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{{short description|Alternative medicine and pseudoscience}} {{short description|Alternative medicine and pseudoscience}}
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Functional Medicine is a systems biology–based approach that focuses on identifying and addressing the root cause of disease. Each symptom or differential diagnosis may be one of many contributing to an individual’s illness. A diagnosis can be the result of more than one cause. For example, depression can be caused by many different factors, including inflammation. Likewise, a cause such as inflammation may lead to a number of different diagnoses, including depression. The precise manifestation of each cause depends on the individual’s genes, environment, and lifestyle, and only treatments that address the right cause will have lasting benefit beyond symptom suppression.


'''Functional medicine''' ('''FM''') is a form of ] that encompasses a number of unproven and disproven methods and treatments.<ref name="sampson1" /><ref name="Sampson2">{{cite web |last=Sampson |first=Wallace |author-link=Wallace Sampson |date=July 9, 2009 |title=Functional Medicine (FM) What Is It? |url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/fuctional-medicine-fm-what-is-it/ |access-date=May 20, 2014 |work=Science Based Medicine}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pal |first=SK |date=March 2002 |title=Complementary and alternative medicine: An overview |journal=] |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=518–24 |jstor=24105958}}</ref> It has been described as pseudoscience,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hall |first=Harriet |year=2017 |title=Functional Medicine: Pseudoscientific Silliness |url=https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/why-functional-medicine-is-bogus/ |magazine=Skeptic |pages=4–5 |volume=22 |issue=1}}</ref> ],<ref name="quackademic">{{cite web |last=Gorski |first=David |author-link=David Gorski |date=September 29, 2014 |title=Quackademia update: The Cleveland Clinic, George Washington University, and the continued infiltration of quackery into medical academia |url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/quackademia-update-2014/ |access-date=2016-12-02 |website=]}}</ref> and at its essence a rebranding of complementary and alternative medicine.<ref name="quackademic" /> In the United States, FM practices have been ruled ineligible for ]s by the ] because of concerns they may be harmful.<ref name="bel1" /><ref name="bel2" />
The Functional Medicine model evolved from the insights and perspectives of a small group of influential thought leaders who realized the importance of an individualized approach to disease causes based on the evolving research in nutritional science, genomics, and epigenetics. These thought leaders found ways to apply these new advances in the clinic to address root causes using low-risk interventions that modify molecular and cellular systems to reverse these drivers of diseaseTreatments, practices, and concepts will generally be those not supported by ].<ref name=sampson1>{{cite web |last= Sampson |first= Wallace |authorlink= Wallace Sampson |title= Functional Medicine – New Kid on the Block |url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=271 |work= ] |date= October 30, 2008 |accessdate= }}</ref>


Functional medicine was created by Jeffrey Bland,<ref name="McHale">{{Cite web |title=Functional medicine: Is it the future of healthcare or just another wellness trend? |url=https://www.independent.ie/life/health-wellbeing/functional-medicine-is-it-the-future-of-healthcare-or-just-another-wellness-trend-37437566.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=independent |date=23 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> who founded The Institute for Functional Medicine (IFM) in the early 1990s as part of one of his companies, HealthComm.<ref name="bland-qw">{{cite web |last1=Barrett |first1=Stephen |title=Some Notes on Jeffrey Bland and Metagenics|url=https://quackwatch.org/consumer-education/bland/ |website=Quackwatch |access-date=5 April 2022 |date=11 September 2013}}</ref> IFM, which promotes functional medicine, became a registered non-profit in 2001.<ref name="taxes2001">{{cite web |title=Institute for Functional Medicine 2001 tax forms |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/912107518/2002_12_EO%2F91-2107518_990_200112 |website=ProPublica |language=en |date=9 May 2013}}</ref> ] became an IFM board member and prominent promoter.<ref name="McHale" /><ref name="taxes2001"/>


== Description ==

] has written that FM is not well-defined and performs "expensive and generally unnecessary tests".<ref name="ps">{{cite book |vauthors=Gorski DH | title=Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science |chapter=Chapter 14: 'Integrative' Medicine: Integrating Quackery with Science-Based Medicine |publisher=MIT Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-262-03742-6 | doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262037426.003.0014 | pages=309–330}}</ref> Gorski says FM's vagueness is a deliberate tactic that makes functional medicine difficult to challenge.<ref name="gorski1016">{{cite web |last=Gorski |first=David |author-link=David Gorski |date=11 April 2016 |title=Functional medicine: The ultimate misnomer in the world of integrative medicine |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/functional-medicine-the-ultimate-misnomer-in-the-world-of-integrative-medicine/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=]}}</ref>

Proponents of functional medicine oppose established medical knowledge and reject its models, instead adopting a model of disease based on the notion of "antecedents", "triggers", and "mediators". These are meant to correspond to the underlying causes of health issues, the immediate causes, and the particular characteristics of a person's illness. A functional medicine practitioner devises a "matrix" from these factors to serve as the basis for treatment.<ref name=outside>{{Cite journal|journal=Patient |title=Therapies and Theories Outside Traditional Medicine |access-date=11 December 2015 |author=Knott L |url=http://patient.info/doctor/therapies-and-theories-outside-traditional-medicine |date=6 February 2015}}</ref>

Treatments, practices, and concepts are generally not supported by ].<ref name="sampson1">{{cite web |last=Sampson |first=Wallace |author-link=Wallace Sampson |date=October 30, 2008 |title=Functional Medicine – New Kid on the Block |url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=271 |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=] |archive-date=22 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522063642/http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=271 |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Reception == == Reception ==
FM practitioners claim to diagnose and treat conditions that have been found by research studies not to exist, such as ] and numerous imbalances in body chemistry.<ref name="tests">{{cite web |last=Gorski |first=David |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Functional medicine: Reams of useless tests in one hand, a huge invoice in the other |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/functional-medicine-reams-of-useless-tests-in-one-hand-a-huge-invoice-in-the-other/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101021006/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/functional-medicine-reams-of-useless-tests-in-one-hand-a-huge-invoice-in-the-other/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Adrenal Fatigue {{!}} Hormone Health Network |url=https://www.hormone.org/diseases-and-conditions/adrenal-fatigue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020055015/https://www.hormone.org/diseases-and-conditions/adrenal-fatigue |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=www.hormone.org}}</ref> For instance, contrary to scientific evidence, Joe Pizzorno, a major figure in FM, claimed that 25% of people in the United States have heavy metal poisoning and need to undergo detoxification.<ref name="bel1" /> Many scientists state that such ] supplements are a waste of time and money.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 January 2006 |title=Scientists dismiss detox schemes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4576574.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213221658/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4576574.stm |archive-date=13 February 2021 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=] |publisher=}}</ref> Detox has been also called "mass delusion".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dixon |first=Bernard |year=2005 |title="Detox", a mass delusion |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=5 |issue=5 |page=261 |doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70094-3 |issn=1473-3099 |pmid=15854880}}</ref>
⚫ In 2014, the ] withdrew granting of ]s for functional medicine courses, having identified some of its treatments as "harmful and dangerous"<ref name=bel1>{{cite web |publisher=Science-Based-Medicine |author=Bellamy J |title=AAFP: Functional Medicine lacks supporting evidence; includes 'harmful' and 'dangerous' treatments |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/aafp-functional-medicine-lacks-supporting-evidence-includes-harmful-and-dangerous-treatments/ |date=26 October 2017}}</ref> In 2018, it partly lifted the ban, but only to allow teaching an overview of functional medicine, not to teach its practice.<ref name=bel2>{{cite web |publisher=Science-Based-Medicine |author=Bellamy J |title=AAFP should publish research behind finding that functional medicine lacks evidence, contains harmful and dangerous practices |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/aafp-confirms-finding-that-functional-medicine-lacks-evidence-and-may-be-dangerous-we-need-to-know-why// |date=27 October 2018}}</ref>

⚫ In 2014, the ] withdrew ]s for functional medicine courses, having identified some of its treatments as "harmful and dangerous".<ref name="bel1">{{cite web |author=Bellamy J |date=26 October 2017 |title=AAFP: Functional Medicine lacks supporting evidence; includes 'harmful' and 'dangerous' treatments |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/aafp-functional-medicine-lacks-supporting-evidence-includes-harmful-and-dangerous-treatments/ |website=6 March 2024 |publisher=] |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015160457/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/aafp-functional-medicine-lacks-supporting-evidence-includes-harmful-and-dangerous-treatments/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, it partly lifted the ban, but only to allow overview classes, not to teach its practice.<ref name="bel2">{{cite web |publisher=Science-Based-Medicine |author=Bellamy J |title=AAFP should publish research behind finding that functional medicine lacks evidence, contains harmful and dangerous practices |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/aafp-confirms-finding-that-functional-medicine-lacks-evidence-and-may-be-dangerous-we-need-to-know-why// |date=27 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612134642/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/aafp-confirms-finding-that-functional-medicine-lacks-evidence-and-may-be-dangerous-we-need-to-know-why/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The opening of centers for functional medicine at the ] and ] was described by David Gorski as an "unfortunate" example of quackery infiltrating academic medical centers.<ref name="quackademic" />


== References == == References ==
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== Further reading == == Further reading ==
*{{cite web |last= Gorski |first= David |authorlink= David Gorski |date= 14 April 2014 |title= Bill and Hillary Clinton go woo with Dr. Mark Hyman and 'functional medicine' |url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/bill-and-hillary-clinton-go-woo-with-mark-hyman-and-functional-medicine/ |work= ]}} *{{cite web |last= Gorski |first= David |author-link= David Gorski |date= 14 April 2014 |title= Bill and Hillary Clinton go woo with Dr. Mark Hyman and 'functional medicine' |url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/bill-and-hillary-clinton-go-woo-with-mark-hyman-and-functional-medicine/ |work= ]}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Functional Medicine}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Functional Medicine}}

Latest revision as of 23:24, 29 November 2024

Alternative medicine and pseudoscience

Part of a series on
Alternative medicine
General information
Fringe medicine and science
Controversies
Classifications
Traditional medicine
Alternative diagnoses

Functional medicine (FM) is a form of alternative medicine that encompasses a number of unproven and disproven methods and treatments. It has been described as pseudoscience, quackery, and at its essence a rebranding of complementary and alternative medicine. In the United States, FM practices have been ruled ineligible for course credits by the American Academy of Family Physicians because of concerns they may be harmful.

Functional medicine was created by Jeffrey Bland, who founded The Institute for Functional Medicine (IFM) in the early 1990s as part of one of his companies, HealthComm. IFM, which promotes functional medicine, became a registered non-profit in 2001. Mark Hyman became an IFM board member and prominent promoter.

Description

David Gorski has written that FM is not well-defined and performs "expensive and generally unnecessary tests". Gorski says FM's vagueness is a deliberate tactic that makes functional medicine difficult to challenge.

Proponents of functional medicine oppose established medical knowledge and reject its models, instead adopting a model of disease based on the notion of "antecedents", "triggers", and "mediators". These are meant to correspond to the underlying causes of health issues, the immediate causes, and the particular characteristics of a person's illness. A functional medicine practitioner devises a "matrix" from these factors to serve as the basis for treatment.

Treatments, practices, and concepts are generally not supported by medical evidence.

Reception

FM practitioners claim to diagnose and treat conditions that have been found by research studies not to exist, such as adrenal fatigue and numerous imbalances in body chemistry. For instance, contrary to scientific evidence, Joe Pizzorno, a major figure in FM, claimed that 25% of people in the United States have heavy metal poisoning and need to undergo detoxification. Many scientists state that such detox supplements are a waste of time and money. Detox has been also called "mass delusion".

In 2014, the American Academy of Family Physicians withdrew course credits for functional medicine courses, having identified some of its treatments as "harmful and dangerous". In 2018, it partly lifted the ban, but only to allow overview classes, not to teach its practice.

The opening of centers for functional medicine at the Cleveland Clinic and George Washington University was described by David Gorski as an "unfortunate" example of quackery infiltrating academic medical centers.

References

  1. ^ Sampson, Wallace (October 30, 2008). "Functional Medicine – New Kid on the Block". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  2. Sampson, Wallace (July 9, 2009). "Functional Medicine (FM) What Is It?". Science Based Medicine. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
  3. Pal, SK (March 2002). "Complementary and alternative medicine: An overview". Current Science. 82 (5): 518–24. JSTOR 24105958.
  4. Hall, Harriet (2017). "Functional Medicine: Pseudoscientific Silliness". Skeptic. Vol. 22, no. 1. pp. 4–5.
  5. ^ Gorski, David (September 29, 2014). "Quackademia update: The Cleveland Clinic, George Washington University, and the continued infiltration of quackery into medical academia". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  6. ^ Bellamy J (October 26, 2017). "AAFP: Functional Medicine lacks supporting evidence; includes 'harmful' and 'dangerous' treatments". 6 March 2024. Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  7. ^ Bellamy J (October 27, 2018). "AAFP should publish research behind finding that functional medicine lacks evidence, contains harmful and dangerous practices". Science-Based-Medicine. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  8. ^ "Functional medicine: Is it the future of healthcare or just another wellness trend?". independent. October 23, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
  9. Barrett, Stephen (September 11, 2013). "Some Notes on Jeffrey Bland and Metagenics". Quackwatch. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  10. ^ "Institute for Functional Medicine 2001 tax forms". ProPublica. May 9, 2013.
  11. Gorski DH (2018). "Chapter 14: 'Integrative' Medicine: Integrating Quackery with Science-Based Medicine". Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. MIT Press. pp. 309–330. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262037426.003.0014. ISBN 978-0-262-03742-6.
  12. Gorski, David (April 11, 2016). "Functional medicine: The ultimate misnomer in the world of integrative medicine". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  13. Knott L (February 6, 2015). "Therapies and Theories Outside Traditional Medicine". Patient. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  14. Gorski, David (December 17, 2018). "Functional medicine: Reams of useless tests in one hand, a huge invoice in the other". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  15. "Adrenal Fatigue | Hormone Health Network". www.hormone.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  16. "Scientists dismiss detox schemes". BBC. January 3, 2006. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  17. Dixon, Bernard (2005). ""Detox", a mass delusion". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 5 (5). Elsevier BV: 261. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70094-3. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 15854880.

Further reading

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