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| {{short description|Brand of modeling clay}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{distinguish|Pleistocene}} | ||
| {{Use British English|date=September 2022}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}} | ||
| {{refimprove|date= |
{{refimprove|date=September 2019}} | ||
| {{Infobox Toy | {{Infobox Toy | ||
| |name=Plasticine | |name=Plasticine | ||
| |image=Little girl holding plasticine. (49810941302).jpg | |||
| |image= | |||
| |type=] | |type=] | ||
| |inventor=] | |inventor=] | ||
| |country= |
|country=United Kingdom | ||
| |company=Harbutt | |company=Harbutt | ||
| |from=1900 | |from=1900 | ||
| Line 14: | Line 17: | ||
| |slogan= | |slogan= | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Plasticine''' is a ]-like modelling material made from ] salts, ] and ]s. Though originally a brand name for the British version of the product, it is now applied ] as a product category to other formulations. | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | {{distinguish|Pleistocene |
||
| Plasticine is used for children's play and as a modelling medium for more formal or permanent structures. Because of its non-drying property, it is a material commonly chosen for ] animation, including several ]-winning films by ]. | |||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| ], owner of a pharmacy in ], Germany, invented an oil-based modelling clay in 1880.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sculpturetools.com/chavant/cart/plasteline.html|title=Plasteline|publisher=sculpturetools.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820132041/http://www.sculpturetools.com/chavant/cart/plasteline.html|archive-date=August 20, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time, the city was a centre for the arts, and among Kolb's circle of friends were sculptors. They complained about how with the clay they were using for modelling, their sculptures would dry too fast and that, particularly in winter, it was too difficult to work with. In order to commercialize his invention, he presented it to the Faber-Castell company in 1887, which had back then the name "''Kunst-Modellierthon''" (known as ]), where it is still sold nowadays under the name "''Münchner Künstler Plastilin''" (Munich artists' Plastilin). In Italy, the product ''Pongo'' is also marketed as "''plastilina''" and shares the main attributes of Plasticine. | |||
| Plasticine was formulated by ] teacher ] of ], in ], ], in 1897. He wanted a non-drying clay for his ] students. Although the exact composition is a secret, Plasticine is composed of calcium salts (principally ]), petroleum jelly, and long-chain ] acids (principally ]). It is non-toxic, sterile, soft, and ], and does not dry on exposure to air (unlike superficially similar products such as ], which is based on flour, salt and water). It cannot be hardened by ]; it ] when exposed to heat, and is ] at much higher temperatures.{{cn |date= September 2015}} | |||
| ]Plasticine is approximately 65% ] (principally ]), 10% ], 5% ], 10% ] and 10% ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=May|first1=James|title=Toy Stories|date=2009|publisher=Conway|location=London|isbn=9781844861071|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/jamesmaystoystor0000mayj/page/16}}</ref> It cannot be hardened by ], ] when exposed to heat, and is ] at higher temperatures.{{citation needed |date= September 2015}} In France, it is made by Herbin, and marketed as Plastiline. In Spain, toy manufacturer Jovi markets a product also branded "Plastilina", made from vegetable matter which makes it lighter. ], which is based on flour, salt and water, dries on exposure to air. | |||
| A patent was awarded in 1899, and in 1900 commercial production started at a factory in Bathampton. An improved formulation was patented in 1915.<ref></ref> The original Plasticine was grey, but the product initially sold to the public came in four colours. It was soon available in a wide variety of bright colours. Plasticine was popular with children, was widely used in schools for teaching art, and has found a wide variety of other uses (for example moulding casts for plaster, and plastics). The Harbutt company promoted Plasticine as a children's toy by producing modelling kits in association with companies responsible for popular children's characters such as ], the ] and ]. | |||
| ===Harbutt=== | |||
| ⚫ | The original Plasticine factory was destroyed by fire in 1963 and replaced by a modern building. The Harbutt company |
||
| ], an ] teacher in ], England, formulated Plasticine in 1897. Harbutt wanted a non-drying ] for his ] students. He created a non-toxic, sterile, soft and ] clay that did not dry when exposed to air. | |||
| Harbutt received a patent in 1899 and commercial production started at a factory in ] in 1900. The original Plasticine was grey, but four colours were produced for initial sales to the public. Plasticine was used by children and was often bought by schools for teaching art. It has found a wide variety of other uses (for example moulding casts for plaster, and plastics). | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| Harbutt patented a different formulation in 1915,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=3&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19150830&CC=GB&NR=191419211A&KC=A|title=Citation of 1915 Harbutt patent|website=]|accessdate=15 August 2023}}</ref> which added wool fibres to give plasticine a stronger composition intended for ear plugs, and as a sterile dressing for wounds and burns.<ref>{{cite book|last1=May|first1=James|title=Toy Stories|date=2009|publisher=Conway|location=London|isbn=9781844861071|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/jamesmaystoystor0000mayj/page/25}}</ref> The Harbutt company marketed Plasticine as a children's toy by producing modelling kits based on characters from children's stories, such as ], the ] and ]. | |||
| ===Similar products=== | |||
| A similar product, "''Kunst-Modellierthon''" (known as ]), was invented by ] of ], ] in 1880. This product is still available, known as "''Münchner Künstler Plastilin''" (Munich artists' plasticine). In Italy, the product ''Pongo'' is also marketed as "''plastilina''" and shares the main attributes of Plasticine. | |||
| ⚫ | The original Plasticine factory was destroyed by fire in 1963 and replaced by a modern building. The Harbutt company produced Plasticine in Bathampton until 1983, when production was moved to Thailand. | ||
| The ] company was the major American licensee of Plasticine from 1979 until at least 1984. The use of a different chalk compound caused a product inconsistency, and the US version was considered inferior to the original mix. | |||
| ⚫ | ] acquired Plasticine through its purchase of ], Harbutt's parent company. In 1998, ] bought Bluebird and the brand was sold to ], known for its model paints and owner of the ] model kit brand. Flair Leisure licensed the brand from Humbrol in 2005 and relaunched Plasticine. It acquired the brand outright, when Humbrol entered administration a year later. | ||
| == Uses == | == Uses == | ||
| ===Current=== | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| Plasticine and similar materials are often used in ]. One of its main proponents is ]' ], who used characters modelled in Plasticine in his ]-winning ] short films '']'' (1989), '']'' (1993) and '']'' (1995), as well as the feature film '']'' (2005). This technique is popularly known as ] in the US, and is a form of stop motion animation. | |||
| Plasticine-like materials are appealing to animators because the material can be used with ease: it is mouldable enough to create a character, flexible enough to allow that character to move in many ways, and dense enough to retain its shape easily when combined with a wire ], and |
Plasticine and similar materials are used in ]. One of its main proponents is ]' ], who used characters modelled in Plasticine in his four ]-winning ] short films '']'' (1989), '']'' (1993), '']'' (1995) and '']'' (2008), as well as the feature film '']'' (2005). This technique, a form of ] animation, is known as ] in the US. Plasticine-like materials are appealing to animators because the material can be used with ease: it is mouldable enough to create a character, flexible enough to allow that character to move in many ways, and dense enough to retain its shape easily when combined with a wire ], and does not melt under hot studio lighting. | ||
| Plasticine is used in ] and ] competitions to help officials determine if the competitors are making legal jumps. A {{convert|10|cm|in|adj=mid|-wide}} 'indicator board' is placed beyond and slightly above the take-off line. The edges of this are chamfered and edged with plasticine. If an athlete leaves a mark in the plasticine, it is considered proof that the jump was a foul, and the attempt is not measured.<ref>{{Cite web | |||
| ⚫ | Plasticine-like clays are also used in commercial ] such as |
||
| |url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=89ed4cba-6b5e-49fe-a43e-9f5487b77a84.pdf | |||
| |author=] (IAAF) | |||
| |title=Competition Rules 2016-2017, Rule 184.3 | |||
| |pages=208–210 | |||
| }}</ref> Plasticine is used rather than sand, so that several boards may be prepared in advance: if a board is marked it may be replaced by a smoothed board immediately to avoid delaying the competition, but keeping the marked board available in case of challenges. An indicator board is used, rather than a wide strip of plasticine, as this provides a firm footing should the athlete step on it. | |||
| ⚫ | Plasticine-like clays are also used in commercial ] such as ]. | ||
| ⚫ | Television presenter ] together with Chris Collins, ], Julian Fullalove and around |
||
| ⚫ | ]'s ''Paradise in Plasticine'']] | ||
| During World War II, Plasticine was used by ] as part of the defusing process for the German Type Y battery-powered bomb ]. It was used to build a dam around the head of the fuze, into which liquid oxygen was poured to cool the battery down to -20 degrees Celsius, at which temperature it would no longer function, enabling the fuze to be safely removed.<ref>Jappy, M.J. (2001). Danger UXB. London: MacMillan Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0 7522 1938 3</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | Television presenter ] together with Chris Collins, ], Julian Fullalove and around 2,000 members of the public created a show garden made entirely of Plasticine for the 2009 ]. Called "Paradise in Plasticine", it took 6 weeks and 2.6 tons of Plasticine in 24 colours to complete. May said, "This is, to our knowledge, the largest and most complex model of this type ever created." It couldn't be considered as part of the standard judging criteria as it contained no real plants, but was awarded an honorary gold award made from Plasticine.<ref>{{cite news |title=RHS Chelsea Flower Show 2009: Paradise in Plasticine |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/chelsea/small_gardens/may.shtml |agency=] |work=BBC One |access-date=20 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Elliott |first=Valerie |date=20 May 2009 |title=Top Gear plasticine garden takes 'gold' at RHS Chelsea Flower Show |url=http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/gardens/chelsea_flower_show/article6319449.ece |work=] |access-date=20 May 2009 }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The garden won the ]'s 'peoples choice' for best small garden.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/showsevents/chelsea/2009/peopleschoice.asp |title=James May: Paradise in Plasticine|website=Royal Horticultural Society |date=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423171515/http://www.rhs.org.uk/showsevents/chelsea/2009/peopleschoice.asp |archive-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| Plasticine is used by geologists studying rock deformation. One study compared the performance of four German products: Beck's green and Beck's orange made by Beck's Plastilin, ]; Kolb brown made by Kolb, ]; and Weible special soft made by Weible KG, ].<ref>{{cite journal|volume=26|number=4|date=2004|pages=725–737|journal=Journal of Structural Geology|title=Rheology of plasticine used as rock analogue: the impact of temperature, composition and strain|first1=Janet|last1=Zulauf|first2=Gernold|last2=Zulauf|doi=10.1016/j.jsg.2003.07.005|bibcode=2004JSG....26..725Z}}</ref> | |||
| When ] for higher performance, different pistons and higher lift camshafts are often installed. This creates a risk that the valves might strike the piston, causing serious damage. To measure the valve-to-piston clearance, a piece of Plasticine can be put on top of a piston, the cylinder head replaced, and the engine rotated manually through a full cycle. After removing the cylinder head, the valves will have made an impression in the Plasticine. The thickness of this impression is measured to give the valve to piston clearance.<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Historic=== | |||
| <!--- Do not change the spelling of 'fuze' to 'fuse'. There is extensive discussion of this on the talk page. ---> | |||
| During World War II, Plasticine was used by ] ] ] as part of the defuzing<ref>{{harvp|Jappy|2001|page=rear cover}} "these bombs were to be defuzed 'regardless of the loss of life to bomb disposal personnel'."</ref> process for the new ]. The "Type Y" ] has an anti-disturbance device that had to be disabled before the fuze could be removed.<ref>{{cite book|date=1953|page=182-185 |title=TM 9-1985-2 German explosive ordinance|publisher=]|url= https://archive.org/details/TM919852GermanExplosiveOrdnance1953/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/43/a3924443.shtml |title=The Earl and the Secretary |author=Dunstable Town Centre |date=20 April 2005 |work=BBC |id=A3924443 |quote=The "/Y" fuse behaved exactly like the normal one when tested, but it had an additional circuit that was isolated after activation. This circuit contained mercury tilt switches which would detonate the bomb if the fuse were turned, even slowly. This was a ] designed to kill bomb disposal personnel |access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=This must be considered unreliable as much of what it claims is at variance with established texts. e.g. it claims that the 'liquid air' froze the mercury rather than liquid oxygen freezing the battery|date=March 2016}} Plasticine was used to build a dam around the head of the fuze to hold some ]. The liquid oxygen cooled the battery down to a temperature at which it would no longer function; with the battery out of commission, the fuze could be removed safely.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hogben |first=Arthur |year=1987 |title=Designed to Kill |publisher=Patrick Stephens Limited |location=London |isbn=0-85059-865-6 |pages=131–133 |quote=It was believed that by using liquid oxygen poured over the fuze head the necessary very low temperature within the fuze could be achieved.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jappy |first=M. J. |year=2001 |title=Danger UXB |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=London |isbn=0-752-21576-0 |pages=150–153 |quote=That was wonderful when we got a bomb with the fuze lying at the top but if the fuze was at the side, it wasn't quite so easy. I think it must have been me who thought of the idea of making a little neck of clay around the side to hold the liquid. I think I used plasticine actually. }}</ref> | |||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| Line 51: | Line 73: | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| {{refs}} | |||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
| {{commonscat}} | |||
| {{commons category|Plasticine}} | |||
| * | * | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:36, 27 November 2024
Brand of modeling clay Not to be confused with Pleistocene.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Plasticine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
.jpg) | |
| Type | Modelling clay |
|---|---|
| Inventor(s) | William Harbutt |
| Company | Harbutt |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Availability | 1900– |
Plasticine is a putty-like modelling material made from calcium salts, petroleum jelly and aliphatic acids. Though originally a brand name for the British version of the product, it is now applied generically in English as a product category to other formulations.
Plasticine is used for children's play and as a modelling medium for more formal or permanent structures. Because of its non-drying property, it is a material commonly chosen for stop motion animation, including several Academy Award-winning films by Nick Park.
History
Franz Kolb, owner of a pharmacy in Munich, Germany, invented an oil-based modelling clay in 1880. At the time, the city was a centre for the arts, and among Kolb's circle of friends were sculptors. They complained about how with the clay they were using for modelling, their sculptures would dry too fast and that, particularly in winter, it was too difficult to work with. In order to commercialize his invention, he presented it to the Faber-Castell company in 1887, which had back then the name "Kunst-Modellierthon" (known as Plastilin), where it is still sold nowadays under the name "Münchner Künstler Plastilin" (Munich artists' Plastilin). In Italy, the product Pongo is also marketed as "plastilina" and shares the main attributes of Plasticine.
Plasticine is approximately 65% bulking agent (principally gypsum), 10% petroleum jelly, 5% lime, 10% lanolin and 10% stearic acid. It cannot be hardened by firing, melts when exposed to heat, and is flammable at higher temperatures. In France, it is made by Herbin, and marketed as Plastiline. In Spain, toy manufacturer Jovi markets a product also branded "Plastilina", made from vegetable matter which makes it lighter. Play-Doh, which is based on flour, salt and water, dries on exposure to air.
Harbutt
William Harbutt, an art teacher in Bath, England, formulated Plasticine in 1897. Harbutt wanted a non-drying clay for his sculpture students. He created a non-toxic, sterile, soft and malleable clay that did not dry when exposed to air.
Harbutt received a patent in 1899 and commercial production started at a factory in Bathampton in 1900. The original Plasticine was grey, but four colours were produced for initial sales to the public. Plasticine was used by children and was often bought by schools for teaching art. It has found a wide variety of other uses (for example moulding casts for plaster, and plastics).
Harbutt patented a different formulation in 1915, which added wool fibres to give plasticine a stronger composition intended for ear plugs, and as a sterile dressing for wounds and burns. The Harbutt company marketed Plasticine as a children's toy by producing modelling kits based on characters from children's stories, such as Noddy, the Mr. Men and Paddington Bear.
The original Plasticine factory was destroyed by fire in 1963 and replaced by a modern building. The Harbutt company produced Plasticine in Bathampton until 1983, when production was moved to Thailand.
The Colorforms company was the major American licensee of Plasticine from 1979 until at least 1984. The use of a different chalk compound caused a product inconsistency, and the US version was considered inferior to the original mix.
Bluebird Toys plc acquired Plasticine through its purchase of Peter Pan Playthings Ltd, Harbutt's parent company. In 1998, Mattel bought Bluebird and the brand was sold to Humbrol Ltd, known for its model paints and owner of the Airfix model kit brand. Flair Leisure licensed the brand from Humbrol in 2005 and relaunched Plasticine. It acquired the brand outright, when Humbrol entered administration a year later.
Uses
Current
Plasticine and similar materials are used in clay animation. One of its main proponents is Aardman Animations' Nick Park, who used characters modelled in Plasticine in his four Oscar-winning Wallace and Gromit short films A Grand Day Out (1989), The Wrong Trousers (1993), A Close Shave (1995) and A Matter of Loaf and Death (2008), as well as the feature film The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005). This technique, a form of stop-motion animation, is known as claymation in the US. Plasticine-like materials are appealing to animators because the material can be used with ease: it is mouldable enough to create a character, flexible enough to allow that character to move in many ways, and dense enough to retain its shape easily when combined with a wire armature, and does not melt under hot studio lighting.
Plasticine is used in long jump and triple jump competitions to help officials determine if the competitors are making legal jumps. A 10-centimetre-wide (3.9 in) 'indicator board' is placed beyond and slightly above the take-off line. The edges of this are chamfered and edged with plasticine. If an athlete leaves a mark in the plasticine, it is considered proof that the jump was a foul, and the attempt is not measured. Plasticine is used rather than sand, so that several boards may be prepared in advance: if a board is marked it may be replaced by a smoothed board immediately to avoid delaying the competition, but keeping the marked board available in case of challenges. An indicator board is used, rather than a wide strip of plasticine, as this provides a firm footing should the athlete step on it.
Plasticine-like clays are also used in commercial party games such as Barbarossa.
Television presenter James May together with Chris Collins, Jane McAdam Freud, Julian Fullalove and around 2,000 members of the public created a show garden made entirely of Plasticine for the 2009 Chelsea Flower Show. Called "Paradise in Plasticine", it took 6 weeks and 2.6 tons of Plasticine in 24 colours to complete. May said, "This is, to our knowledge, the largest and most complex model of this type ever created." It couldn't be considered as part of the standard judging criteria as it contained no real plants, but was awarded an honorary gold award made from Plasticine. The garden won the Royal Horticultural Society's 'peoples choice' for best small garden.
Plasticine is used by geologists studying rock deformation. One study compared the performance of four German products: Beck's green and Beck's orange made by Beck's Plastilin, Gomaringen; Kolb brown made by Kolb, Hengersberg; and Weible special soft made by Weible KG, Schorndorf.
Historic
During World War II, Plasticine was used by bomb disposal officer Major John P. Hudson R.E. as part of the defuzing process for the new German "Type Y" battery-powered bomb fuze. The "Type Y" fuze has an anti-disturbance device that had to be disabled before the fuze could be removed. Plasticine was used to build a dam around the head of the fuze to hold some liquid oxygen. The liquid oxygen cooled the battery down to a temperature at which it would no longer function; with the battery out of commission, the fuze could be removed safely.
See also
References
- "Plasteline". sculpturetools.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008.
- May, James (2009). Toy Stories. London: Conway. p. 16. ISBN 9781844861071.
- "Citation of 1915 Harbutt patent". Espacenet. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- May, James (2009). Toy Stories. London: Conway. p. 25. ISBN 9781844861071.
- International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). "Competition Rules 2016-2017, Rule 184.3" (PDF). pp. 208–210.
- "RHS Chelsea Flower Show 2009: Paradise in Plasticine". BBC One. BBC. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- Elliott, Valerie (20 May 2009). "Top Gear plasticine garden takes 'gold' at RHS Chelsea Flower Show". The Times. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- "James May: Paradise in Plasticine". Royal Horticultural Society. 2009. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010.
- Zulauf, Janet; Zulauf, Gernold (2004). "Rheology of plasticine used as rock analogue: the impact of temperature, composition and strain". Journal of Structural Geology. 26 (4): 725–737. Bibcode:2004JSG....26..725Z. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.07.005.
- Jappy (2001), p. rear cover "these bombs were to be defuzed 'regardless of the loss of life to bomb disposal personnel'."
- TM 9-1985-2 German explosive ordinance. United States Government Printing Office. 1953. p. 182-185.
- Dunstable Town Centre (20 April 2005). "The Earl and the Secretary". BBC. A3924443. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
The "/Y" fuse behaved exactly like the normal one when tested, but it had an additional circuit that was isolated after activation. This circuit contained mercury tilt switches which would detonate the bomb if the fuse were turned, even slowly. This was a booby trap designed to kill bomb disposal personnel
- Hogben, Arthur (1987). Designed to Kill. London: Patrick Stephens Limited. pp. 131–133. ISBN 0-85059-865-6.
It was believed that by using liquid oxygen poured over the fuze head the necessary very low temperature within the fuze could be achieved.
- Jappy, M. J. (2001). Danger UXB. London: Macmillan Publishers. pp. 150–153. ISBN 0-752-21576-0.
That was wonderful when we got a bomb with the fuze lying at the top but if the fuze was at the side, it wasn't quite so easy. I think it must have been me who thought of the idea of making a little neck of clay around the side to hold the liquid. I think I used plasticine actually.