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{{Short description|Country considered a threat to world peace}} {{Short description|Country considered a threat to world peace}}
{{redirect|Rogue nation|other uses|Rogue Nation (disambiguation)|the 2000 book by William Blum|Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower}} {{redirect|Rogue nation|other uses|Rogue Nation (disambiguation)|the 2000 book by William Blum|Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
"'''Rogue state'''" (or sometimes "'''outlaw state'''") is a term applied by some ] to states that they consider threatening to the world's peace. These states meet certain criteria, such as being ruled by ] or ] governments that severely restrict ], sponsoring ], or seeking to proliferate ].<ref>, Arms Control and Dr. A. Q. Khan.</ref> The term is used most by the ] (although the ] officially stopped using the term in 2000);{{cn|date=July 2023}} in his speech at the ] (UN) in 2017, U.S. President ] reiterated this phrase.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-41324970|title=US could destroy North Korea - Trump|date=2017-09-19|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref> U.S. politicians have used the term to describe countries such as ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The A to Z of international relations |language=en |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international-relations-a-to-z |access-date=2023-11-28}}</ref> The term has been applied by other countries as well.<ref name=glj>Minnerop, Petra. (2002). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212034924/http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=188 |date=2007-12-12 }}. ''German Law Journal'', '''9'''.</ref> "'''Rogue state'''" (or sometimes "'''outlaw state'''") is a term applied by some ] to states that they consider threatening to the world's peace. These states meet certain criteria, such as being ruled by ] or ] governments that severely restrict ], sponsoring ], or seeking to proliferate ].<ref>, Arms Control and Dr. A. Q. Khan.</ref> The term is used most by the ] (although the ] officially stopped using the term in 2000);{{cn|date=July 2023}} in his speech at the ] (UN) in 2017, U.S. President ] reiterated this phrase.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-41324970|title=US could destroy North Korea - Trump|date=19 September 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> U.S. politicians have used the term to describe countries such as ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The A to Z of international relations |language=en |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international-relations-a-to-z |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> The term has been applied by other countries as well.<ref name=glj>Minnerop, Petra. (2002). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212034924/http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=188 |date=12 December 2007 }}. ''German Law Journal'', '''9'''.</ref>


== Usage by the United States == == Usage by the United States ==
As early as July 1985, President ] stated that "we are not going to tolerate … attacks from outlaw states by the strangest collection of misfits, looney tunes, and squalid criminals since the advent of the Third Reich," but it fell to the Clinton administration to elaborate on this concept.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENT ACCUSES 5 'OUTLAW STATES' OF WORLD TERROR {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000807260023-7 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> In the 1994 issue of ''Foreign Affairs'', U.S. National Security Advisor ] labelled five nations as ''rogue states'': ], ], ], ], and ]. He described these regimes as "recalcitrant and outlaw states that not only choose to remain outside the family but also assault its basic values".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wunderlich |first=C. |title=Delegitimisation à la Carte: The 'Rogue State' Label as a Means of Stabilising Order in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2017 |pages=143–186 |isbn=978-3-319-50445-2 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-50445-2_5}}</ref> Cuba was put on the list solely because of the political influence of the Cuban-American community and specifically that of the Cuban American National Foundation {{cn|date=May 2024}} (pre-Jorge Mas Santos), whereas ] and ] avoided being added to the list because the United States hoped that Syria could play a constructive role in the Arab-Israeli peace process, and because Washington had long maintained close relations with Pakistan.{{cn|date=July 2023}} As early as July 1985, President ] stated that "we are not going to tolerate … attacks from outlaw states by the strangest collection of misfits, looney tunes, and squalid criminals since the advent of the Third Reich," but it fell to the Clinton administration to elaborate on this concept.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENT ACCUSES 5 'OUTLAW STATES' OF WORLD TERROR {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000807260023-7 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> In the 1994 issue of ''Foreign Affairs'', U.S. National Security Advisor ] labelled five nations as ''rogue states'': ], ], ], ], and ]. He described these regimes as "recalcitrant and outlaw states that not only choose to remain outside the family but also assault its basic values".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wunderlich |first=C. |title=Delegitimisation à la Carte: The 'Rogue State' Label as a Means of Stabilising Order in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2017 |pages=143–186 |isbn=978-3-319-50445-2 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-50445-2_5}}</ref> Cuba was put on the list solely because of the political influence of the Cuban-American community and specifically that of the Cuban American National Foundation {{cn|date=May 2024}} (pre-Jorge Mas Santos), whereas ] and ] avoided being added to the list because the United States hoped that Syria could play a constructive role in the Arab-Israeli peace process, and because Washington had long maintained close relations with Pakistan.{{cn|date=July 2023}}


Three other nations, the ], ], and the ], were treated as ''rogue states'' as well.{{cn|date=July 2023}} The US State Department at times labelled Yugoslavia as a "rogue state" because its leader, ], had been accused of violating the rights of his nation's citizens, including but not limited to ] and orchestrating the ] in eastern Bosnia.{{cn|date=July 2023}} Three other nations, the ], ], and the ], were treated as ''rogue states'' as well.{{cn|date=July 2023}} The US State Department at times labelled Yugoslavia as a "rogue state" because its leader, ], had been accused of violating the rights of his nation's citizens, including but not limited to ] and orchestrating the ] in eastern Bosnia.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
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In 2015, after the US reopened its embassy in ] and restarted diplomatic relations with the Cuban government, Cuba was removed from the list of ] and was no longer referred to as a "rogue state".<ref>{{cite news|title=What is behind the US-Cuba thaw?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-30524560|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2015}}</ref> In 2015, after the US reopened its embassy in ] and restarted diplomatic relations with the Cuban government, Cuba was removed from the list of ] and was no longer referred to as a "rogue state".<ref>{{cite news|title=What is behind the US-Cuba thaw?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-30524560|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2015}}</ref>


More recently, the administration of U.S. President ] labelled ] a "rogue state". During the 2017 UN general assembly, UN ambassador ] called Venezuela a global threat and a "dangerous ]". Some figures of the Venezuelan government, like Vice President ] and Minister of Defense ], were permanently banned from entering US territory, due to their involvement with human rights abuses and drug cartels. Later in 2017, the US government banned all high ranking Venezuelan government officials from entering US territory.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Imbert|first1=Fred|title=Venezuela's bad relationship with the United States just got worse|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/15/venezuela-drug-trafficking-a-bad-relationship-with-the-us-got-worse.html|work=CNBC|date=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wyss|first1=Jim|title=Trump targets Venezuela's government in new travel ban|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article175207481.html|work=Miami Herald|date=September 25, 2017}}</ref> Currently, due to the ], Nicolas Maduro's government (which controls Venezuela ''de facto'') is not recognized as legitimate by the United States or most other states in the ], with the exceptions of ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>See ].</ref> More recently, the administration of U.S. President ] labelled ] a "rogue state". During the 2017 UN general assembly, UN ambassador ] called Venezuela a global threat and a "dangerous ]". Some figures of the Venezuelan government, like Vice President ] and Minister of Defense ], were permanently banned from entering US territory, due to their involvement with human rights abuses and drug cartels. Later in 2017, the US government banned all high ranking Venezuelan government officials from entering US territory.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Imbert|first1=Fred|title=Venezuela's bad relationship with the United States just got worse|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/15/venezuela-drug-trafficking-a-bad-relationship-with-the-us-got-worse.html|work=CNBC|date=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wyss|first1=Jim|title=Trump targets Venezuela's government in new travel ban|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article175207481.html|work=Miami Herald|date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Currently, due to the ], Nicolas Maduro's government (which controls Venezuela ''de facto'') is not recognized as legitimate by the United States or most other states in the ], with the exceptions of ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>See ].</ref>


On June 19, 2020, U.S. Secretary of State ] called the People's Republic of China a "rogue actor" at the Virtual Copenhagen Democracy Summit, saying that "General Secretary ] has green-lighted a brutal campaign of repression against Chinese Muslims, a human rights violation on a scale we haven’t seen since World War II." In addition, Pompeo cited China's handling of COVID-19, "malicious cyber campaigns" it conducted, and its ] as reasons for labeling China as a rogue actor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Remarks by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo at Virtual Copenhagen Democracy Summit|work=U.S. Embassy in Iceland|date=19 June 2020 |url=https://is.usembassy.gov/europe-and-the-china-challenge/}}</ref> On 19 June 2020, U.S. Secretary of State ] called the People's Republic of China a "rogue actor" at the Virtual Copenhagen Democracy Summit, saying that "General Secretary ] has green-lighted a brutal campaign of repression against Chinese Muslims, a human rights violation on a scale we haven’t seen since World War II." In addition, Pompeo cited China's handling of COVID-19, "malicious cyber campaigns" it conducted, and its ] as reasons for labeling China as a rogue actor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Remarks by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo at Virtual Copenhagen Democracy Summit|work=U.S. Embassy in Iceland|date=19 June 2020 |url=https://is.usembassy.gov/europe-and-the-china-challenge/}}</ref>


=== Later terms === === Later terms ===
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|work=BBC News|date=19 January 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4187361.stm}}</ref> |work=BBC News|date=19 January 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4187361.stm}}</ref>


Because the U.S. government remains the most active proponent of the expression ''rogue state'', the term has received much criticism from those who disagree with ]. Both the concepts of ''rogue states'' and the ''Axis of Evil'' have been criticized by scholars, including philosopher ] and linguist ], who considered it more or less a justification of ] and a useful word for ].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25freedland.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jonathan | last=Freedland | title=Homeland Insecurity | date=June 25, 2006}}</ref> Some critics charge that ''rogue state'' merely means any state that is generally hostile to the U.S., or even one that opposes the U.S. without necessarily posing a wider threat.<ref>, Sydney Morning Herald, February 13, 2004</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826122120/http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2004/571/571p12.htm |date=2006-08-26 }}, Green left online, November 17, 1993</ref> Others, such as author ], argued that the term is also applicable to the U.S. and ]. In his '']'', Blum claimed that the United States defines itself as a rogue state through its foreign policy.{{Page needed|date=February 2018}} Because the U.S. government remains the most active proponent of the expression ''rogue state'', the term has received much criticism from those who disagree with ]. Both the concepts of ''rogue states'' and the ''Axis of Evil'' have been criticized by scholars, including philosopher ] and linguist ], who considered it more or less a justification of ] and a useful word for ].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25freedland.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jonathan | last=Freedland | title=Homeland Insecurity | date=25 June 2006}}</ref> Some critics charge that ''rogue state'' merely means any state that is generally hostile to the U.S., or even one that opposes the U.S. without necessarily posing a wider threat.<ref>, Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2004</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826122120/http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2004/571/571p12.htm |date=26 August 2006 }}, Green left online, 17 November 1993</ref> Others, such as author ], argued that the term is also applicable to the U.S. and ]. In his '']'', Blum claimed that the United States defines itself as a rogue state through its foreign policy.{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}


== United States as a rogue state == == United States as a rogue state ==
Some critics of ] describe the ] as a rogue state. ]'s 2000 book ''Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower'' suggests that US-led interventions around the world during and after the ] have threatened the world's peace.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Noam Chomsky has also described the US as a rogue state after the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polychroniou |first=C. J. |date=7 January 2020 |title=Noam Chomsky: US Is a Rogue State and Suleimani's Assassination Confirms It |url=https://truthout.org/articles/noam-chomsky-us-is-a-rogue-state-and-suleimanis-assassination-confirms-it/ |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=Truthout |language=en-US}}</ref> Its nuclear proliferation and ] (the second most in the world), sponsorship of terrorist or guerilla groups to ] especially in ], and ] are all suggested to be characteristics of a rogue state.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} The US has also passed a law threatening to invade ] if American officials or military personnel were to ever be prosecuted for ] called the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-08-03 |title=U.S.: 'Hague Invasion Act' Becomes Law {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/08/03/us-hague-invasion-act-becomes-law |access-date=2024-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> Some critics of ] describe the ] as a rogue state. ]'s 2000 book ''Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower'' suggests that US-led interventions around the world during and after the ] have threatened the world's peace.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Noam Chomsky has also described the US as a rogue state after the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polychroniou |first=C. J. |date=7 January 2020 |title=Noam Chomsky: US Is a Rogue State and Suleimani's Assassination Confirms It |url=https://truthout.org/articles/noam-chomsky-us-is-a-rogue-state-and-suleimanis-assassination-confirms-it/ |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=Truthout |language=en-US}}</ref> Its nuclear proliferation and ] (the second most in the world), sponsorship of terrorist or guerilla groups to ] especially in ], and ] are all suggested to be characteristics of a rogue state.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} The US has also passed a law threatening to invade ] if American officials or military personnel were to ever be prosecuted for ] called the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2002 |title=U.S.: 'Hague Invasion Act' Becomes Law {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/08/03/us-hague-invasion-act-becomes-law |access-date=24 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>


== Usage by Turkey == == Usage by Turkey ==
On 23 February 1999, Turkish President ] described ] as a "rogue state" because of its alleged support of the ] (PKK). Demirel said "Greece serves as a sanctuary for members of the PKK seeking shelter and provides training facilities and logistics to the terrorists."<ref name= "Hürriyet Daily News">{{cite news |last=Çevik |first=Ilnur |date= 23 February 1999|title= Demirel describes Greece: A 'rogue state' |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/demirel-describes-greece-a-rogue-state.aspx?pageID=438&n=demirel-describes-greece-a-rogue-state-1999-02-23 |newspaper= ]|location=] |access-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref> On 23 February 1999, Turkish President ] described ] as a "rogue state" because of its alleged support of the ] (PKK). Demirel said "Greece serves as a sanctuary for members of the PKK seeking shelter and provides training facilities and logistics to the terrorists."<ref name= "Hürriyet Daily News">{{cite news |last=Çevik |first=Ilnur |date= 23 February 1999|title= Demirel describes Greece: A 'rogue state' |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/demirel-describes-greece-a-rogue-state.aspx?pageID=438&n=demirel-describes-greece-a-rogue-state-1999-02-23 |newspaper= ]|location=] |access-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref>


On June 28, 2012, after the ] by the ] during the ], Turkish Prime Minister ] declared ] to be a "rogue state".<ref name= "HürriyetDN" >{{cite news |date= 28 June 2012|title= PM calls Syria rogue state as Turkey, Russia in touch|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=517&nID=24255&NewsCatID=338 |newspaper= ]|location=] |access-date=1 May 2016 }}</ref> In October 2020, Erdoğan described ] as a rogue state, referring to the ]. He used the words "countries supporting rogue state Armenia in its occupation of Karabakh would have to face the common conscience of humanity".<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey: Permanent peace possible if Armenia leaves Azerbaijan territories |url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-permanent-peace-possible-if-armenia-leaves-azerbaijan-territories-40198/amp |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=] |date=1 October 2020}}</ref> Commentator Robert Ellis, writing in the British newspaper '']'' in 2016, claimed that ] under Erdoğan risks "being regarded as a rogue state" due to its increasingly authoritarian government, the ], the ] and ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey has become a rogue state - and even Erdogan must face up to the fact |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-has-become-a-rogue-state-and-even-erdogan-must-face-up-to-the-fact-a6909196.html |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> On 28 June 2012, after the ] by the ] during the ], Turkish Prime Minister ] declared ] to be a "rogue state".<ref name= "HürriyetDN" >{{cite news |date= 28 June 2012|title= PM calls Syria rogue state as Turkey, Russia in touch|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=517&nID=24255&NewsCatID=338 |newspaper= ]|location=] |access-date=1 May 2016 }}</ref> In October 2020, Erdoğan described ] as a rogue state, referring to the ]. He used the words "countries supporting rogue state Armenia in its occupation of Karabakh would have to face the common conscience of humanity".<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey: Permanent peace possible if Armenia leaves Azerbaijan territories |url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-permanent-peace-possible-if-armenia-leaves-azerbaijan-territories-40198/amp |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=] |date=1 October 2020}}</ref> Commentator Robert Ellis, writing in the British newspaper '']'' in 2016, claimed that ] under Erdoğan risks "being regarded as a rogue state" due to its increasingly authoritarian government, the ], the ] and ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey has become a rogue state - and even Erdogan must face up to the fact |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-has-become-a-rogue-state-and-even-erdogan-must-face-up-to-the-fact-a6909196.html |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>


Similarly, Erdoğan said after a cabinet meeting on October 5, 2020: "It is not possible for humanity to attain permanent ] and tranquility without saving the world from rogue states and their rogue rulers. Especially in our region, the number of rogue states is quite high. These rogue states, dating back to ], ] and the ], persecute their own citizens and destabilize the world."<ref name="AA">{{cite news |last1=Sevencan |first1=Seda |title=Turkey expanding grades for in-person education |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-expanding-grades-for-in-person-education/1996554 |access-date=28 October 2020 |agency=] |date=5 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kıbrıs Postası">{{cite news |title=Erdoğan: İsrail, Güney Kıbrıs ve Suriye rejimine kadar uzanan haydut devletler kendi vatandaşlarına zulmediyor |url=https://www.kibrispostasi.com/c36-TURKIYE/n350681-erdogan-israil-guney-kibris-ve-suriye-rejimine-kadar-uzanan-haydut-devletler-kendi-vatandaslarina-zulmediyor |access-date=28 October 2020 |publisher=] |date=5 October 2020}}</ref> Similarly, Erdoğan said after a cabinet meeting on 5 October 2020: "It is not possible for humanity to attain permanent ] and tranquility without saving the world from rogue states and their rogue rulers. Especially in our region, the number of rogue states is quite high. These rogue states, dating back to ], ] and the ], persecute their own citizens and destabilize the world."<ref name="AA">{{cite news |last1=Sevencan |first1=Seda |title=Turkey expanding grades for in-person education |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-expanding-grades-for-in-person-education/1996554 |access-date=28 October 2020 |agency=] |date=5 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kıbrıs Postası">{{cite news |title=Erdoğan: İsrail, Güney Kıbrıs ve Suriye rejimine kadar uzanan haydut devletler kendi vatandaşlarına zulmediyor |url=https://www.kibrispostasi.com/c36-TURKIYE/n350681-erdogan-israil-guney-kibris-ve-suriye-rejimine-kadar-uzanan-haydut-devletler-kendi-vatandaslarina-zulmediyor |access-date=28 October 2020 |publisher=] |date=5 October 2020}}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==

Latest revision as of 05:44, 2 December 2024

Country considered a threat to world peace "Rogue nation" redirects here. For other uses, see Rogue Nation (disambiguation). For the 2000 book by William Blum, see Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower.

"Rogue state" (or sometimes "outlaw state") is a term applied by some international theorists to states that they consider threatening to the world's peace. These states meet certain criteria, such as being ruled by authoritarian or totalitarian governments that severely restrict human rights, sponsoring terrorism, or seeking to proliferate weapons of mass destruction. The term is used most by the United States (although the US State Department officially stopped using the term in 2000); in his speech at the United Nations (UN) in 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump reiterated this phrase. U.S. politicians have used the term to describe countries such as Iran, Syria, North Korea, Afghanistan, Cuba and Venezuela. The term has been applied by other countries as well.

Usage by the United States

As early as July 1985, President Ronald Reagan stated that "we are not going to tolerate … attacks from outlaw states by the strangest collection of misfits, looney tunes, and squalid criminals since the advent of the Third Reich," but it fell to the Clinton administration to elaborate on this concept. In the 1994 issue of Foreign Affairs, U.S. National Security Advisor Anthony Lake labelled five nations as rogue states: North Korea, Cuba, Iran, Libya under Muammar Gaddafi, and Iraq under Saddam Hussein. He described these regimes as "recalcitrant and outlaw states that not only choose to remain outside the family but also assault its basic values". Cuba was put on the list solely because of the political influence of the Cuban-American community and specifically that of the Cuban American National Foundation (pre-Jorge Mas Santos), whereas Syria and Pakistan avoided being added to the list because the United States hoped that Syria could play a constructive role in the Arab-Israeli peace process, and because Washington had long maintained close relations with Pakistan.

Three other nations, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Sudan, and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, were treated as rogue states as well. The US State Department at times labelled Yugoslavia as a "rogue state" because its leader, Slobodan Milošević, had been accused of violating the rights of his nation's citizens, including but not limited to attempted genocide in Croatia and orchestrating the Srebrenica massacre in eastern Bosnia.

The United States employed several tools to isolate and punish "rogue states". Tough unilateral economic sanctions, often at congressional behest, were imposed on or tightened against Iran, Libya, Cuba, Sudan, and Afghanistan. After the conclusion of the Gulf War in 1991, the United States selectively used airpower against Iraq for years during the Iraqi no-fly zones to force them in complying with various United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding disarmament (i.e., Resolution 687) and human rights (i.e., Resolution 688). Cruise missiles were fired at Afghanistan and Sudan in retaliation for terrorist attacks against U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in August 1998. In March 1999, NATO launched a massive air-bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in response to the Yugoslav Army's crackdown on ethnic Albanian separatists in the province of Kosovo.

In the last six months of the Clinton administration, U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright announced that the term rogue state would be abolished in June 2000, in favour of the term states of concern, as three of the nations listed as "rogue states" (Libya, Iran, and North Korea) no longer met the conditions established to define a rogue state.

Libya was removed from the State Sponsors of Terrorism list in 2006 after achieving success through diplomacy. Relations with Libya also became more mutual following the eight month Libyan Civil War in 2011, which resulted in the National Transitional Council ousting longtime Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi from power.

In 2015, after the US reopened its embassy in Cuba and restarted diplomatic relations with the Cuban government, Cuba was removed from the list of State sponsors of terrorism and was no longer referred to as a "rogue state".

More recently, the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump labelled Venezuela a "rogue state". During the 2017 UN general assembly, UN ambassador Nikki Haley called Venezuela a global threat and a "dangerous narco-state". Some figures of the Venezuelan government, like Vice President Tareck el Aissami and Minister of Defense Vladimir Padrino López, were permanently banned from entering US territory, due to their involvement with human rights abuses and drug cartels. Later in 2017, the US government banned all high ranking Venezuelan government officials from entering US territory. Currently, due to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, Nicolas Maduro's government (which controls Venezuela de facto) is not recognized as legitimate by the United States or most other states in the Western Hemisphere, with the exceptions of Cuba, Dominica, Nicaragua, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname.

On 19 June 2020, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo called the People's Republic of China a "rogue actor" at the Virtual Copenhagen Democracy Summit, saying that "General Secretary Xi Jinping has green-lighted a brutal campaign of repression against Chinese Muslims, a human rights violation on a scale we haven’t seen since World War II." In addition, Pompeo cited China's handling of COVID-19, "malicious cyber campaigns" it conducted, and its treatment of Hong Kong citizens as reasons for labeling China as a rogue actor.

Later terms

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the Bush administration returned to using a similar term. The concept of rogue states was replaced by the Bush administration with the concept of an Axis of Evil, which encompassed Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. U.S. President George W. Bush first spoke of this "Axis of Evil" during his January 2002 State of the Union Address. More terms, such as Outposts of Tyranny, would follow suit.

Because the U.S. government remains the most active proponent of the expression rogue state, the term has received much criticism from those who disagree with American foreign policy. Both the concepts of rogue states and the Axis of Evil have been criticized by scholars, including philosopher Jacques Derrida and linguist Noam Chomsky, who considered it more or less a justification of imperialism and a useful word for propaganda. Some critics charge that rogue state merely means any state that is generally hostile to the U.S., or even one that opposes the U.S. without necessarily posing a wider threat. Others, such as author William Blum, argued that the term is also applicable to the U.S. and Israel. In his Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower, Blum claimed that the United States defines itself as a rogue state through its foreign policy.

United States as a rogue state

Some critics of US foreign policy describe the United States as a rogue state. William Blum's 2000 book Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower suggests that US-led interventions around the world during and after the Cold War have threatened the world's peace. Noam Chomsky has also described the US as a rogue state after the assassination of Qasem Soleimani. Its nuclear proliferation and large numbers of nuclear warheads (the second most in the world), sponsorship of terrorist or guerilla groups to overthrow opposing governments especially in Latin America, and violations of human rights in wartime are all suggested to be characteristics of a rogue state. The US has also passed a law threatening to invade The Hague if American officials or military personnel were to ever be prosecuted for war crimes called the American Service-Members' Protection Act.

Usage by Turkey

On 23 February 1999, Turkish President Süleyman Demirel described Greece as a "rogue state" because of its alleged support of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Demirel said "Greece serves as a sanctuary for members of the PKK seeking shelter and provides training facilities and logistics to the terrorists."

On 28 June 2012, after the shooting down of a Turkish warplane by the Syrian Army during the Syrian civil war, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared Syria to be a "rogue state". In October 2020, Erdoğan described Armenia as a rogue state, referring to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. He used the words "countries supporting rogue state Armenia in its occupation of Karabakh would have to face the common conscience of humanity". Commentator Robert Ellis, writing in the British newspaper The Independent in 2016, claimed that Turkey under Erdoğan risks "being regarded as a rogue state" due to its increasingly authoritarian government, the deterioration of the human rights in the country, the Turkish government's involvement in Syria and its alleged support of terrorist groups.

Similarly, Erdoğan said after a cabinet meeting on 5 October 2020: "It is not possible for humanity to attain permanent peace and tranquility without saving the world from rogue states and their rogue rulers. Especially in our region, the number of rogue states is quite high. These rogue states, dating back to Israel, Greek Administration of Cyprus and the Syrian regime, persecute their own citizens and destabilize the world."

See also

References

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  2. "US could destroy North Korea - Trump". BBC News. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  3. "The A to Z of international relations". The Economist. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  4. Minnerop, Petra. (2002). "Rogue States – State Sponsors of Terrorism?" Archived 12 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. German Law Journal, 9.
  5. "PRESIDENT ACCUSES 5 'OUTLAW STATES' OF WORLD TERROR | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  6. Wunderlich, C. (2017). Delegitimisation à la Carte: The 'Rogue State' Label as a Means of Stabilising Order in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–186. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50445-2_5. ISBN 978-3-319-50445-2.
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  8. Wald, Matthew L. (7 July 2006). "U.S. drops Libya from list of terrorist countries - Africa & Middle East - International Herald Tribune". The New York Times.
  9. McElroy, Damien (23 October 2011). "Gaddafi's death: Libya's new rulers 'stained' by manner of his death, says Philip Hammond". The Telegraph.
  10. "What is behind the US-Cuba thaw?". BBC News. 14 August 2015.
  11. Imbert, Fred (15 February 2017). "Venezuela's bad relationship with the United States just got worse". CNBC.
  12. Wyss, Jim (25 September 2017). "Trump targets Venezuela's government in new travel ban". Miami Herald.
  13. See Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis.
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  16. "At-a-glance: 'Outposts of tyranny'". BBC News. 19 January 2005.
  17. Freedland, Jonathan (25 June 2006). "Homeland Insecurity". The New York Times.
  18. Pakistan, a rogue state unpunished, Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2004
  19. PAKISTAN: How Washington helped create a nuclear 'rogue state' Archived 26 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Green left online, 17 November 1993
  20. Polychroniou, C. J. (7 January 2020). "Noam Chomsky: US Is a Rogue State and Suleimani's Assassination Confirms It". Truthout. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  21. "U.S.: 'Hague Invasion Act' Becomes Law | Human Rights Watch". 3 August 2002. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  22. Çevik, Ilnur (23 February 1999). "Demirel describes Greece: A 'rogue state'". Hürriyet Daily News. Manila. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  23. "PM calls Syria rogue state as Turkey, Russia in touch". Hürriyet Daily News. Ankara. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  24. "Turkey: Permanent peace possible if Armenia leaves Azerbaijan territories". TRT World. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  25. "Turkey has become a rogue state - and even Erdogan must face up to the fact". The Independent. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  26. Sevencan, Seda (5 October 2020). "Turkey expanding grades for in-person education". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  27. "Erdoğan: İsrail, Güney Kıbrıs ve Suriye rejimine kadar uzanan haydut devletler kendi vatandaşlarına zulmediyor". Kıbrıs Postası. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

Further reading

External links

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