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{{short description|Indian chemist, educator and industrialist}}
⚫ '''Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar''', also known as '''T. K. Gajjar''', (1863–1920) was an industrial ], educationist and industrialist from India. He was a pioneer and proponent of modern industrial chemical industry in western region of India. He introduced German synthetic dyes to the Indian textile industry, initiated large-scale alcohol production, and advanced technical education. He taught at ] in ] (now Vadodara in ]) and later at ], ] (now Mumbai). He was a founder of chemistry laboratories and co-founder of ].
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar
| image = T K Gajjar.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1863|8|3}}
| birth_place = ], ], ]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1920|7|16|1863|8|3}}
| death_place = ], British India
| nationality = British Indian
| fields = Chemistry
| workplaces = {{ublist | ]|] }}
| alma_mater = ], ]
| awards =
| signature =
}}

⚫ '''Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar''', also known as '''T. K. Gajjar''', (1863–1920) was an industrial ], educator and industrialist from India. He was a pioneer and proponent of modern industrial chemical industry in western region of ]. He introduced German synthetic dyes to the Indian textile industry, initiated large-scale alcohol production, and advanced technical education. He taught at ] in ] (now Vadodara in ]) and later at ], ] (now Mumbai). He was a founder of chemistry laboratories and co-founder of ].


==Early Life and Education== ==Early Life and Education==
Tribhuvandas Gajjar was born in 3 August 1863 in ] (now in Gujarat) into the Vaishya ] caste, traditionally associated with carpentry.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=J. P. |title=ગજ્જર, ત્રિભુવનદાસ કલ્યાણદાસ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0-%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8-%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=] |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nandini |title=The Bazaar and the Indigenous Pharmaceuticals Industry |date=2023-07-01 |work=Disparate Remedies: Making Medicines in Modern India |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK592786/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |publisher=McGill-Queen’s University Press |language=en}}</ref> His father, Kalyandas, (1829-1915) was a prominent civil engineer and businessman, owning timber shops in Surat and ]. His father had written books on traditional architecture.<ref name=":0" /> Fulkorben was his mother.<ref name=":2" /> Gajjar displayed early mechanical aptitude, experimenting with broken laboratory equipment and mastering carpentry skills in his father’s workshop.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kochhar |first=Rajesh |date=2013-04-25 |title=Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar (1863-1920): The pioneering industrial chemist of Western India |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/08/1093.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=104 |issue=8 |pages=1093-1097}}</ref> he had interest in several subjects including science and maths.<ref name=":1" /> Tribhuvandas Gajjar was born in 3 August 1863 in ] (now in Gujarat) into the Vaishya ] caste, traditionally associated with carpentry.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=J. P. |title=ગજ્જર, ત્રિભુવનદાસ કલ્યાણદાસ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0-%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8-%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=] |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nandini |title=The Bazaar and the Indigenous Pharmaceuticals Industry |date=2023-07-01 |work=Disparate Remedies: Making Medicines in Modern India |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK592786/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |publisher=McGill-Queen’s University Press |language=en}}</ref> His father, Kalyandas, (1829–1915) was a prominent civil engineer and businessman, owning timber shops in Surat and ]. His father had written books on traditional architecture.<ref name=":0" /> Fulkorben was his mother.<ref name=":2" /> Gajjar displayed early mechanical aptitude, experimenting with broken laboratory equipment and mastering carpentry skills in his father’s workshop.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kochhar |first=Rajesh |date=2013-04-25 |title=Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar (1863-1920): The pioneering industrial chemist of Western India |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/08/1093.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=104 |issue=8 |pages=1093–1097}}</ref> he had interest in several subjects including science and maths.<ref name=":1" />


After excelling in his ] in 1879, Gajjar joined ], ], earning a B. Sc. in chemistry in 1882, standing first in his class. In 1884, he completed an MA in chemistry.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> He had briefly studied medicine at ] as well as law with his friend.<ref name=":1" /> He lived in ] for some time.<ref name=":2" /> After excelling in his ] in 1879, Gajjar joined ], ], earning a B. Sc. in chemistry in 1882, standing first in his class. In 1884, he completed an MA in chemistry.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> He had briefly studied medicine at ] as well as law with his friend.<ref name=":1" /> He lived in ] for some time.<ref name=":2" />
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Gajjar wanted to start a polytechnic in Surat with help of Tapidas Sheth who had agreed to fund but the project failed due to death of Tapidas.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Gajjar wanted to start a polytechnic in Surat with help of Tapidas Sheth who had agreed to fund but the project failed due to death of Tapidas.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


He joined Baroda College as professor of chemistry in 1886.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He started a printing and dyeing laboratory in Baroda.<ref name=":2" /> He published a Gujarati trimonthly ''Rang Rahasya'' about dyeing.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Recognizing the need for practical education in science, he proposed a polytechnic institute, leading to the establishment of ] in 1890 under the support of ]. As principal, Gajjar introduced courses in civil and mechanical engineering, textile chemistry, and dyeing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> He emphasised the education in native languages and founded the Vernacular Academy to promote the cause. Collaborating with Yashwant B. Athlye, he planned a scientific and educational books in Gujarati and Marathi, supported by a grant of Rs. 50,000 from ]. This effort resulted in the publication of two book series: ''Sayaji Gnanmanjusha'' and ''Sayaji Laghu Gnanmanjusha''; overseen by Gajjar. He also conceived a multilingual thesaurus but was never completed.<ref name=":1" /> When his idea to convert Kala Bhavan in an industrial university did not succeed and due to frustration with bureaucracy, he resigned from Kala Bhavan, and moved to Bombay in 1896.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> He joined ] as professor of chemistry in 1886.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He started a printing and dyeing laboratory in ].<ref name=":2" /> He published a Gujarati quarterly ''Rang Rahasya'' about dyeing.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Recognizing the need for practical education in science, he proposed a polytechnic institute, leading to the establishment of ] in 1890 under the support of ]. As principal, Gajjar introduced courses in civil and mechanical engineering, textile chemistry, and dyeing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> He emphasised the education in native languages and founded the Vernacular Academy to promote the cause. Collaborating with Yashwant B. Athlye, he planned a scientific and educational books in Gujarati and Marathi, supported by a grant of Rs. 50,000 from ]. This effort resulted in the publication of two book series: ''Sayaji Gnanmanjusha'' and ''Sayaji Laghu Gnanmanjusha''; overseen by Gajjar. He also conceived a multilingual thesaurus but was never completed.<ref name=":1" /> When his idea to convert Kala Bhavan in an industrial university did not succeed and due to frustration with bureaucracy, he resigned from Kala Bhavan, and moved to Bombay in 1896.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />


He played a critical role in revolutionizing the Indian textile industry. At a time when traditional vegetable dyes were losing global markets to coal-tar-based synthetic dyes, Gajjar partnered with German manufacturers to establish training programs in India. He collaborated with industrialist ] to integrate dyeing technology into Indian mills, setting up laboratories and training schools in Surat, ], Ahmedabad, ], ] and other cities. His efforts helped Indian mills adopt advanced dyeing techniques, saving the industry from stagnation and providing employment to thousands of workers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> He played a critical role in revolutionizing the Indian textile industry. At a time when traditional vegetable dyes were losing global markets to coal-tar-based synthetic dyes, Gajjar partnered with German manufacturers to establish training programs in India. He collaborated with industrialist ] to integrate dyeing technology into Indian mills, setting up laboratories and training schools in Surat, ], Ahmedabad, ], ] and other cities. His efforts helped Indian mills adopt advanced dyeing techniques, saving the industry from stagnation and providing employment to thousands of workers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />


After moving to Bombay, he joined ] as a professor of chemistry and also started a laboratory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He revised the curricula of the ] to include industrial applications of chemistry.<ref name=":0" /> His private initiative, the Techno-Chemical Laboratory in Girgaum, founded in 1900, trained students in starting their own factories, leading to the establishment of several industries. His laboratory allowed to award MA in Chemistry in 1907 by the University of Bombay.<ref name=":0" /> After moving to Bombay, he joined ] as a professor of chemistry and also started a laboratory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He revised the curricula of the ] to include industrial applications of chemistry.<ref name=":0" /> His private initiative, the Techno-Chemical Laboratory in Girgaum, founded in 1900, trained students in starting their own factories, leading to the establishment of several industries. His laboratory allowed to award MA in Chemistry in 1907 by the University of Bombay.<ref name=":0" />
]
⚫ He developed techniques to clean pearls and to refine chemicals in his laboratory. The pearl cleaning technique brought him wealth but also legal issues. He also developed and patented a medicine during the ].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He had also devised Iodine Terchloride treatment of plague.<ref name=":2" /> When nationalist ] tarred ]’s marble statue in Bombay in October 1896, he help it clean it when all other attempts failed. He was awarded {{INR}}2000 as a prize in 1897 for help. His {{INR}}5000 fees for the service were paid by ], ], when the government and the municipality could not.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kothari |first=Urvish |date=2023-10-17 |title=Tribhuvandas K. Gajjar, the Gujarati chemist who cleaned Queen Victoria's marble statue |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/tribhuvandas-k-gajjar-the-gujarati-chemist-who-cleaned-queen-victorias-marble-statue/1806787/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" />


⚫ His student Anant Shridhar Kotibhaskar founded a laboratory in ], Bombay and was funded by Gajjar in sum of {{INR}}50,000. In 1903, he started a small factory called Parel Laboratories in Bombay. Later another spirit factory was started in Baroda in 1905 and a ] factory in ] which was operational till 1907. In 1907, he co-founded ] in ] with Kotibhaskar and his another student Bhailal Dajibhai Amin joined them later. The company initially focused on the production of rectified spirit, pharmaceutical products, and chemical reagents. The company’s distillation facilities were further expanded during ], supplying alcohol and essential chemicals.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
⚫ He developed techniques to clean pearls and to refine chemicals in his laboratory. The pearl cleaning technique brought him wealth but also legal issues. He also developed and patented a medicine during the ].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He had also devised Iodine Terchloride treatment of plague.<ref name=":2" /> When nationalist ] tarred ]’s marble statue in Bombay in October 1896, he help it clean it when all other attempts failed. His Rs. 5000 fees were paid by ], Adamji Pirbhai, when the government and the municipality could not.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kothari |first=Urvish |date=2023-10-17 |title=Tribhuvandas K. Gajjar, the Gujarati chemist who cleaned Queen Victoria’s marble statue |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/tribhuvandas-k-gajjar-the-gujarati-chemist-who-cleaned-queen-victorias-marble-statue/1806787/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

⚫ His student Anant Shridhar Kotibhaskar founded a laboratory in ], Bombay and was funded by Gajjar in sum of Rs. 50000. In 1903, he started a small factory called Parel Laboratories in Bombay. Later another spirit factory was started in Baroda in 1905 and a lac factory in ] which was operational till 1907. In 1907, he co-founded ] in ] with Kotibhaskar and his another student Bhailal Dajibhai Amin joined them later. The company initially focused on the production of rectified spirit, pharmaceutical products, and chemical reagents. The company’s distillation facilities were further expanded during ], supplying alcohol and essential chemicals.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


He died on 16 July 1920 in Bombay.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=ત્રિભુવનદાસ કે. ગજ્જર: રાણી વિક્ટોરિયાનાં પૂતળા પર દૂર કરવા અશક્ય મનાતા ડાઘને સાફ કરી આપનારા ગુજરાતી રસાયણશાસ્ત્રી |url=https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/articles/cx0l22qq7k5o |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=BBC News ગુજરાતી |language=gu}}</ref> He died on 16 July 1920 in Bombay.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=ત્રિભુવનદાસ કે. ગજ્જર: રાણી વિક્ટોરિયાનાં પૂતળા પર દૂર કરવા અશક્ય મનાતા ડાઘને સાફ કરી આપનારા ગુજરાતી રસાયણશાસ્ત્રી |url=https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/articles/cx0l22qq7k5o |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=BBC News ગુજરાતી |language=gu}}</ref>
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== Publication == == Publication ==


* {{Cite journal |last=Gajjar |first=T. K. |date=1902-04-01 |title=The Iodine Terchloride Treatment of Plague |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5156203/ |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=134 |pmc=PMC5156203 |pmid=29003668}} * {{Cite journal |last=Gajjar |first=T. K. |date=1902-04-01 |title=The Iodine Terchloride Treatment of Plague |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=134 |pmc=5156203 |pmid=29003668}}


== See also == == See also ==
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== Further reading == == Further reading ==


* {{Cite book |last=Mandali |first=Popatlal |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Tribhuvanad%C4%81sa_Gajjara.html?id=R2r5zwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Tribhuvanadas Gajjar |date=2022 |publisher=Rannade Prakashan |isbn=978-93-94337-75-6 |language=gu}} * {{Cite book |last=Mandali |first=Popatlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2r5zwEACAAJ |title=Tribhuvanadas Gajjar |date=2022 |publisher=Rannade Prakashan |isbn=978-93-94337-75-6 |language=gu}}


==External links== ==External links==
* *

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gajjar, Tribhuvandas Kalyandas}}
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Latest revision as of 07:52, 5 December 2024

Indian chemist, educator and industrialist

Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar
Born(1863-08-03)3 August 1863
Surat, Bombay Presidency, British India
Died16 July 1920(1920-07-16) (aged 56)
Bombay, British India
NationalityBritish Indian
Alma materElphinstone College, Bombay
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
Institutions

Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar, also known as T. K. Gajjar, (1863–1920) was an industrial chemist, educator and industrialist from India. He was a pioneer and proponent of modern industrial chemical industry in western region of British India. He introduced German synthetic dyes to the Indian textile industry, initiated large-scale alcohol production, and advanced technical education. He taught at Kala Bhavan in Baroda (now Vadodara in Gujarat) and later at Wilson College, Bombay (now Mumbai). He was a founder of chemistry laboratories and co-founder of Alembic Chemical Works.

Early Life and Education

Tribhuvandas Gajjar was born in 3 August 1863 in Surat (now in Gujarat) into the Vaishya Suthar caste, traditionally associated with carpentry. His father, Kalyandas, (1829–1915) was a prominent civil engineer and businessman, owning timber shops in Surat and Ahmedabad. His father had written books on traditional architecture. Fulkorben was his mother. Gajjar displayed early mechanical aptitude, experimenting with broken laboratory equipment and mastering carpentry skills in his father’s workshop. he had interest in several subjects including science and maths.

After excelling in his matriculation in 1879, Gajjar joined Elphinstone College, Bombay, earning a B. Sc. in chemistry in 1882, standing first in his class. In 1884, he completed an MA in chemistry. He had briefly studied medicine at Grant Medical College as well as law with his friend. He lived in Karachi for some time.

Career

Gajjar wanted to start a polytechnic in Surat with help of Tapidas Sheth who had agreed to fund but the project failed due to death of Tapidas.

He joined Baroda College as professor of chemistry in 1886. He started a printing and dyeing laboratory in Baroda. He published a Gujarati quarterly Rang Rahasya about dyeing. Recognizing the need for practical education in science, he proposed a polytechnic institute, leading to the establishment of Kala Bhavan in 1890 under the support of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. As principal, Gajjar introduced courses in civil and mechanical engineering, textile chemistry, and dyeing. He emphasised the education in native languages and founded the Vernacular Academy to promote the cause. Collaborating with Yashwant B. Athlye, he planned a scientific and educational books in Gujarati and Marathi, supported by a grant of Rs. 50,000 from Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. This effort resulted in the publication of two book series: Sayaji Gnanmanjusha and Sayaji Laghu Gnanmanjusha; overseen by Gajjar. He also conceived a multilingual thesaurus but was never completed. When his idea to convert Kala Bhavan in an industrial university did not succeed and due to frustration with bureaucracy, he resigned from Kala Bhavan, and moved to Bombay in 1896.

He played a critical role in revolutionizing the Indian textile industry. At a time when traditional vegetable dyes were losing global markets to coal-tar-based synthetic dyes, Gajjar partnered with German manufacturers to establish training programs in India. He collaborated with industrialist J. N. Tata to integrate dyeing technology into Indian mills, setting up laboratories and training schools in Surat, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Amritsar and other cities. His efforts helped Indian mills adopt advanced dyeing techniques, saving the industry from stagnation and providing employment to thousands of workers.

After moving to Bombay, he joined Wilson College as a professor of chemistry and also started a laboratory. He revised the curricula of the University of Bombay to include industrial applications of chemistry. His private initiative, the Techno-Chemical Laboratory in Girgaum, founded in 1900, trained students in starting their own factories, leading to the establishment of several industries. His laboratory allowed to award MA in Chemistry in 1907 by the University of Bombay.

The statue of queen Victoria which Gajjar helped to clean

He developed techniques to clean pearls and to refine chemicals in his laboratory. The pearl cleaning technique brought him wealth but also legal issues. He also developed and patented a medicine during the Spanish flu. He had also devised Iodine Terchloride treatment of plague. When nationalist Damodar Chapekar tarred Queen Victoria’s marble statue in Bombay in October 1896, he help it clean it when all other attempts failed. He was awarded ₹2000 as a prize in 1897 for help. His ₹5000 fees for the service were paid by Adamjee Peerbhoy, Sheriff of Bombay, when the government and the municipality could not.

His student Anant Shridhar Kotibhaskar founded a laboratory in Parel, Bombay and was funded by Gajjar in sum of ₹50,000. In 1903, he started a small factory called Parel Laboratories in Bombay. Later another spirit factory was started in Baroda in 1905 and a lac factory in Nadiad which was operational till 1907. In 1907, he co-founded Alembic Chemical Works in Baroda with Kotibhaskar and his another student Bhailal Dajibhai Amin joined them later. The company initially focused on the production of rectified spirit, pharmaceutical products, and chemical reagents. The company’s distillation facilities were further expanded during World War I, supplying alcohol and essential chemicals.

He died on 16 July 1920 in Bombay.

Personal life

Gajjar had a son. He was a friend with several writers and poets such as Govardhanram Tripathi, Kant and Balwantray Thakore. Govardhanram Tripathi had died in his bunglow at Bombay.

Publication

See also

References

  1. ^ Kothari, Urvish (17 October 2023). "Tribhuvandas K. Gajjar, the Gujarati chemist who cleaned Queen Victoria's marble statue". ThePrint. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  2. ^ Trivedi, J. P. "ગજ્જર, ત્રિભુવનદાસ કલ્યાણદાસ". Gujarati Vishwakosh (in Gujarati). Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  3. ^ Bhattacharya, Nandini (1 July 2023), "The Bazaar and the Indigenous Pharmaceuticals Industry", Disparate Remedies: Making Medicines in Modern India, McGill-Queen’s University Press, retrieved 1 December 2024
  4. ^ Kochhar, Rajesh (25 April 2013). "Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar (1863-1920): The pioneering industrial chemist of Western India" (PDF). Current Science. 104 (8): 1093–1097.
  5. ^ "ત્રિભુવનદાસ કે. ગજ્જર: રાણી વિક્ટોરિયાનાં પૂતળા પર દૂર કરવા અશક્ય મનાતા ડાઘને સાફ કરી આપનારા ગુજરાતી રસાયણશાસ્ત્રી". BBC News ગુજરાતી (in Gujarati). 5 February 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2024.

Further reading

External links

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