularly in the spring. In parts of Japan, especially the ], the shoots and leaves of '']'' (''A. keiskei'') are eaten as ], particularly in the spring.


===Europe===
''A. sylvestris'' and some other species are eaten by the ]e of some ] species, including ], ], ] and the ].
Natives of Lapland use the fleshy roots as food and the stalks as medicine.

Among the ] of ], the plant is used to make a traditional musical instrument the '']''.


===North America===
''A. dawsonii'' was used by several first nations in North America for ritual purposes. ''A. dawsonii'' was used by several first nations in North America for ritual purposes.


''A. atropurpurea'' is found in North America from ] west to ] and south to ], and was smoked by Missouri tribes for colds and respiratory ailments.{{medcn|date=November 2014}} This species is very similar in appearance to the poisonous ]. ''A. atropurpurea'' is found in North America from ] west to ] and south to ], and was smoked by Missouri tribes for colds and respiratory ailments.{{medical citation needed|date=November 2014}} This species is very similar in appearance to the poisonous ].


The boiled roots of angelica were applied internally and externally to wounds by the ] people in Alaska to speed healing.{{medcn|date=November 2014}} The boiled roots of angelica were applied internally and externally to wounds by the ] people in Alaska to speed healing.{{medical citation needed|date=November 2014}}


==Notes==
The herb, also known by the Chinese name, {{Lang-zh|p=bai zhi|labels=no}}, and Latin name, {{Lang|la|radix angelicae dahurica}}, is used medicinally in ].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}


==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Angelica}} {{Commons category|Angelica}}
*{{cite web | url = http://herbarium.uvu.edu/virtual/search.asp?s=genus&n=923 | publisher = UVSC Herbarium | title = Angelica }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.ourherbgarden.com/herb-history/angelica.html |title=History of Angelica |date=March 2013 |publisher=Our Herb Garden}}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.ourherbgarden.com/herb-history/angelica.html | title = History of Angelica | publisher = Our Herb Garden }}
*{{cite web | url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANGEL | title = Plants Profile ''Angelica'' L. | publisher = USDA - NRCS | work = Plants Database }} *{{cite web | url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANGEL | title = Plants Profile ''Angelica'' L. | publisher = USDA - NRCS | work = Plants Database }}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.ashitabaplant.com/2012/11/how-to-take-care-of-ashitaba-plant.html | title = How to Take Care of Ashitaba Plant (Longevity Herb) ''Angelica'' | publisher = Rochkirstin Santos }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.ashitabaplant.com/2012/11/how-to-take-care-of-ashitaba-plant.html | title = How to Take Care of Ashitaba Plant (Longevity Herb) ''Angelica'' | date = 23 November 2012 | publisher = Rochkirstin Santos }}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle=Angelica |volume=2 |page=28 |short=x}} * {{cite EB9 |wstitle=Angelica |volume=2 |page=28 |short=x}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Angelica |volume=2 |page=6 |short=x}} * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Angelica |volume=2 |page=6 |short=x}}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q219666}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q219666}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}


] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 19:13, 26 November 2024

Genus of flowering plants For other uses, see Angelica (disambiguation).

Angelica
Wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Apioideae
Tribe: Selineae
Genus: Angelica
L.
Species

About 90 species; see text.

Synonyms
  • Agathorhiza Raf.
  • Angelocarpa Rupr.
  • Angelophyllum Rupr.
  • Archangelica Wolf
  • Callisace Fisch. ex Hoffm.
  • Coelopleurum Ledeb.
  • Czernaevia Turcz. ex Ledeb.
  • Gomphopetalum Turcz.
  • Halosciastrum Koidz.
  • Homopteryx Kitag.
  • Physolophium Turcz.
  • Porphyroscias Miq.
  • Razulia Raf.
  • Rompelia Koso-Pol.
  • Sphenosciadium A.Gray
Wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris) from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885

Angelica is a genus of about 90 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far north as Iceland, Sápmi, and Greenland. They grow to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. Found mainly in China, its main use was for medicine. It shows variations in fruit anatomy, leaf morphology, and subterranean structures. The genes are extremely polymorphic.

Some species can be found in purple moor and rush pastures.

Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) found near Winona, MN, USA. The plant is seen here where it was growing near a creek.

Characteristics

Angelica species grow to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. Their large, sparkling, starburst flowers are pollinated by a great variety of insects (the generalist pollination syndrome), the floral scents are species-specific, and even specific to particular subspecies. The active ingredients of angelica are found in the roots and rhizomes and contains furocoumarins in its tissues, which make the skin sensitive to light.

Species

List of species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of December 2022:

Cultivation and uses

Some species are grown as flavouring agents or for their medicinal properties. The most notable of these is garden angelica (A. archangelica), which is commonly known simply as angelica. Crystallized strips of young angelica stems and midribs are green in colour and are sold as decorative and flavoursome cake decoration material, but may also be enjoyed on their own. The roots and seeds are commonly used to flavour gin. Its presence accounts for the distinct flavour of many liqueurs, such as Chartreuse.

Seacoast angelica (A. lucida) has been eaten as a wild version of celery.

A. sylvestris and some other species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including bordered pug, grey pug, lime-speck pug and the V-pug.

Asia

The herb, also known by the Chinese name, bai zhi, and Latin name, radix angelicae dahurica, is used medicinally in traditional Chinese medicine.

In parts of Japan, especially the Izu Islands, the shoots and leaves of ashitaba (A. keiskei) are eaten as tempura, particularly in the spring.

Europe

Natives of Lapland use the fleshy roots as food and the stalks as medicine.

Among the Sami people of Lapland, the plant is used to make a traditional musical instrument the fadno.

North America

A. dawsonii was used by several first nations in North America for ritual purposes.

A. atropurpurea is found in North America from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin and south to Maryland, and was smoked by Missouri tribes for colds and respiratory ailments. This species is very similar in appearance to the poisonous water hemlock.

The boiled roots of angelica were applied internally and externally to wounds by the Aleut people in Alaska to speed healing.

Notes

  1. Accepted by PoWO, but considered a synonym of Angelica major by GBIF.

References

  1. ^ "Angelica L." Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  2. Johannes Gröntved. "Kvanen -. Dens Udbredelse Og Anvendelse" (PDF).
  3. "Angelica grayi (Angelica)". Southern Colorado Wildflowers. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  4. Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
  5. Tollsten, L.; Knudsen, J. T.; Bergström, L. G. (1994). "Floral Scent in Generalistic Angelica (Apiaceae) — An Adaptive Character?". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 22 (2): 161–169. Bibcode:1994BioSE..22..161T. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(94)90006-X.
  6. "Comprehensive Guide to Angelica Species". Meschino Health. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  7. "Angelica - A Plant of the Family Apiaceae". Scienceray. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  8. Angelica
  9. Acta botanica Gallica 144: 186 (1997)
  10. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 354. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
  11. "Spices and Herbs". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 25 May 2022.

External links

Taxon identifiers
Angelica
Categories: