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{{short description|German nationalist and occultist movement (1918-25)}} {{short description|German nationalist and occultist movement (1918-25)}}
{{Infobox political party {{Infobox political party
| name = Thule Society | name = Thule Society
| native_name = Thule-Gesellschaft | native_name = Thule-Gesellschaft
| lang1 = German | lang1 = German
| name_lang1 = Thule-Gesellschaft | name_lang1 = Thule-Gesellschaft
| logo = File:Thule-Gesellschaft.svg | logo = File:Thule-Gesellschaft.svg
| logo_size = 125px | logo_size = 125px
| colorcode = 836809 | colorcode = 836809
| abbreviation = Thuleorden | abbreviation = Thuleorden
| leader = Walter Nauhaus<ref>Phelps 1963</ref> | leader = Walter Nauhaus<ref>Phelps 1963</ref>
| founder = ] | founder = ]
| founded = {{start date and age|1918}} | founded = {{start date and age|1918}}
| dissolved = {{end date and age|1925}} | dissolved = {{end date and age|1925}}
| split = '']'' | split = '']''
| merged = | merged =
| successor = | successor =
| headquarters = ], ] | headquarters = ], ]
| newspaper = '']'' | newspaper = '']''
| think_tank = | think_tank =
| paramilitary_wing = | paramilitary_wing =
| student_wing = | student_wing =
| youth_wing = | youth_wing =
| membership = | membership = 1,500 (peak)
| ideology = {{plainlist| | ideology = {{plainlist|
*]
*] *]
*]}} *]}}
| religion = ] | religion =
| colors = | colors =
| anthem = | anthem =
| symbol = | symbol =
| country = Germany | country = Germany
}} }}


The '''Thule Society''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|l|ə}}; {{lang-de|Thule-Gesellschaft}}), originally the {{lang|de|Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum}} ("Study Group for ] Antiquity"), was a German ]ist and {{lang|de|]}} group founded in ] shortly after ], named after a ] in Greek legend. The society is notable chiefly as the organization that sponsored the {{lang|de|]}} (DAP; German Workers' Party), which was later reorganized by ] into the ] (NSDAP or Nazi Party). According to Hitler biographer ], the organization's "membership list ... reads like a Who's Who of early Nazi sympathizers and leading figures in Munich", including ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>Kershaw, Ian (2000). ''Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris'', W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 138–139.</ref> The '''Thule Society''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|l|ə}}; {{langx|de|Thule-Gesellschaft}}), originally the {{lang|de|Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum}} ('Study Group for ] Antiquity'), was a German ]ist and {{lang|de|]}} group founded in ] shortly after ], named after a ] in Greek legend. The society is notable chiefly as the organization that sponsored the {{lang|de|]}} (DAP; German Workers' Party), which was later reorganized by ] into the ] (NSDAP or Nazi Party). According to Hitler biographer ], the organization's "membership list ... reads like a Who's Who of early Nazi sympathizers and leading figures in Munich", including ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>Kershaw, Ian (2000). ''Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris'', W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 138–139.</ref>


Author ] contends that Hans Frank and Rudolf Hess had been Thule members, but other leading Nazis had only been invited to speak at Thule meetings or they were entirely unconnected with it.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=149, 221}}</ref><ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 2003 114">{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2003|p=114}}</ref> According to Johannes Hering, "There is no evidence that Hitler ever attended the Thule Society."<ref name=GC201/> Author ] contends that Hans Frank and Rudolf Hess had been Thule members, but other leading Nazis had only been invited to speak at Thule meetings, or they were entirely unconnected with it.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=149, 221}}</ref><ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 2003 114">{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2003|p=114}}</ref> According to Johannes Hering, "There is no evidence that Hitler ever attended the Thule Society."<ref name=GC201/>


==Origins== ==Origins==
The Thule Society was originally a "German study group" headed by Walter Nauhaus,<ref name=Ph>{{harvnb|Phelps|1963}}</ref> a wounded ] veteran turned art student from ] who had become a keeper of pedigrees for the ] (or "Order of ]"), a ] founded in 1911 and formally named in the following year.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=127–28, 143}}</ref> In 1917, Nauhaus moved to Munich; his ''Thule Society'' was to be a cover-name for the Munich branch of the Germanenorden,<ref>Phelps 1963, n.31.</ref> but events developed differently as a result of a schism in the Order. In 1918, Nauhaus was contacted in Munich by ] (or von Sebottendorff), an occultist and newly elected head of the ]n province of the schismatic offshoot known as the ].<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=131, 142–43}}</ref> The two men became associates in a recruitment campaign, and Sebottendorff adopted Nauhaus's Thule Society as a cover-name for his Munich lodge of the Germanenorden Walvater at its formal dedication on 18 August 1918.<ref name=GC144>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=144}}</ref> The Thule Society was originally a "German study group" headed by Walter Nauhaus,<ref name=Ph>{{harvnb|Phelps|1963}}</ref> a wounded ] veteran turned art student from ] who had become a keeper of pedigrees for the ] (or "Order of ]"), a ] founded in 1911 and formally named in the following year.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=127–28, 143}}</ref> In 1917, Nauhas moved to Munich; his ''Thule Society'' was to be a cover-name for the Munich branch of the Germanenorden,<ref>Phelps 1963, n.31.</ref> but events developed differently as a result of a schism in the order. In 1918, Nauhas was contacted in Munich by ] (or von Sebottendorff), an occultist and newly elected head of the ]n province of the schismatic offshoot known as the ].<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=131, 142–43}}</ref> The two men became associates in a recruitment campaign, and Sebottendorff adopted Nauhas's Thule Society as a cover-name for his Munich lodge of the Germanenorden Walvater at its formal dedication on 18 August 1918.<ref name=GC144>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=144}}</ref>


==Beliefs== ==Beliefs==
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<blockquote>The signer hereby swears to the best of his knowledge and belief that no Jewish or coloured blood flows in either his or in his wife's veins, and that among their ancestors are no members of the coloured races.<ref>Rudolf von Sebottendorff, ''Bevor Hitler kam'', 1933, page 42 (original: "Blutbekenntnis": "Unterzeichner versichert nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen, daß in seinen und seiner Frau Adern kein jüdisches oder farbiges Blut fließe und daß sich unter den Vorfahren auch keine Angehörigen der farbigen Rassen befinden.")</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>The signer hereby swears to the best of his knowledge and belief that no Jewish or coloured blood flows in either his or in his wife's veins, and that among their ancestors are no members of the coloured races.<ref>Rudolf von Sebottendorff, ''Bevor Hitler kam'', 1933, page 42 (original: "Blutbekenntnis": "Unterzeichner versichert nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen, daß in seinen und seiner Frau Adern kein jüdisches oder farbiges Blut fließe und daß sich unter den Vorfahren auch keine Angehörigen der farbigen Rassen befinden.")</ref></blockquote>


"]" ({{lang-gr|Θούλη}}) was a land located by Greco-Roman ]s in the farthest north (often displayed as Iceland).<ref>, citing Smith's '']''</ref> The Latin term "Ultima Thule" is also mentioned by Roman poet ] in his pastoral poems called the '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Georgics, by Virgil — trans. in 1916 by H. R. Fairclough (1862–1938) |url=https://www.stoictherapy.com/elibrary-georgics |website=www.stoictherapy.com |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> Thule originally was probably the name for ], although Virgil simply uses it as a proverbial expression for the edge of the known world, and his mention should not be taken as a substantial reference to ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon |last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony |last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|year=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954556-8|page=554}}</ref> The Thule Society identified ] as a lost ancient landmass in the extreme north, near ] or ],<ref>Goodrick-Clarke, Nicolas (1995) New YorkL NYU Press. p.145 {{isbn|9780814730607}}</ref> said by ] to be the capital of ancient ]. "]" ({{langx|el|Θούλη}}) was a land located by Greco-Roman ]s in the farthest north (often displayed as Iceland).<ref>, citing Smith's '']''</ref> The Latin term "Ultima Thule" is also mentioned by Roman poet ] in his pastoral poems called the '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Georgics, by Virgil — trans. in 1916 by H. R. Fairclough (1862–1938) |url=https://www.stoictherapy.com/elibrary-georgics |website=www.stoictherapy.com |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> Thule originally was probably the name for ], although Virgil simply uses it as a proverbial expression for the edge of the known world, and his mention should not be taken as a substantial reference to ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon |last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony |last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|year=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954556-8|page=554}}</ref> The Thule Society identified ] as a lost ancient landmass in the extreme north, near ] or ],<ref>Goodrick-Clarke, Nicolas (1995) New YorkL NYU Press. p.145 {{isbn|9780814730607}}</ref> said by ] to be the capital of ancient ].


==Activities== ==Activities==
The Thule Society attracted about 250 followers in Munich and about 1,500 elsewhere in ].<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=143}}</ref> The Thule Society attracted about 1,500 followers in ], including 250 followers in Munich.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=143}}</ref>


The followers of the Thule Society were very interested in racial theory and, in particular, in combating ]s and ]. Sebottendorff planned but failed to kidnap Bavarian socialist ] ] in December 1918.<ref name=Ph/><ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=147}}</ref> During the ] of April 1919, Thulists were accused of trying to infiltrate its government and of attempting a coup. On 26 April, the Communist government in Munich raided the society's premises and took seven of its members into custody, executing them on 30 April. Amongst them were Walter Nauhaus and four well-known aristocrats, including Countess Heila von Westarp who functioned as the group's secretary, and ] who was related to several European royal families.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929134934/http://www.humanitas-international.org/showcase/chronography/timebase/1919tbse.htm |date=2006-09-29 }}. ''Timebase Multimedia Chronography''. Accessed April 18, 2008.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=148.}}</ref> In response, the Thule organised a citizens' uprising as White troops entered the city on 1 May.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=149.}}</ref> The followers of the Thule Society were very interested in racial theory and, in particular, in combating ]s and ]. Sebottendorff planned but failed to kidnap Bavarian socialist ] ] in December 1918.<ref name=Ph/><ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=147}}</ref> During the ] of April 1919, Thulists were accused of trying to infiltrate its government and of attempting a coup. On 26 April, the Communist government in Munich raided the society's premises and took seven of its members into custody, executing them on 30 April. Amongst them were Walter Nauhaus and three aristocrats, including Countess Heila von Westarp, who functioned as the group's secretary, and ], who was related to several European royal families.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929134934/http://www.humanitas-international.org/showcase/chronography/timebase/1919tbse.htm |date=2006-09-29 }}. ''Timebase Multimedia Chronography''. Accessed April 18, 2008.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=148.}}</ref> In response, the Thule organised a citizens' uprising as White troops entered the city on 1 May.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=149.}}</ref>


===''Münchener Beobachter'' newspaper=== ===''Münchener Beobachter'' newspaper===
Line 57: Line 58:


===Deutsche Arbeiterpartei=== ===Deutsche Arbeiterpartei===
] had developed links between the Thule Society and various extreme right workers' organizations in Munich. He established the ] (DAP; German Workers' Party) on 5 January 1919, together with the Thule Society's Karl Harrer. Adolf Hitler joined this party in September the same year. By the end of February 1920, the DAP had been reconstituted as the ] (NSDAP; National Socialist German Workers' Party), often referred to as the Nazi Party.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=150}}</ref> ] had developed links between the Thule Society and various extreme-right workers' organizations in Munich. He established the ] (DAP; German Workers' Party) on 5 January 1919, together with the Thule Society's Karl Harrer. Adolf Hitler joined this party in September of the same year. By the end of February 1920, the DAP had been reconstituted as the ] (NSDAP; National Socialist German Workers' Party), often referred to as the Nazi Party.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=150}}</ref>


Sebottendorff by then had left the Thule Society, and never joined the DAP or the Nazi Party. Dietrich Bronder (''Bevor Hitler kam'', 1964) alleged that other members of the Thule Society were later prominent in Nazi Germany: the list includes ] (who coached Hitler on his ] skills, along with ], and had '']'' dedicated to him), as well as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 1985 221">{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=221}}</ref> Historian ] has described this membership role and similar claims as "spurious" and "fanciful", noting that Feder, Eckart, and Rosenberg were never more than guests to whom the Thule Society extended hospitality during the ],<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=149, 217–225}}</ref> although he has more recently acknowledged that Hess and Frank were members of the society before they came to prominence in the Nazi Party.<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 2003 114"/> It has also been claimed that Adolf Hitler himself was a member.<ref name=Ange9>{{harvnb|Angebert|1974|p=9}}</ref> Evidence on the contrary shows that he never attended a meeting, as attested to by Johannes Hering's diary of society meetings.<ref name=GC201>Johannes Hering, "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Thule-Gesellschaft", typescript dated 21 June 1939, ''Bundesarchiv Koblenz'', NS26/865, cited in Goodrick-Clarke (1985: 201), who concludes: "There is no evidence that Hitler ever attended the Thule Society" (ibid., 201).</ref> It is quite clear that Hitler himself had little interest in, and made little time for, "esoteric" matters.<ref>{{harvnb|Skorzeny|1995}}</ref> (See also Hitler's Nuremberg speech of 6 September 1938 on his disapproval of occultism.){{fact|date=June 2021}} Sebottendorff, by then, had left the Thule Society and never joined the DAP or the Nazi Party. Dietrich Bronder (''Bevor Hitler kam'', 1964) alleged that other members of the Thule Society were later prominent in Nazi Germany: the list includes ] (who coached Hitler on his ] skills, along with ], and had '']'' dedicated to him), as well as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 1985 221">{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=221}}</ref> Historian ] has described this membership roll and similar claims as "spurious" and "fanciful", noting that Feder, Eckart, and Rosenberg were never more than guests to whom the Thule Society extended hospitality during the ],<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=149, 217–225}}</ref> although he has more recently acknowledged that Hess and Frank were members of the society before they came to prominence in the Nazi Party.<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 2003 114"/> It has also been claimed that Adolf Hitler himself was a member.<ref name=Ange9>{{harvnb|Angebert|1974|p=9}}</ref> Evidence on the contrary shows that he never attended a meeting, as attested to by Johannes Hering's diary of society meetings.<ref name=GC201>Johannes Hering, "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Thule-Gesellschaft", typescript dated 21 June 1939, ''Bundesarchiv Koblenz'', NS26/865, cited in Goodrick-Clarke (1985: 201), who concludes: "There is no evidence that Hitler ever attended the Thule Society" (ibid., 201).</ref> It is quite clear that Hitler himself (unlike Himmler, for example) had little interest in, and made little time for, "esoteric" matters.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Skorzeny
|first1 = Otto
|author-link1 = Otto Skorzeny
|year = 1995
|title = My Commando Operations
|url = https://archive.org/details/OttoSkorzenyMyCommandoOperations
|series = Schiffer military history
|publisher = Schiffer Pub.
|page =
|isbn = 9780887407185
|access-date = 19 July 2024
|quote =
}}
</ref>{{pn|date=July 2024}}


Wilhelm Laforce and Max Sesselmann (staff on the ''Münchener Beobachter'') were Thule members who later joined the NSDAP.<ref name="Ph" /> Wilhelm Laforce and Max Sesselmann (staff on the ''Münchener Beobachter'') were Thule members who later joined the NSDAP.<ref name="Ph" />
Line 66: Line 82:
Early in 1920, Karl Harrer was forced out of the DAP as Hitler moved to sever the party's link with the Thule Society, which subsequently fell into decline and was dissolved about five years later,<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 1985 221"/> well before Hitler came to power. Early in 1920, Karl Harrer was forced out of the DAP as Hitler moved to sever the party's link with the Thule Society, which subsequently fell into decline and was dissolved about five years later,<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke 1985 221"/> well before Hitler came to power.


] had withdrawn from the Thule Society in 1919, but he returned to Germany in 1933 in the hope of reviving it. In that year, he published a book entitled ''Bevor Hitler kam'' (''Before Hitler Came''), in which he claimed that the Thule Society had paved the way for the Führer: "Thulers were the ones to whom Hitler first came, and Thulers were the first to unite themselves with Hitler." This claim was not favourably received by the Nazi authorities: after 1933, esoteric organisations were suppressed (including ''völkisch'' occultists), many closed down by anti-] legislation in 1935. Sebottendorff's book was prohibited and he himself was arrested and imprisoned for a short period in 1934, afterwards departing into exile in Turkey. ] had withdrawn from the Thule Society in 1919, but he returned to Germany in 1933, hoping to revive it. In that year, he published a book entitled ''Bevor Hitler kam'' (''Before Hitler Came''), in which he claimed that the Thule Society had paved the way for the Führer: "Thulers were the ones to whom Hitler first came, and Thulers were the first to unite themselves with Hitler." The Nazi authorities did not favourably receive this claim: after 1933, esoteric organisations were suppressed (including ''völkisch'' occultists), and many were closed down by anti-] legislation in 1935. Sebottendorff's book was prohibited, and he was arrested and imprisoned for a short period in 1934 after departing into exile in Turkey.


Nonetheless, it has been argued that some Thule members and their ideas were incorporated into ].<ref name=Ange9/> Some of the Thule Society's teachings were expressed in the books of ].<ref>See, for example, Alfred Rosenberg, ''Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der seelischgeistigen Gestaltungskämpfe unserer Zeit'', München: Hoheneichen, 1930.</ref> Many occult ideas found favour with Heinrich Himmler, who had a great interest in mysticism, unlike Hitler, but the '']'' (SS) under Himmler emulated the structure of ]'s ]<ref>{{harvnb |Höhne |1969 |pp=138, 143–145}}</ref> rather than the Thule Society, according to Hohne. Nonetheless, it has been argued that some Thule members and their ideas were incorporated into ].<ref name=Ange9/> Some of the Thule Society's teachings were expressed in the books of ].<ref>See, for example, Alfred Rosenberg, ''Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der seelischgeistigen Gestaltungskämpfe unserer Zeit'', München: Hoheneichen, 1930.</ref> Many occult ideas found favour with Heinrich Himmler, who had a great interest in mysticism, unlike Hitler, but the '']'' (SS) under Himmler emulated the structure of ]'s ]<ref>{{harvnb |Höhne |1969 |pp=138, 143–145}}</ref> rather than the Thule Society, according to Hohne.


==Conspiracy theories== ==Conspiracy theories==
The Thule Society has become the center of many ] concerning ], due to its occult background (like the ] section of the SS). Such theories include the creation of ]-powered ].<ref>Goodrick-Clarke 2003: 166–169.</ref>{{Title missing}} The Thule Society has become the center of many ] concerning ] due to its occult background (like the ] section of the SS). Such theories include the creation of ]-powered ].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2003|pp=166–169}}


==In popular culture== ==In popular culture==
{{In popular culture|date=October 2018}}

*In popular culture, references to the Thule Society have included the 2013 ] episode "Everybody Hates Hitler" of ] series '']'', in which a group of society members seek out a lost ledger containing information about their experiments with ]. In the 2016 ] episode "The Vessel", a leading member of the Thule Society vies against Dean to find a piece of the ] during World War II. In the ] episode "The One You've Been Waiting For", the Thule leadership endeavors to resurrect ], resulting in the death of both the leadership of the Thule Society and the resurrected Hitler.

*The Thule Society plays a major role in the '']'', a movie set after the ending of the 2003 anime of the same name.

*In '']'', the Thule Society was responsible for conducting a doomsday ritual that caused the titular hero to appear in our world with the aid of ]. In the ], Professor Bruttenholm refers to Adolf Hitler having joined the Thule Society in 1937, describing them as "a group of German aristocrats obsessed with the occult."

*The Thule Society is referenced in several of ]'s ''Laundry Files'' novels and short stories.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

*In the ], the society is mentioned as being the occult force behind the Nazi Party.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

*The Thule Society plays a major part in the '']'' video game series.

*In the '']''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secretworldchronicle.com/ |title=The Secret World Chronicle |publisher=The Secret World Chronicle |access-date=2014-02-24}}</ref> by ], the Thule Society is behind the attacks on Echo facilities on February 15, 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secretworldchronicle.com/characters/the-thule-society/ |title=The Thule Society |publisher=The Secret World Chronicle |date=2004-02-15 |access-date=2014-02-24}}</ref> *In the '']''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secretworldchronicle.com/ |title=The Secret World Chronicle |publisher=The Secret World Chronicle |access-date=2014-02-24}}</ref> by ], the Thule Society is behind the attacks on Echo facilities on February 15, 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secretworldchronicle.com/characters/the-thule-society/ |title=The Thule Society |publisher=The Secret World Chronicle |date=2004-02-15 |access-date=2014-02-24}}</ref>
*In the movie ] ] claims that "in 1937 Hitler joined the Thule Society, a group of German aristocrats obsessed with the occult".

*The Thule Society is featured in the video game '']''.

*The fictional "Brotherhood of Thule" is featured as the American branch of the Thule Society in the 1998 video game '']''.

*The Thule Society plays a role in the Marvel Comics series, '']''. In the story, the Thule Society is under the guidance and leadership of the ], which he uses to protect the Hammer of Skadi when it is summoned to the earth.

*The Thule Society also appears in ]'s brief run on Marvel's '']''.

*The Loyalists of Thule, a group dedicated to the hunt for supernatural creatures, are based on the remnants of the Thule Society in '']'' by ]

*The Thule Society is present in the ]/] '']'' as a hermetic society of dark magic practitioners aiding Nazi Germany in its war against the ].

*The Thule Society is at the center of a conspiracy which is the subject of the Serbian 2017 TV series '']'' ("Shadows over the Balkans"), set in the ] ].

*In '']'', detective Loki who inspects the disappearance of abducted children wears a ring that bears the logo of the Thule Society. The logo appears again in the form of maze drawings on a wall in a scene.


==See also== ==See also==
Line 125: Line 112:
* Jacob, Frank: Die Thule-Gesellschaft und die Kokuryûkai: Geheimgesellschaften im global-historischen Vergleich, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-8260-4909-5}} * Jacob, Frank: Die Thule-Gesellschaft und die Kokuryûkai: Geheimgesellschaften im global-historischen Vergleich, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-8260-4909-5}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Phelps |first1=Reginald H. |title="Before Hitler Came": Thule Society and Germanen Orden |journal=The Journal of Modern History |date=1963 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.1086/243738 |jstor=1899474 |s2cid=143484937 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1899474 |issn=0022-2801}} * {{cite journal |last1=Phelps |first1=Reginald H. |title="Before Hitler Came": Thule Society and Germanen Orden |journal=The Journal of Modern History |date=1963 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.1086/243738 |jstor=1899474 |s2cid=143484937 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1899474 |issn=0022-2801}}
* {{cite book | last =Skorzeny | first =Otto | author-link =Otto Skorzeny | title =My Commando Operations | year = 1995| publisher = | location = | isbn =0-88740-718-8 }} * {{cite book | last =Skorzeny | first =Otto | author-link =Otto Skorzeny | title =My Commando Operations | year = 1995| publisher = Schiffer Pub.| location = | isbn =0-88740-718-8 }}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==

Latest revision as of 01:10, 5 December 2024

German nationalist and occultist movement (1918-25) ‹ The template Infobox political party is being considered for merging. ›
Thule Society Thule-Gesellschaft
German nameThule-Gesellschaft
AbbreviationThuleorden
LeaderWalter Nauhaus
FounderRudolf von Sebottendorf
Founded1918; 106 years ago (1918)
Dissolved1925; 99 years ago (1925)
Split fromGermanenorden
HeadquartersBerlin, Germany
NewspaperMünchener Beobachter
Membership1,500 (peak)
Ideology

The Thule Society (/ˈtuːlə/; German: Thule-Gesellschaft), originally the Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum ('Study Group for Germanic Antiquity'), was a German occultist and Völkisch group founded in Munich shortly after World War I, named after a mythical northern country in Greek legend. The society is notable chiefly as the organization that sponsored the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP; German Workers' Party), which was later reorganized by Adolf Hitler into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party). According to Hitler biographer Ian Kershaw, the organization's "membership list ... reads like a Who's Who of early Nazi sympathizers and leading figures in Munich", including Rudolf Hess, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Julius Lehmann, Gottfried Feder, Dietrich Eckart, and Karl Harrer.

Author Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke contends that Hans Frank and Rudolf Hess had been Thule members, but other leading Nazis had only been invited to speak at Thule meetings, or they were entirely unconnected with it. According to Johannes Hering, "There is no evidence that Hitler ever attended the Thule Society."

Origins

The Thule Society was originally a "German study group" headed by Walter Nauhaus, a wounded World War I veteran turned art student from Berlin who had become a keeper of pedigrees for the Germanenorden (or "Order of Teutons"), a secret society founded in 1911 and formally named in the following year. In 1917, Nauhas moved to Munich; his Thule Society was to be a cover-name for the Munich branch of the Germanenorden, but events developed differently as a result of a schism in the order. In 1918, Nauhas was contacted in Munich by Rudolf von Sebottendorf (or von Sebottendorff), an occultist and newly elected head of the Bavarian province of the schismatic offshoot known as the Germanenorden Walvater of the Holy Grail. The two men became associates in a recruitment campaign, and Sebottendorff adopted Nauhas's Thule Society as a cover-name for his Munich lodge of the Germanenorden Walvater at its formal dedication on 18 August 1918.

Beliefs

A primary focus of the Thule Society was a claim concerning the origins of the Aryan race. In 1917, people who wanted to join the "Germanic Order", out of which the Thule Society developed in 1918, had to sign a special "blood declaration of faith" concerning their lineage:

The signer hereby swears to the best of his knowledge and belief that no Jewish or coloured blood flows in either his or in his wife's veins, and that among their ancestors are no members of the coloured races.

"Thule" (Greek: Θούλη) was a land located by Greco-Roman geographers in the farthest north (often displayed as Iceland). The Latin term "Ultima Thule" is also mentioned by Roman poet Virgil in his pastoral poems called the Georgics. Thule originally was probably the name for Scandinavia, although Virgil simply uses it as a proverbial expression for the edge of the known world, and his mention should not be taken as a substantial reference to Scandinavia. The Thule Society identified Ultima Thule as a lost ancient landmass in the extreme north, near Greenland or Iceland, said by Nazi mystics to be the capital of ancient Hyperborea.

Activities

The Thule Society attracted about 1,500 followers in Bavaria, including 250 followers in Munich.

The followers of the Thule Society were very interested in racial theory and, in particular, in combating Jews and communists. Sebottendorff planned but failed to kidnap Bavarian socialist prime minister Kurt Eisner in December 1918. During the Bavarian revolution of April 1919, Thulists were accused of trying to infiltrate its government and of attempting a coup. On 26 April, the Communist government in Munich raided the society's premises and took seven of its members into custody, executing them on 30 April. Amongst them were Walter Nauhaus and three aristocrats, including Countess Heila von Westarp, who functioned as the group's secretary, and Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis, who was related to several European royal families. In response, the Thule organised a citizens' uprising as White troops entered the city on 1 May.

Münchener Beobachter newspaper

In 1918, the Thule Society bought a local weekly newspaper, the Münchener Beobachter (Munich Observer), and changed its name to Münchener Beobachter und Sportblatt (Munich Observer and Sports Paper) in an attempt to improve its circulation. The Münchener Beobachter later became the Völkischer Beobachter ("Völkisch Observer"), the main Nazi newspaper. It was edited by Karl Harrer.

Deutsche Arbeiterpartei

Anton Drexler had developed links between the Thule Society and various extreme-right workers' organizations in Munich. He established the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP; German Workers' Party) on 5 January 1919, together with the Thule Society's Karl Harrer. Adolf Hitler joined this party in September of the same year. By the end of February 1920, the DAP had been reconstituted as the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP; National Socialist German Workers' Party), often referred to as the Nazi Party.

Sebottendorff, by then, had left the Thule Society and never joined the DAP or the Nazi Party. Dietrich Bronder (Bevor Hitler kam, 1964) alleged that other members of the Thule Society were later prominent in Nazi Germany: the list includes Dietrich Eckart (who coached Hitler on his public speaking skills, along with Erik Jan Hanussen, and had Mein Kampf dedicated to him), as well as Gottfried Feder, Hans Frank, Hermann Göring, Karl Haushofer, Rudolf Hess, Heinrich Himmler, and Alfred Rosenberg. Historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke has described this membership roll and similar claims as "spurious" and "fanciful", noting that Feder, Eckart, and Rosenberg were never more than guests to whom the Thule Society extended hospitality during the Bavarian revolution of 1918, although he has more recently acknowledged that Hess and Frank were members of the society before they came to prominence in the Nazi Party. It has also been claimed that Adolf Hitler himself was a member. Evidence on the contrary shows that he never attended a meeting, as attested to by Johannes Hering's diary of society meetings. It is quite clear that Hitler himself (unlike Himmler, for example) had little interest in, and made little time for, "esoteric" matters.

Wilhelm Laforce and Max Sesselmann (staff on the Münchener Beobachter) were Thule members who later joined the NSDAP.

Dissolution

Early in 1920, Karl Harrer was forced out of the DAP as Hitler moved to sever the party's link with the Thule Society, which subsequently fell into decline and was dissolved about five years later, well before Hitler came to power.

Rudolf von Sebottendorff had withdrawn from the Thule Society in 1919, but he returned to Germany in 1933, hoping to revive it. In that year, he published a book entitled Bevor Hitler kam (Before Hitler Came), in which he claimed that the Thule Society had paved the way for the Führer: "Thulers were the ones to whom Hitler first came, and Thulers were the first to unite themselves with Hitler." The Nazi authorities did not favourably receive this claim: after 1933, esoteric organisations were suppressed (including völkisch occultists), and many were closed down by anti-Masonic legislation in 1935. Sebottendorff's book was prohibited, and he was arrested and imprisoned for a short period in 1934 after departing into exile in Turkey.

Nonetheless, it has been argued that some Thule members and their ideas were incorporated into Nazi Germany. Some of the Thule Society's teachings were expressed in the books of Alfred Rosenberg. Many occult ideas found favour with Heinrich Himmler, who had a great interest in mysticism, unlike Hitler, but the Schutzstaffel (SS) under Himmler emulated the structure of Ignatius Loyola's Jesuit order rather than the Thule Society, according to Hohne.

Conspiracy theories

The Thule Society has become the center of many conspiracy theories concerning Nazi Germany due to its occult background (like the Ahnenerbe section of the SS). Such theories include the creation of vril-powered Nazi UFOs.

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. Phelps 1963
  2. Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris, W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 138–139.
  3. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, pp. 149, 221
  4. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2003, p. 114
  5. ^ Johannes Hering, "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Thule-Gesellschaft", typescript dated 21 June 1939, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, NS26/865, cited in Goodrick-Clarke (1985: 201), who concludes: "There is no evidence that Hitler ever attended the Thule Society" (ibid., 201).
  6. ^ Phelps 1963
  7. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, pp. 127–28, 143
  8. Phelps 1963, n.31.
  9. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, pp. 131, 142–43
  10. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 144
  11. Rudolf von Sebottendorff, Bevor Hitler kam, 1933, page 42 (original: "Blutbekenntnis": "Unterzeichner versichert nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen, daß in seinen und seiner Frau Adern kein jüdisches oder farbiges Blut fließe und daß sich unter den Vorfahren auch keine Angehörigen der farbigen Rassen befinden.")
  12. "Perseus Digital Library", citing Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
  13. "Georgics, by Virgil — trans. in 1916 by H. R. Fairclough (1862–1938)". www.stoictherapy.com. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  14. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 554. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
  15. Goodrick-Clarke, Nicolas (1995) The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology New YorkL NYU Press. p.145 ISBN 9780814730607
  16. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 143
  17. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 147
  18. Timebase 1919 Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Timebase Multimedia Chronography. Accessed April 18, 2008.
  19. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 148.
  20. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 149.
  21. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 150
  22. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 221
  23. Goodrick-Clarke 1985, pp. 149, 217–225
  24. ^ Angebert 1974, p. 9
  25. Skorzeny, Otto (1995). My Commando Operations. Schiffer military history. Schiffer Pub. ISBN 9780887407185. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  26. See, for example, Alfred Rosenberg, Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der seelischgeistigen Gestaltungskämpfe unserer Zeit, München: Hoheneichen, 1930.
  27. Höhne 1969, pp. 138, 143–145
  28. Goodrick-Clarke 2003, pp. 166–169.
  29. "The Secret World Chronicle". The Secret World Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  30. "The Thule Society". The Secret World Chronicle. 2004-02-15. Retrieved 2014-02-24.

Bibliography

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