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{{Infobox Settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement--> {{pp-semi-indef}}{{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
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| map_caption = Location of Erzurum within Turkey.
| official_name = Erzurum
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| image2 = Atatürk Monument in Erzurum.jpg
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| image4 = View of the Ski Jump Towers- panoramio.jpg
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| image6 = Three tombs - Üç kümbetler 03.jpg
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| image7 = Erzurum Kongre ve Milli Mücadele Müzesi - Museum of Erzurum Congress and Turkish War of National Independence 02.jpg
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| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' Erzurum Citadel, ], ], ], The Three ] (]), K-95 and K-125 ] towers at the ], ] Monument
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| blank_emblem_type = Emblem of Erzurum Metropolitan Municipality
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| population_total =
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| population_urban = 767,848
| population_as_of = 2021
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| coordinates = {{coord|39|54|31|N|41|16|37|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| leader_name = Mehmet Sekmen
| leader_party = ]
| leader_title = Mayor
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| website = {{url|https://www.erzurum.bel.tr}}
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'''Erzurum''' ({{Langx|hy|Կարին|translit=Karin}};<ref name="EIS" /> {{Langx|ku-Latn|Erzîrom}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adem Avcıkıran|url=http://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/ismail%20bulbul/anamneza%20bi%20kurmanc%C3%AE.pdf|title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî|date=2009|page=56|language=tr, ku|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>) is a ] in eastern ], ]. It is the largest city and capital of ] and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of ancient Theodosiopolis.


The city uses the ] as its coat-of-arms, a motif that has been a common symbol throughout ] since the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chariton|first=Jesse David|date=2011|title=The Mesopotamian Origins of the Hittite Double-Headed Eagle|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339213501|journal=UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research|volume=XIV|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>
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|timezone=]
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|map_caption =Location of {{PAGENAME}} within Turkey.
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Erzurum has ] facilities, hosted the ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fisu.net/results/winter-universiade/25th-winter-universiade-erzurum-2011-main-results|title=25th Winter Universiade - Erzurum 2011 - Main Results|website=www.fisu.net|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> and the 2023 Winter ] (in March 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Erzurum 2024 |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games/erzurum-2023 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.deaflympics.com |language=en}}</ref>
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subdivision_name1 = East Anatolia
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:''Theodosiopolis redirects here; it is also a name of the ancient city of ], Thrace.''
'''Erzurum''' ({{lang-hy| Կարին}} (''Karin''), see also its ]) is a ] in ], ]. The current name "Erzurum" derives from "Arz-e Rum" (literally ''The border{{Verify source|date=October 2007}} of the ]'' in ]).


== Name and etymology ==
Erzurum has a population of 361,235 (] census). It is the capital of ]. Erzurum is the largest province in the Eastern Anatolian Region and is located on a high plateau (1950 m). The city is situated 1757 meters (5766 feet) above sea level and has an extreme ] with an average January temperature of {{convert|-11|°C|°F|lk=on|abbr=on}}. Temperatures often drop below {{convert|-30|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in the winter, with heavy snowfall.
The city was originally known in ] as Karno K'aghak' ({{langx|hy|Կարնոյ քաղաք}}), meaning city of '''Karin''', to distinguish it from the district of Karin (]).<ref name="EIS"/> It is presumed its name was derived from a local tribe called the Karenitis.<ref name="ASE">{{in lang|hy}} Darbinian, M. "Erzurum," ]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978, vol. 4, p. 93.</ref> An alternate theory contends that a local princely family, the ]s, the Armenian off-shoot of the Iranian ], lent its name to the locale that eventually became the city.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2017}}


During Roman times, Erzurum was named '''Theodosiopolis''' ({{Langx|la|Theodosiopolis}}, {{langx|el|Θεοδοσιούπολις}}). On the ] it is called '''Autisparate'''. After the ] in the seventh century, the city was known to the ] as Kālīkalā (adopted from the original ] name Karno K'aghak' ({{langx|hy|Կարնոյ քաղաք}}), meaning 'Karin City', to distinguish it from the district of Karin (]).<ref name="EIS"/>
Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in ] code, has served as NATO's southeasternmost air force post during the ].


It received its present name after its conquest by the ] following the ] in 1071.<ref name="EIS"/> In 1048/49, a neighboring commercial city named ] (Arcn, Arzan; Armenian: Արծն) was ] by the Seljuks.<ref name="EIS">{{EI2|last=Inalcik|first=Halil|author-link=Halil Inalcik|title=Erzurum|volume=2|page=712}}</ref><ref>{{ODB|last=Garsoïan|first=Nina G.|author-link=Nina Garsoïan|title=Theodosioupolis|page=2054}}.</ref> Its ], ], and other Christian inhabitants moved to Theodosiopolis, which they began calling ''Artsn Rum'' (meaning 'Artze of the ]', i.e., ]) to distinguish it from their former residence.<ref name="Laurent-Canard">See Joseph Laurent's extensive note in his {{in lang|fr}} ''L’Arménie entre Byzance et l’Islam depuis la conquête arabe jusqu’en 886'', 1919, new edition revised and updated by ] (Lisbon: Librairie Bertrand, 1980), pp. 87–88, note 83.</ref><ref>{{in lang|de}} Markwart, Joseph. ''Südarmenien und die Tigrisquellen nach griechischen und arabischen Geographen'' (Vienna: Mechitharisten-Buchdruckerei, 1930), pp. 41, 334, 339.</ref><ref>Robert H. Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth: The Historical Geography of Bardzr Hayk" in ''Armenian Karin/Erzerum'', ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003), pp 42–44.</ref><ref name="EIS"/>
The city uses the double-headed ] as its Coat of Arms, which was based on the double-headed ] that was a common symbol throughout Anatolia and the Balkans in the medieval period.

Some older sources derive the name Erzurum from the ] '''Arḍu ar-Rūm''' ({{langx|ar|ارض الروم}}) 'land of the ]'.<ref name="Laurent-Canard"/><ref name="ASE"/>

During the brief period it came under ] rule,{{when|date=December 2019}} the city was known as Karnu-kalaki ({{lang-ka|კარნუ-ქალაქი}}).<ref>], vol. 5, p. 412, Tb., 1980.</ref>

The following variants of the name also occur: ''Erzerum'', ''Arzrum''.{{Sfn|Wilson|Maunsell|1911}}


== History == == History ==
{{See|Erzurum Province#History}} {{Further|Erzurum Province#History}}


===Early history===
]s were an ] centered in Erzurum, who ruled between ] to ]. ], sister of ], was the ruler between ] and ].
] in the city center]]
The surroundings of Erzurum at the ] period presumably belonged to ].<ref>Kemalettin Köroğlu: ''The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom.'' In: Altan Çilingiroğlu/G. Darbyshire (Hrsg.): ''Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Van.'' 6.–10. August 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 3 (Ankara 2005), p. 101.</ref>


Later, Erzurum existed under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the ] and ] kings of ], Karin served as the capital of the eponymous canton of ], in the province Bardzr Hayk' (Upper Armenia).<ref>Hewsen, Robert H. ''Armenia: a Historical Atlas''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 103.</ref> After the ] between the ] and ] in 387&nbsp;AD, the city passed into the hands of the Romans who fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after Emperor ].<ref>Garsoïan, Nina G. "The Foundation of Theodosiopolis-Karin" in ''Armenian Karin/Erzerum''. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4, ed. ]. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 63–72.</ref>
The city was captured by ] in 1829, but given back to the Ottoman Empire under the ] (Edirne). During the ] Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of ]. The city was attacked and, after overcoming strong resistance, captured by a Russian army in the ] of 1877-78, but was returned to Ottoman Turkey under the ].


As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors ] and ] both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.<ref>{{in lang|hy}} Arakelyan, Babken N. "Hayastani Khoshor Kagh'ak'nere" in ''Hay Zhoghovrdi Patmutyun'' . Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 3, p. 232.</ref>
].


===Middle Ages===
]'s 1717 book ''Relation d'un voyage du Levant'']]
] era ] (Twin ] ]) is the symbol of the city and appears on its ].]]
Theodosiopolis was conquered by the ] general ] in 700/701. It became the capital of the emirate of Ḳālīḳalā and was used as a base for raids into Byzantine territory. Though only an island of ] power within Christian Armenian-populated territory, the native population was generally a reliable client of the Caliph's governors. As the power of the ] declined, and the resurgence of ] began, the local ] leaders preferred the city to be under the control of powerless Muslim ]s rather than powerful ].<ref>Whittow, Mark. ''The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 310, 320.</ref>


In 931, and again in 949, Byzantine forces led by ], grandfather of the future emperor ], captured Theodosiopolis. Its Arab population was expelled and the city was resettled by Greeks and Armenians.<ref>Whittow. ''The Making of Byzantium'', p. 322.</ref> Emperor ] rebuilt the city and its defenses in 1018 with the help of the local Armenian population.<ref>Arakelyan. "The Great Cities of Armenia", pp. 232–233.</ref> In 1071, after the decisive battle at ], the ] took possession of Theodosiopolis. The ] were rulers of an ] (principality) centered in Erzurum, who ruled from 1071 to 1202. ], sister of Nâsırüddin Muhammed, was the ruler between 1191 and 1200.
The city was the location of ] in the ] of ] between the armies of the ] and ] Empires which resulted in capture of Erzerum by Russian forces under command of ] and ] on ], ]. It was returned to the Ottomans with the ] in 1918.


Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks and ] (the latter knew the city as Karnu-Kalaki) until 1201 when the city and the province was conquered by the Seljuk sultan ]. Erzen-Erzurum fell to the Mongol siege in 1242, and the city was looted and devastated. After the fall of the ] in early 14th century, it became an administrative province of the ], and later on the city was under ] occupation for a while around the 1310s.<ref>Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M.; "Trabzon Imparatorluğu 2" 2016, Trabzon, ({{ISBN|978-605-4567-52-2}}); pp.133–134</ref> Then became part of the Çoban beylik, ], empire of ] and ]. It subsequently passed to ], until the ] under ] in 1514 conquered it through the ]. During Ottoman imperial rule, the city served as the main base of military power in the region.
], a founder of the modern ], resigned from the Ottoman Army in Erzurum, and was declared the "Honorary Native" and the freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The ] of 1919 was one of the starting points of the ].

It served as the capital of the ]. Early in the seventeenth century, the province was threatened by ] and a revolt by the province governor ]. This revolt was combined with ] (the uprising of the provincial musketeers called the Jelali), backed by Iran and lasted until 1628. In 1733, Iranian ruler ] took Erzurum during the ],<ref>John A Boyle. p 43</ref> but the city returned to Ottoman possession following his death in 1747.

===Modern history===
In 1821, during the last major ], the Ottomans were decisively defeated at Erzurum by the Iranian ] at the ].<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle'', Vol.III, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, 1140.</ref> In 1829 the city was ], but was returned to the ] under the ] (Edirne), in September of the same year. During the ] Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of ]. The city was unsuccessfully attacked (]) by a Russian army in the ] of 1877–78. However, in February 1878, the Russians took Erzurum without resistance, but it was again returned to the ], this time under the ]. There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the ] (1894–1896).<ref>]. ''Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 141.</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last = Balakian
|first = Peter
|author-link = Peter Balakian
|title = The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
|location = New York
|publisher = ]
|isbn = 0-06-055870-9
|pages =
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/burningtigris00pete/page/59
|date = 2004-10-05
}}</ref>

==== World War I and Turkish War of independence ====
]
].]]
The 40,000-strong Armenian population was deported from the city and killed en masse during the 1915 ]. Their cultural institutions, including churches, clubs, and schools, were looted, destroyed, or otherwise left derelict. When Russian forces occupied Erzurum in 1916, there were scarcely 200 Armenians left alive.<ref>Kévorkian, Raymond. ''The Armenian Genocide: A History''. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 289-318.</ref>

The city was also the location of ] in the ] of ] between the armies of the ] and ]s. This resulted in the capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under the command of ] and ] on February 16, 1916. Erzurum reverted to Ottoman control after the signing of the ] in March 1918. In 1919, ], one of the key founders of the modern ], resigned from the Ottoman army in Erzurum and was declared an "Honorary Native" and freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The ] of 1919 was one of the starting points of the ].<ref>See Richard G. Hovannisian, "The Competition for Erzerum, 1914–1921" in ''Armenian Karin/Erzerum'', pp. 378ff.</ref>

==== Inspectorate General ====
In September 1935, Erzurum was made the seat of the newly created third ] (''Umumi Müfettişlik,'' UM).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/20607|title=Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri|website=Dergipark|page=2|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> The third UM span over the provinces of ], ], ], ], ] ], ] and ].<ref name=":1" /> It was governed by an Inspector General.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayir|first=Derya|title=Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law|date=2016-04-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-09579-8|pages=139–141|language=en}}</ref> The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fleet|first1=Kate|title=The Cambridge History of Turkey|last2=Kunt|first2=I. Metin|last3=Kasaba|first3=Reşat|last4=Faroqhi|first4=Suraiya|date=2008-04-17|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62096-3|pages=343|language=en}}</ref>

== Ecclesiastical history ==
Theodosiopolis was important enough in the Late ] of ] to become a bishopric, which the ] lists as ] of the ], but in ''Notitiae Episcopatuum'' from the seventh and early tenth centuries, its (later?) Metropolitan is the ].<ref>Heinrich Gelzer, ''Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1901, p. 536, nº 80, e p. 551, nº 112</ref> In either case, it was in the sway of the ].

Its historically recorded Suffragan Bishops were :
* Petrus I, intervening at the council of 448 convoked by Patriarch ] in his see to condemn Archimandrite ] as a heretic for his extreme opposition to ]
* Manasse intervened at the ] in 451
* Petrus II participated in the 533 dispute in Constantinople between 'orthodoxy' and ]
* As ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic ].

=== Council of Theodosiopolis (593) ===
After the long ], Byzantine rule was extended to all western parts of ], and emperor ] (582-602) decided to strengthen political control over the region by supporting pro-] fraction of the Armenian Church. In 593, regional council of western Armenian bishops met in Theodosiopolis, proclaimed allegiance to the ] and elected John (Yovhannes, or Hovhannes) of ] as new Catholicos of Chalcedonian Armenians.{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=108-109, 284, 343}}

As Ancient '''Theodosiopolis in Armenia''' (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic ], renamed as Titular Archiepiscopal See of Aprus. Its post is vacant since 1968, ] was its last archbishop.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Titular See of Aprus, Turkey|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0165.htm|website=GCatholic|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
In 1829, Erzurum had 130,000 inhabitants, including 30,000 Armenians.<ref name=vgm/> In 1909, there were 60,000 inhabitants, including 15,000 Armenians (2,500 families).<ref name=vgm/> Armenians mainly lived in the northern and northwestern districts of the city.<ref name=vgm/> On the eve of the First World War, 37,480 Armenians lived in the ] of Erzurum, with 43 churches, three monasteries and 52 schools.<ref name=vgm>{{Cite web |title=Kaza Erzurum |url=https://virtual-genocide-memorial.de/region/the-six-provinces/erzurum-vilayet/sancak-erzurum/kaza-erzurum/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Virtual Genocide Memorial |language=en-US}}</ref> All but about 200 Armenians were executed during the ].<ref name=vgm/>

Today, the city has a ] population.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey |year=1989 |editor-last=Peter Alfred |editor-first=Andrews |pages=369 |editor-last2=Benninghaus |editor-first2=Rüdiger}}</ref>


== Economy == == Economy ==
{{see|Erzurum Province#Economy}} {{Further|Erzurum Province}}
]
The largest economy, in recent years, has been the university. ] is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism, also, provides a large proportion of the province's income.
]
One of the largest source of income and economic activity in the city has been ]. Established in 1950, it is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism also provides a portion of the province's revenues. The city is a popular destination in Turkey for ] at the nearby ].

Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from ]: most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips.

For now, Erzurum is the ending point of the ], also called the '']-]-Erzurum'' (BTE) pipeline. Erzurum will also be the starting point of the planned ] which will carry ] from the ] basin to the ] member states. The intergovernmental agreement between Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Austria to build the Nabucco pipeline was signed by five Prime Ministers on 13 July 2009 in Ankara.<ref name="bbc130709">
{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8147053.stm|title=Europe gas pipeline deal agreed|work=]| date = 2009-07-13|access-date=2009-07-13}}</ref><ref name="zaman130709">{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=180776&bolum=107|title=Turkey, EU countries sign gas pipeline deal|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=2009-07-13|access-date=2009-07-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718210306/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=180776&bolum=107|archive-date=2009-07-18}}</ref> The European Union was represented at the ceremony by the ] ] and the ] ], while the United States was represented by the ] ] and the ] of the ] ] ].<ref name="turkish130709">{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=346171|title=Nabucco Summits Begins|publisher = Turkish Press| date = 2009-07-13| access-date = 2009-07-13}}
</ref><ref name="state130709">{{cite press release| url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/july/125968.htm| title = Signing Ceremony for the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Nabucco Pipeline| author = Ian Kelly| publisher = United States Department of State| date = 2009-07-13| access-date = 2009-07-13}}</ref>
{{clearleft}}


== Tourism == == Tourism ==
]
Erzurum offers winter tourism attactions and a major ] center at the ] as well as its regional academic medical center, rich architectural historical sites and great monuments from the ] period such as the ]. International University Sports Federation (FISU) World Winter Games, ], will be held in Erzurum.
] in August 2009, as seen from downtown Erzurum.]]
]
Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as the citadel fortress, and the 13th century ] (the "Twin Minaret" madrasa). Visitors may also wish to visit the ], which dates back to late 13th century,<ref name="guide">Erzurum city guide, travel guide, hotel guide, tourism guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://erzurumguide.com/</ref> the ] Mosque and the ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Selected Studies on Rural Tourism and Development|last1=Akkus|first1=Cetin|last2=Akkus|first2=Gulizar|date=2019-01-17|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781527526013|pages=18|language=en}}</ref>


== Cuisine == ==Culture==
], Erzurum.]]
One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is ]. Although this ] variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining wide-spread popularity around Turkey.


===Cuisine===
== Transportation ==
] of Erzurum.]]
The main bus station has bus links to most major Turkish cities. Erzurum is also the main railroad endpoint for the Eastern Anatolia region. Erzurum airport, also used by the Turkish Air Force, has runways that are the second longest in Turkey.


One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is ]. Although this ] variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining widespread popularity around Turkey.
==Notable natives==
* ] female defender of Erzurum during the ] of 1877-78
* ], the fourth ]


Kadayıf Dolması is an exquisite dessert made with walnut.
==External links==
*
* {{tr icon}}
*
*
*
*
*


Other regional foodstuffs include ] (wet pastry), ] (sour stuffed vegetables), ] (soup), ] ] (nomads soup), ], ] (stuffed turnip), ] (egg pilaf), and ].<ref name="guide" />
== References ==

==Education==
{{expand section|date=April 2020}}
] in Erzurum]]
The ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi|url=https://www.erzurum.edu.tr/duyuru/iskur-is-kulubu-ile-erzurum-teknik-universitesi-karpam-egitimlerimiz-tum-hiziyla1?LanguageAbbrevation=tr|access-date=2020-08-12|website=www.erzurum.edu.tr}}</ref> and the ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atatürk University|url=https://www.atauni.edu.tr|website=Atatürk University}}</ref> are located in Erzurum.

] was formerly in Erzerum.

== Sports ==
===Venues===
].]]
]

*]
*]
*]
*]
*]

===International events hosted===
Erzurum has hosted the following international winter sports events:

*] – March 9–15, 2009
*] – March 8–14, 2010
*] – January 27 – February 6, 2011
*] – April 23 – 29, 2012
*] – October 5–10, 2012
*] – April 15 – 21, 2012
*] – February 12 – 17, 2017

The city's initial football club ], which during 1998–2001 played in the ], was forced to relegate to the ] due to financial problems. It was finally dissolved in 2015.

After dissolution of Erzurumspor due to financial problems, Erzurum is presented by ] in association football. It was founded as "Gençler Birliği Gençlik Spor Kulübü" in 1967 and took present name in 2014. It played in the ] in 2018-19 and 2020-21 seasons.

Erzurum's football venue, the ], has a seating capacity for 21,900 spectators. To be able to carry out the competitions of the Winter Universiade, a ski jumping ramp, an ice hockey arena and a curling hall were built in Erzurum.

===Frank Lenz disappearance===
In May 1894, American bicyclist ] disappeared outside the city on the final leg of his quest to circumnavigate the globe on a bike.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-city/a-lens-on-lenz-on-the-south-side-635673/|title=A lens on Lenz on the South Side}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Erzurum has a ] (]: ''Dfb,'' ]: ''Dcbc'') with very cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. The average maximum daily temperature during August is around {{convert|28|C|F}}. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|36.5|C|F}}, on 31 July 2000. ; January is the coldest month, with an average minimum daily temperature around {{convert|-16|C|F}}. The coldest recorded temperature is {{convert|-37.2|C|F}} on 28 December 2002. Snow cover is frequent in winter, but the dry nature of the climate usually prevents large accumulation.

{{Weather box
|metric first= Yes
|single line= Yes
|location= Erzurum (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–2023)
|Jan record high C = 10.4
|Feb record high C = 10.6
|Mar record high C = 21.4
|Apr record high C = 26.5
|May record high C = 29.6
|Jun record high C = 32.3
|Jul record high C = 35.6
|Aug record high C = 36.5
|Sep record high C = 33.3
|Oct record high C = 27.0
|Nov record high C = 20.7
|Dec record high C = 14.0
|year record high C = 36.5
|Jan high C = -4.0
|Feb high C = -2.4
|Mar high C = 3.9
|Apr high C = 12.1
|May high C = 17.6
|Jun high C = 22.9
|Jul high C = 27.7
|Aug high C = 28.5
|Sep high C = 23.7
|Oct high C = 16.4
|Nov high C = 7.3
|Dec high C = -1.2
|year high C = 12.7
|Jan mean C = -10.2
|Feb mean C = -8.8
|Mar mean C = -1.9
|Apr mean C = 5.5
|May mean C = 10.5
|Jun mean C = 14.8
|Jul mean C = 19.1
|Aug mean C = 19.5
|Sep mean C = 14.3
|Oct mean C = 8.1
|Nov mean C = 0.2
|Dec mean C = -7.1
|year mean C = 5.3
|Jan low C = -15.9
|Feb low C = -14.7
|Mar low C = -7.5
|Apr low C = -0.7
|May low C = 3.4
|Jun low C = 6.1
|Jul low C = 9.9
|Aug low C = 10.0
|Sep low C = 4.4
|Oct low C = 0.3
|Nov low C = -6.0
|Dec low C = -12.4
|year low C = -1.9
|Jan record low C = -36.0
|Feb record low C = -37.0
|Mar record low C = -33.2
|Apr record low C = -22.4
|May record low C = -7.1
|Jun record low C = -5.6
|Jul record low C = -1.8
|Aug record low C = -1.1
|Sep record low C = -6.8
|Oct record low C = -14.1
|Nov record low C = -34.3
|Dec record low C = -37.2
|year record low C = -37.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 16.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 19.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 34.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 55.9
|May precipitation mm = 72.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 42.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 21.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 16.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 22.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 46.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 25.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 21.3
|year precipitation mm = 395.7
|Jan precipitation days = 10.63
|Feb precipitation days = 11.07
|Mar precipitation days = 12.8
|Apr precipitation days = 14.93
|May precipitation days = 16.8
|Jun precipitation days = 10.73
|Jul precipitation days = 6.93
|Aug precipitation days = 6.17
|Sep precipitation days = 5.3
|Oct precipitation days = 10.3
|Nov precipitation days = 8.77
|Dec precipitation days = 11.23
|year precipitation days = 125.7
|Jan humidity = 79.9
|Feb humidity = 79.6
|Mar humidity = 75.5
|Apr humidity = 68.0
|May humidity = 65.7
|Jun humidity = 60.8
|Jul humidity = 53.6
|Aug humidity = 49.7
|Sep humidity = 52.8
|Oct humidity = 65.8
|Nov humidity = 74.3
|Dec humidity = 81.4
|year humidity = 67.2
|Jan sun = 108.5
|Feb sun = 121.5
|Mar sun = 155.0
|Apr sun = 183.0
|May sun = 235.6
|Jun sun = 300.0
|Jul sun = 331.7
|Aug sun = 316.2
|Sep sun = 252.0
|Oct sun = 201.5
|Nov sun = 144.0
|Dec sun = 89.9
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 3.5
|Febd sun = 4.3
|Mard sun = 5.0
|Aprd sun = 6.1
|Mayd sun = 7.6
|Jund sun = 10.0
|Juld sun = 10.7
|Augd sun = 10.2
|Sepd sun = 8.4
|Octd sun = 6.5
|Novd sun = 4.8
|Decd sun = 2.9
|yeard sun = 6.7
|source 1 = ]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=ERZURUM
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 1 May 2021}}</ref>
| source 2 = ] (humidity, 1991–2020)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/ErzurumHavalimani_17096.csv |format=CSV |postscript=.
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| publisher = ]
| access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref>
}}

== Notable people ==
]]]
]]]
], (1857 – 22 May 1955) was a Turkish folk heroine, who at her age of twenty showed bravery during the recapture of Fort ] in Erzurum from Russian forces at the start of the ] of 1877–1878.]]

===Armenians===
*], (1618–1673) Armenian historian, geographer
*], (1722–1799) ] (1780–1799)
*], (1750–1820) Armenian poet, pedagogue
*], (1901–1963) Armenian photographer
*], Armenian stage performer
*], Armenian military commander
*] (a.k.a. Mehmet Sükrü), Seyyid (self-proclaimed descendant of the prophet Muhammed), Christian missionary
*], a leader of the ] and an ambassador of ] to the US
*], Armenian deputy in the Ottoman parliament killed during the course of the Armenian Genocide<ref>Kévorkian. ''The Armenian Genocide'', pp. 533-34.</ref>
*], American-Armenian author, engineer who murdered two Turkish consular officials in 1973

===Turks===
*] Television programmer
*], ]-Turk, President of ]
*], Turkish singer, bağlama virtuoso
*], Political Scientist and Politician
*], the fourth ]
*], Islamic writer and preacher
*], world-famous ]
*], Influential Politician during the early period of the Republic of Turkey
*], Turkish and Sufi philosopher and encyclopedist
*], female defender of Erzurum during the ] of 1877–78
*], Turkish Basketball player
*], Islamic scholar known for his book titled The Big Book of Islamic Catechism (''Büyük İslâm İlmihali'')
*], minister of health of Turkey
*Şair ], 17th century Turkish poet
*], Turkish German business executive and philanthropist

===Others===
* ], leading cadre of the ] (KKE)

== Twin towns and sister cities ==
{{Portal|Turkey}}
* {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} ], Azerbaijan<ref>{{cite web |title=Erzurum ile Azerbaycan kenti Şuşa 'kardeş şehir' oldu |url=https://yesiligdir.com/haber/detay/31653 |website=Yeşil Iğdır Gazetesi |access-date=21 October 2022 |language=tr |date=2022-09-22}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Iran}} ], Iran (since 2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mehrnews.com/news/106532/Urmia-Erzurum-sign-sisterhood-agreement|title=Urmia, Erzurum sign sisterhood agreement|date=7 April 2015}}</ref>

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Erzurum}}
;Published in the 19th century
* {{Cite book |publisher = S. Converse |location = New Haven |author1 = Jedidiah Morse |author-link1=Jedidiah Morse |author2=Richard C. Morse |title = A New Universal Gazetteer |date = 1823 |edition= 4th |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/246/mode/2up |chapter= Erzerum }}
* {{Cite book |publisher = John Murray |location = London |title = Armenia: A Year at Erzeroom and on the frontiers of Russia, Turkey, and Persia |url = https://archive.org/details/armeniaayearate03curzgoog |author = Robert Curzon |author-link=Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche |date= 1854|ol = 7178931M }}
* {{Cite book |publisher = J. Murray |location = London |title = Handbook for Travellers in Turkey |edition=3rd |date = 1854 |oclc = 2145740 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ahandbookfortra22firgoog#page/n224/mode/2up |chapter=Erzeroom }}


;Published in the 20th century
]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Erzerum |volume= 9 |last1= Wilson |first1= Charles William |author1-link= Charles William Wilson |last2= Maunsell |first2= Francis Richard |author2-link= Francis Richard Maunsell | pages = 758&ndash;759 |short= 1}}
]
* {{in lang|hy}} ]. "Կարին-Թեոդուպոլիսը ավանդության և պատմության մեջ" . ''Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri'' 3 (1971).
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780881410556}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|author-link=George Ostrogorsky|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}}


;Published in the 21st century
* {{Encyclopaedia Islamica|last=Enayatollah|first=Reza|title=Erzerum|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/erzerum-COM_036116?s.num=0&s.rows=20&s.mode=DEFAULT&s.f.s2_parent=encyclopaedia-islamica&s.start=0&s.q=erzurum|year=2017}}
* ] (ed.) ''Armenian Karin/Erzerum''. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003.
* {{EI3|last=Sinclair|first=Thomas A.|title=Erzurum|year=2016|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_26218}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Erzurum |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}


== Sources and external links ==
]
] {{Wikivoyage|Erzurum}}
] {{Commons category|Erzurum}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online | article = KĀRIN | last = Pourshariati | first = Parvaneh | author-link = Parvaneh Pourshariati | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karin | year = 2017 }}
]
* Erzurum
]
*
]
*
]
*
]
* - includes information on local Armenian monasteries, schools, poetry, dialect, figures, proverbs, habits, etc.
]
* {{cite web |author=ArchNet.org |publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |url=http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1661 |title=Erzurum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023213047/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1661 |archive-date=2012-10-23 }}
]
; Bibliography – Ecclesiastical history
]
* Pius Bonifacius Gams, ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae'', Leipzig 1931, p.&nbsp;441
]
* Michel Lequien, ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus'', Paris 1740, Tomo I, coll. 437–438
]
* Konrad Eubel, ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'', vol. 6, p.&nbsp;402
]

]
{{Erzerum}}
]
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Erzurum}}
]
{{Largest cities in Turkey}}
]
{{Ancient settlements in Turkey}}
]
{{Authority control}}
]

]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 12:23, 2 December 2024

Metropolitan municipality in Erzurum Province, Turkey
Erzurum
Metropolitan municipality
Clockwise from top: Erzurum Citadel, Çifte Minareli Medrese, Yakutiye Medresesi, Erzurum Congress Museum, The Three Kümbets (Üç Kümbetler), K-95 and K-125 ski jumping towers at the Mt. Palandöken ski resort, Atatürk Monument
Erzurum is located in TurkeyErzurumErzurumLocation of Erzurum
Coordinates: 39°54′31″N 41°16′37″E / 39.90861°N 41.27694°E / 39.90861; 41.27694
CountryTurkey
ProvinceErzurum Province
Government
 • MayorMehmet Sekmen (AKP)
Elevation1,890 m (6,200 ft)
Population
 • Urban767,848
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
ClimateDfb
Websitewww.erzurum.bel.tr

Erzurum (Armenian: Կարին, romanized: Karin; Kurdish: Erzîrom) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of ancient Theodosiopolis.

The city uses the double-headed eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif that has been a common symbol throughout Anatolia since the Bronze Age.

Erzurum has winter sports facilities, hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade, and the 2023 Winter Deaflympics (in March 2024).

Name and etymology

The city was originally known in Armenian as Karno K'aghak' (Armenian: Կարնոյ քաղաք), meaning city of Karin, to distinguish it from the district of Karin (Կարին). It is presumed its name was derived from a local tribe called the Karenitis. An alternate theory contends that a local princely family, the Kamsarakans, the Armenian off-shoot of the Iranian Kārin Pahlav family, lent its name to the locale that eventually became the city.

During Roman times, Erzurum was named Theodosiopolis (Latin: Theodosiopolis, Greek: Θεοδοσιούπολις). On the Tabula Peutingeriana it is called Autisparate. After the Arab conquest of Armenia in the seventh century, the city was known to the Arabs as Kālīkalā (adopted from the original Armenian name Karno K'aghak' (Armenian: Կարնոյ քաղաք), meaning 'Karin City', to distinguish it from the district of Karin (Կարին).

It received its present name after its conquest by the Seljuk Turks following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. In 1048/49, a neighboring commercial city named Artze (Arcn, Arzan; Armenian: Արծն) was heavily sacked by the Seljuks. Its Armenian, Syrian, and other Christian inhabitants moved to Theodosiopolis, which they began calling Artsn Rum (meaning 'Artze of the Rûm', i.e., Romans) to distinguish it from their former residence.

Some older sources derive the name Erzurum from the Arabic Arḍu ar-Rūm (Arabic: ارض الروم) 'land of the Rûm'.

During the brief period it came under Georgian rule, the city was known as Karnu-kalaki (Georgian: კარნუ-ქალაქი).

The following variants of the name also occur: Erzerum, Arzrum.

History

Further information: Erzurum Province § History

Early history

Yakutiye Medresesi in the city center

The surroundings of Erzurum at the Urartian period presumably belonged to Diauehi.

Later, Erzurum existed under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the Artaxiad and Arsacid kings of Armenia, Karin served as the capital of the eponymous canton of Karin, in the province Bardzr Hayk' (Upper Armenia). After the partition of Armenia between the Eastern Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia in 387 AD, the city passed into the hands of the Romans who fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after Emperor Theodosius I.

As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors Anastasius I and Justinian I both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.

Middle Ages

"A Prospect of Erzeron the Capital of Armenia" from Joseph Pitton de Tournefort's 1717 book Relation d'un voyage du Levant
The Seljuk era Çifte Minareli Medrese (Twin Minaret Madrasa) is the symbol of the city and appears on its coat of arms.

Theodosiopolis was conquered by the Umayyad general Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik in 700/701. It became the capital of the emirate of Ḳālīḳalā and was used as a base for raids into Byzantine territory. Though only an island of Arab power within Christian Armenian-populated territory, the native population was generally a reliable client of the Caliph's governors. As the power of the Caliphate declined, and the resurgence of Byzantium began, the local Armenian leaders preferred the city to be under the control of powerless Muslim emirs rather than powerful Byzantine emperors.

In 931, and again in 949, Byzantine forces led by Theophilos Kourkouas, grandfather of the future emperor John I Tzimiskes, captured Theodosiopolis. Its Arab population was expelled and the city was resettled by Greeks and Armenians. Emperor Basil II rebuilt the city and its defenses in 1018 with the help of the local Armenian population. In 1071, after the decisive battle at Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks took possession of Theodosiopolis. The Saltukids were rulers of an Anatolian beylik (principality) centered in Erzurum, who ruled from 1071 to 1202. Melike Mama Hatun, sister of Nâsırüddin Muhammed, was the ruler between 1191 and 1200.

Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks and Georgians (the latter knew the city as Karnu-Kalaki) until 1201 when the city and the province was conquered by the Seljuk sultan Süleymanshah II. Erzen-Erzurum fell to the Mongol siege in 1242, and the city was looted and devastated. After the fall of the Sultanate of Rum in early 14th century, it became an administrative province of the Ilkhanate, and later on the city was under Empire of Trebizond occupation for a while around the 1310s. Then became part of the Çoban beylik, Black Sheep Turkmen, empire of Timur Lenk and White Sheep Turkmen. It subsequently passed to Safavid Persia, until the Ottomans under Selim I in 1514 conquered it through the Battle of Chaldiran. During Ottoman imperial rule, the city served as the main base of military power in the region.

It served as the capital of the eyalet of Erzurum. Early in the seventeenth century, the province was threatened by Safavid Persia and a revolt by the province governor Abaza Mehmed Pasha. This revolt was combined with Jelali Revolts (the uprising of the provincial musketeers called the Jelali), backed by Iran and lasted until 1628. In 1733, Iranian ruler Nader Shah took Erzurum during the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35), but the city returned to Ottoman possession following his death in 1747.

Modern history

In 1821, during the last major Ottoman-Persian War, the Ottomans were decisively defeated at Erzurum by the Iranian Qajars at the Battle of Erzurum (1821). In 1829 the city was captured by the Russian Empire, but was returned to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne), in September of the same year. During the Crimean War Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of Kars. The city was unsuccessfully attacked (Battle of Erzurum (1877)) by a Russian army in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877–78. However, in February 1878, the Russians took Erzurum without resistance, but it was again returned to the Ottoman Empire, this time under the Treaty of San Stefano. There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the Hamidian massacres (1894–1896).

World War I and Turkish War of independence

Turkish murderers pose with the heads of their Armenian victims: Bishop of Erzurum Smbat Saatetian (left) and Protestant Armenians leader (right).
Sanasarian College was one of the premier Armenian educational institutions in Erzurum on the eve of the First World War. Its faculty was murdered during the 1915 genocide.

The 40,000-strong Armenian population was deported from the city and killed en masse during the 1915 Armenian genocide. Their cultural institutions, including churches, clubs, and schools, were looted, destroyed, or otherwise left derelict. When Russian forces occupied Erzurum in 1916, there were scarcely 200 Armenians left alive.

The city was also the location of one of the key battles in the Caucasus Campaign of World War I between the armies of the Ottoman and Russian Empires. This resulted in the capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under the command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916. Erzurum reverted to Ottoman control after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. In 1919, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, one of the key founders of the modern Turkish Republic, resigned from the Ottoman army in Erzurum and was declared an "Honorary Native" and freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The Erzurum Congress of 1919 was one of the starting points of the Turkish War of Independence.

Inspectorate General

In September 1935, Erzurum was made the seat of the newly created third Inspectorate General (Umumi Müfettişlik, UM). The third UM span over the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Kars Gümüşhane, Erzincan and Ağrı. It was governed by an Inspector General. The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party.

Ecclesiastical history

Theodosiopolis was important enough in the Late Roman province of Armenia Tertia to become a bishopric, which the Annuario Pontificio lists as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Comachus, but in Notitiae Episcopatuum from the seventh and early tenth centuries, its (later?) Metropolitan is the Archdiocese of Caesarea in Cappadocia. In either case, it was in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Its historically recorded Suffragan Bishops were :

  • Petrus I, intervening at the council of 448 convoked by Patriarch Flavian of Constantinople in his see to condemn Archimandrite Eutyches as a heretic for his extreme opposition to Nestorianism
  • Manasse intervened at the Council of Chalcedon in 451
  • Petrus II participated in the 533 dispute in Constantinople between 'orthodoxy' and Monophysitism
  • As ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic titular see.

Council of Theodosiopolis (593)

After the long Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591, Byzantine rule was extended to all western parts of Armenia, and emperor Maurice (582-602) decided to strengthen political control over the region by supporting pro-Chalcedonian fraction of the Armenian Church. In 593, regional council of western Armenian bishops met in Theodosiopolis, proclaimed allegiance to the Chalcedonian Definition and elected John (Yovhannes, or Hovhannes) of Bagaran as new Catholicos of Chalcedonian Armenians.

As Ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic titular see, renamed as Titular Archiepiscopal See of Aprus. Its post is vacant since 1968, Antonio Gregorio Vuccino was its last archbishop.

Demographics

In 1829, Erzurum had 130,000 inhabitants, including 30,000 Armenians. In 1909, there were 60,000 inhabitants, including 15,000 Armenians (2,500 families). Armenians mainly lived in the northern and northwestern districts of the city. On the eve of the First World War, 37,480 Armenians lived in the kaza of Erzurum, with 43 churches, three monasteries and 52 schools. All but about 200 Armenians were executed during the Armenian genocide.

Today, the city has a Lom population.

Economy

Further information: Erzurum Province
Jewelry shops in Taşhan
Erzurum Administrative Justice Palace

One of the largest source of income and economic activity in the city has been Atatürk University. Established in 1950, it is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism also provides a portion of the province's revenues. The city is a popular destination in Turkey for winter sports at the nearby Palandöken Mountain.

Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from Oltu stone: most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips.

For now, Erzurum is the ending point of the South Caucasus Pipeline, also called the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum (BTE) pipeline. Erzurum will also be the starting point of the planned Nabucco pipeline which will carry natural gas from the Caspian Sea basin to the European Union member states. The intergovernmental agreement between Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Austria to build the Nabucco pipeline was signed by five Prime Ministers on 13 July 2009 in Ankara. The European Union was represented at the ceremony by the President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso and the Commissioner for Energy Andris Piebalgs, while the United States was represented by the Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy Richard Morningstar and the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senator Richard Lugar.

Tourism

Erzurum Regional Research Hospital
Palandöken in August 2009, as seen from downtown Erzurum.
A mosque view in Erzurum.

Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as the citadel fortress, and the 13th century Çifte Minareli Medrese (the "Twin Minaret" madrasa). Visitors may also wish to visit the Çobandede Bridge, which dates back to late 13th century, the Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque and the Grand Mosque.

Culture

A waxwork illustrating a man and a woman in traditional costumes, Yakutiye Medresesi, Erzurum.

Cuisine

Cağ Kebab of Erzurum.

One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is Cağ Kebab. Although this kebab variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining widespread popularity around Turkey.

Kadayıf Dolması is an exquisite dessert made with walnut.

Other regional foodstuffs include Su böreği (wet pastry), ekşili dolma (sour stuffed vegetables), kesme çorbası (soup), ayran aşı yayla çorbası (nomads soup), çiriş, şalgam dolması (stuffed turnip), yumurta pilavı (egg pilaf), and kadayıf dolması.

Education

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (April 2020)
Atatürk University in Erzurum

The Erzurum Technical University and the Atatürk University are located in Erzurum.

Sanasarian College was formerly in Erzerum.

Sports

Venues

2011 Winter Universiade opening in Kazım Karabekir Stadium.
The K-95 (left) and K-125 (right) ski jumping towers at Kiremitliktepe.

International events hosted

Erzurum has hosted the following international winter sports events:

The city's initial football club Erzurumspor, which during 1998–2001 played in the Turkish Super League, was forced to relegate to the Turkish Regional Amateur League due to financial problems. It was finally dissolved in 2015.

After dissolution of Erzurumspor due to financial problems, Erzurum is presented by BB Erzurumspor in association football. It was founded as "Gençler Birliği Gençlik Spor Kulübü" in 1967 and took present name in 2014. It played in the Turkish Super League in 2018-19 and 2020-21 seasons.

Erzurum's football venue, the Cemal Gürsel Stadium, has a seating capacity for 21,900 spectators. To be able to carry out the competitions of the Winter Universiade, a ski jumping ramp, an ice hockey arena and a curling hall were built in Erzurum.

Frank Lenz disappearance

In May 1894, American bicyclist Frank Lenz disappeared outside the city on the final leg of his quest to circumnavigate the globe on a bike.

Climate

Erzurum has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb, Trewartha climate classification: Dcbc) with very cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. The average maximum daily temperature during August is around 28 °C (82 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), on 31 July 2000. ; January is the coldest month, with an average minimum daily temperature around −16 °C (3 °F). The coldest recorded temperature is −37.2 °C (−35.0 °F) on 28 December 2002. Snow cover is frequent in winter, but the dry nature of the climate usually prevents large accumulation.

Climate data for Erzurum (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.4
(50.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		21.4
(70.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		32.3
(90.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.5
(97.7) 		33.3
(91.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		36.5
(97.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		28.5
(83.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		16.4
(61.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		12.7
(54.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.2
(13.6) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		5.3
(41.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.9
(3.4) 		−14.7
(5.5) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−12.4
(9.7) 		−1.9
(28.6)
Record low °C (°F) −36.0
(−32.8) 		−37.0
(−34.6) 		−33.2
(−27.8) 		−22.4
(−8.3) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−14.1
(6.6) 		−34.3
(−29.7) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−37.2
(−35.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 16.2
(0.64) 		19.4
(0.76) 		34.9
(1.37) 		55.9
(2.20) 		72.4
(2.85) 		42.1
(1.66) 		21.9
(0.86) 		16.5
(0.65) 		22.7
(0.89) 		46.8
(1.84) 		25.6
(1.01) 		21.3
(0.84) 		395.7
(15.58)
Average precipitation days 10.63 11.07 12.8 14.93 16.8 10.73 6.93 6.17 5.3 10.3 8.77 11.23 125.7
Average relative humidity (%) 79.9 79.6 75.5 68.0 65.7 60.8 53.6 49.7 52.8 65.8 74.3 81.4 67.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 108.5 121.5 155.0 183.0 235.6 300.0 331.7 316.2 252.0 201.5 144.0 89.9 2,438.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.5 4.3 5.0 6.1 7.6 10.0 10.7 10.2 8.4 6.5 4.8 2.9 6.7
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service
Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1991–2020)

Notable people

Details of the Çifte Minareli Madrasa
Interior of the Yakutiye Medrese
The Statue of Nene Hatun, (1857 – 22 May 1955) was a Turkish folk heroine, who at her age of twenty showed bravery during the recapture of Fort Aziziye in Erzurum from Russian forces at the start of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.

Armenians

Turks

Others

Twin towns and sister cities

Notes and references

  1. ^ Inalcik, Halil (1965). "Erzurum". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 712. OCLC 495469475.
  2. Adem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  3. Chariton, Jesse David (2011). "The Mesopotamian Origins of the Hittite Double-Headed Eagle". UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research. XIV – via ResearchGate.
  4. "25th Winter Universiade - Erzurum 2011 - Main Results". www.fisu.net. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
  5. "Erzurum 2024". www.deaflympics.com. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
  6. ^ (in Armenian) Darbinian, M. "Erzurum," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978, vol. 4, p. 93.
  7. Pourshariati 2017.
  8. Garsoïan, Nina G. (1991). "Theodosioupolis". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2054. ISBN 0-19-504652-8..
  9. ^ See Joseph Laurent's extensive note in his (in French) L’Arménie entre Byzance et l’Islam depuis la conquête arabe jusqu’en 886, 1919, new edition revised and updated by Marius Canard (Lisbon: Librairie Bertrand, 1980), pp. 87–88, note 83.
  10. (in German) Markwart, Joseph. Südarmenien und die Tigrisquellen nach griechischen und arabischen Geographen (Vienna: Mechitharisten-Buchdruckerei, 1930), pp. 41, 334, 339.
  11. Robert H. Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth: The Historical Geography of Bardzr Hayk" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003), pp 42–44.
  12. Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 5, p. 412, Tb., 1980.
  13. Wilson & Maunsell 1911.
  14. Kemalettin Köroğlu: The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom. In: Altan Çilingiroğlu/G. Darbyshire (Hrsg.): Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Van. 6.–10. August 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 3 (Ankara 2005), p. 101.
  15. Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 103.
  16. Garsoïan, Nina G. "The Foundation of Theodosiopolis-Karin" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 63–72.
  17. (in Armenian) Arakelyan, Babken N. "Hayastani Khoshor Kagh'ak'nere" in Hay Zhoghovrdi Patmutyun . Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 3, p. 232.
  18. Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 310, 320.
  19. Whittow. The Making of Byzantium, p. 322.
  20. Arakelyan. "The Great Cities of Armenia", pp. 232–233.
  21. Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M.; "Trabzon Imparatorluğu 2" 2016, Trabzon, (ISBN 978-605-4567-52-2); pp.133–134
  22. John A Boyle. "Persia (RLE Iran A): History and Heritage" p 43
  23. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle, Vol.III, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, 1140.
  24. Dadrian, Vahakn N. Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 141.
  25. Balakian, Peter (2004-10-05). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 59, 127–129. ISBN 0-06-055870-9.
  26. Kévorkian, Raymond. The Armenian Genocide: A History. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 289-318.
  27. See Richard G. Hovannisian, "The Competition for Erzerum, 1914–1921" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, pp. 378ff.
  28. ^ "Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri". Dergipark. p. 2. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  29. Bayir, Derya (2016-04-22). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8.
  30. Fleet, Kate; Kunt, I. Metin; Kasaba, Reşat; Faroqhi, Suraiya (2008-04-17). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
  31. Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, p. 536, nº 80, e p. 551, nº 112
  32. Meyendorff 1989, p. 108-109, 284, 343.
  33. "Titular See of Aprus, Turkey". GCatholic. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  34. ^ "Kaza Erzurum". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  35. Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 369.
  36. "Europe gas pipeline deal agreed". BBC News. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  37. "Turkey, EU countries sign gas pipeline deal". Today's Zaman. 2009-07-13. Archived from the original on 2009-07-18. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  38. "Nabucco Summits Begins". Turkish Press. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  39. Ian Kelly (2009-07-13). "Signing Ceremony for the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Nabucco Pipeline" (Press release). United States Department of State. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  40. ^ Erzurum city guide, travel guide, hotel guide, tourism guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://erzurumguide.com/
  41. Akkus, Cetin; Akkus, Gulizar (2019-01-17). Selected Studies on Rural Tourism and Development. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781527526013.
  42. "Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi". www.erzurum.edu.tr. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  43. "Atatürk University". Atatürk University.
  44. "A lens on Lenz on the South Side".
  45. "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  46. "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020" (CSV). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  47. Kévorkian. The Armenian Genocide, pp. 533-34.
  48. "Erzurum ile Azerbaycan kenti Şuşa 'kardeş şehir' oldu". Yeşil Iğdır Gazetesi (in Turkish). 2022-09-22. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  49. "Urmia, Erzurum sign sisterhood agreement". 7 April 2015.

Further reading

Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century

Sources and external links

Bibliography – Ecclesiastical history
  • Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 441
  • Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Tomo I, coll. 437–438
  • Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 6, p. 402
Erzurum
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Erzurum in Erzurum Province of Turkey
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Districts of Erzurum
Districts of Erzurum
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Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
Largest cities or towns in Turkey
TÜİK's address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.
Rank Name Pop. Rank Name Pop.
Istanbul
Istanbul
Ankara
Ankara 		1 Istanbul 15,655,924 11 Mersin 1,938,389 İzmir
İzmir
Bursa
Bursa
2 Ankara 5,803,482 12 Diyarbakır 1,818,133
3 İzmir 4,479,525 13 Hatay 1,544,640
4 Bursa 3,214,571 14 Manisa 1,475,716
5 Antalya 2,696,249 15 Kayseri 1,445,683
6 Konya 2,320,241 16 Samsun 1,377,546
7 Adana 2,270,298 17 Balıkesir 1,273,519
8 Şanlıurfa 2,213,964 18 Tekirdağ 1,167,059
9 Gaziantep 2,164,134 19 Aydın 1,161,702
10 Kocaeli 2,102,907 20 Van 1,127,612
Ancient settlements in Turkey
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