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{{Infobox settlement |
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{{cleanup|date=June 2009}} |
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| name = Arguin |
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{{nofootnotes|date=June 2009}} |
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| native_name = أرغين |
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| image_skyline = AMH-6744-NA View of Arguin castle.jpg |
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'''Arguin''' ({{lang-pt|Arguim}}) is an ] off the western coast of ] in the ], at 20° 36' N., 16° 27' W. It is six km long by two broad. Off the island are extensive and dangerous ]s. It is now part of The ]. |
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| imagesize = 300px |
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| image_caption = Watercolour drawing of Fort Arguin by ], ca. 1663 |
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| image_flag = |
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| image_seal = |
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| image_map = |
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| pushpin_map = Mauritania |
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| pushpin_label_position = right |
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| pushpin_mapsize = 300 |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mauritania |
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| subdivision_type = ] |
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| subdivision_type1 = ] |
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| subdivision_name = {{MRT}} |
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| subdivision_name1 = ] |
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| established_title = Founded |
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| coordinates = {{coord|20.6000|N|16.4500|W|region:MR|display=inline,title}} |
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| elevation_m = 0 |
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| native_name_lang = ar |
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'''Arguin''' ({{langx|ar|أرغين}} : ''Arghīn''; {{langx|pt|Arguim}}) is an island off the western coast of ] in the ]. It is approximately {{cvt|6 x 2|km}} in size, with extensive and dangerous ]s around it.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Arguin|volume=2|page=482}}</ref> The island is now part of the ].<ref name="Park Site">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pnba.mr/pnba/ |title=Le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin |access-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607162931/http://www.pnba.mr/pnba/ |archive-date=2017-06-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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== History == |
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== History == |
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The island changed hands frequently during the ]. The first European to visit the island was the Portuguese explorer ], in 1443.<ref name="Lander's Travels">{{cite web|last=Huish|first= John|title=Travels of Richard and John Lander into the interior of Africa|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12667/pg12667.html}}</ref> In 1445, Prince ] set up a trading post on the island, which acquired ] and ]. By 1455, 800 enslaved people were shipped from Arguin to Portugal every year.<ref name="AntiSlavery.org Portugal"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110230050/http://old.antislavery.org/breakingthesilence/slave_routes/slave_routes_portugal.shtml|date=November 10, 2013}}. New raw archival-sourced data regarding Arguin slave trade in the early sixteenth century have been released in Ivana Elbl, "Sand and Dreams: Daily Slave Purchases at the Portuguese Coastal Outpost of Arguim (Mauritania) (1519-1520) ~ Full Raw Serialized Data plus Archival Analysis Annotations,” ''Portuguese Studies Review'' 30 (1) (2022): 325-354. The data very simply supersedes other obsolete listings and / or previous unfounded speculations ("estimates"), for the period in question. Available on academia.edu.https://trentu.academia.edu/ivanaElbl Consulted 29 May 2023.</ref> |
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=== Dutch West India Company rule === |
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Arguin has long been coveted by seafaring nations for its strategic location, and control over the island has changed hands numerous times. The first ]an to visit the island was the ] explorer ] in 1443. In 1445, Prince ] set up a trading post on the island, which acquired ] and ] for Portugal. By 1455, 800 slaves were shipped from Arguin to ] every year. |
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On 5 February 1633, a Dutch expeditionary force of forty soldiers under the command of Laurens Cameels took possession of Fort Arguin.{{sfn|van Groesen|2019|p=145}} They did this under the orders of the Zeeland chamber of the Dutch West India Company, which had awarded a ] over the island to ], who also possessed the colony of ] in South America.{{sfn|van Groesen|2019|pp=148-149}} |
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Abraham van Peere sent his son Daniel to Arguin to serve as its first ].{{sfn|van Groesen|2019|p=150}} Daniel van Peere was taken hostage and eventually murdered by local peoples after setting out on a trading mission to ] in July 1633.{{sfn|van Groesen|2019|pp=150-159}} This led to a mutiny among the soldiers and a subsequent prosecution of the leaders of the mutiny in Zeeland.{{sfn|van Groesen|2019|pp=159-161}} |
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In 1633, during its ] (which then controlled Portugal), the ] seized control of Arguin. It remained under Dutch rule until 1678, although Dutch governance was interrupted by ] rule in 1665. ] briefly controlled the island in September 1678, but the island was then abandoned until 1685. |
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The island remained under the authority of the Zeeland chamber of the Dutch West India Company until 1678, with a brief interruption by English rule in 1665. Around 1670, it was occupied by a chief factor and a garrison of 25 men.{{sfn|van Brakel|1914|pp=100-101}} France took over the island in September 1678, but it was then abandoned until 1685.<ref name="Sovereignty Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mauritania.htm#Arguin|title=Mauritania|first=Ben|last=Cahoon|website=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref> Arguin's aridity and its lack of a good anchorage made long-term European settlement difficult.<ref name="EB1911"/> |
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Arguin was a ] of the ] ] of ], and its successor, the ], from 1685 to 1721. France then took control of the island, only to lose it again the following year to the ]. France regained it in 1724. This period of French rule lasted four years, because, in 1728, it reverted to the control of Mauritanian tribal chiefs. The island became a French possession once more during the early twentieth century, as part of the French colony, ], and it remained under Mauritanian rule when that country became independent in 1960. |
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== Sources == |
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=== Brandenburg rule === |
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In 1685, Captain Cornelius Reers of the frigate ''{{ill|Rother Löwe|de}}'' occupied the old Portuguese fort on the island. He successfully concluded a treaty with the native king, in which ] was accepted as a protecting power. The treaty was ratified in 1687 and was renewed in 1698.<ref>{{Cite book|author=van der Heyden, Ulrich |year=1993 |title=Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: Die brandenburgisch-preußische Kolonie Großfriedrichsburg in Westafrika |edition=second |location=Berlin|publisher=Selignow |isbn= 3-933889-04-9}}</ref> Arguin remained a colony of Brandenburg until 1721 when the French successfully assaulted the fort and then took control of the island. The Dutch took the fort and island from the French the following year only to lose it again in 1724 to the French. This period of French rule lasted four years; in 1728, it reverted to the control of indigenous peoples.<ref name="Sovereignty Timeline" /> |
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The island was included in the territory of the French colony of ], and it remained under Mauritanian rule when that country became independent in 1960.<ref name="Park Site" /> |
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In July 1816, the French frigate '']'', bound for ], was wrecked off Arguin and 350 people died.<ref name="EB1911" /> |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== References == |
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* {{Cite journal| volume = 35| pages = 87–104| last = van Brakel| first = S.| title = Eene memorie over den handel der West-Indische Compagnie omstreeks 1670| journal = Bijdragen en Mededeelingen van het Historisch Genootschap| date = 1914}} |
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* {{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 978-90-04-34803-5| last = van Groesen| first = Michiel | title = Imagining the Americas in Print| access-date = 2024-10-07| date = 2019-09-16| url = https://brill.com/display/title/35030}} |
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* {{Cite thesis| publisher = Leiden University| last = Ribeiro da Silva| first = F. I.| title = The Dutch and the Portuguese in West Africa : empire building and Atlantic system (1580-1674)| access-date = 2024-09-18| date = 2009-06-24| hdl = 1887/13867| url = https://hdl.handle.net/1887/13867}} |
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{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire}} |
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{{Portuguese overseas empire}} |
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{{Portuguese overseas empire}} |
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{{Territories and provinces of Prussia}} |
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{{Territories and provinces of Prussia}} |
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{{Dutch colonies}} |
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{{Dutch colonies|West India}} |
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{{Former French colonies}} |
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{{Former French colonies}} |
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{{coord|20|36|N|16|27|W|display=title}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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On 5 February 1633, a Dutch expeditionary force of forty soldiers under the command of Laurens Cameels took possession of Fort Arguin. They did this under the orders of the Zeeland chamber of the Dutch West India Company, which had awarded a patroonship over the island to Abraham van Peere, who also possessed the colony of Berbice in South America.
The island remained under the authority of the Zeeland chamber of the Dutch West India Company until 1678, with a brief interruption by English rule in 1665. Around 1670, it was occupied by a chief factor and a garrison of 25 men. France took over the island in September 1678, but it was then abandoned until 1685. Arguin's aridity and its lack of a good anchorage made long-term European settlement difficult.
Watercolour drawing of Fort Arguin by Johannes Vingboons, ca. 1663
ArguinLocation in Mauritania
Mauritania
_-_btv1b85954830.jpg)
.svg){kind=small}
