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| honorific-suffix = ] | honorific-suffix = ]
| image = Arolsen Klebeband 01 463 1 (cropped).jpg | image = Arolsen Klebeband 01 463 1 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = Engraving of Ibrahim Pasha | caption = Engraving of Ibrahim Pasha
| office1 = ] ] | office1 = 28th ]
| term_start1 = 27 June 1523 | term_start1 = 27 June 1523
| term_end1 = 14 March 1536 | term_end1 = 5 March 1536
| monarch1 = ] | monarch1 = ]
| predecessor1 = ] | predecessor1 = ]
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| monarch2 = ] | monarch2 = ]
| predecessor2 = ] | predecessor2 = ]
| successor2 = ] | successor2 = Güzelce Kasım Pasha
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| successor4 = | successor4 =
| succeeding = | succeeding =
| birth_date = c. 1495 | birth_date = {{circa}} 1495
| birth_place = ], ] | birth_place = ], Republic of Venice
| death_date = {{death date and age|1536|3|15|1495|df=yes}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1536|3|5|1495|df=yes}}
| death_place = ], ] | death_place = ], Ottoman Empire
| nationality = ] | nationality = ]
| blank1 = | blank1 =
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}} }}


'''Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha''' ("Ibrahim Pasha of Parga"; c. 1495 – 15 March 1536), also known as '''Frenk Ibrahim Pasha''' ("the Westerner"), '''Makbul Ibrahim Pasha''' ("the Favorite"), which later changed to '''Maktul Ibrahim Pasha''' ("the Executed") after his execution in the ], was the first ] appointed by ] ]. '''Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha'''{{efn|also known as '''Frenk Ibrahim Pasha''' ("the Westerner"), '''Makbul Ibrahim Pasha''' ("the Favorite"), which later changed to '''Maktul Ibrahim Pasha''' ("the Executed") after his execution in the ].}} ({{circa}} 1495–5 March 1536), was the first ] appointed by ] ].
His origin is thought to have been ].


Ibrahim, born a Christian, was ] during his youth. He and Suleiman became close friends in their youth, and later possibly lovers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baer |first=Marc David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1236896222 |title=The Ottomans : khans, caesars, and caliphs |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-5416-7380-9 |edition=First |location=New York |oclc=1236896222}}</ref> In 1523, Suleiman appointed Ibrahim as Grand Vizier to replace ], who had been appointed in 1518 by Suleiman's father, the preceding sultan ]. Ibrahim remained in office for the next 13 years. He attained a level of authority and influence rivaled by only a handful of other grand viziers of the Empire, but in 1536, he was executed on Suleiman's orders and his property (much of which was gifted to him by the Sultan) was confiscated by the state. Ibrahim, born as Orthodox Christian, was ] during his youth. He and Suleiman became close friends in their youth. In 1523, Suleiman appointed Ibrahim as grand vizier to replace ], who had been appointed in 1518 by Suleiman's father, the preceding Sultan ]. Ibrahim remained in office for the next 13 years. He attained a level of authority and influence rivaled by only a handful of other grand viziers of the Empire, but in 1536, he was executed on Suleiman's orders and his property (much of which was gifted to him by the Sultan) was confiscated by the state.


==Biography== ==Biography==
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After his rival ], the ], declared himself independent of the Ottoman Empire and was executed in 1524, Ibrahim Pasha traveled south to Egypt in 1525 and reformed the Egyptian provincial civil and military administration system. He promulgated an edict, the ''Kanunname'', outlining his system.<ref name="Raymond2001-191">{{cite book|last=Raymond|first=André|others=Translated by Willard Wood|title=Cairo: City of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8CVAAAACAAJ|edition=Harvard|year=2001|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, Egypt; New York|isbn=978-977-424-660-9|page=191}}</ref><ref name="HoltGray1975">{{cite journal|last1=Holt|first1=P. M.|last2=Gray|first2=Richard|editor1-last=Fage|editor1-first=J.D.|editor2-last=Oliver|editor2-first=Roland|title=Egypt, the Funj and Darfur|journal=The Cambridge History of Africa|location=London, New York, Melbourne|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=IV|year=1975|pages=14–57|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521204132.003|isbn=9781139054584}}</ref> After his rival ], the ], declared himself independent of the Ottoman Empire and was executed in 1524, Ibrahim Pasha traveled south to Egypt in 1525 and reformed the Egyptian provincial civil and military administration system. He promulgated an edict, the ''Kanunname'', outlining his system.<ref name="Raymond2001-191">{{cite book|last=Raymond|first=André|others=Translated by Willard Wood|title=Cairo: City of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8CVAAAACAAJ|edition=Harvard|year=2001|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, Egypt; New York|isbn=978-977-424-660-9|page=191}}</ref><ref name="HoltGray1975">{{cite journal|last1=Holt|first1=P. M.|last2=Gray|first2=Richard|editor1-last=Fage|editor1-first=J.D.|editor2-last=Oliver|editor2-first=Roland|title=Egypt, the Funj and Darfur|journal=The Cambridge History of Africa|location=London, New York, Melbourne|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=IV|year=1975|pages=14–57|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521204132.003|isbn=9781139054584}}</ref>


In a lavish ceremony in 1523, Ibrahim Pasha was married to Muhsine Hatun, the granddaughter of the same Iskender Pasha who had captured him more than two decades previously. This marriage appears to have been politically motivated as a method of integrating Ibrahim, an outsider, into the Ottoman elite. While Muhsine was initially skeptical about her new husband, they eventually formed a loving relationship. Although historians once believed that the woman Ibrahim married was ], the sister of Sultan Suleiman, this had been based on scanty evidence and conjecture. As a result of research carried out by the historian Ebru Turan, including the discovery of multiple references to Muhsine in Venetian and Ottoman texts as well as a signed letter from her to Ibrahim, it is now accepted that Ibrahim's wife was Muhsine and not Hatice.<ref name=muhsine>{{cite journal |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire |journal=Turcica |volume=41 |date=2009 |pages=3–36|doi=10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287 }} In a lavish ceremony in 1523, Ibrahim Pasha was married to Muhsine Hatun, the granddaughter of the same Iskender Pasha who had captured him more than two decades previously. This marriage appears to have been politically motivated as a method of integrating Ibrahim, an outsider, into the Ottoman elite. While Muhsine was initially skeptical about her new husband, they eventually formed a loving relationship. Although historians once believed that the woman Ibrahim married was ], the sister of Sultan Suleiman, this had been based on scanty evidence and conjecture. As a result of research carried out by the historian Ebru Turan, including the discovery of multiple references to Muhsine in Venetian and Ottoman texts as well as a signed letter from her to Ibrahim, it is now accepted that Ibrahim's wife was Muhsine and not Hatice. They had at least one child, a son named Mehmed Şah Bey (dead in 1539).<ref name=muhsine>{{cite journal |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire |journal=Turcica |volume=41 |date=2009 |pages=3–36|doi=10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Şahin |first=Kaya |title=Empire and Power in the reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-03442-6 |pages=51}} * {{Cite book |last=Şahin |first=Kaya |title=Empire and Power in the reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-03442-6 |pages=51}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peirce |first=Leslie |title=Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire |year=2017 |publisher=Basic Books |page=157 |quote=Muhsine, granddaughter of an illustrious statesman, is now largely accepted as Ibrahim's wife.}}</ref> * {{Cite book |last=Peirce |first=Leslie |title=Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire |year=2017 |publisher=Basic Books |page=157 |quote=Muhsine, granddaughter of an illustrious statesman, is now largely accepted as Ibrahim's wife.}}</ref>
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] and Ibrahim Pasha, a few days before his execution, expanding to the whole ] the privileges received by France in ] from the ] before 1518.]] ] and Ibrahim Pasha, a few days before his execution, expanding to the whole ] the privileges received by France in ] from the ] before 1518.]]


On the diplomatic front, Ibrahim's work with Western Christendom was a complete success. Portraying himself as "the real power behind the Ottoman Empire", Ibrahim used a variety of tactics to negotiate favorable deals with the leaders of the Catholic powers. The ] diplomats even referred to him as "Ibrahim the Magnificent",<ref>Jenkins, H. D. (1970). Chapter 5L Ibrahim's Fall. In Ibrahim Pasha: Grand Vizir of Suleiman the Magnificent, 38-39. Essay, AMS Press.</ref> a play on Suleiman's usual sobriquet. In 1533, he convinced ] to turn ] into an Ottoman vassal state. In 1535, he completed a monumental agreement with ] that gave France favorable trade rights within the Ottoman Empire in exchange for joint action against the ]. This agreement would set the stage for joint ], including the ] (in ]) during the winter of 1543–1544. On the diplomatic front, Ibrahim's work with Western ] was a complete success. Portraying himself as "the real power behind the Ottoman Empire", Ibrahim used a variety of tactics to negotiate favorable deals with the leaders of the Catholic powers. The ] diplomats even referred to him as "Ibrahim the Magnificent",<ref>Jenkins, H. D. (1970). Chapter 5L Ibrahim's Fall. In Ibrahim Pasha: Grand Vizir of Suleiman the Magnificent, 38-39. Essay, AMS Press.</ref> a play on Suleiman's usual sobriquet. In 1533, he convinced ] to turn ] into an Ottoman vassal state. In 1535, he completed a monumental agreement with ] that gave France favorable trade rights within the Ottoman Empire in exchange for joint action against the ]. This agreement would set the stage for joint ], including the ] (in ]) during the winter of 1543–1544.


Although Ibrahim Pasha had long since converted to Islam, he maintained some ties to his roots, even bringing his parents to live with him in the Ottoman capital, where they also converted to Islam. His father took the name Yusuf and joined the Ottoman elite, becoming a governor in Epirus.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire |journal=Turcica |volume=41 |date=2009 |pages=6|doi=10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287 }}</ref> Although Ibrahim Pasha had long since converted to Islam, he maintained some ties to his roots, even bringing his parents to live with him in the Ottoman capital, where they also converted to Islam. His father took the name Yusuf and joined the Ottoman elite, becoming a governor in Epirus.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire |journal=Turcica |volume=41 |date=2009 |pages=6|doi=10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287 }}</ref>


As his power and wealth grew, so did his arrogance, and he behaved as if he were in charge, not the Sultan. This deeply troubled the Sultan's wife, Queen ], who plotted Ibrahim's downfall. After a dinner with the Sultan on 5 March 1536, Ibrahim Pasha went to bed. Upon arrival to his room, he was seized, and killed. Thus, Hurrem became the chief political advisor to her husband, the Sultan.<ref>], ''Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566'' (1944) pp 184–185.</ref><ref>Jenkins (1911), 109-125.</ref> As he attained increasing wealth and power, he also attained enemies; such as the famous ]. After a dinner with the Sultan on 5 March 1536, Ibrahim Pasha went to bed. Upon arrival to his room, he was seized, and killed. Thus, Hürrem became the chief political advisor to her husband, the Sultan.<ref>], ''Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566'' (1944) pp 184–185.</ref><ref>Jenkins (1911), 109-125.</ref>


==In popular media== ==In popular media==
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==See also== ==See also==
* ], formerly Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha's palace * ], formerly Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha's palace
* ] * ]
* ] * ]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
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Latest revision as of 13:53, 2 December 2024

Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1523 to 1536 For the later (1604) governor of Egypt, also named Ibrahim Pasha and also known by the epithet Maktul ("the Slain"), see Maktul Hacı Ibrahim Pasha. For other people, see Ibrahim Pasha (disambiguation).

IbrahimPasha
Engraving of Ibrahim Pasha
28th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
In office
27 June 1523 – 5 March 1536
MonarchSuleiman I
Preceded byPiri Mehmed Pasha
Succeeded byAyas Mehmed Pasha
Ottoman Governor of Egypt
In office
1525–1525
MonarchSuleiman I
Preceded byGüzelce Kasım Pasha
Succeeded byGüzelce Kasım Pasha
Personal details
Bornc. 1495
Parga, Republic of Venice
Died5 March 1536(1536-03-05) (aged 40–41)
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
NationalityOttoman
SpouseMuhsine Hatun
ChildrenMehmed Şah Bey

Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (c. 1495–5 March 1536), was the first Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire appointed by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

Ibrahim, born as Orthodox Christian, was enslaved during his youth. He and Suleiman became close friends in their youth. In 1523, Suleiman appointed Ibrahim as grand vizier to replace Piri Mehmed Pasha, who had been appointed in 1518 by Suleiman's father, the preceding Sultan Selim I. Ibrahim remained in office for the next 13 years. He attained a level of authority and influence rivaled by only a handful of other grand viziers of the Empire, but in 1536, he was executed on Suleiman's orders and his property (much of which was gifted to him by the Sultan) was confiscated by the state.

Biography

Origin

Ibrahim was born to Orthodox Christian parents in Parga, Epirus, then part of the Republic of Venice. His ethnicity is unknown, but he probably originally spoke a Slavic dialect and also knew Greek and Albanian. His father was either a sailor or a fisherman. Some time between 1499 and 1502 he was captured in a raid by Iskender Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Bosnia, becoming a slave. He first met Prince Suleiman while residing at Iskender Pasha's estate near Edirne, most likely in 1514. It was then that he was taken into Suleiman's service.

Political career

After his rival Hain Ahmed Pasha, the governor of Egypt, declared himself independent of the Ottoman Empire and was executed in 1524, Ibrahim Pasha traveled south to Egypt in 1525 and reformed the Egyptian provincial civil and military administration system. He promulgated an edict, the Kanunname, outlining his system.

In a lavish ceremony in 1523, Ibrahim Pasha was married to Muhsine Hatun, the granddaughter of the same Iskender Pasha who had captured him more than two decades previously. This marriage appears to have been politically motivated as a method of integrating Ibrahim, an outsider, into the Ottoman elite. While Muhsine was initially skeptical about her new husband, they eventually formed a loving relationship. Although historians once believed that the woman Ibrahim married was Hatice Sultan, the sister of Sultan Suleiman, this had been based on scanty evidence and conjecture. As a result of research carried out by the historian Ebru Turan, including the discovery of multiple references to Muhsine in Venetian and Ottoman texts as well as a signed letter from her to Ibrahim, it is now accepted that Ibrahim's wife was Muhsine and not Hatice. They had at least one child, a son named Mehmed Şah Bey (dead in 1539).

Ibrahim Pasha Palace in Sultanahmet, Fatih, now the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum.

His palace, which still stands on the west side of the Hippodrome in Istanbul, has been converted into the modern-day Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum.

Draft of the 1536 Treaty negotiated between French ambassador Jean de La Forêt and Ibrahim Pasha, a few days before his execution, expanding to the whole Ottoman Empire the privileges received by France in Egypt from the Mamluks before 1518.

On the diplomatic front, Ibrahim's work with Western Christendom was a complete success. Portraying himself as "the real power behind the Ottoman Empire", Ibrahim used a variety of tactics to negotiate favorable deals with the leaders of the Catholic powers. The Venetian diplomats even referred to him as "Ibrahim the Magnificent", a play on Suleiman's usual sobriquet. In 1533, he convinced Charles V to turn Hungary into an Ottoman vassal state. In 1535, he completed a monumental agreement with Francis I that gave France favorable trade rights within the Ottoman Empire in exchange for joint action against the Habsburgs. This agreement would set the stage for joint Franco-Ottoman naval maneuvers, including the basing of the Ottoman fleet in southern France (in Toulon) during the winter of 1543–1544.

Although Ibrahim Pasha had long since converted to Islam, he maintained some ties to his roots, even bringing his parents to live with him in the Ottoman capital, where they also converted to Islam. His father took the name Yusuf and joined the Ottoman elite, becoming a governor in Epirus.

As he attained increasing wealth and power, he also attained enemies; such as the famous Hürrem. After a dinner with the Sultan on 5 March 1536, Ibrahim Pasha went to bed. Upon arrival to his room, he was seized, and killed. Thus, Hürrem became the chief political advisor to her husband, the Sultan.

In popular media

See also

Notes

  1. also known as Frenk Ibrahim Pasha ("the Westerner"), Makbul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Favorite"), which later changed to Maktul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Executed") after his execution in the Topkapı Palace.

References

  1. ^ Turan, Ebru (2009). "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Turcica. 41: 3–36. doi:10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287.
    • Şahin, Kaya (2013). Empire and Power in the reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-107-03442-6.
    • Peirce, Leslie (2017). Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books. p. 157. Muhsine, granddaughter of an illustrious statesman, is now largely accepted as Ibrahim's wife.
  2. Turan, Ebru (2009). "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Turcica. 41: 5–6. doi:10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287. Originally, he probably spoke a Slavic dialect; sources mention that during the peace negotiations with the Habsburgs in 1533 he conversed in his mother tongue with Ferdinand I's representative Jerome of Zara, who was a Croatian... Venetian sources indicate that the pasha could also speak Greek and Albanian.
  3. Turan, Ebru (2009). "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Turcica. 41: 6–9. doi:10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287.
  4. Raymond, André (2001). Cairo: City of History. Translated by Willard Wood (Harvard ed.). Cairo, Egypt; New York: American University in Cairo Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-977-424-660-9.
  5. Holt, P. M.; Gray, Richard (1975). Fage, J.D.; Oliver, Roland (eds.). "Egypt, the Funj and Darfur". The Cambridge History of Africa. IV. London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press: 14–57. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521204132.003. ISBN 9781139054584.
  6. Jenkins, H. D. (1970). Chapter 5L Ibrahim's Fall. In Ibrahim Pasha: Grand Vizir of Suleiman the Magnificent, 38-39. Essay, AMS Press.
  7. Turan, Ebru (2009). "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Turcica. 41: 6. doi:10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287.
  8. Roger Bigelow Merriman, Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 (1944) pp 184–185.
  9. Jenkins (1911), 109-125.

Bibliography

  • Jenkins, Hester Donaldson. Ibrahim Pasha: grand vizir of Suleiman the Magnificent (1911) online
  • Şahin, Kaya (2013). Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03442-6.
  • Turan, Ebru (2009). "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Turcica. 41: 3–36. doi:10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287. pnline
Political offices
Preceded byPiri Mehmed Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
27 June 1523 – 14 March 1536 		Succeeded byAyas Mehmed Pasha
Preceded byGüzelce Kasım Pasha Ottoman Governor of Egypt
1525 		Succeeded byGüzelce Kasım Pasha
Arms of the Ottoman Empire Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Rise (1299–1453)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Classical Age (1453–1550)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Transformation (1550–1700)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Old Regime (1700–1789)
Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Decline and Modernization (1789–1922)
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