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Arguin أرغين
Watercolour drawing of Fort Arguin by Johannes Vingboons, ca. 1663
ArguinLocation in Mauritania
Coordinates: 20°36′00″N 16°27′00″W / 20.6000°N 16.4500°W / 20.6000; -16.4500
Country	Mauritania
Region	Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region
Elevation	0 m (0 ft)

Arguin (Arabic: أرغين : Arghīn; Portuguese: Arguim) is an island off the western coast of Mauritania in the Bay of Arguin. It is approximately 6 km × 2 km (3.7 mi × 1.2 mi) in size, with extensive and dangerous reefs around it. The island is now part of the Banc d'Arguin National Park.

History

The island changed hands frequently during the colonial era. The first European to visit the island was the Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão, in 1443. In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on the island, which acquired gum arabic and enslaved people for Portugal. By 1455, 800 enslaved people were shipped from Arguin to Portugal every year.

Dutch West India Company rule

On 5 February 1633, a Dutch expeditionary force of forty soldiers under the command of Laurens Cameels took possession of Fort Arguin. They did this under the orders of the Zeeland chamber of the Dutch West India Company, which had awarded a patroonship over the island to Abraham van Peere, who also possessed the colony of Berbice in South America.

Abraham van Peere sent his son Daniel to Arguin to serve as its first chief factor. Daniel van Peere was taken hostage and eventually murdered by local peoples after setting out on a trading mission to Porto d'Arco in July 1633. This led to a mutiny among the soldiers and a subsequent prosecution of the leaders of the mutiny in Zeeland.

The island remained under the authority of the Zeeland chamber of the Dutch West India Company until 1678, with a brief interruption by English rule in 1665. Around 1670, it was occupied by a chief factor and a garrison of 25 men. France took over the island in September 1678, but it was then abandoned until 1685. Arguin's aridity and its lack of a good anchorage made long-term European settlement difficult.

Brandenburg rule

In 1685, Captain Cornelius Reers of the frigate Rother Löwe [de] occupied the old Portuguese fort on the island. He successfully concluded a treaty with the native king, in which Brandenburg was accepted as a protecting power. The treaty was ratified in 1687 and was renewed in 1698. Arguin remained a colony of Brandenburg until 1721 when the French successfully assaulted the fort and then took control of the island. The Dutch took the fort and island from the French the following year only to lose it again in 1724 to the French. This period of French rule lasted four years; in 1728, it reverted to the control of indigenous peoples.

The island was included in the territory of the French colony of Mauritania, and it remained under Mauritanian rule when that country became independent in 1960.

In July 1816, the French frigate Méduse, bound for Senegal, was wrecked off Arguin and 350 people died.

Notes

1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arguin" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 482.
2. ^ "Le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin". Archived from the original on 2017-06-07. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
3. Huish, John. "Travels of Richard and John Lander into the interior of Africa".
4. Slave Routes - Europe Portugal Archived November 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. New raw archival-sourced data regarding Arguin slave trade in the early sixteenth century have been released in Ivana Elbl, "Sand and Dreams: Daily Slave Purchases at the Portuguese Coastal Outpost of Arguim (Mauritania) (1519-1520) ~ Full Raw Serialized Data plus Archival Analysis Annotations,” Portuguese Studies Review 30 (1) (2022): 325-354. The data very simply supersedes other obsolete listings and / or previous unfounded speculations ("estimates"), for the period in question. Available on academia.edu.https://trentu.academia.edu/ivanaElbl Consulted 29 May 2023.
5. van Groesen 2019, p. 145.
6. van Groesen 2019, pp. 148–149.
7. van Groesen 2019, p. 150.
8. van Groesen 2019, pp. 150–159.
9. van Groesen 2019, pp. 159–161.
10. van Brakel 1914, pp. 100–101.
11. ^ Cahoon, Ben. "Mauritania". www.worldstatesmen.org.
12. van der Heyden, Ulrich (1993). Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: Die brandenburgisch-preußische Kolonie Großfriedrichsburg in Westafrika (second ed.). Berlin: Selignow. ISBN 3-933889-04-9.

References

• van Brakel, S. (1914). "Eene memorie over den handel der West-Indische Compagnie omstreeks 1670". Bijdragen en Mededeelingen van het Historisch Genootschap. 35: 87–104.
• van Groesen, Michiel (2019-09-16). Imagining the Americas in Print. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-34803-5. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
• Ribeiro da Silva, F. I. (2009-06-24). The Dutch and the Portuguese in West Africa : empire building and Atlantic system (1580-1674) (Thesis). Leiden University. hdl:1887/13867. Retrieved 2024-09-18.

v t e Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese Empire
Africa	North Africa Ceuta (Spain) Alcácer Ceguer (Morocco) Arzila (Morocco) Tangier (Morocco) Graciosa (Morocco) Mazagan (Morocco) Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Morocco) Castelo Real (Morocco) Safim (Morocco) Azamor (Morocco) Aguz (Morocco) Arguin Fort (Mauritania) Gold Coast Santiago (Ghana) Santo António (Ghana) São Francisco Xavier (Ghana) São João Baptista (Benin) São Jorge (Ghana) São Sebastião (Ghana) São Tomé and Príncipe Santo António São Jerónimo São Sebastião Cape Verde D'El-Rei Duque de Bragança Principe Real São Filipe São José Guinea-Bissau Cacheu Fort São José Angola Ambaca Fort Caconda Fort Cambambe Fort Muxima Fort Nossa Senhora da Vitória Santa Maria São Fernando São Filipe São Francisco do Penedo São José São Miguel São Pedro da Barra Quicombo Fort East Africa Jesus (Kenya) Santiago (Tanzania) Mozambique Manica Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Inhambane Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Lourenço Marques Princesa Amélia Santo António São Caetano São João Baptista São José de Mossuril São José do Ibo São Lourenço São Marçal São Miguel São Sebastião São Tiago Maior Quelimane Fort
America	Brazil Nossa Senhora do Monserrate Nossa Senhora da Assunção Nossa Senhora da Conceição Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres Nossa Senhora dos Remédios Presépio Príncipe da Beira Reis Magos Santa Cruz da Barra Santa Cruz de Anhatomirim Santa Cruz de Itamaracá Santa Cruz do Paraguaçu São João São José da Ponta Grossa São José de Macapá Nossa Senhora dos Remédios Santa Catarina Santa Maria Santo António Além do Carmo Santo António da Barra Santo Inácio de Tamandaré São Diogo São Domingos de Gragoatá São João Baptista do Brum São João da Bertioga São Lourenço São Luís São Marcelo São Mateus do Cabo Frio São Tiago das Cinco Pontas Uruguay Colónia do Sacramento Montevideo Fort Santa Teresa São Miguel
Asia	Arabia & Iran Almirante (Oman) Bahrain Fort (Bahrain) Gombroon Fort (Iran) Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Iran) Qeshm Fort (Iran) São João (Oman) São Miguel (Yemen) India Arnala Fort Asheri Fort Bandra Fort Belapur Fort Bombay Castle Chaul Daman Dronagiri Fort Ghodbunder Fort Honavar Fort Korlai Fort Madh Fort Mahim Fort Manuel Negapatam Santa Luzia Santo Ângelo Santo António de Simbor São Jerónimo São Miguel São Tomé de Cranganor São Tomé de Diu São Tomé de Coulão São Tomé de Meliapor São Sebastião de Baçaim São Sebastião de Mangalor Shirgaon Fort Pallipuram Fort Goa Aguada Fort Assunção Cabo de Rama Fort Gaspar Dias Mormugão fort Naroa Fort Nossa Senhora do Cabo Ponda Fort Reis Magos Santo Estevão São Bartolomeu São Brás São João São Sebastião São Tiago Santa Cruz Santíssima Trindade Santo António Sri Lanka Santa Bárbara São Jorge Santa Cruz Santa Helena Matara Fort Santa Fé Nossa Senhora dos Milagres Nossa Senhora da Penha de França Nossa Senhora da Guadalupe Kalutara fort Kayts Island Fort Ratnapura Fort Negombo fort Arandora fort Arippu fort Delft Island fort Ruwanwella fort Sitawaka fort Sabaragamuwa fort Myanmar Santiago Malaysia Malacca Muar Fort Indonesia Nossa Senhora da Anunciada Nossa Senhora da Piedade Pasai Fort Reis Magos São Domingos São João Baptista Timor-Leste Balibó Fort Batugade Fort Cupão Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição Santo António Macau Dona Maria II Mong-Há Nossa Senhora do Monte Nossa Senhora da Guia Nossa Senhora do Bom Parto São Francisco São Tiago da Barra Taipa Fort
Portuguese name in italics and geographical location (between parenthesis)

v t e Portuguese Empire
North Africa 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah)
Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455–1633 Arguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé 1471–1975 Príncipe 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1508–1547 Madagascar 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 1687–1974 Bissau 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. Or 1600. A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases. Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.
Middle East 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong
South Asia 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India  • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi)  • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur)  • 1502–1658  1659–1661 Quilon (Coulão / Kollam)  • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)  • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)  • 1510–1961 Goa  • 1512–1525  1750 Calicut (Kozhikode)  • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)  • 1521–1740 Chaul   (Portuguese India)  • 1523–1662 Mylapore  • 1528–1666 Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala)  • 1531–1571 Chaul  • 1531–1571 Chalé  • 1534–1601 Salsette Island  • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai)  • 1535 Ponnani  • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)  • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur)  • 1540–1612 Surat  • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)  • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu  • 1568–1659 Mangalore   (Portuguese India)  • 1579–1632 Hugli  • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India  • 1687–1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India  • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli
East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca 1512–1621 Maluku  • 1522–1575  Ternate  • 1576–1605  Ambon  • 1578–1650  Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar 1515–1859 Larantuka 1557–1999 Macau 1580–1586 Nagasaki 17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor) 19th century Portuguese Macau  • 1864–1999 Coloane  • 1851–1999 Taipa  • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau  • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
North America and North Atlantic 15th century 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia
South America and Caribbean 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil  • 1534–1549  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil  • 1549–1572  Brazil  • 1572–1578  Bahia  • 1572–1578  Rio de Janeiro  • 1578–1607  Brazil  • 1621–1815  Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia)
Armorial of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago Portuguese India Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia

• Islands of Mauritania
• Former Portuguese colonies
• Former Dutch colonies
• Former German colonies
• 1445 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
• 1633 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire
• 1633 establishments in the Dutch Empire
• 1670s disestablishments in the Dutch Empire
• 1678 disestablishments
• 1678 establishments in the French colonial empire
• 1685 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
• 1721 establishments in the French colonial empire
• 1722 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
• 1722 establishments in the Dutch Empire
• 1724 disestablishments
• 18th-century disestablishments in the Dutch Empire
• 1724 establishments in the French colonial empire
• 1728 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
• 1728 establishments in Africa
• Brandenburg-Prussia
• German colonial empire