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{{Short description|American criminal and cult leader (1934–2017)}}
{{Infobox Criminal
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
| subject_name = Charles Manson
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
| image_name = Charles-mansonbookingphoto.jpg
{{Use American English|date=November 2017}}
| image_size = 150px
{{Infobox criminal
| image_caption =
| image = Manson1968.jpg
| date_of_birth = {{birth date and age|1934|11|12|mf=y}}
| caption = Manson's 1968 mugshot
| place_of_birth = ], ]
| birth_name = Charles Milles Maddox
| date_of_death =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|11|12}}
| place_of_death =
| birth_place = ], Ohio, U.S.
| charge = Murder and conspiracy<!---See appeals-court decision at http://online.ceb.com/calcases/CA3/61CA3d102.htm--->
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|11|19|1934|11|12}}
| penalty = Death, reduced by abolition of death penalty to life in prison
| death_place = ], U.S.
| status = Ineligible for parole until ]
| occupation =
| parents = Kathleen Maddox, Colonel Scott (father), William Manson (stepfather)
| motive =
| spouse = Rosalie Jean Willis; Leona (last name unknown) aka Candy Stevens
| other_names =
| children = Charles Milles Manson, Jr. (mother Rosalie Jean Willis), Charles Luther Manson (mother Leona), Valentine Michael "Pooh Bear" Manson (mother ])
| known_for = ]
| conviction = {{plainlist|
* ] (7 counts)
* ]
}}
| penalty = ]; ] to ]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Rosalie Willis|1955|1958|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Leona Stevens|1959|1963|end=div}}
}}
| children = 3
| partners = Members of the ], including ], ], and ]
| height =
| imprisoned =
| signature = Charles Manson signature2.svg
| victims = 9+ ]
| alt = Black-and-white headshot photo of a crazy-eyed man with a dark mop of hair and beard
}} }}


'''Charles Milles Manson''' ({{ne|'''Maddox'''}}; November 12, 1934 – November 19, 2017) was an American criminal, ], and musician who led the ], a cult based in California in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref name="Juschka 2023">{{cite book |author-last=Juschka |author-first=Darlene M. |year=2023 |chapter=Chapter 4: Space Aliens and Deities Compared |editor1-last=Freudenberg |editor1-first=Maren |editor2-last=Elwert |editor2-first=Frederik |editor3-last=Karis |editor3-first=Tim |editor4-last=Radermacher |editor4-first=Martin |editor5-last=Schlamelcher |editor5-first=Jens |title=Stepping Back and Looking Ahead: Twelve Years of Studying Religious Contact at the Käte Hamburger Kolleg Bochum |location=] and ] |publisher=] |series=Dynamics in the History of Religions |volume=13 |doi=10.1163/9789004549319_006 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-54931-9 |issn=1878-8106 |pages=124–145}}</ref> Some cult members committed a ] at four locations in July and August 1969. In 1971, Manson was convicted of ] and ] for the ], including the film actress ]. The prosecution contended that, while Manson never directly ordered the murders, his ] constituted an overt ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/61/102.html|title=People v. Manson|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=May 11, 2019|archive-date=May 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054853/https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/61/102.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<!---Please do not add trivia section or listings of instances where Manson is mentioned in songs, films or other media. This is covered sufficiently in the "Manson and culture" section. Thank you.--->'''Charles Milles<!--- Middle name is "Milles," not "Willis." See midpoint of "February 1970" chapter of Bugliosi and Gentry's "Helter Skelter." ---> Manson''' (b. ], ]) is a convict who led the "Manson Family,"<!---No need for internal link to "Manson Family," which self-redirects---> a quasi-] that arose in the U.S. state of ] in the later ].<ref>Linder, Doug. .'' UMKC Law. 2002. Retrieved ] ].</ref><ref name="bugliosi313">Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. ''Helter Skelter — The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition'', W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. ISBN 0-393-08700-X. Pages 163-4, 313.</ref><ref>Smith, David E. and Rose, Alan J. . Journal of the American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine, 1970. 17(3):99-106.</ref> He was found guilty of ] to commit the Tate-LaBianca murders,<!---No need for internal link to "Tate-LaBianca murders," which self-redirects---> which members of the group carried out at his instruction. Through the joint-responsibility rule of conspiracy,<ref>. Page 1 of multi-page transcript, 2violent.com. Retrieved ] ].</ref> he was convicted of the murders themselves.


Before the murders, Manson had spent more than half of his life in ]. While gathering his cult following, he was a ] on the fringe of the ] music industry, chiefly through a chance association with ] of ], who introduced Manson to record producer ]. In 1968, the Beach Boys recorded Manson's song "Cease to Exist", renamed "]" as a single ], but Manson was uncredited. Afterward, he attempted to secure a record contract through Melcher, but was unsuccessful.
Manson is forever associated with "]", the term he took from the ] ] and construed as a race-based conflict that the crimes were intended to precipitate. This unusual connection with ] linked him, from the beginning of his notoriety, with ], in which he became an emblem of transgression, rebellion, evil, ghoulishness, bloody violence, homicidal psychosis, and the ]. Ultimately, the term was used as the title of the ] that prosecutor ] wrote about the Manson murders.


Manson would often talk about ], including their ]. According to ] ], Manson felt guided by his interpretation of the Beatles' lyrics and adopted the term "]" to describe an impending ] ].<ref name="Juschka 2023"/> During his trial, Bugliosi argued that Manson had intended to start a race war, although Manson and others disputed this. Contemporary interviews and trial witness testimony insisted that the Tate–LaBianca murders were ]s intended to exonerate Manson's friend ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cielodrive.com/manson-murders-motive-copycat.php|title=Manson Murders Motive {{!}} Copycat Motive|website=www.cielodrive.com|access-date=May 11, 2019|archive-date=May 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511010512/http://www.cielodrive.com/manson-murders-motive-copycat.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite AV media|people=James Buddy Day (Director)|date=2017|title=Charles Manson: The Final Words|publisher=Pyramid Productions}}</ref> Manson himself denied having ordered any murders. Nevertheless, he ] and died from complications from colon cancer in 2017.
At the time the Family began to form, Manson was an unemployed ex-convict, who had spent half his life in correctional institutions for a variety of offenses. In the period before the murders, he was a distant fringe member of the ] music industry, chiefly via a chance association with ] ]. After Manson was charged with the crimes, recordings of songs written and performed by him were released commercially; a number of artists have covered his songs in the decades since.


== 1934–1967: Early life ==
Manson's ] was automatically reduced to ] when a decision by the Supreme Court of California temporarily eliminated the state's death penalty.<ref> deathpenalty.org. Retrieved 5 December 2007.</ref> California's eventual reestablishment of ] did not affect Manson, who is an inmate at ].
=== Childhood ===
Charles Milles Maddox was born on November 12, 1934, to 15-year-old Ada Kathleen Maddox (1919–1973) of ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theclever.com/15-lesser-known-facts-about-charles-manson/ |title=15 Lesser-Known Facts About The Late Charles Manson |date=November 21, 2017 |publisher=The Clever |last=Woods |first=Jared |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129074434/https://www.theclever.com/15-lesser-known-facts-about-charles-manson/ |archive-date=November 29, 2017 |access-date=November 22, 2017 }}</ref><ref>; geni.com</ref> in the ] in ], Ohio.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–137}}<ref>Reitwiesner, William Addams. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010208/http://www.wargs.com/other/manson.html |date=March 5, 2016}}; retrieved April 26, 2007.</ref> Manson's biological father appears to have been Colonel Walker Henderson Scott, Sr. (1910–1954)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-Manson,Charles.html |title=''Internet Accuracy Project: Charles Manson'' |website=AccuracyProject.org |access-date=October 28, 2012 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224141140/https://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-Manson,Charles.html |url-status=live }}</ref> of ], against whom Maddox filed a ] suit that resulted in an ] in 1937.<ref name="mom">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Dave |title=Mother Tells Life of Manson as Boy |newspaper=] |date=January 26, 1971 }}</ref> Scott worked intermittently in local mills, and had a local reputation as a ]. He allowed Maddox to believe that he was an army colonel, although "Colonel" was merely his given name. When Maddox told Scott that she was pregnant, he informed her that he had been called away on army business; after several months she realized he had no intention of returning.{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=22}} Manson never knew his biological father.


In August 1934, before Manson's birth, Maddox married William Eugene Manson (1909–1961), a laborer at a ] business. Maddox often went on drinking sprees with her brother Luther Elbert Maddox (1916–1950), leaving Charles with babysitters. Maddox and her husband divorced on April 30, 1937, after William alleged "gross neglect of duty" by Maddox. Charles retained William's last name of Manson.{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=23}} On August 1, 1939, Kathleen and Luther were arrested for assault and robbery, and sentenced to five and ten years of imprisonment, respectively.{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=27}}
== Early life ==
===Childhood===
First known as "no name Maddox,"<ref name="bugliosi136">Bugliosi 1994, p. 136-7.</ref><ref name="emmons">Emmons, Nuel. Grove Press, New York; 1988. ISBN 0-8021-3024-0</ref><ref name="mom">Smith, Dave. 1971 article copy on Manson Family Today.info. Retrieved ], ]</ref> Manson was born to unmarried, sixteen-year-old Kathleen Maddox in Cincinnati General Hospital, ], ]; no more than three weeks after his birth, he was ''Charles Milles Maddox''.<ref name="bugliosi136"/><ref>Reitwiesner, William Addams. Retrieved ] ].</ref><ref name="birthcert"> MansonDirect.com. Retrieved ] 2007.</ref>
For a period, after her son's birth, Kathleen Maddox was married to a laborer named William Manson,<ref name="birthcert"/> whose last name the boy was given. Charles Manson's biological father appears to have been a "Colonel Scott", against whom Maddox filed a ] suit that resulted in an ] in 1937.<ref name="bugliosi136"/> Possibly, Charles never really knew him.<ref name="bugliosi136"/><ref name="mom"/>


Manson was placed in the home of an aunt and uncle in ].<ref name="ketchup">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/07/books/a-new-look-at-charles-manson-by-jeff-guinn.html |title = Long Before Little Charlie Became the Face of Evil |date = August 7, 2013 |work = ] |access-date = January 7, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930225705/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/07/books/a-new-look-at-charles-manson-by-jeff-guinn.html |archive-date = September 30, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> His mother was paroled in 1942. Manson later characterized the first weeks after she returned from prison as the happiest time in his life.{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=36}} Weeks after her release, Manson's family moved to ],{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=38}} where he continually played ] and his mother spent her evenings drinking.<ref name="Medium">{{cite web|first=H. Allegra|last=Lansing|url=https://medium.com/@themansonfamily_mtts/son-of-man-the-early-life-of-charles-manson-c89d41d03bf8|title=Son of Man: The Early Life of Charles Manson|website=]|publisher=A Medium Corporation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=July 11, 2019|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=February 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228032216/https://themansonfamily-mtts.medium.com/son-of-man-the-early-life-of-charles-manson-c89d41d03bf8|url-status=live}}</ref> She was arrested for ], but not convicted.<ref>{{cite news|first=Janet|last=Maslin|author-link=Janet Maslin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/07/books/a-new-look-at-charles-manson-by-jeff-guinn.html|title=Long Before Little Charlie Became the Face of Evil|newspaper=]|location=New York City|date=August 6, 2013|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=September 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930225705/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/07/books/a-new-look-at-charles-manson-by-jeff-guinn.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The family later moved to ], where Maddox met alcoholic Lewis Woodson Cavender Jr. (1916–1979) through ] meetings, and married him in August&nbsp;1943.<ref name="Medium"/>
Young Manson's mother<!--- "Young" modifies Manson, not mother--->, allegedly a drinker,<ref name="bugliosi136"/> once sold him for a pitcher of beer to a childless waitress, from whom his uncle retrieved him some days later.<ref name="emmons"/> When his mother and her brother were sentenced to five years imprisonment for robbing a ], service station in 1939, Manson was placed in the ], home of an aunt and uncle who were very religious. Upon his mother's 1942 parole, Manson was returned to his mother and lived with her in run-down hotel rooms.<ref name="bugliosi136"/>

In 1947, Kathleen Maddox tried to have her son placed in a ] but failed because no such home was available.<ref name="bugliosi136"/> The court placed Manson in Gibault School for Boys, ], ]. After ten months, he fled from there to his mother, who rejected him.<ref name="bugliosi136"/>


=== First offenses === === First offenses ===
In an interview with ], Manson stated that when he was aged 9, he ].<ref>"Charles Manson – Diane Sawyer Documentary.</ref> He also got repeatedly in trouble for truancy and petty theft. Although there was a lack of foster home placements, in 1947, at the age of 13, Manson was placed in the ] in ], a school for male delinquents run by ] priests.{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=43}} Gibault was a strict school, where punishment for even the smallest infraction included beatings with either a wooden paddle or a leather strap. Manson ran away from Gibault and slept in the woods, under bridges and wherever else he could find shelter.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|first=Al|last=Hunter|title=Charles Manson – Hoosier Juvenile Dilenquent|newspaper=The Weekly View|date=January 22, 2015}}</ref>
By burgling<!--- As of 30 November 2007, the verb "burgle" or "burglarize" appears in the present article twice — here and a few sentences below; should an editor change it in one place, he or she will kindly ensure its two instances match. ---><!--- This was BURGLARY, NOT ROBBERY ---> a ], Manson obtained cash that enabled him to rent a room.<ref name="bugliosi136"/> A string of burglaries<!---BURGLARY, NOT ROBBERY---> of other stores, from one of which he stole a bicycle, ended when he was caught in the act and sent to an ] juvenile center. His escape after one day led to his recapture and his placement in ], from which he escaped with another boy four days after his arrival. The pair committed two armed robberies on their way to the home of the other boy's uncle.<ref name="bugliosi137">Bugliosi, p. 137-146</ref>


Manson fled home to his mother and spent Christmas 1947 at his aunt and uncle's house in West Virginia.{{sfn|Guinn|2013|pp=37–42}} However, his mother returned him to Gibault. Ten months later, he ran away to Indianapolis.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dawn|last=Mitchell|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/history/retroindy/2014/01/14/charles-manson/4471927/|title=Retro Indy: Charles Manson, mass murderer and cult leader, spent time in Indiana|newspaper=]|date=January 14, 2014|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919163018/https://www.indystar.com/story/news/history/retroindy/2014/01/14/charles-manson/4471927/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was there, in 1948, Manson committed his first documented crime by robbing a grocery store, at first to simply find something to eat. However, Manson found a cigar box containing just over a hundred dollars, which he used to rent a room on Indianapolis' Skid Row and to buy food.<ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Mercer|date=November 20, 2017|access-date=August 17, 2020|url=https://news.sky.com/story/charles-mansons-life-and-crimes-a-timeline-11135463|title=Charles Manson's life and crimes: a timeline|website=]|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024201551/https://news.sky.com/story/charles-mansons-life-and-crimes-a-timeline-11135463|url-status=live}}</ref>
Caught during the second of two subsequent break-ins of grocery stores, Manson was sent to the Indiana School for Boys at age thirteen. After many failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in 1951. In ], having burgled<!--- As of 30 November 2007, the verb "burgle" or "burglarize" appears in the present article twice — here and a few sentences above; should an editor change it in one place, he or she will kindly ensure its two instances match. ---><!--- These were BURGLARIES, NOT ROBBERIES ---> gas stations all along the way, the three were caught driving to ] in cars they had stolen. For the federal crime of taking a stolen car across a state line, Manson was sent to the ], National Training School for Boys. Despite four years of schooling and an average ] of 109 (later tested at 121),<ref name="bugliosi137"/> he was ]. A ] concluded he was aggressively ].<ref name="bugliosi137"/>


For a time, Manson had a job delivering messages for ] in an attempt to live honestly. However, he quickly began to supplement his wages through theft.<ref name=":2" /> He was eventually caught, and in 1949 a sympathetic judge sent him to ], a juvenile facility in ].<ref name=SawyerInterview>Charles Manson – Diane Sawyer Interview.</ref> After four days at Boys Town, he and fellow student Blackie Nielson obtained a gun and stole a car. They used it to commit two armed robberies on their way to the home of Nielson's uncle in ].{{sfn|Guinn|2013|pp=42–43}}{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}} Nielson's uncle was a professional thief, and when the boys arrived he allegedly took them on as apprentices.{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=43}} Manson was arrested two weeks later during a nighttime raid on a Peoria store. In the investigation that followed, he was linked to his two earlier armed robberies. He was sent to the ], a strict ] outside of ].<ref>{{cite web|first=Richard|last=Ray|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/in-indiana-charles-manson-was-once-a-14-year-old-lost-little-kid-report/28532/#:~:text=In%20Indiana%2C%20Charles%20Manson%20Was%20Once%20a%20%E2%80%98Lost,the%20Gibault%20School%20for%20Boys%20in%20Terre%20Haute.|title=In Indiana, Charles Manson Was Once a 'Lost Little Kid': Report|website=NBC Chicago|date=November 20, 2017|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025203413/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/in-indiana-charles-manson-was-once-a-14-year-old-lost-little-kid-report/28532/#:~:text=In%20Indiana%2C%20Charles%20Manson%20Was%20Once%20a%20%E2%80%98Lost,the%20Gibault%20School%20for%20Boys%20in%20Terre%20Haute.|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== First imprisonment ===
Less than a month before a scheduled February 1952 ] hearing at Natural Bridge Honor Camp, a minimum security institution to which he had been transferred the previous October on a psychiatrist's recommendation, Manson "took a razor blade and held it against another boy's throat while he ] him."<ref name="bugliosi137"/><ref name="emmons"/> He was transferred to the Federal Reformatory, ], where he was considered "dangerous."<ref name="bugliosi137"/> In September 1952, a number of other serious disciplinary offenses resulted in Manson's transfer to the Federal Reformatory at ], Ohio, a more secure institution.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>


At the Indiana Boys School, other students allegedly ]d Manson with the encouragement of a staff member, and he was repeatedly beaten. He ran away from the school eighteen times.<ref name=SawyerInterview/> Manson developed a self-defense technique he later called the "insane game", in which he would screech, grimace and wave his arms to convince stronger aggressors that he was insane. After a number of failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in February 1951.{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=45}}{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}} The three escapees robbed filling stations while attempting to drive to ] in stolen cars until they were arrested in ]. For the federal crime of driving a stolen car across state lines, Manson was sent to ]'s ].{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=137–146}} On arrival he was given aptitude tests which determined that he was illiterate but had an above-average ] of 109. His case worker deemed him aggressively ].{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=45}}{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}}
About a month after the transfer, Manson became almost a model resident. Good work habits and a rise in his educational level from the lower fourth to the upper seventh grade won him a May 1954 parole.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>


=== First imprisonment ===
After temporarily honoring a parole condition that he live with his aunt and uncle in West Virginia, Manson moved in with his mother in that same state. In January 1955, he married Rosalie Jean Willis, a hospital waitress, and made a living with smalltime jobs and ]. Around October, about three months after he and his pregnant wife arrived in ] in a car he had stolen in Ohio, he was again charged with a federal crime; after a psychiatric evaluation, he was given five years' ]. His subsequent failure to appear at a Los Angeles hearing on an identical charge filed in ] resulted in his March 1956 arrest in Indianapolis. His probation was revoked; he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment at ], ].<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
On a psychiatrist's recommendation, Manson was transferred in October 1951 to Natural Bridge Honor Camp, a minimum security institution in ].{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}} His aunt visited him and told administrators she would let him stay at her house and help him find work. Manson had a parole hearing scheduled for February 1952. However, in January, he was caught raping a boy at knifepoint. Manson was transferred to the ] in ], where he committed a further "eight serious disciplinary offenses, three involving ] acts". He was then moved to a maximum security ] at ], where he was expected to remain until his release on his 21st birthday in November 1955. Good behavior led to an early release in May 1954, to live with his aunt and uncle in West Virginia.{{sfn|Guinn|2013|p=52}}


]
Charles Manson Jr., Manson's son by Rosalie, was born while Manson was in prison. During his first year at Terminal Island, Manson received visits from his wife and mother, who were now living together in Los Angeles; but in March 1957, when the visits from his wife ceased, his mother informed him Rosalie was living with another man. Caught trying to escape by stealing a car less than two weeks before a scheduled parole hearing, Manson was given five years' probation; his parole was denied.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
In January 1955, Manson married a hospital waitress named Rosalie "Rosie" Jean Willis (January 28, 1939 – August 21, 2009). Around October, about three months after he and his pregnant wife arrived in Los Angeles in a car he had stolen in Ohio, Manson was again charged with a federal crime for taking the vehicle across state lines. After a psychiatric evaluation, he was given five years' ]. Manson's failure to appear at a Los Angeles hearing on an identical charge filed in ] resulted in his March 1956 arrest in Indianapolis. His probation was revoked, and he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment at ] in Los Angeles.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}}

While Manson was in prison, Rosalie gave birth to their son, Charles Manson Jr. (April 10, 1956 – June 29, 1993). During his first year at Terminal Island, Manson received visits from Rosalie and his mother, who were now living together in Los Angeles. In March 1957, when the visits from his wife ceased, his mother informed him Rosalie was living with another man. Less than two weeks before a scheduled parole hearing, Manson tried to escape by stealing a car. He was given five years' probation and his parole was denied.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}}


=== Second imprisonment === === Second imprisonment ===
Manson received five years parole in September 1958, the same year in which Rosalie received a decree of divorce. By November, he was ]ing a sixteen-year-old girl and was receiving additional support from a girl with wealthy parents. Pleading guilty in September 1959 to a charge of attempting to cash a forged ] check, he received a ten-year ] and probation after a young woman with an arrest record for prostitution tearfully told the court she and Manson were in love and would marry if Manson were freed.<ref name="bugliosi137"/> Manson received five years' parole in September 1958, the same year in which Rosalie received a decree of divorce. By November, he was ]ing a 16-year-old girl and receiving additional support from a girl with wealthy parents. In September 1959, he pleaded guilty to a charge of attempting to cash a forged ] check, which he claimed to have stolen from a mailbox; the latter charge was later dropped. He received a ten-year ] and probation after a young woman named Leona Rae "Candy" Stevens, who had an arrest record for ], made a "tearful plea" before the court that she and Manson were "deeply in love&nbsp;... and would marry if Charlie were freed".{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}} Before the year's end, the woman did marry Manson, possibly so she ] to testify against him.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}}


After Manson took that same woman and another girl from California to ] for purposes of ] before the year's end, he was held and questioned for violation of the ]. Though he was released, he evidently suspected, rightly, that the investigation had not ended. When he disappeared, in violation of his probation, a ] was issued; an April 1960 indictment for violation of the Mann Act followed.<ref name="bugliosi137"/> Arrested in Laredo, Texas, in June, when one of his girls was arrested for prostitution, Manson was returned to Los Angeles. For violation of his probation on the check-cashing charge, he was ordered to serve his ten-year sentence.<ref name="bugliosi137"/> Manson took Leona and another woman to ] for purposes of prostitution, resulting in him being held and questioned for violating the ]. Though he was released, Manson correctly suspected that the investigation had not ended. When he disappeared in violation of his probation, a ] was issued. An ] for violation of the Mann Act followed in April 1960.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}} Following the arrest of one of the women for prostitution, Manson was arrested in June in ], and was returned to Los Angeles. For violating his probation on the check-cashing charge, he was ordered to serve his ten-year sentence.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}}


Manson spent a year trying unsuccessfully to ] the revocation of his probation. In July 1961, he was transferred from the ] to ] at ], Washington. There, he took guitar lessons from ] leader ], and obtained from another inmate the contact information of ], a producer at ] in ].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=July 2, 2012 |url=http://www.lostinthegrooves.com/short-bits-2-charles-manson-and-the-beach-boys |work=Lost in the Grooves |title=Short Bits 2 – Charles Manson and the Beach Boys |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718010206/http://www.lostinthegrooves.com/short-bits-2-charles-manson-and-the-beach-boys |archive-date=July 18, 2012 |date=April 13, 2006 }}</ref> Among Manson's fellow prisoners during this time was future actor ], with the two participating in several ] sessions together.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 7, 2021|title=Danny Trejo Says Charles Manson Once Hypnotized Him in Jail|url=https://www.mediaite.com/entertainment/danny-trejo-says-charles-manson-once-hypnotized-him-in-jail/|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=Mediaite|language=en|archive-date=July 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707202624/https://www.mediaite.com/entertainment/danny-trejo-says-charles-manson-once-hypnotized-him-in-jail/|url-status=live}}</ref> Manson's mother moved to Washington State to be closer to him during his McNeil Island incarceration, working nearby as a waitress.<ref name="Rule/Guinn">{{cite magazine |last=Rule |first=Ann |title=There Will Be Blood |journal=The New York Times Book Review |date=August 18, 2013 |page=14 }}</ref>
In July 1961, after a year spent unsuccessfully appealing the revocation of his probation, Manson was transferred from the Los Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at ], Washington. Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. His September 1961 annual review noted he had a "tremendous drive to call attention to himself," an observation echoed in September 1964.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>


Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. Manson's September 1961 annual review noted he had a "tremendous drive to call attention to himself", an observation echoed in September 1964.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}} In 1963, Leona was granted a divorce. During the process she alleged that she and Manson had a son, Charles Luther Manson.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}} According to a popular ], Manson auditioned unsuccessfully for ] in late-1965; this is refuted by the fact that Manson was still incarcerated at McNeil Island at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/monkees.asp |title=Did Charles Manson Audition for The Monkees? |website=snopes.com |date=September 25, 1995 |access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref>
In June 1966, Manson was sent, for the second time in his life, to ], in preparation for early release. By ], ], his release day, he had spent more than half of his thirty-two years in prisons and other institutions.<ref name="bugliosi137"/> Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested, unsuccessfully, that he be permitted to stay,<ref name="bugliosi137"/> a fact touched on in a 1981 television interview:
: ]: Let's go back to 1967, the time you were winding up serving a term of a number of years, ten years, and written accounts indicate that you told the authorities, "Don't let me out, I can't cope with the outside world." Do you have a recollection of that? And do you --
: Manson: You're making a desperate plea out of something, man. There's no desperate plea out of it. I said I can't handle the maniacs outside, let me back in.
: Snyder: I didn't use the word desperate; that's your word, Charles.
: Manson: Yeah, well, your inflection and your voice tones were, uh, implications there.<ref>. Transcribed by Aaron Bredlau. CharlieManson.com. Retrieved 26 April 2007.</ref>


In June 1966, Manson was sent for the second time to Terminal Island in preparation for early release. By the time of his release day on March 21, 1967, he had spent more than half of his thirty-two years in prisons and other institutions. This was mainly because he had broken federal laws. Federal sentences were, and remain, much more severe than state sentences for many of the same offenses. Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested permission to stay.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=136–146}}
==Rise of the Family==<!-- This section is linked from ] -->
On his release day, Manson requested and was granted permission to move to ], where, with the help of a prison acquaintance, he obtained an apartment in ]. In prison, he had been taught to play ] by 1930s bank robber ];<ref name="bugliosi137"/><ref>Karpis, Alvin, with Robert Livesey. ''On the Rock: Twenty-five Years at Alcatraz'', 1980</ref><ref name="emmons"/> now, living mostly by ], he soon got to know ], a twenty-three-year-old ] graduate working as an assistant librarian at ]. After moving in with her, he overcame her resistance to his bringing other women in to live with them. Before long, they were sharing Brunner's residence with eighteen other women.<ref name="bugliosi163">Bugliosi, 1994. pp. 163-174</ref>


== 1967-1968: San Francisco and cult formation==
Manson also established himself as a ] in San Francisco's ], which, during ]'s ], was emerging as the signature ] locale. Expounding a philosophy that included some of the ] he had studied in prison,<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 144, 163-64.</ref> he soon had his first group of young followers, most of them female.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
=== Parolee and patient ===
Less than a month after his 1967 release, Manson moved to ] from Los Angeles,<ref name="Guinn, p. 94">{{harvnb|Guinn|2013|p=94}}</ref> which could have been a probation violation. Instead, after calling the ] probation office upon his arrival, he was transferred to the supervision of ] doctoral researcher and federal probation officer Roger Smith.{{sfn|O'Neill|2019|p=237}} Until the spring of 1968, Smith worked at the ] (HAFMC), which Manson and his family came to frequent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David E |last2=Luce |first2=John |date=1971 |title=Love Needs Care: A History of San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic and Its Pioneer Role Treating Drug-abuse Problems |publisher=Boston, Little, Brown |url=https://archive.org/details/loveneedscarehis00smit/ |access-date=April 30, 2021}} p. 52</ref> Roger Smith, as well as the HAFMC's founder David Smith, received funding from the ], and reportedly the ], to study the effects of drugs like ] and ] on the ] in San Francisco's ] District.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Neill|2019|p=251}}</ref> The patients at the HAFMC became subjects of their research, including Manson and his expanding group of mostly female followers, who came to see Roger Smith regularly.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Neill|2019|p=266}}</ref>


Manson received permission from Roger Smith to move from Berkeley to the Haight-Ashbury District. He first took LSD and would use it frequently during his time there.<ref name="Guinn, p. 94"/> David Smith, who had studied the effects of LSD and amphetamines in rodents,<ref>{{harvnb|O'Neill|2019|p=260}}</ref> wrote that the change in Manson's personality during this time "was the most abrupt Roger Smith had observed in his entire professional career."<ref>Smith, p. 257</ref> Manson also read the book '']'', a science fiction novel by ].<ref>{{harvnb|O'Neill|2019|p=237}}</ref> Inspired by the burgeoning ] philosophy in Haight–Ashbury during the ], Manson began preaching his own ] based on a mixture of ''Stranger in a Strange Land'', the ], ], ] and ], which quickly earned him a following.<ref>{{harvnb|Guinn|2013|p=95}}</ref> He may have also borrowed some of his philosophy from the ], whose members believed ] would become reconciled to ] and they would come together at the ] to judge humanity.
Before the summer was out, Manson and eight or nine of his enthusiasts piled into an old school bus they had re-wrought in ] style, with colored rugs and pillows in place of the many seats they had removed. Hitting the road, they roamed as far north as Washington State, then southward through ], ], and the southwest. Returning to the Los Angeles area, they lived in ], ], and ] — western parts of the city and county.<ref name="bugliosi163"/>


=== Involvement with Scientology ===
In an alternative account, which included no mention of the eighteen girls at Brunner’s place, Manson, apparently accompanied by Brunner, acquired Family members during some months of travels that were undertaken, in part, in a ] van; it was November when the school bus set out from San Francisco with the enlarged group.<ref>Sanders, Ed. ''The Family'', Thunder's Mouth Press, New York, 2002. ISBN 1-56025-396-7. Pages 13-20.</ref>
Manson began studying Scientology while incarcerated with the help of fellow inmate Lanier Rayner, and in July 1961 listed Scientology as his religion.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|p=260}} A September 1961 prison report argues that Manson "appears to have developed a certain amount of insight into his problems through his study of this discipline".{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|p=144}} Another prison report in August 1966 stated that Manson was no longer an advocate of Scientology.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|p=146}} Upon his release in 1967, Manson traveled to Los Angeles where he reportedly "met local Scientologists and attended several parties for movie stars".<ref name="mallia1998">{{Cite news |last=Mallia |first=Joseph |title=Inside the Church of Scientology&nbsp;– Church wields celebrity clout |work=] |page=30 |date=March 5, 1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Steven V. |last=Roberts |title=Charlie Manson, Nomadic Guru, Flirted With Crime in a Turbulent Childhood |work=] |page=84 |date=December 7, 1969}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Goodsell |first=Greg |title=Manson once proclaimed Scientology |work=Catholic Online |publisher=www.catholic.org |date=February 23, 2010 |url=http://www.catholic.org/national/national_story.php?id=35505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227053826/http://www.catholic.org/national/national_story.php?id=35505 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 27, 2010 |access-date=February 24, 2010 }}</ref> Manson completed 150 hours of ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/cooper/scandal_behind_scandal.html|title=The Scandal Behind the "Scandal of Scientology"|last=Cooper|first=Paulette|website=www.cs.cmu.edu|access-date=November 8, 2019|archive-date=November 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112220005/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/cooper/scandal_behind_scandal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His "right hand man", ], worked at the ] headquarters in ] from November 1968 to April 1969.


=== San Francisco followers ===
=== Involvement with Wilson, Melcher, et al. ===
{{see also|Manson Family}}
The events that would culminate in the murders were set in motion in late spring ], when, by some accounts, ], of ], picked up two hitchhiking Manson girls and brought them to his ] house for a few hours. Returning home in the early hours of the following morning from a night recording session, Wilson was greeted in the driveway of his own residence by Manson, who emerged from the house. Uncomfortable, Wilson asked the stranger whether he intended to hurt him. Assuring him he had no such intent, Manson began kissing Wilson's feet.<ref name="bugliosi250">Bugliosi 1994. pp. 250-253.</ref><ref name="sanders34">Sanders 2002, p. 34.</ref> (According to the quasi-autobiographical ''Manson in His Own Words,'' Manson first met Wilson at a friend's San Francisco house where he, Manson, had gone to obtain ]. The Beach Boy supposedly gave Manson his Sunset Boulevard address and invited him to stop by when he would be in Los Angeles.)<ref name="emmons"/>
Shortly after relocating to San Francisco, Manson became acquainted with ], a 23-year-old graduate of ]. Brunner was working as a library assistant at the ], and Manson, until that point making his living by ], moved in with her. Manson then met teenaged ] ], later nicknamed "Squeaky," and convinced her to live with him and Brunner.<ref>{{harvnb|Guinn|2013|p=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Angela|last=Serratore|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/manson-family-murders-what-need-to-know-180972655/|title=The True Story of the Manson Family|magazine=]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=July 25, 2019|access-date=August 18, 2020|archive-date=August 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818185908/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/manson-family-murders-what-need-to-know-180972655/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a second-hand account, Manson overcame Brunner's initial resistance to him bringing other women in to live with them. Before long, they were sharing Brunner's residence with eighteen other women.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|163–174}} Manson targeted individuals for manipulation who were emotionally insecure and social outcasts.<ref name="Smith, p. 259">Smith, p. 259</ref>


Manson established himself as a ] in Haight-Ashbury which, during the Summer of Love, was emerging as the signature ] locale. Manson soon had the first of his groups of followers, most of them female. They were later dubbed as the "Manson Family" by Los Angeles prosecutor ] and the media.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|137–146}} Manson allegedly taught his followers that they were the ] of the ], and that ] could be characterized as the ].
Inside the house, Wilson discovered twelve strangers, mostly girls.<ref name="bugliosi250"/><ref name="sanders34"/> Over the next few months, as their number doubled, the Family members who had made themselves part of Wilson's ] household cost him approximately $100,000. This included a large medical bill for treatment of their ] and $21,000 for the accidental destruction of an uninsured car of his they borrowed.<ref name="watkins4">Watkins, Paul with Soledad, Guillermo. ''My Life with Charles Manson'', Bantam, 1979. ISBN 0-553-12788-8. Chapter 4.</ref> Wilson would sing and talk with Manson, whose girls were servants to them both.<ref name="bugliosi250"/>


Sometime around 1967, Manson began using the alias "Charles Willis Manson."<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|315}} Before the end of summer, he and some of his followers began traveling in an old ] they had adapted, putting colored rugs and pillows in place of the many seats they had removed. They eventually settled in the Los Angeles areas of ], ] and ] along the coast.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|163–174}}<ref name="Sanders">{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Sanders|date=2002|title=The Family|location=]|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|isbn=1-56025-396-7}}</ref>{{rp|13–20}}
Wilson paid for ] time to record songs written and performed by Manson, and he introduced Manson to acquaintances of his with roles in the entertainment business. These included ], ], and Rudi Altobelli, the last of whom owned a house he would soon rent to actress ] and her husband, director ].<ref name="bugliosi250"/> Jakobson, who was impressed by "the whole Charlie Manson package" of artist/lifestylist/philosopher, also paid to record Manson material.<ref name="bugliosi155">Bugliosi 1994. 155-161.</ref><ref name="bugliosi185">Bugliosi 1994. 185-188.</ref><ref name="bugliosi214">Bugliosi 1994. 214-219.</ref><ref name="watson9"> Watson website. Retrieved May 3, 2007.</ref>


In 1967, Brunner became pregnant by Manson. On April 15, 1968, she gave birth to their son, whom she named Valentine Michael, in a condemned house where they were living in Topanga Canyon. She was assisted by several of the young women from the fledgling Family. Brunner, like most members of the group, acquired a number of ] and nicknames, including: "Marioche", "Och", "Mother Mary", "Mary Manson", "Linda Dee Manson" and "Christine Marie Euchts".<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|xv}}
=== Spahn Ranch ===
By August 1968, when Wilson had his manager clear the Family members from his house, Manson had established a base for the group at ], not far from Topanga Canyon.<ref name="watson6"></ref><ref name="watson7"></ref> The evictees joined the rest of the Family there.<ref name="bugliosi250"/>


In his book ''Love Needs Care'' about his time at the HAFMC, David Smith claimed that Manson attempted to reprogram his followers' minds to "submit totally to his will" through the use of "LSD and … unconventional sexual practices" that would turn his followers into "empty vessels that would accept anything he poured."<ref name="Smith, p. 259"/> Manson Family member ] testified that Manson would encourage group LSD trips and take lower doses himself to "keep his wits about him."<ref>{{harvnb|Guinn|2013|p=139}}</ref> Watkins stated that "Charlie's trip was to program us all to submit."<ref>{{cite book |last=Melnick |first=Jeffrey Paul |date=2018 |title=Creepy Crawling: Charles Manson and the Many Lives of America's Most Infamous Family |publisher=Arcade |isbn=978-1628728934}} p. 16</ref> By the end of his stay in the Haight in April 1968, Manson had attracted twenty or so followers, all under the supervision of Roger Smith and many of the staff at the HAFMC.<ref name="Smith, p. 260">Smith, p. 260</ref> The core members of Manson's following eventually included: Brunner; ], a musician and former actor; ], a former musician and ] actor; ]; ]; and ].<ref name="InsideFamily">{{cite web |title=Charles Manson's Son Says He Wishes He'd Gotten to Know Him Before His Death |url=https://www.insideedition.com/charles-mansons-son-says-he-wishes-hed-gotten-know-him-his-death-54566 |website=insideedition.com |date=July 18, 2019 |publisher=Inside Edition Inc, CBS Interactive |access-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824173448/https://www.insideedition.com/charles-mansons-son-says-he-wishes-hed-gotten-know-him-his-death-54566 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ViceBob">{{cite web |last1=Kovac |first1=Adam |title=We Spoke to Charles Manson's Guitarist About Making Art While Serving Time for Murder |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/bn5wwd/we-spoke-to-charles-mansons-guitarist-about-his-life-making-art-and-music-while-serving-time-for-murder-298 |website=] |date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=] |location=New York City |access-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526142449/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/bn5wwd/we-spoke-to-charles-mansons-guitarist-about-his-life-making-art-and-music-while-serving-time-for-murder-298 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Milne |first1=Andrew |title=Meet Bobby Beausoleil: The Haight-Ashbury Hippie Who Became A Manson Family Murderer |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/bobby-beausoleil |website=allthatsinteresting.com |date=July 6, 2019 |publisher=PBH Network |access-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824173444/https://allthatsinteresting.com/bobby-beausoleil |url-status=live }}</ref>
Located in (or near) ], the ranch had once been a location for the shooting of ] films; then, with its old movie sets run down, it was primarily doing business in horseback rides. While Family members did helpful work around the place, Manson kept the nearly-blind, octogenarian owner, ], on his side by having ] act as Spahn's eyes and, along with other girls, attend to Spahn sexually.<ref name="bugliosi99">Bugliosi 1994. pp. 99-113.</ref><ref>Watkins, pages 34 & 40.</ref> For a tiny squeal she would emit when Spahn would pinch her thigh, Fromme, one of the early Family members who had boarded the school bus,<ref name="bugliosi163"/> won from Spahn the nickname "Squeaky."<ref name="watkins4"/>


=== Subsequent arrests ===
The Family was soon joined at Spahn Ranch by ], who had met Manson at Dennis Wilson's house. A small-town Texan who had quit college and moved to California,<ref name="watson4"></ref> Watson had given a lift to Wilson, who had been hitchhiking because his cars had been wrecked.<ref name="watson6"/> Watson's drawl earned him, too, a George Spahn nickname, ]."<ref name="watson7"/>
Supervised by his ostensible parole officer Roger Smith, Manson grew his family through drug use and prostitution<ref name="Smith, p. 260"/> without interference from the authorities. Manson was arrested on July 31, 1967, for attempting to prevent the arrest of one of his followers, ]. Instead of Manson being sent back to prison, the charge was reduced to a ] and Manson was given three additional years of probation.<ref name="O'Neill, p. 242">{{harvnb|O'Neill|2019|p=242}}</ref> He avoided prosecution again in July 1968, when he and the family were arrested while moving to Los Angeles,<ref>{{harvnb|O'Neill|2019|p=244}}</ref> when his bus crashed into a ditch; Manson and members of his family, including Brunner and Manson's new-born baby, were found sleeping naked by police.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Neill|2019|p=246}}</ref> Afterwards, he was again arrested and released only a few days later, this time on a drug charge.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Neill|2019|p=248}}</ref><ref name="O'Neill, p. 242"/>


=== Helter Skelter === === Involvement with the Beach Boys ===
{{See also|Never Learn Not to Love|The Beach Boys bootleg recordings#Manson sessions}}
{{main|Helter Skelter (Manson scenario)}}
On April 6, 1968, ] of the ] was driving through Malibu when he noticed two female hitchhikers, Krenwinkel and Ella Jo Bailey. He picked them up and dropped them off at their destination.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=216}} On April 11, Wilson noticed the same two girls hitchhiking again and this time took them to his home at 14400 ].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=216}}<ref name=WebbGuardian2003>{{cite news|last1=Webb|first1=Adam|title=A profile of Dennis Wilson: the lonely one|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/dec/14/popandrock|work=]|date=December 14, 2003|access-date=December 14, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107123033/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/dec/14/popandrock|url-status=live}}</ref> Wilson later recalled that he "told about our involvement with ] and they told me they too had a guru, a guy named Charlie who'd recently come out of jail after twelve years."<ref name="RM68">{{cite magazine|last1=Griffiths|first1=David|title=Dennis Wilson: "I Live With 17 Girls"|magazine=]|date=December 21, 1968|url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/dennis-wilson-i-live-with-17-girls|url-access=subscription|access-date=December 4, 2020|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120003836/https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/dennis-wilson-i-live-with-17-girls|url-status=live}}</ref> Wilson then went to a recording session; when he returned later that night, he was met in his driveway by Manson, and when Wilson walked into his home, about a dozen people were occupying the premises, most of them young women.<ref name=WebbGuardian2003 /> By Manson's own account, he had met Wilson on at least one prior occasion: at a friend's San Francisco house where Manson had gone to obtain ]. Manson claimed that Wilson invited him to visit his home when Manson came to Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite book|last=Emmons|first=Nuel|title=Manson in His Own Words|publisher=Grove Press|year=1988|isbn=0-8021-3024-0}}</ref>
In the first days of November 1968, Manson established the Family at alternate headquarters in ]'s environs, where they occupied two unused or little-used ranches, Myers and Barker.<ref name="watson9"></ref><ref name="watkins10">Watkins, Ch. 10.</ref> The former, to which the group had initially headed, was owned by the grandmother of a new girl in the Family. The latter was owned by an elderly, local woman to whom Manson presented himself and a male Family member as musicians in need of a place congenial to their work. When the woman agreed to let them stay there if they'd fix up things, Manson honored her with one of the ]' ]s,<ref name="watkins10"/> several of which he'd been given by ].<ref name="watkins11">Watkins, Ch. 11</ref>


Wilson was initially fascinated by Manson and his followers, referring to him as "the Wizard" in a ''Rave'' magazine article at the time.{{sfn|Stebbins|2000|p=130}} The two struck a friendship, and over the next few months members of the Manson Family – mostly women who were treated as servants – were housed in Wilson's residence.<ref name=WebbGuardian2003 /> This arrangement persisted for about six months.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=224–225}}<ref name="RM68"/>
While back at Spahn Ranch, no later than December, Manson and ] visited a Topanga Canyon acquaintance who played them the ] ], then recently released.<ref name="watson9"/><ref>Chapter 1, "Manson," . ISBN 0-9678519-1-2. Retrieved November 21, 2007.</ref><ref name="watkins12">Watkins, Ch. 12</ref> Despite having been twenty-nine years old and imprisoned when ] first came to America in 1964, Manson had been all but obsessed with the group. At ], he had told fellow inmates, including ], that he could surpass the group in fame;<ref name="bugliosi137"/><ref>Sanders 2002, 11.</ref> to the Family, he spoke of the group as "the soul" and "part of 'the hole in the infinite.'"<!---quote within quote---><ref name="watkins12"/>


Wilson introduced Manson to a few friends in the music business, including ]' producer ]. Manson recorded numerous songs at ]'s ], although the recordings remain unheard by the public.<ref name="DoeUnreleased">{{cite web|last1=Doe|first1=Andrew Grayham|title=Unreleased Albums|url=http://www.esquarterly.com/bellagio/unreleased.html|website=Bellagio 10452|publisher=Endless Summer Quarterly|access-date=October 16, 2015|archive-date=October 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025151137/http://esquarterly.com/bellagio/unreleased.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Band engineer ] said that the Manson sessions were done "for Dennis and Terry Melcher".{{sfn|O'Neill|2019}} In September 1968, Wilson recorded a Manson song for the Beach Boys, originally titled "Cease to Exist" but reworked as "]", as a single B-side released the following December. The writing was credited solely to Wilson.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Barlass|first1=Tyler|title=Song Stories - "Never Learn Not To Love" (1968)|url=http://www.justpressplay.net/articles/39-news/3713-song-stories-qnever-learn-not-to-loveq-1968.html|date=July 16, 2008|access-date=July 6, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141845/http://www.justpressplay.net/articles/39-news/3713-song-stories-qnever-learn-not-to-loveq-1968.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When asked why Manson was not credited, Wilson explained that Manson relinquished his publishing rights in favor of "about a hundred thousand dollars' worth of stuff".{{sfn|Stebbins|2000|p=137}}<ref name="Nolan2">{{cite magazine |last=Nolan |first=Tom |title=Beach Boys: A California Saga, Part II |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beach-boys-a-california-saga-part-ii-19711111 |magazine=] |date=November 11, 1971 |access-date=June 25, 2018 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816014717/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beach-boys-a-california-saga-part-ii-19711111 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around this time, the Family destroyed two of Wilson's luxury cars.{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=223–224}}
For some time, too, Manson had been saying that racial tension between blacks and whites was growing and that blacks would soon rise up in rebellion in America's cities.<ref name="watson11"/><ref name="umkc">. UMKC Law. Retrieved ] ].</ref> He had emphasized ]'s assassination, which had taken place on ] ].<ref name="watkins10"/> On a bitter cold New Year's Eve at Myers Ranch, the Family members, gathered outside around a large fire, listened as Manson explained that the social turmoil he had been predicting had also been predicted by ].<ref name="watkins12"/> The ] songs, he declared, told it all, although in code. In fact, he maintained (or would soon maintain), the album was directed at the Family itself, an elect group that was being instructed to preserve the worthy from the impending disaster.<ref name="watson11"></ref><ref name="umkc"/>


Wilson eventually distanced himself from Manson and moved out of the Sunset Boulevard house, leaving the Family there, and subsequently took residence at a basement apartment in ].{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=224}} Virtually all of Wilson's household possessions were stolen by the Family; the members were ] from his home three weeks before the lease was scheduled to expire.{{sfn|Badman|2004|p=224}} When Manson subsequently sought further contact, he left a bullet with Wilson's housekeeper to be delivered with a threatening message.<ref name=WebbGuardian2003 /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Holdship|first1=Bill|title=Heroes and Villains|url=http://smileysmile.net/board/index.php?topic=2371.25|work=]|date=April 6, 2000|access-date=April 7, 2015|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235253/http://smileysmile.net/board/index.php?topic=2371.25|url-status=live}}</ref>
In early January 1969, the Family escaped the desert's cold by establishing yet another base, at a canary-yellow home in ], not far from the Spahn Ranch. Because this locale would allow the Family to remain "submerged beneath the awareness of the outside world,"<ref name="bugliosi244"/><ref>Watkins, p. 137.</ref> Manson called it the ], another Beatles reference. There, the group prepared for the impending apocalypse, which, around the campfire, Manson had termed "Helter Skelter," after the ] ] of that name.


Band manager ] recalled that Wilson became concerned after Manson had got "into a much heavier drug situation ... taking a tremendous amount of acid and Dennis wouldn't tolerate it and asked him to leave. It was difficult for Dennis because he was afraid of Charlie."{{sfn|Badman|2004|pp=224–225}} Writing in his ], ] recalled Wilson saying he had witnessed Manson shooting a black man "in half" with an ] and hiding the body inside a well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/beach-boy-mike-love-claims-bandmate-charles-manson-kill-man-article-1.2773092|title=Beach Boy Mike Love alleges bandmate watched Charles Manson carry out murder|first=Nicole|last=Bitette|website=]|date=August 31, 2016 |access-date=February 12, 2021|archive-date=July 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722104419/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/beach-boy-mike-love-claims-bandmate-charles-manson-kill-man-article-1.2773092|url-status=live}}</ref> Melcher said that Wilson had been aware that the Family "were killing people" and had been "so freaked out he just didn't want to live anymore. He was afraid, and he thought he should have gone to the authorities, but he didn't, and the rest of it happened."{{sfn|O'Neill|2019}}
By February, Manson's vision was complete. The Family would create an album whose songs, as subtle as those of ], would trigger the predicted chaos. Ghastly murders of whites by blacks would be met with retaliation, and a split between racist and non-racist whites would yield whites' self-annihilation. Blacks' triumph, as it were, would merely precede their being ruled by the Family, which would ride out the conflict in "the bottomless pit" — a secret city beneath Death Valley.<ref> UMKC Law. Retrieved ] ].</ref>
At the ] house, while Family members worked on vehicles and pored<!--- "pored," not "poured" ---> over maps to prepare for their desert escape, they also worked on songs for their world-changing album. When they were told ] was to come to the house to hear the material, the girls prepared a meal and cleaned the place; but Melcher never arrived.


=== Encounter with Tate === === Spahn Ranch ===
Manson established a base for the Family at the ] in August 1968, after their eviction from Wilson's residence.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709124920/http://la.curbed.com/2014/10/22/10032594/the-story-of-the-abandoned-movie-ranch-where-the-manson-family |date=July 9, 2016 }}. Retrieved March 10, 2016.</ref> The ranch had been a television and movie set for ], but the buildings had deteriorated by the late-1960s. The ranch then derived revenue primarily from selling horseback rides.<ref name="NME">{{cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/news/bryan-cranston-had-run-in-with-charles-manson-2161985|title=Bryan Cranston had a very close run-in with Charles Manson in the 1960s|last=Reilly|first=Nick|date=November 21, 2017|work=]|accessdate=October 17, 2022}}</ref> Female Family members did chores around the ranch and, occasionally, had sex on Manson's orders with the nearly blind 80-year-old owner, ]; the women also acted as guides for him. In exchange, Spahn allowed Manson and his group to live at the ranch for free.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|99–113}}
On ] ],<ref name="bugliosi228">Bugliosi 1994, 228-233.</ref> Manson entered uninvited upon ], which he had known as the residence of ].<ref name="bugliosi155"/> This was Rudi Altobelli's property, where Melcher was no longer the tenant; as of that February,<ref name="bugliosi28">Bugliosi 1994, 28-38.</ref> the tenants were ] and ].


=== Doomsday beliefs ===
Manson was met by Shahrokh Hatami, a photographer and Tate friend, who was there to photograph Tate in advance of her departure for Rome the next day. Having seen Manson through a window as Manson approached the main house, Hatami had gone onto the front porch to ask him what he wanted.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
{{See also|Manson Family#Possible murder motives|Helter Skelter (scenario)}}
The Manson Family evolved into a ] when Manson became fixated on the idea of an imminent apocalyptic ] between America's Black minority and the larger White population. A ],<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Lauren|last=Gill|url=https://www.newsweek.com/charles-manson-was-white-supremacist-lets-not-forget-713915|title=Remember, Charles Manson Was a White Supremacist|magazine=]|date=November 16, 2017|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804074518/https://www.newsweek.com/charles-manson-was-white-supremacist-lets-not-forget-713915|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Desire|last=Thompson|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/11/charles-manson-his-obsession-with-black-people|title=Charles Manson & His Obsession with Black People|magazine=]|location=New York City|date=November 20, 2017|access-date=August 18, 2020|archive-date=August 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813000715/https://www.vibe.com/2017/11/charles-manson-his-obsession-with-black-people|url-status=live}}</ref> Manson told some of the Family that Black people would rise up and kill the entire White population except for Manson and his followers, but that they were not intelligent enough to survive on their own; they would need a white man to lead them, and so they would serve Manson as their "master".<ref>{{cite web|first=John W.|last=Whitehead|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/helter-skelter-racism-and_b_669109|title=Helter Skelter: Racism and Murder|website=]|date=August 3, 2010|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030204544/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/helter-skelter-racism-and_b_669109|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jim|last=Beckerman|url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2019/08/09/charles-manson-murders-still-relevant-racism-50-years-later/1955164001/|title=Charles Manson: 50 years later, murders have racist link to recent mass-killings|newspaper=]|date=August 9, 2019|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124221103/https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2019/08/09/charles-manson-murders-still-relevant-racism-50-years-later/1955164001/|url-status=live}}</ref> In late-1968, Manson adopted the term "]", taken from ] on ]' recently released '']'', to refer to this upcoming war.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=244}}


=== Tate encounter ===
When Manson told Hatami he was looking for someone whose name Hatami did not recognize, Hatami informed him the place was the Polanski residence. Hatami advised him to try "the back alley," by which he meant the path to the guest house, beyond the main house.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
On March 23, 1969,<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|228–233}} Manson entered the grounds of ], which he had known as Melcher's residence. He was not invited.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|155–161}} As he approached the main house, Manson was met by Shahrokh Hatami, an Iranian photographer who had befriended film director ] and his wife ] during the making of the documentary '']''. Hatami was there to photograph Tate before she departed for ] the following day. Seeing Manson approach, Hatami had gone onto the front porch to ask him what he wanted.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|228–233}} Manson said that he was looking for Melcher, whose name Hatami did not recognize.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|228–233}} Hatami told him the place was the Polanski residence and then advised him to try the path to the guest house beyond the main house. Tate appeared behind Hatami in the house's front door and asked him who was calling. Hatami and Tate maintained their positions while Manson went back to the guest house without a word, returned to the front a minute or two later and left.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|228–233}}


That evening, Manson returned to the property and again went to the guest house. He entered the enclosed porch and spoke with Altobelli, the owner, who had just come out of the shower. Manson asked for Melcher, but Altobelli felt that Manson was instead looking for him. It was later discovered that Manson had apparently been to the property on earlier occasions after Melcher left.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|228–233, 369–377}} Altobelli told Manson through the screen door that Melcher had moved to Malibu and said that he did not know his new address, although he did.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|226}}
Concerned over the stranger on the property, Hatami was now down on the front walk, to confront Manson. When Tate appeared behind Hatami, in the house's front door, and asked who was calling, Hatami said a man was looking for someone. Hatami and Tate maintained their positions while Manson, without a word, went back to the guest house, returned a minute or two later, and left.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>


Altobelli told Manson he was leaving the country the next day, and Manson said he would like to speak with him upon his return. Altobelli said that he would be gone for more than a year.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|228–233}} Manson said that he had been directed to the guest house by the persons in the main house; Altobelli asked Manson not to disturb his tenants.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|228–233}} Altobelli and Tate flew together to Rome the next day. Tate asked him whether "that creepy-looking guy" had gone to see him at the guest house the day before.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|228–233}}
That evening, Manson returned to the property and again went back to the guest house, where, presuming to enter the enclosed porch, he spoke with Rudi Altobelli, who was just coming out of the shower. Although Manson asked for Melcher, Altobelli felt Manson had come looking for him.<ref name="bugliosi226">Bugliosi 1994, 226.</ref> (Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney ], who would eventually prosecute Manson, obtained information that suggested Manson had been to the place on earlier occasions since Melcher's departure from it.)<ref name="bugliosi228"/><ref name="bugliosi369">Bugliosi 1994, 369-377.</ref>


==1969–1971: Crimes and trial==
Speaking through the inner screen door, Altobelli told Manson that Melcher had moved to ]; he lied that he did not know Melcher's new address. In response to a question from Manson, Altobelli said he himself was in the entertainment business, although, having met Manson the previous year, at Dennis Wilson's home, he was sure Manson already knew that. At Wilson's, Altobelli had complimented Manson lukewarmly on some of his musical recordings that Wilson had been playing.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
{{See also|Tate–LaBianca murders|Manson Family#Crimes}}
=== Crowe shooting ===
Tex Watson became involved in ]<ref name="Waxman"/> and robbed a 22-year-old rival named Bernard "Lotsapoppa" Crowe. Crowe allegedly responded with a threat to kill everyone at Spahn Ranch. In response, Manson shot Crowe on July 1, 1969, at Manson's Hollywood apartment.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|91–96,99–113}}<ref name="Sanders"/>{{rp|147–149}}<ref name="watson12">{{Cite book|title=Will You Die For Me?|last=Watson|first=Charles|date=1978|publisher=F.H. Revell|isbn=0800709128}}</ref> Manson's belief that he had killed Crowe was seemingly confirmed by a news report of the discovery of the dumped body of a ] in Los Angeles.


Although Crowe was not a member of the Black Panthers, Manson concluded he had been and expected retaliation from the Panthers. He turned Spahn Ranch into a defensive camp, establishing night patrols by armed guards.<ref name="watson12"/><ref name="Sanders"/>{{rp|151}} Watson would later write, "Blackie was trying to get at the chosen ones."<ref name="watson12"/> Manson brought in members of the Straight Satans Motorcycle Club to act as security.<ref name="Waxman">{{cite web|last=Waxman|first=Olivia B.|url=https://time.com/5633973/last-manson-interview/|title=Why Did the Manson Family Kill Sharon Tate? Here's the Story Charles Manson Told the Last Man Who Interviewed Him|work=]|date=July 26, 2019|access-date=March 5, 2022|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924061655/https://time.com/5633973/last-manson-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref>
When Altobelli informed Manson he was going out of the country the next day, Manson said he'd like to speak with him upon his return; Altobelli lied that he would be gone for more than a year. In response to a direct question from Altobelli, Manson explained that he had been directed to the guest house by the persons in the main house; Altobelli expressed the wish that Manson not disturb his tenants.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
{{clear}}


=== Hinman murder ===
Manson left. As Altobelli flew with Tate to Rome the next day, Tate asked him whether "that creepy-looking guy" had gone back to the guest house the day before.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
34-year-old Gary Alan Hinman, a music teacher and graduate student at ], had previously befriended members of the Family and allowed some to occasionally stay at his home in Topanga Canyon. According to Atkins, Manson believed Hinman was wealthy and sent her, Brunner, and Beausoleil to Hinman's home to convince him to join the Family and turn over the assets Manson thought Hinman had inherited.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{Rp|75–77}}<ref name="watson12"/><ref name="atkins">{{cite book|title=Child of Satan, Child of God|publisher=Plainfield, NJ: Logos International | year=1977 | isbn=0-88270-276-9 | pages=94–120 | last1=Atkins|first1= Susan|last2= Slosser|first2= Bob}}</ref> The three held Hinman hostage for two days in late July 1969, as he denied having any money. During this time, Manson arrived with a sword and slashed his face and ear. After that, Beausoleil stabbed Hinman to death, allegedly on Manson's instruction. Before leaving the residence, Beausoleil or one of the women used Hinman's blood to write "political piggy"<!--"Piggy", not "Piggie"; photo is in Bugliosi 1994, between pages 142 and 143--> on the wall and to draw a panther paw, a Black Panther symbol.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{Rp|33, 91–96, 99–113}}<ref name="Sanders"/>{{rp|184}}


According to Beausoleil,<ref name="seconds">{{cite web|work=beausoleil.net|url=http://www.beausoleil.net/mminterview.html|title=Beausoleil ''Seconds'' interviews|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607180026/http://www.beausoleil.net/mminterview.html|archive-date=June 7, 2007}}</ref> he came to Hinman's house to recover money paid to Hinman for ] provided to the Straight Satans that had supposedly been bad.<ref name="Waxman"/> Beausoleil added that Brunner and Atkins, unaware of his intent, went along to visit Hinman. Atkins, in her 1977 autobiography, wrote that Manson directed Beausoleil, Brunner and her to go to Hinman's and get the supposed inheritance of $21,000. She said that two days earlier Manson had told her privately that, if she wanted to "do something important", she could kill Hinman and get his money.<ref name="atkins"/> Beausoleil was arrested on August 6, 1969, after he was caught driving Hinman's car. Police found the murder weapon in the tire well.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{Rp|28–38}}
==Family crimes==
{{clear}}
===Crowe shooting; Hinman murder===
By June, Manson was telling the Family they might have to show blacks how to start Helter Skelter.<ref name="bugliosi244">Bugliosi 1994, 244-247.</ref><ref name="watson12">.</ref><ref name="watkins15">Watkins, Ch. 15</ref> When Manson tasked<!--- "tasked," not "asked" ---> Tex Watson to obtain money supposedly intended to help the Family prepare for the conflict, Watson defrauded a black drug dealer named Bernard "Lotsapoppa" Crowe; Crowe responded with a threat to wipe out everyone at Spahn Ranch. Manson countered on ], ], by shooting Crowe at his ] apartment.<ref name="watson13"></ref><ref name="bugliosi91">Bugliosi 1994, 91-96.</ref><ref name="bugliosi99">Bugliosi 1994, 99-113.</ref><ref>Sanders 2002, 147-49.</ref>


===Tate murders===
Manson's mistaken belief that he had killed Crowe was seemingly confirmed by a news report of the discovery of the dumped body of a ] in Los Angeles. Although Crowe was not a member of the Black Panthers, Manson, concluding he had been, expected retaliation from the group. He turned Spahn Ranch into a defensive camp, with night patrols of armed guards.<ref name="watson13"/><ref>Sanders 2002, 151.</ref> "If we'd needed any more proof that Helter Skelter was coming down very soon, this was it," Tex Watson would later write. "lackie was trying to get at the chosen ones."<ref name="watson13"/>
On the night of August 8, 1969, Watson took Atkins, Krenwinkel and ] to 10050 Cielo Drive. Watson later claimed that Manson had instructed him to go to the house and "totally destroy" everyone in it, and to do it "as gruesome as you can".<ref name="bugliosi">Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. ''Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition'', W. W. Norton & Company, 1994. {{ISBN|0-393-08700-X}}. {{oclc|15164618}}.</ref>{{rp|463–468}}<ref name="watson14">{{cite web |url=http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-014.php |title=Watson, Ch. 14 |publisher=Aboundinglove.org |access-date=November 28, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075221/http://aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-014.php |archive-date=November 19, 2010}}</ref> Manson told the women to do as Watson instructed them.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|176–184, 258–269}}


The occupants of the Cielo Drive house that evening were Tate, aged 26, who was 8{{fraction|1|2}} months pregnant; her friend and former lover 35-year-old ], a noted celebrity hairstylist; Polanski's friend 32-year-old Wojciech Frykowski; and Frykowski's 25-year-old girlfriend Abigail Anne Folger, heiress to the ] coffee fortune and daughter of ].<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|28–38}} Also present on the property were 19-year-old caretaker William Garretson and his friend, 18-year-old Steven Earl Parent. Polanski was in Europe working on a film. Music producer ] was a friend of Sebring who had planned to join him that evening before changing his mind.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gq.com/story/quincy-jones-has-a-story |title=Quincy Jones Has a Story About That |magazine=GQ |access-date=October 18, 2022}}</ref>
On ], ], Manson sent sometime Family member ] along with ] and Family member ] to the house of acquaintance Gary Hinman, to persuade him to turn over money Manson thought Hinman had inherited.<ref name="bugliosi75">Bugliosi 1994, 75-77.</ref><ref name="watson13"/><ref name="atkins">Atkins, Susan, with Bob Slosser. ''Child of Satan, Child of God''; Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey; 1977; ISBN 0-88270-276-9; pages 94-120.</ref> (In a 1981 ''Oui'' magazine interview<ref name="oui">. Charlie Manson.com.</ref> and 1998-99 ''Seconds'' magazine interviews,<ref name="seconds">. Charlie Manson.com.</ref> Beausoleil said he went to Hinman’s house to recover money paid to Hinman for drugs that had turned out to be bad. He said Brunner and Atkins, unaware of his purpose, went with him idly, to visit Hinman. In her 1977 autobiography, Atkins said Manson directly told Beausoleil, Brunner, and her to go to Hinman’s place and get his inheritance — $21,000; she said Manson had told her privately, two days earlier, that, if she wanted to "do something important," she could kill Hinman and get his money.)<ref name="atkins"/>


Watson and the three women arrived at Cielo Drive just past midnight on August 9. Watson climbed a telephone pole near the entrance gate and cut the phone line to the house.<ref name="watson9">{{cite web |work=aboundinglove.org |url=http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-009.php |author=Watson, Charles as told to Ray Hoekstra |title=Will You Die for Me? |access-date=May 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405004745/http://aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-009.php |archive-date=April 5, 2007}}</ref> The group then backed their car to the bottom of the hill that led to the estate before walking back up to the house. Thinking that the gate might be electrified or equipped with an alarm, they climbed a brushy embankment to the right of the gate and entered the grounds.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|176–184}}
The three held the uncooperative Hinman hostage for two days, during which Manson showed up with a sword to slash his ear. After that, Beausoleil stabbed him to death, ostensibly on Manson’s instruction. Before leaving the Topanga Canyon residence, Beausoleil, or one of the girls, used Hinman’s blood to write "Political piggy"<!---"Piggy," not "Piggie"; photo is in Bugliosi 1994, between pages 142 and 143---> on the wall and to draw a panther paw, a Black Panther symbol.<ref name="bugliosi91"/><ref name="bugliosi99"/><ref>Sanders 2002, page 184.</ref>


Headlights approached the group from within the property, and Watson ordered the women to lie in the bushes. He stepped out and ordered the approaching driver, Parent, to halt. Watson leveled a ] ] at Parent, who begged him not to hurt him, claiming that he would not say anything. Watson lunged at Parent with a knife, giving him a ] on the palm of his hand that severed tendons and tore the boy's watch off his wrist, then shot him four times in the chest and abdomen, killing him in the front seat of his white 1965 ] coupe. Watson ordered the women to help push the car up the driveway.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|22–25}}<ref name="watson14"/>
On ], Beausoleil was arrested after he was caught driving Hinman's car, whose tire well held the murder weapon.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> On ], ], Manson told Family members at Spahn Ranch, "Now is the time for Helter Skelter."<ref name="bugliosi258">Bugliosi 1994, 258-269.</ref><ref> Page 6 of multi-page transcript, 2violent.com.</ref><ref name="watson13"/>


Watson next cut the screen of a window, then told Kasabian to keep watch down by the gate; she walked over to Parent's car and waited.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|258–269}}<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|176–184}}<ref name="watson14"/> Watson removed the screen, entered through the window and let Atkins and Krenwinkel in through the front door.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|176–184}} He whispered to Atkins and awoke Frykowski, who was sleeping on the living room couch. Watson kicked him in the head,<ref name="watson14"/> and Frykowski asked him who he was and what he was doing there. Watson replied, "I'm the devil, and I'm here to do the devil's business."<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|176–184}}<ref name="watson14"/>
=== Tate murders ===
On the night of ], ], Manson directed ] to take Family members ], ], and ] — one of the hitchhikers allegedly picked up by Dennis Wilson<ref name="bugliosi250"/> — to "that house where Melcher used to live" and "totally destroy everyone in , as gruesome as you can."<ref name="watson14"></ref><ref name="bugliosi463">Bugliosi 1994, 463-468.</ref> He told the girls to do as Tex would instruct them.<ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="bugliosi176">Bugliosi 1994, 176-184.</ref>


On Watson's direction, Atkins found the house's three other occupants with Krenwinkel's help<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|176–184, 297–300}} and forced them to the living room. Watson began to tie Tate and Sebring together by their necks with a long nylon rope which he had brought, then slung it over one of the living room's ceiling beams. Sebring protested the rough treatment of the pregnant Tate, so Watson shot him. Folger was taken momentarily back to her bedroom for her purse, and she gave the murderers $70. Watson then stabbed Sebring seven times.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|28–38}}<ref name="watson14"/> Frykowski's hands had been bound with a towel, but he freed himself and began struggling with Atkins, who stabbed at his legs with a knife.<ref name="watson14"/> He fought his way out the front door and onto the porch, but Watson caught up with him, struck him over the head with the gun multiple times, stabbed him repeatedly and shot him twice.<ref name="watson14"/>
When the four arrived at the entrance to the ] property, Watson, who'd been to the house, on Family business,<ref name="watson9"></ref> climbed a telephone pole near the gate and cut the phone line. It was now around midnight and into ], ].


Kasabian had heard "horrifying sounds" and moved toward the house from her position in the driveway. She told Atkins that someone was coming in an attempt to stop the murders.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|258–269}}<ref name="watson14"/> Inside the house, Folger escaped from Krenwinkel and fled out a bedroom door to the pool area.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|341–344, 356–361}} Krenwinkel pursued her and caught her on the front lawn, where she stabbed her and tackled her to the ground. Watson then helped kill her; her assailants stabbed her a total of twenty-eight times.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|28–38}}<ref name="watson14"/> Frykowski struggled across the lawn, but Watson continued to stab him, killing him. Frykowski suffered fifty-one stab wounds; he had also been struck thirteen times in the head with the butt of Watson's gun, which bent the barrel and broke off one side of the gun grip, which was recovered at the scene.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|28–38, 258–269}}<ref name="watson14"/>
Backing their car down to the bottom of the hill that led up to the place, they parked there and walked back up to the house. Thinking the gate might be electrified or rigged with an alarm,<ref name="bugliosi176"/> they climbed a brushy embankment at its right and dropped onto the grounds. Just then, headlights came their way from farther within the angled property. Telling the girls to lie in the bushes, Watson stepped out, gave a command to halt, and shot to death eighteen-year-old ], the driver of the approaching car.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi22">Bugliosi 1994, 22-25.</ref> After cutting the screen of an open window of the main house, Watson told Kasabian to keep watch down by the gate.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/> He removed the screen, entered through the window, and let Atkins and Krenwinkel in through the front door.<ref name="bugliosi176"/>


In the house, Tate pleaded to be allowed to live long enough to give birth and offered herself as a hostage in an attempt to save the life of her unborn child. Instead both Atkins and Watson stabbed Tate sixteen times, killing her. The ] found that Tate was still alive when she was hanged with the nylon rope, although the cause of her death was determined as a "]",<ref></ref> while in Sebring's murder it was found that he was hanged lifeless.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|28–38}}
As Watson whispered to Atkins, Roman Polanski's friend ] awoke on the living-room couch; Watson kicked him in the head.<ref name="watson14"/> When Frykowski asked him who he was and what he was doing there, Watson replied, "I’m the devil, and I’m here to do the devil’s business."<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="watson14"/>


According to Watson, Manson had told the women to "leave a sign—something witchy".<ref name="watson14"/> Atkins wrote "pig" on the front door in Tate's blood.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|84–90, 176–184}}<ref name="watson14"/> Atkins claims she did this to copycat the Hinman murder scene in order to get Beausoleil out of jail, who was in custody for that murder.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|426–435}}
On Watson’s direction, Atkins found the house's three other occupants and, with Krenwinkel's help,<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi297">Bugliosi 1994, 297-300.</ref> brought them to the living room. The three were ], eight and a half months pregnant; her friend and former lover ], a noted hairstylist; and Frykowski’s lover ], heiress to the ].<ref name="bugliosi28"/> Polanski, Tate's husband, was in London, England, at work on a film project.<ref name="bugliosi10">Bugliosi 1994, 10-14.</ref>


=== LaBianca murders ===
As Watson began to tie Tate and Sebring together, by their necks, with rope he'd brought and slung up over a beam, Sebring's protest — his second — of rough treatment of Tate prompted Watson to shoot him. After Folger was taken momentarily back to her bedroom for her purse, which proved to hold about seventy dollars, Watson stabbed the groaning Sebring seven times.<ref name="bugliosi28"/><ref name="watson14"/>
The four murderers plus Manson, Leslie Van Houten and ] went for a drive the following night. Manson was allegedly displeased with the previous night's murders, so he told Kasabian to drive to a house at 3301 Waverly Drive in the ] section of Los Angeles. Located next door to a home where Manson and Family members had attended a party the previous year,<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|176–184, 204–210}} it belonged to 44-year-old supermarket executive Leno LaBianca and his 43-year-old wife, Rosemary LaBianca, co-owner of a dress shop.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|22–25, 42–48}}


According to Atkins and Kasabian, Manson disappeared up the driveway and returned to say that he had tied up the house's occupants. Watson, Krenwinkel and Van Houten entered the property.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|176–184, 258–269}} Watson claims in his autobiography that Manson went up alone, then returned to take him up to the house with him. Manson pointed out a sleeping man through a window, and the two entered through the unlocked back door.<ref name="watson19">{{cite web|url=http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me|title=Will You Die For Me?, Ch. 19|last=Watson|first=Charles|website=Abounding Love Ministries|access-date=July 13, 2019|archive-date=April 5, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405004745/http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me|url-status=dead}}</ref> Watson claims Manson roused the sleeping Leno LaBianca from the couch at gunpoint and had Watson bind his hands with a leather thong. Rosemary was brought into the living room from the bedroom, and Watson covered the couple's heads with pillowcases which he bound in place with lamp cords. Manson left, and Krenwinkel and Van Houten entered the house.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|176–184, 258–269}}
Frykowski, whose hands had been bound with a towel, freed himself and began struggling with Atkins, who stabbed his legs with the knife with which she had been guarding him.<ref name="watson14"/> As Frykowski fought his way toward and out the front door, onto the porch, Watson, who joined in against him, struck him over the head with the gun multiple times (breaking the gun's right grip in the process), stabbed him repeatedly, and shot him twice.<ref name="watson14"/> Around this time, Kasabian, drawn up from the driveway by "horrifying sounds," arrived outside the door and, in a vain effort to halt the massacre, told Atkins falsely that someone was coming.<ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="watson14"/>


Watson had complained to Manson earlier of the inadequacy of the previous night's weapons.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|258–269}} Watson sent the women from the kitchen to the bedroom, where Rosemary LaBianca had been returned, while he went to the living room and began stabbing Leno LaBianca with a chrome-plated bayonet. The first thrust went into his throat. Watson heard a scuffle in the bedroom and went in there to discover Rosemary LaBianca keeping the women at bay by swinging the lamp tied to her neck. He stabbed her several times with the bayonet, then returned to the living room and resumed attacking Leno, whom he stabbed a total of twelve times. He then carved the word "WAR" into his abdomen.
Inside the house, Folger had escaped<!--- "had escaped," not "escaped" — Folger was loose by the time Frykowski collapsed outside the doorway ---> from Krenwinkel and fled out a bedroom door to the pool area.<ref name="bugliosi341"/><ref name="bugliosi356"/> Pursued to the front lawn by Krenwinkel, who stabbed and, finally, tackled her, she was dispatched by Watson; her two assailants stabbed her a total of twenty-eight times.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi28"/> As Frykowski struggled across the lawn, Watson finished him as well, with furious stabbing that brought his total stab wounds to fifty-one.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="bugliosi28"/>


Watson returned to the bedroom and found Krenwinkel stabbing Rosemary with a knife from the kitchen. Van Houten stabbed her approximately sixteen times in the back and the exposed buttocks.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|204–210, 297–300, 341–344}} Van Houten claimed at trial<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|433}} that Rosemary LaBianca was already dead during the stabbing. Evidence showed that many of the forty-one stab wounds had, in fact, been inflicted post-mortem.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|44, 206, 297, 341–42, 380, 404, 406–07, 433}} Watson then cleaned off the bayonet and showered, while Krenwinkel wrote "Rise" and "Death to pigs" on the walls and " Skelter]]" on the refrigerator door, all in LaBianca's blood. She gave Leno LaBianca fourteen puncture wounds with an ivory-handled, two-tined carving fork, which she left jutting out of his stomach. She also planted a steak knife in his throat.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|176–184, 258–269}}
Back in the house, Atkins, Watson, or both killed Tate, who was stabbed a total of sixteen times.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> Tate pleaded to be allowed to live long enough to have her baby; she cried, "Mother... mother..." — until she was dead.<ref name="watson14"/> (In initial confessions, to cellmates of hers at ], Atkins would say she killed Tate.<ref name="bugliosi84"/> In later statements — to her attorney, to ], and before a ] — she would indicate Tate had been stabbed by Tex Watson.<ref name="bugliosi163"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/> In his 1978 autobiography, Watson himself said that he stabbed Tate and that Atkins did not.<ref name="watson14"/> Aware prosecutor Bugliosi and the jury that had tried the other Tate-LaBianca defendants were convinced Atkins had stabbed Tate, he falsely testified he did not stab her.<ref name="watson19"></ref>)


Meanwhile, Manson drove the other three Family members who had departed Spahn with him that evening to the ] home of the Lebanese actor Saladin Nader. Manson left them there and drove back to Spahn Ranch, leaving them and the LaBianca killers to hitchhike home.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|176–184, 258–269}} According to Kasabian, Manson wanted his followers to murder Nader in his apartment, but Kasabian claims she thwarted this murder by deliberately knocking on the wrong apartment door and waking a stranger. The group abandoned the murder plan and left, but Atkins defecated in the stairwell on the way out.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|270–273}}
Earlier, as the four Family members had headed out from Spahn Ranch, Manson had told the girls to "leave a sign… something witchy."<ref name="watson14"/> Now, using the towel that had bound Frykowski’s hands, Atkins wrote "pig" on the house’s front door, in Tate's blood.


=== Shea murder ===
En route home, the killers changed out of bloody clothes, which, along with their weapons, they ditched in the hills.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi84">Bugliosi 1994, 84-90.</ref><ref name="bugliosi176"/>
35-year-old ] ] ''']''' was murdered on August 26, 1969,<ref name=GroganBio>{{cite web|title=Steve Grogan biography|url=http://www.biography.com/people/steve-grogan-20902805|website=www.biography.com|publisher=Bio.|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123043736/http://www.biography.com/people/steve-grogan-20902805|archive-date=November 23, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> more than two weeks after the ], when Manson told Shea, Bruce Davis, ], and Steve Grogan to go on a ride to a nearby car parts yard on the Spahn Ranch. According to Davis, he sat in the back seat with Grogan, who then hit Shea with a pipe wrench and Watson stabbed him. They brought Shea down a hill behind the ranch and stabbed and brutally tortured him to death. Bruce Davis recalled at his parole hearings:


{{cquote|I was in the car when Steve Grogan hit Shorty with the pipe wrench. Charles Watson stabbed him. I was in the backseat with... with Grogan. They took Shorty out. They had to go down the hill to a place. I stayed in the car for quite a while but what... then I went down the hill later on and that's when I cut Shorty on the shoulder with the knife, after he was... well, I don't know... I... I don't know if he was dead or not. He didn't bleed when I cut him on the shoulder.
=== LaBianca murders ===
The next night, six Family members, including the four from night one, rode out at Manson’s instruction. Displeased by the panic of the victims at Cielo Drive, Manson accompanied the six, "to show how to do it."<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="watson15"></ref> After a few hours’ ride, in which he considered a number of murders and even attempted one of them,<ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="watson15"/> Manson gave Kasabian directions that brought the group to 3301 Waverly Drive, home of supermarket executive ] and his wife, Rosemary, a dress shop co-owner.<ref name="bugliosi22"/><ref name="bugliosi42">Bugliosi 1994, 42-48.</ref> Located in the ] section of Los Angeles, the LaBianca home was next door to a house at which Manson and Family members had attended a party the previous year.<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi204">Bugliosi 1994, 204-210.</ref>


When I showed up, you know, he was... he was incapacitated. I don't know if... you asked if he was unconscious, I don't know. He may or may not have been. He didn't seem conscious. He wasn't moving or saying anything. And it started off Manson handed me a machete as if I was supposed to... I mean I know what he wanted. But you know I couldn't do that. And I... in fact, I did touch Shorty Shea with a machete on the back of his neck, didn't break the skin. I mean I just couldn't do it. And then I threw the knife... and he handed me a bayonet and it... I just reached over and... I don't know which side it was on but I cut him right about here on the shoulder just with the tip of the blade. Sort of like saying "Are you satisfied, Charlie?"
After walking up the driveway and looking in a window, Manson took Watson with him through the unlocked back door.<ref name="watson15"/> (Atkins and Kasabian would tell prosecutors Manson went up to the house alone, returned with a report that he had tied up the house's occupants, and sent Watson up with Krenwinkel and Van Houten.<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/> In his autobiography, Watson indicated that, after first going up alone, Manson brought him into the house. He added that, at trial, he "went along with" the others' account, which he figured made him "look that much less responsible.")<ref name="watson19"/>


And I turned around and walked away. And I... I was sick for about two or three days. I mean I couldn't even think about what I... what I had done.<ref>{{cite web|title=SUBSEQUENT PAROLE CONSIDERATION HEARING STATE OF CALIFORNIA BOARD OF PAROLE HEARINGS In the matter of the Life Term Parole Consideration Hearing of: CHARLES WATSON CDC Number: B-37999|url=http://www.cielodrive.com/charles-tex-watson-parole-hearing-2011.php|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref>}}
Rousing the sleeping Leno LaBianca from the couch at gunpoint, Manson had Watson bind his hands with a leather thong. After Rosemary LaBianca was brought briefly into the living room from the bedroom, Watson followed Manson’s instructions to cover the couple’s heads with pillowcases, which he bound in place with lamp cords. Manson left, sending Krenwinkel and ] into the house with instructions that the couple be killed.<ref name="watson15"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/>


In December 1977, Shea's skeletal remains were discovered on a nondescript hillside near Santa Susana Road next to ] after Grogan, one of those convicted of the murder, agreed to aid authorities in the recovery of Shea's body by drawing a map to its location.<ref name=MailTribune>{{cite web|url=https://mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/family-secrets-book-sheds-light-on-murder-by-manson/|work=]|title=Family secrets: Book sheds light on murder by Manson|first=Vickie|last=Aldous|date=June 9, 2019|access-date=July 2, 2023|archive-date=August 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801150425/https://www.mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/family-secrets-book-sheds-light-on-murder-by-manson/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wpxi.com/news/deep-viral/manson-family-murders-two-nights-of-brutality-that-terrorized-1969-los-angeles/974205161 |title=Manson family murders: Two nights of brutality that terrorized 1969 Los Angeles |first=Crystal |last=Bonvillian |date=August 12, 2019 |access-date=August 20, 2019 |work=] |publisher=]}}</ref> According to the autopsy report, his body suffered multiple stab and chopping wounds to the chest, and blunt force trauma to the head.<ref name=SheaAutopsy>Shea, Donald Jerome. Autopsy report case no. 77-15110, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner, County of Los Angeles (December 16, 1977).</ref>
Before leaving Spahn Ranch, Watson had complained to Manson of the inadequacy of the previous night's weapons.<ref name="bugliosi258"/> Now, sending the girls from the kitchen to the bedroom, to which Rosemary LaBianca had been returned, he went to the living room and began stabbing Leno LaBianca with a chrome-plated ], the first thrust going into the man's throat.


=== Suspected murders ===
Sounds of a scuffle in the bedroom drew Watson there to discover Mrs. LaBianca keeping the girls at bay by swinging the lamp tied to her neck. Subduing her with several stabs of the bayonet, Watson returned to the living room and resumed attacking Leno, whom he stabbed a total of twelve times. After Watson was done, he carved "WAR" on the man’s exposed stomach. (Atkins, who did not enter the LaBianca house, told prosecutors that she believed that Krenwinkel had carved "WAR" on Leno LaBianca's stomach; Watson's autobiography makes clear that ''he'' had done it.)<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="watson15"/>
{{See also|Manson Family#Suspected further murders}}
In total, Manson and his followers were convicted of nine counts of ]. However, the LAPD believes that the Family could have claimed up to at least twelve more victims.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tata|first1=Samantha|last2=Kovacik|first2=Robert|title=12 Unsolved Murders Have Possible Ties to Manson Family, LAPD Says|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/charles-tex-watson-manson-lapd-lawyer-audio-tape-recordings-murders/1939554/|access-date=June 2, 2022|work=NBC Los Angeles|date=October 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite news|last1=Winton|first1=Richard|title=How many more did Manson family kill? LAPD investigating 12 unsolved murders|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-08-07/charles-manson-unsolved-murders|access-date=June 2, 2022|work=]|date=August 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=12 Unsolved murders link to Charles Manson|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9622216/Unsolved-murders-link-to-Charles-Manson.html|access-date=June 2, 2022|work=]|date=October 20, 2012}}</ref> Cliff Shepard, a former LAPD Robbery-Homicide Division detective, said that Manson "repeatedly" claimed to have killed many others. Prosecutor Stephen Kay supported this assertion: "I know that Manson one time told one of his cellmates that he was responsible for 35 murders." Tate's younger sister, Debra Tate, has also claimed that investigators are "just scraping the surface" when it comes to the number of Manson's victims and has further elaborated on how Manson sent her a taunting map of the ], with crosses on it that she believed were meant to represent buried bodies. This has resulted in several excavations that have been undertaken at Manson's ], but they have not resulted in any bodies being found.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did The Manson Family Have Other Victims?|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/did-the-manson-family-have-other-victims/|access-date=June 2, 2022|work=]|date=March 16, 2008}}</ref>
* '''Nancy Warren''', 64, and '''Clyda Dulaney''', 24, were both found near ] at the antique store owned by Warren on October 13, 1968. They had both been beaten and strangled to death with thirty-six leather thongs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Seven-year-old child finds bodies; no clue to slayer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1212658/|access-date=June 2, 2022|work=Ukiah Daily Journal|date=October 14, 1968}}</ref> After the Family members were arrested, they became suspects when it was discovered that members of the Family had been in the Ukiah area at the time of the murders. However, no one in the Family was ever charged with the murders and no arrests were ever made in the case.
* '''Marina Elizabeth Habe''', 17, was murdered on December 30, 1968. She was a student at the ] home on vacation when she was murdered in ].<ref>''More of Hollywood's Unsolved Mysteries'', John Austin, SP Books, 1992, p. 240.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref><ref name="The Family">Ed Sanders, ''The Family'', ], May 1972, p. 132.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> According to the autopsy report, Habe's throat had been slashed and she had received numerous knife wounds to the chest. She suffered multiple contusions to the face and throat, and had been garrotted. There was no evidence of rape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philropost.com/2015/02/suspects-and-suspicions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415041135/http://www.philropost.com/2015/02/suspects-and-suspicions.html |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |title=SUSPECTS AND SUSPICIONS|website=philropost.com|date=February 2015}}</ref> Habe was abducted outside the home of her mother in ], 8962 Cynthia Avenue.<ref>"Police report progress of autopsy", ''Los Angeles Times'', January 3, 1969, pg. D1.</ref> A former Manson Family associate claimed members of the Family had known Habe and it was conjectured she had been one of their victims.<ref name="The Family"/><ref name=times>"Officials Reveal Coed, 17, Was Stabbed To Death", ''Los Angeles Times'', January 3, 1969, pg. SF1.</ref>
* '''Darwin Morell Scott''', 64, was the uncle of Manson and the brother of Manson's father, Colonel Scott. On May 27, 1969, Scott was found brutally stabbed to death in his ] apartment. His body was pinned to the kitchen floor with a butcher knife, and he had been stabbed nineteen times. After Manson's arrest, it was reported that local residents claimed to have seen a man resembling Manson using the alias, "Preacher", in the area at the time Darwin was murdered. Manson was on parole in California at the time of the murder, but the murder occurred when Manson was out of touch with his parole officers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stabbing Evidence Still Out|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80979236/death-of-darwin-morell-scott-64-who/|access-date=June 2, 2022|work=The Dominion News|date=May 30, 1969}}</ref>
* '''Mark Walts''', 16, was an acquaintance of the Family members and was even known to associate with them at the Spahn Ranch. On July 17, 1969, Walts hitchhiked to the ] so he could go fishing. His fishing pole was found abandoned at the pier, and his body was found the next day near ]. He had been shot three times in the chest. Though the Family was reportedly "shocked" by Walts' murder, his brother was convinced that Manson was responsible for his death and even called him in order to directly accuse him of his murder. The Los Angeles Sheriff's Department investigated Spahn Ranch in regard to Walts' murder, but no links were found, and the murder was never solved.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The Manson Family murders, and their complicated legacy, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/8/7/20695284/charles-manson-family-what-is-helter-skelter-explained|accessdate=June 2, 2022|work=]|date=August 7, 2019}}</ref>
* '''John Philip Haught''', 22, was an ] native who had moved to ] and met Manson in the summer of 1969. He joined the Manson Family and was amongst the group who was arrested in the October raid of the clan for the ]; Manson suspected him of being an informant. On November 5, 1969, Haught was associating with some members of the Family. According to all present, Haught suddenly found a gun in the room, picked it up, and promptly shot himself while attempting a game of ]. However, when police investigated the death, they found that the gun, rather than having zero bullets and one spent shell casing, instead contained seven bullets and one spent shell. Moreover, the gun had been wiped free of prints. Additionally, a male witness who had held Haught's head after the shooting told Cohen he had entered the room to find a female Manson follower with the gun in her hand.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The Manson Family murders, and their complicated legacy, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/8/7/20695284/charles-manson-family-what-is-helter-skelter-explained|access-date=June 2, 2022|work=]|date=August 7, 2019}}</ref> Despite this, police concluded Haught had killed himself.
* '''James Sharp''', 15, and '''Doreen Gaul''', 19, were both found stabbed to death in an alley in Los Angeles on November 7, 1969. The murder of the two young ] involved both being stabbed between fifty and sixty times. Police immediately noted the similarities to these murders and those of the ];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pelisek|first1=Christine|title=Did Charles Manson Have 4 More Victims? 'There's an Answer There Somewhere,' Says LAPD Detective|url=https://people.com/crime/did-charles-manson-have-4-more-victims-people-magazine-investigates/?did=344169-20190222&cid=344169&mid=18790762691|access-date=June 2, 2022|work=]|date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> the killings of Sharp and Gaul happened close to where the Labianca's lived. In '']'', author Vincent Bugliosi wrote that Gaul was rumoured to be a former girlfriend of Manson Family member ]—Davis had lived at the same housing complex as Gaul, but in a police interview he denied knowing her.
* ''']''', 19, was a young woman found stabbed to death on November 16, 1969.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siemaszko|first1=Corky|title=Reet Jurvetson, Killed in 1969, Could Be a Manson Family Murder Victim|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/reet-jurvetson-killed-1969-could-be-manson-family-murder-victim-n564106|access-date=September 7, 2016|publisher=]|date=April 28, 2016}}</ref> Her body was found with over one hundred and fifty stab wounds from a penknife to her neck and upper body, along with defensive wounds on her hands and arms. She had been disposed of along ] in ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://people.com/crime/lapd-seeks-to-identify-two-men-in-connection-with-murder-of-reet-jurvetson/ |title=L.A. Cops Search for Two in 1969 Unsolved Murder of Reet Jurvetson; Say No Charles Manson Connection |newspaper=]|date=September 8, 2016 |access-date=March 29, 2017}}</ref> Some witnesses claimed to have seen a woman named "Sherry" who matched Jurvetson's description among members of the Manson Family, but it turned out that this individual was alive. Manson himself denied any involvement in killing Jurvetson. Detectives within the Los Angeles Police Department have noted "striking similarities" between the method of murder of both Jurvetson and Habe, but no firm connection between both murders has ever been established.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/reet-jurvetson-other-cases-1.3857691 |title=Could Canadian's Brutal 1969 Stabbing Death Be Connected to Another L.A. Cold Case? |access-date=September 3, 2017 |newspaper=CBC News |date=November 20, 2016}}</ref>
* '''Joel Pugh''', 29, was found dead in the Talgarth Hotel in ], England, on December 1, 1969. His wrists had been cut and his throat was slit twice. British authorities listed the death a drug-induced suicide, saying Pugh had been depressed. Pugh was a Family member who was married to another member of the Family, ]. Stephen Kay and others claim Manson hated Pugh. "He had no reason to commit suicide, and Manson was very unhappy that Sandy was with Pugh", Kay has said. Pugh's death occurred when a number of Manson Family members were being arrested for the ]. Manson follower ] was in London at the time Pugh died.<ref name="Los Angeles Times"/>
* ''']''', 35, was an American ] who represented ], a member of the Manson Family. Hughes disappeared while on a camping trip during a ten-day recess from the ] in November 1970. The badly decomposed body of Hughes was found in March 1971 wedged between two boulders in ].<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|457}} It was rumoured, although never proven, that Hughes was murdered by the Family, possibly because he had stood up to Manson and refused to allow Van Houten to take the stand and absolve Manson of the crimes,<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|387, 394, 481}} though he might have perished in flooding.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|393–394, 481}}<ref name="Sanders"/>{{rp|436–438}} Attorney Stephen Kay has stated that while he is "on the fence" about the Family's involvement in Hughes' death, Manson had open contempt for Hughes during the trial. Kay added, "The last thing Manson said to him was, 'I don't want to see you in the courtroom again,' and he was never seen again alive."<ref name="latimes">{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/01/local/la-me-manson-tapes-20120601/2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603205301/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/01/local/la-me-manson-tapes-20120601/2|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 3, 2012|title=Manson follower's tapes may yield new clues, LAPD says|last=Becerra|first=Hector|author2=Winton, Richard |date=June 1, 2012|work=]|page=2|accessdate=January 8, 2013}}</ref> Family member ] stated that Hughes was "the first of the retaliation murders".<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|481–482, 625}}
* On November 8, 1972, the body of 26-year-old Vietnam Marine combat veteran '''James Lambert Willett''' was found by a hiker near ].<ref name=SuspectInKilling /> Months earlier, he had been forced to dig his own grave, and then was shot and poorly buried. His ] was found outside a house in ] where several Manson followers were living, including Priscilla Cooper, Lynette Fromme, and Nancy Pitman. Police forced their way into the house and arrested several of the people there. The body of Willett's 19-year-old wife '''Lauren Chavelle Willett'''<ref name=posed>"Two men and three women charged with murder of 19-year-old girl", ] News Service, 1972.</ref> was found buried in the basement.<ref name=SuspectInKilling> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618170246/http://img521.imageshack.us/img521/9/suspectinkillingnov1419.jpg |date=June 18, 2012}}, ''The Times Standard'', November 14, 1972.</ref> She had been killed very recently by a gunshot to the head, in what the Family members initially claimed was an accident. It was later suggested that she was killed out of fear that she would reveal who killed her husband. Michael Monfort pleaded guilty to murdering Lauren and Priscilla Cooper, James Craig, and Nancy Pitman pleaded guilty as accessories after the fact. Monfort and William Goucher later pleaded guilty to the murder of James, and James Craig pleaded guilty as an accessory after the fact. The group had been living in the house with the Willetts while committing various robberies. Shortly after killing Willett, Monfort had used Willett's identification papers to pose as Willett after being arrested for an armed robbery of a liquor store. Willett was not involved in the robberies<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618170315/http://img109.imageshack.us/img109/2748/exconsmanosngirlscharge.jpg |date=June 18, 2012}}, ''The Billings Gazette'', November 15, 1972.</ref> and wanted to move away but was presumably killed out of fear that he would talk to police.
* ''']''', 50, was an American ] and ]. He is best known for co-directing the Oscar nominated documentary ] in 1973. ] was a former student at Merrick's Academy of Dramatic Arts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eugene Oregon Register-Guard |title=Producer of movie on Manson 'family' slain in Hollywood |url=http://www.thezodiacmansonconnection.com/crockett_merrick.html |access-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719231830/http://www.thezodiacmansonconnection.com/crockett_merrick.html |archive-date=July 19, 2012 }}</ref> Merrick was killed by a gunman on January 26, 1977. He was shot in the back in the carpark of his acting school. Merrick's murder went unsolved until October 1981 when 35-year-old Dennis Mignano confessed to police. At his subsequent trial, Mignano was found not guilty by reason of insanity and committed to a mental hospital. Mignano was an unemployed would-be actor and singer with a long history of psychiatric problems and a possible prior relationship with the Manson clan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/30388705/|title=Valley News from Van Nuys, California on September 30, 1977 · Page 64|website=Newspapers.com|date=September 30, 1977 |access-date=July 20, 2018}}</ref>
* Six months after the murder of Merrick, Mignano's sister '''Michele Mignano''', 21, a topless dancer, was also murdered. Her body was found on June 13, 1977, 350&nbsp;ft into a Western Pacific railroad tunnel in Niles Canyon. Authorities referred to her death as an "execution-style slaying" with her dying from exsanguination due to multiple gunshot wounds. A number of bullet cartridges were found near her body. She was shoeless yet fully clothed with jewellery so sexual assault and robbery were both ruled out as motives. Her murder has never been solved.<ref> The Argus Fremont, June 14, 1977</ref><ref> The Argus Fremont, June 22, 1977</ref>


=== Investigation ===
Returning to the bedroom, where Krenwinkel was stabbing Rosemary LaBianca with a knife from the LaBianca kitchen, Watson — heeding Manson’s instruction to make sure each of the girls played a part — told Van Houten to stab her too.<ref name="watson15"/> She did, on the exposed buttocks and elsewhere.<ref name="bugliosi204"/><ref name="bugliosi297"/><ref name="bugliosi341">Bugliosi 1994, 341-344.</ref> (Many of Rosemary LaBianca’s forty-one total stab wounds would prove to have been inflicted post-mortem, a fact that would lend support to Leslie Van Houten’s equivocal contention that Rosemary LaBianca was dead by the time she stabbed her.)<ref>Bugliosi 1994; pp. 44, 206, 297, 341-42, 380, 404, 406-07, 433.</ref>
The Tate murders became national news on August 9, 1969, after the Polanskis' housekeeper, Winifred Chapman, arrived for work that morning.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|5–6, 11–15}} On August 10, detectives of the ], which had jurisdiction in the Hinman case, informed ] detectives assigned to the Tate case of the bloody writing at the Hinman house. According to ], because detectives believed the Tate murders were a consequence of a drug transaction, the Tate team initially ignored this and other evidence of similarities between the crimes.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|28–38}}<ref name="Sanders"/>{{rp|243–244}}


During the Tate autopsies, detectives working on the Hinman case noticed similarities in the weapons used, the stab wounds, and the writing in blood on the walls. They brought the information to detectives working on the Tate murders. According to Detective Charlie Guenther, "Vince didn't want anything to do with the Hinman case. Hinman was a nothing case. Vince didn't want to prosecute it."<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|28–38}}<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|28–38}}
While Watson cleaned off the bayonet and showered, Krenwinkel wrote "Rise" and "Death to pigs" on the walls and "Healter Skelter" on the refrigerator door, all in blood. She gave Leno LaBianca fourteen puncture wounds with an ivory-handled, two-tined carving fork, which she left jutting out of his stomach; she also planted a steak knife in his throat.<ref name="watson15"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/>


Held briefly as a Tate suspect, Garretson told police he had neither seen nor heard anything on the murder night. He was released on August 11, 1969, after undergoing a ] examination that indicated he had not been involved in the crimes.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|28–38, 42–48}} The LaBianca crime scene was discovered at 10:30&nbsp;p.m. on August 10, approximately nineteen hours after the murders were committed, when 15-year-old Frank Struthers, Rosemary's son from a prior marriage and Leno's stepson, returned from a camping trip.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|38}}
Hoping for a double crime, Manson had gone on to direct Kasabian to drive to the ] home of an actor acquaintance of hers, another "piggy." Depositing the second trio of Family members at the man's apartment building, he drove back to Spahn Ranch, leaving them and the LaBianca killers to hitchhike home.<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/> Kasabian thwarted this murder by deliberately knocking on the wrong apartment door and waking a stranger. As the group abandoned the murder plan and left, ] defecated in the stairwell.<ref name="bugliosi270">Bugliosi 1994, 270-273.</ref>


On August 12, 1969, the LAPD told the press it had ruled out any connection between the Tate and LaBianca homicides.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|42–48}} On August 16, the sheriff's office raided Spahn Ranch and arrested Manson and twenty-five others, as "suspects in a major auto theft ring" that had been stealing ]s and converting them into ]. Weapons were seized, but, because the search warrant had been misdated, the group was released a few days later.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|56}} In a report at the end of August, the LaBianca detectives noted a possible connection between the bloody writings at the LaBianca house and "the singing group the Beatles' most recent album."<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|65}}
==Justice system==
=== Investigation and arrest ===
On ], ] — while the Tate autopsies were under way and the LaBianca bodies were yet to be discovered — detectives of the ], which had jurisdiction in the Hinman case, informed ] detectives assigned to the Tate case of the bloody writing at the Hinman house. They even mentioned that the Hinman suspect, Beausoleil, was associated with a group of ] led by "a guy named Charlie." The Tate team, thinking the Tate murders a consequence of a drug transaction, ignored the information.<ref name="bugliosi28"/>


Still working separately from the Tate team, the LaBianca team checked with the sheriff's office in mid-October about possible similar crimes. They learned of the Hinman case and also learned that the Hinman detectives had spoken with Beausoleil's girlfriend, Kitty Lutesinger. She had been arrested a few days earlier with members of the Manson Family.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|75–77}}
], the shooting victim in the Tate driveway, was determined to have been an acquaintance of ], a young man hired by Rudi Altobelli to take care of the property while Altobelli himself was away.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> As the killers arrived, Parent had been leaving Cielo Drive, after a visit to Garretson.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> Held briefly as a Tate ], Garretson, who lived in the guest house and told police he had neither seen nor heard anything on the murder night, was released on ], ].<ref name="bugliosi28"/><ref name="bugliosi42"/>


The arrests, for car thefts, had taken place at the desert ranches to which the Family had moved.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|228–233}}<ref name="watson12"/> A joint force of ]s and officers from the ] and the ] Sheriff's Office: federal, state, and county personnel, had raided both the Myers and Barker ranches after following evidence left when Family members had burned an ] owned by ].<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|125–127}}<ref name="Sanders"/>{{rp|282–283}} The raiders had found stolen dune buggies and other vehicles, and arrested two dozen people, including Manson. A Highway Patrol officer found Manson hiding in a cabinet beneath Barker's bathroom sink.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|75–77, 125–127}}
On ], ], LAPD told the press it had ruled out any connection between the Tate and LaBianca homicides.<ref name="bugliosi42"/> On August 16, the sheriff’s office raided Spahn Ranch and arrested Manson and twenty-five others, as "suspects in a major auto theft ring" that had been stealing ] and converting them into ]. Weapons were seized, but because the warrant had been misdated the group was released a few days later.<ref name="bugliosi56">Bugliosi 1994, 56.</ref>


Following up leads a month after they had spoken with Lutesinger, LaBianca detectives contacted members of a motorcycle gang Manson tried to recruit as bodyguards while the Family was at Spahn Ranch.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|75–77}}<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|84–90, 99–113}} Meanwhile, a dormitory mate of ] informed LAPD of the Family's involvement in the crimes.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|99–113}} Atkins was booked for the Hinman murder after she told sheriff's detectives that she had been involved in it.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|75–77}}<ref>Report on questioning of Katherine Lutesinger and Susan Atkins October 13, 1969, by Los Angeles Sheriff's officers Paul Whiteley and Charles Guenther.</ref> Transferred to ], a detention center in ], she had begun talking to bunkmates Ronnie Howard and Virginia Graham, to whom she gave accounts of the events in which she had been involved.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|91–96}}
By the end of August, when virtually all leads had gone nowhere, a report by the LaBianca detectives, generally younger than the Tate team, noted a possible connection between the bloody writings at the LaBianca house and "the singing group the Beatles’ most recent album."<ref name="bugliosi65">Bugliosi 1994, 65.</ref>


=== Apprehension ===
In mid-October, the LaBianca team, still working separately from the Tate team, checked with the sheriff’s office about possible similar crimes and learned of the Hinman case. They also learned that the Hinman detectives had spoken with Beausoleil’s girlfriend, Kitty Lutesinger, who had been arrested a few days earlier with members of "the Manson Family."<ref name="bugliosi75"/>
On December 1, 1969, the LAPD announced warrants for the arrest of Watson, Krenwinkel, and Kasabian in the Tate case; the suspects' involvement in the LaBianca murders was noted. Manson and Atkins, already in custody, were not mentioned; the connection between the LaBianca case and Van Houten, who was also among those arrested near Death Valley, had not yet been recognized.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|125–127, 155–161, 176–184}} Watson and Krenwinkel were already under arrest, with authorities in ], and ], having picked them up on notice from LAPD.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|155–161}} Informed that a warrant was out for her arrest, Kasabian voluntarily surrendered to authorities in ] on December 2.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|155–161}}


Physical evidence such as Krenwinkel's and Watson's fingerprints, which had been collected by LAPD at Cielo Drive,<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|15, 156, 273, and photographs between 340–41}} was augmented by evidence recovered by the public. On September 1, 1969, the distinctive .22-caliber Hi Standard "Buntline Special" revolver Watson used on Parent, Sebring, and Frykowski had been found and given to the police by Steven Weiss, a 10-year-old who lived near the Tate residence.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|66}} In mid-December, when the '']'' published a crime account based on information Susan Atkins had given her attorney,<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|160,193}} Weiss's father made several phone calls which finally prompted LAPD to locate the gun in its evidence file and connect it with the murders via ballistics tests.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|198–199}}
The arrests had taken place at the desert ranches, to which the Family had moved and were, unknown to authorities, its members had been in the midst of a search for a hole in the ground — access to the Bottomless Pit.<ref name="bugliosi228"/><ref name="watkins21">Watkins, Ch. 21.</ref> A joint force of ] and officers from the ] and the ] Sheriff’s Office had raided both the Myers and Barker ranches after following clues left by Family members who had burned a piece of ] belonging to ].<ref name="bugliosi125"/><ref>Sanders 2002, 282-83.</ref><ref name="watkins22">Watkins, Ch. 22</ref> The raiders had found stolen dune buggies and other vehicles and had arrested two dozen persons, including Manson. A Highway Patrol officer found Manson hiding in a cabinet beneath a bathroom sink at Barker.<ref name="bugliosi75"/><ref name="bugliosi125">Bugliosi 1994, 125-127.</ref>


Acting on that same newspaper account, a local ] television crew quickly located and recovered the bloody clothing discarded by the Tate killers.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|197–198}} The knives discarded en route from the Tate residence were never recovered, despite a search by some of the same crewmen and by LAPD.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|198, 273}} A knife found behind the cushion of a chair in the Tate living room was apparently that of Susan Atkins, who lost her knife in the course of the attack.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|17, 180, 262}}<ref name="atkins"/>{{rp|141}}
A month after they, too, had spoken with Lutesinger, the LaBianca detectives made contact with members of a motorcycle gang she'd told them Manson had tried to enlist as his bodyguards while the Family was at Spahn Ranch.<ref name="bugliosi75"/> While the gang members were providing information that suggested a link between Manson and the murders,<ref name="bugliosi84"/><ref name="bugliosi99"/> a dormitory mate of ] succeeded in informing LAPD of the Family’s involvement in the crimes.<ref name="bugliosi99"/> One of those arrested at Barker, Atkins had been booked for the Hinman murder after she’d confirmed to the sheriff’s detectives that she’d been involved in it, as Lutesinger had said.<ref name="bugliosi75"/> Transferred to ], a detention center in Los Angeles, she had begun talking to bunkmates Ronnie Howard and Virginia Graham, whom she gave chilling accounts of the events in which she had been involved.<ref name="bugliosi91"/>
The trial began on June 15, 1970.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|297–300}} The prosecution's main witness was Kasabian, who, along with Manson, Atkins, and Krenwinkel, had been charged with seven counts of murder and one of ].<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|185–188}} Since Kasabian, by all accounts, had not participated in the killings, she was granted ] in exchange for testimony that detailed the nights of the crimes.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|214–219, 250–253, 330–332}} Originally, a deal had been made with Atkins in which the prosecution agreed not to seek the death penalty against her in exchange for her grand jury testimony on which the indictments were secured; once Atkins repudiated that testimony, the deal was withdrawn.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|169, 173–184, 188, 292}} Because Van Houten had participated only in the LaBianca killings, she was charged with two counts of murder and one of conspiracy.


Originally, Judge ] had reluctantly granted Manson permission to ]. Because of Manson's conduct, including violations of a ] and submission of "outlandish" and "nonsensical" ], the permission was withdrawn before the trial's start.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|200–202, 265}} Manson filed an affidavit of prejudice against Keene, who was replaced by Judge ].<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|290}} On Friday, July 24, the first day of testimony, Manson appeared in court with an X carved into his forehead. He issued a statement that he was "considered inadequate and incompetent to speak or defend self"—and had "X'd self from world."<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|310}}<ref name="Sanders"/>{{rp|388}} Over the following weekend, the female defendants duplicated the mark on their own foreheads, as did most Family members within another day or so.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|316}}
On ] ], acting on the information from these sources, LAPD announced warrants for the arrest of Watson, Krenwinkel, and Kasabian in the Tate case; the suspects' involvement in the LaBianca murders was noted. Manson and Atkins, already in custody, were not mentioned; the connection between the LaBianca case and Van Houten, who was also among those arrested near Death Valley, had not yet been recognized.<ref name="bugliosi125"/><ref name="bugliosi155"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/>


The prosecution argued the triggering of "Helter Skelter" was Manson's main motive.<ref name="bugliosi"/> The crime scene's bloody White Album reference, "helter skelter", written by ], and the writing of "pigs" was correlated with testimony about Manson predictions that the murders Black people would commit at the outset of Helter Skelter would involve the writing of "pigs" on walls in victims' blood.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|244–247, 450–457}} The defendants testified that the writing in blood on the walls was to copy that of the Hinman murder scene, not an apocalyptic race war.<ref name="bugliosi"/>{{rp|426–435}} According to Bugliosi, Manson directed Kasabian to hide a wallet taken from the scene in the women's restroom of a service station near a Black neighborhood.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|176–184, 190–191, 258–269, 369–377}} However, as co-prosecutor Stephen Kay later pointed out the wallet was left about twenty miles away in a predominantly White neighborhood, ].<ref>{{cite AV media|last=Day|first=Buddy|author-link=James Buddy Day|url=https://www.amazon.com/Charles-Manson-Final-Words/dp/B07YCDVCHX|title=Charles Manson: The Final Words|publisher=]: via–]|date=December 3, 2017|access-date=August 9, 2021|time=1:14:00-1:15:00|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Watson and Krenwinkel, too, were already under arrest, authorities in Texas and Alabama having picked them up on notice from LAPD.<ref name="bugliosi155"/> On December 2, in New Hampshire, Kasabian voluntarily surrendered to authorities.<ref name="bugliosi155"/>


=== Ongoing disruptions ===
===Conviction and sentencing===
During the trial, Family members loitered near the entrances and corridors of the courthouse. To keep them out of the courtroom proper, the prosecution ]ed them as prospective witnesses, who would not be able to enter while others were testifying.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|309}} When the group established itself in vigil on the sidewalk, some members wore sheathed hunting knives that, although in plain view, were carried legally. Each of them was also identifiable by the X on their forehead.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|339}}
At the trial, which began ] ],<!---June 15 is trial-start date; July 24, as is indicated below, is first day of testimony---><ref name="bugliosi297"/> the prosecution's main witness was Kasabian, who, along with Manson, Atkins, and Krenwinkel, had been charged with seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy.<ref name="bugliosi185"/> Not having participated in the killings, she was granted ] in exchange for testimony that detailed the nights of crimes.<ref name="bugliosi214"/><ref name="bugliosi250"/><ref name="bugliosi330">Bugliosi 1994, 330-332.</ref> (The ] had been secured on testimony of Susan Atkins at grand jury; a deal had been made with Atkins so that she, at least, would not face the death penalty. When she repudiated her grand jury statement, the deal was withdrawn.)<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 169, 173-84, 188, 292.</ref>


Some Family members attempted to dissuade witnesses from testifying. Prosecution witnesses ] and Juan Flynn were both threatened;<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|280, 332–335}} Watkins was badly burned in a suspicious fire in his van.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|280}} Former Family member Barbara Hoyt, who had overheard ] describing the Tate murders to Family member ], agreed to accompany the latter to Hawaii. There, Moorehouse allegedly gave her a hamburger spiked with several doses of ]. Found sprawled on a ] curb in a drugged semi-stupor, Hoyt was taken to the hospital, where she did her best to identify herself as a witness in the Tate–LaBianca murder trial. Before the incident, Hoyt had been a reluctant witness; after the attempt to silence her, her reticence disappeared.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|348–350, 361}}
Although the court had originally, reluctantly granted Manson permission to act as his own attorney,<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 200-02.</ref> his conduct, including violations of a ] and submission of "outlandish" and "nonsensical" ], had resulted in withdrawal of the permission before the trial’s start.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 265.</ref> On Friday, July 24, the first day of testimony, Manson appeared in court with an X carved into his forehead and issued a statement that he was "considered inadequate and incompetent to speak or defend self" — and had "X'd self from world."<ref>Sanders 2002, 388.</ref><ref>Bugliosi 1994, 310.</ref> Over the following weekend, the female defendants duplicated the mark on their own foreheads, as, within another day or so, most Family members did, too.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 316.</ref>


On August 4, despite precautions taken by the court, Manson flashed the jury a ''Los Angeles Times'' front page whose headline was "Manson Guilty, Nixon Declares". This was a reference to a statement made the previous day when U.S. President ] had decried what he saw as the media's glamorization of Manson. ]d by Judge Charles Older, the jurors contended that the headline had not influenced them. The next day, the female defendants stood up and said in unison that, in light of Nixon's remark, there was no point in going on with the trial.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|323–238}}
The prosecution placed the triggering of ] as the main motive.<ref> Page 29 of multi-page transcript, 2violent.com.</ref> The crime scenes' bloody '']'' references — ''pig'', ''rise'', ''helter skelter'' — were correlated with testimony about Manson predictions that the murders blacks would commit at the outset of Helter Skelter would involve the writing of "pigs" on walls in victims’ blood.<ref name="bugliosi244"/><ref name="bugliosi450">Bugliosi 1994, 450-457.</ref> Testimony that Manson had said "now is the time for Helter Skelter" was supplemented with Kasabian’s testimony that, on the night of the LaBianca murders, Manson considered discarding Rosemary LaBianca's wallet on the street of a black neighborhood.<ref name="bugliosi258"/> Having obtained the wallet in the LaBianca house, he "wanted a black person to pick it up and use the credit cards so that the people, ], would think it was some sort of an organized group that killed these people."<ref name="wallet"> Pages 22-23 of multi-page transcript, 2violent.com.</ref> On his direction, Kasabian had hidden it in the women's rest room of a service station near a black area.<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi">Bugliosi 1994, 190-91.</ref><ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="bugliosi369"/> "I want to show blackie how to do it," Manson had said as the Family members had driven along after the departure from the LaBianca house.<ref name="wallet"/>


On October 5, Manson was denied the court's permission to question a prosecution witness whom defense attorneys had declined to ]. Leaping over the defense table, Manson attempted to attack the judge. Wrestled to the ground by bailiffs, he was removed from the courtroom with the female defendants, who had subsequently risen and begun chanting in Latin.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|369–377}} Thereafter, Older allegedly began wearing a revolver under his robes.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|369–377}}
During the trial, Family members haunted the entrances and corridors of the courthouse and were denied access to the courtroom itself only by being ]ed as prospective prosecution witnesses.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 309.</ref> When the group established itself in vigil on the sidewalk, each hard-core member wore a sheathed hunting knife that, being in plain view, was being carried legally. Each was identifiable by the X on his or her forehead.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 339.</ref>


=== Defense rests ===
Some Family members attempted to dissuade witnesses from testifying. Prosecution witnesses ] and Juan Flynn were both threatened;<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 280.</ref><ref>Bugliosi 1994, 332-335.</ref> Watkins was badly burned in a suspicious fire in his van.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 280.</ref> Former Family member Barbara Hoyt, who had overheard ] describing the Tate murders to Family member Ruth Ann Moorehouse, was enticed into accompanying the latter to Hawaii. There, Moorehouse allegedly gave her a hamburger spiked with several doses of ]. Found sprawled on a Honolulu curb in a drugged semi-stupor, Hoyt was taken to the hospital, where she did her best to identify herself as a witness in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. Before the incident, Hoyt had been a reluctant witness; after the attempt to silence her, her reticence disappeared.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 348-350, 361.</ref>
On November 16, the prosecution rested its case. Three days later, after arguing standard dismissal motions, the defense stunned the court by resting as well, without calling a single witness. Shouting their disapproval, Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten demanded their right to testify.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|382–388}}
On August 4, despite precautions taken by the court, Manson flashed the jury a '']'' front page whose headline was "Manson Guilty, Nixon Declares," a reference to a statement made the previous day when U.S. President ] had decried what he saw as the media’s glamorization of Manson. Voir dired by Judge ], the jurors contended that the headline had not influenced them. The next day, the female defendants stood up and said in unison that, in light of the President's remark, there was no point in going on with the trial.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 323-328.</ref> On October 5, denied the court's permission to question a prosecution witness whom the defense attorneys had declined to cross-examine, Manson leaped over the defense table and attempted to attack Judge ]. Wrestled to the ground by bailiffs, he was removed from the courtroom with the female defendants, who'd subsequently risen and begun chanting in Latin.<ref name="bugliosi369"/> Thereafter, Older allegedly began wearing a revolver under his robes.<ref name="bugliosi369"/>


In chambers, the women's lawyers told the judge their clients wanted to testify that they had planned and committed the crimes and that Manson had not been involved.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|382–388}} By resting their case, the defense lawyers had tried to stop this; Van Houten's attorney, ], vehemently stated that he would not "push a client out the window". In the prosecutor's view, it was Manson who was advising the women to testify in this way as a means of saving himself.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|382–388}} Speaking about the trial in a 1987 documentary, Krenwinkel said, "The entire proceedings were scripted—by Charlie."<ref>'']''—"Charles Manson." ].</ref>
As the body of the trial concluded and with the closing arguments impending, attorney ], who had been representing Leslie Van Houten, disappeared during a weekend trip.<ref name="bugliosi393">Bugliosi 1994, 393-398.</ref> When Maxwell Keith was appointed to represent Van Houten in Hughes's absence, a delay of more than two weeks was required to permit Keith to familiarize himself with the voluminous trial transcripts.<ref name="bugliosi393"/> No sooner had the trial resumed, just before Christmas, than disruptions of the prosecution's closing argument by the defendants led Older to ban the four defendants from the courtroom for the remainder of the ]. Older said that it had become obvious that the defendants were acting in collusion with each other and were simply putting on a performance.<ref name="bugliosi399">Bugliosi 1994, 399-407.</ref>
On ] ], guilty verdicts were returned against Manson, Krenwinkel and Atkins on the seven counts of murder and the one of conspiracy; Van Houten was convicted on two counts of murder and one of conspiracy.<ref name="bugliosi411">Bugliosi 1994, 411-419.</ref> In the trial's guilt phase, the defendants had shocked the court by resting without calling a single witness. Lawyers for the women had been unwilling to let Manson engineer a defense in which their clients would testify and take all guilt upon themselves.<ref name="bugliosi380">Bugliosi 1994, 380-89.</ref> Not far into the ], the jurors got a glimpse of the defense Manson had had in mind. Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten testified the murders had been conceived as "copycat" versions of the Hinman murder, for which Atkins now took credit. The killings, they said, were intended to draw suspicion away from Bobby Beausoleil, by resembling the crime for which he had been jailed. This plan had supposedly been the work of, and carried out under the guidance of, not Manson, but someone allegedly in love with Beausoleil — ].<ref name="bugliosi424"/> Among the narrative's weak points was Atkins's inability to explain why, as she was maintaining, she had written "political piggy" at the Hinman house in the first place.<ref name="bugliosi424">Bugliosi 1994, 424-433.</ref><ref name="bugliosi450"/>


The next day, Manson testified. The jury was removed from the courtroom. According to ] it was to make sure Manson's address did not violate the ]'s decision in ''People v. Aranda'' by making statements implicating his co-defendants.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|134}} However, Bugliosi argued Manson would use his hypnotic powers to unfairly influence the jury.<ref>{{cite AV media|last=Schreck|author-link=Nikolas Schreck|first=Nikolas|url=https://archive.org/details/Charles_Manson_SuperStar|title=Charles Manson: Superstar|time=46:00-47:00|date=1988|access-date=July 25, 2021}}</ref> Speaking for more than an hour, Manson said, among other things, that "the music is telling the youth to rise up against the establishment." He said, "Why blame it on me? I didn't write the music." "To be honest with you," Manson also stated, "I don't recall ever saying 'Get a knife and a change of clothes and go do what Tex says.{{'"}}<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|388–392}}
Midway through the penalty phase, Manson shaved his head and trimmed his beard to a fork; he told the press, "I am the Devil, and the Devil always has a bald head."<ref name="bugliosi439">Bugliosi 1994, 439.</ref> In what the prosecution regarded as belated recognition on their part that imitation of Manson only proved his domination, the female defendants refrained from shaving their heads until the jurors retired to weigh the state's request for the ].<ref name="bugliosi439"/><ref name="bugliosi455">Bugliosi 1994, 455.</ref>


As the body of the trial concluded and with the closing arguments impending, defense attorney Hughes disappeared during a weekend trip.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|393–398}} When Maxwell Keith was appointed to represent Van Houten in Hughes' absence, a delay of more than two weeks was required to permit Keith to familiarize himself with the voluminous trial transcripts.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|393–398}} No sooner had the trial resumed, just before Christmas, than disruptions of the prosecution's closing argument by the defendants led Older to ban the four defendants from the courtroom for the remainder of the ]. This may have occurred because the defendants were acting in collusion with each other and were simply putting on a performance, which Older said was becoming obvious.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|399–407}}
The effort to exonerate Manson via the "copycat" scenario failed; on ] ], the jury returned verdicts of death against all four defendants on all counts.<ref name="bugliosi450">Bugliosi 1994, 450-457.</ref> On ] ], Judge Older sentenced the four to death.<ref name="bugliosi458">Bugliosi 1994, 458-459.</ref>


=== Conviction and penalty phase ===
On the day the verdicts recommending the death penalty were returned, news came that the badly-decomposed body of Ronald Hughes had been found wedged between two boulders in ].<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 457.</ref> It was rumored, although never proven, that Hughes was murdered by the Family, possibly because he had stood up to Manson and refused to allow Leslie Van Houten to take the stand and absolve Manson of the crimes.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 387, 394, 481.</ref> A Family member allegedly said Hughes was "the first of the retaliation murders."<ref name="bugliosi482">Bugliosi 1994, 481-82.</ref>
On January 25, 1971, the jury returned guilty verdicts against the four defendants on each of the twenty-seven separate counts against them.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|411–419}} Not far into the trial's ], the jurors saw the defense that Manson—in the prosecution's view—had planned to present.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|455}} Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten testified the murders had been conceived as "copycat" versions of the Hinman murder, for which Atkins now took credit. The killings, they said, were intended to draw suspicion away from Bobby Beausoleil by resembling the crime for which he had been jailed. This plan had supposedly been the work of, and carried out under the guidance of, not Manson, but someone allegedly in love with Beausoleil—].<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|424–433}} Among the narrative's weak points was the inability of Atkins to explain why, as she was maintaining, she had written "political piggy" at the Hinman house in the first place.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|424–433, 450–457}}


Midway through the penalty phase, Manson shaved his head and trimmed his beard to a fork; he told the press, "I am the Devil, and the Devil always has a bald head."<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|439}} In what the prosecution regarded as belated recognition on their part that imitation of Manson only proved his domination, the female defendants refrained from shaving their heads until the jurors retired to weigh the state's request for the death penalty.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|439, 455}} The effort to exonerate Manson via the "copycat" scenario failed. On March 29, 1971, the jury returned verdicts of death against all four defendants on all counts.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|450–457}} On April 19, 1971, Judge Older sentenced the four to death.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|458–459}}
== Aftermath ==
Protracted proceedings to ] ] from his native Texas,<ref name="bugliosi204"/><ref name="bugliosi356">Bugliosi 1994, 356-361.</ref><ref name="watson18"></ref> where he had resettled a month before his arrest,<ref name="watson16"></ref> resulted in his being tried separately. The trial commenced in August 1971; by October, he, too, had been found guilty on seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy. He, too, was sentenced to death.<ref name="bugliosi463"/>


== 1971–2017: Third imprisonment ==
In February 1972, the ] of all five parties were automatically reduced to life in prison by '']'' ], 414 P.2d 366, (] 1972), in which the ] abolished the death penalty in that state.<ref name="bugliosi488">Bugliosi 1994, 488-491.</ref>
=== 1970s–1980s ===
]
Manson was admitted to state prison from Los Angeles County on April 22, 1971, for seven counts of first-degree murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of Abigail Ann Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Earl Parent, Sharon Tate Polanski, Jay Sebring, and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. In 1972, the California Supreme Court ruled that the state's death penalty statutes was unconstitutional, Manson was re-sentenced to life with the possibility of parole. His initial death sentence was modified to life on February&nbsp;2, 1977.


On December 13, 1971, Manson was convicted of first-degree murder in Los Angeles County Court for the July 25, 1969, death of musician Gary Hinman. He was also convicted of first-degree murder for the August 1969 death of Donald Shea. Following the 1972 decision of '']'', California's death sentences were ruled unconstitutional and that "any prisoner now under a sentence of death ... may file a petition for writ of '']'' in the superior court inviting that court to modify its judgment to provide for the appropriate alternative punishment of life imprisonment or life imprisonment without possibility of parole specified by statute for the crime for which he was sentenced to death."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009165711/http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C3/6C3d628.htm |date=October 9, 2007 }}, 493 P.2d 880, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (Cal. 1972), footnote (45) to final sentence of majority opinion. Retrieved April 7, 2008.</ref> Manson was thus eligible to apply for parole after seven years' incarceration.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=488–491}} His first parole hearing took place on November 16, 1978, at California Medical Facility in ], where his petition was rejected.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=497–498}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Manson Family and Sharon Tate-Labianca Murders – Cielodrive.com |url=http://www.cielodrive.com/charles-manson-denied-parole.php |access-date=April 24, 2012 |archive-date=May 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501212420/http://cielodrive.com/charles-manson-denied-parole.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
In a 1971 trial that took place after his Tate-LaBianca convictions, Manson was found guilty of the murders of Gary Hinman and Donald "Shorty" Shea and was given a ]. Shea, a ] stuntman and horse wrangler, had been killed approximately ten days after the ] ], sheriff's raid on the ranch. Manson, who suspected that Shea helped set up the raid, had apparently believed Shea was trying to get George Spahn to run the Family off the ranch. Manson was annoyed, too, that the white Shea had married a black woman; and it's possible Shea knew about the Tate-LaBianca killings.<ref name="bugliosi99"/><ref>Sanders 2002, 271-2.</ref> In separate trials, Family members Bruce Davis and Steve "Clem" Grogan were also found guilty of Shea's murder.<ref name="bugliosi99"/><ref name="bugliosi463"/><ref> University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved ] ].</ref>


====Gerald Ford assassination attempt====
Before the conclusion of Manson's Tate-LaBianca trial, a reporter for the '']'' tracked down Manson's mother, remarried and living in the ]. The former Kathleen Maddox claimed that, in childhood, her son had known no neglect; he had even been "pampered by all the women who surrounded him."<ref name="mom"/>
{{Main|Gerald Ford assassination attempt in Sacramento}}
On September 5, 1975, the Family returned to national attention when ] attempted to assassinate U.S. President ].<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|502–511}} The attempt took place in ], to which she and fellow Manson follower ] had moved so that they could be near Manson while he was incarcerated at ]. A subsequent search of the apartment shared by Fromme, Good, and another Family recruit turned up evidence that, coupled with later actions on the part of Good, resulted in Good's conviction for conspiring to send threatening communications through the United States mail service and for transmitting death threats by way of interstate commerce. The threats involved corporate executives and U.S. government officials vis-à-vis supposed environmental dereliction on their part.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|502–511}}


Fromme was sentenced to 15 years to life, becoming the first person sentenced under ] Title 18, chapter 84 (1965),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1751-|title=18 U.S.C. §&nbsp;1751|website=Law.cornell.edu|date=June 28, 2010|access-date=November 28, 2010|archive-date=July 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720042349/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1751|url-status=live}}</ref> which made it a federal crime to attempt to assassinate the President of the United States. In December 1987, Fromme, serving a life sentence for the assassination attempt, escaped briefly from ] in ]. She was trying to reach Manson because she heard that he had ]; she was apprehended within days.<ref name="bugliosi" />{{Rp|502–511}} She was released on parole from ] on August 14, 2009.<ref name="abc">{{cite news|title=Would-Be Assassin 'Squeaky' Fromme Released from Prison|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/MansonMurders/story?id=8327414&page=1|publisher=]|date=August 14, 2009|access-date=August 14, 2009|archive-date=August 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816201405/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/MansonMurders/story?id=8327414&page=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
On ] ], ] attempted to assassinate U.S. President ] in ], to which she and Manson follower ] had moved to be near Manson while he was incarcerated at ]. A subsequent search of the apartment shared by Fromme, Good, and a Family recruit turned up evidence that, coupled with later actions on the part of Good, resulted in Good's conviction for conspiring to send threatening communications through the United States mail and transmitting death threats by way of interstate commerce. (The threats that were involved were against corporate executives and US government officials and had to do with supposed environmental dereliction on their part.)<ref name="bugliosi502">Bugliosi 1994, 502-511.</ref>


=== 1980s–1990s ===
1977 marked the resolution of a longstanding Family mystery — the precise location of the remains of Shorty Shea and whether, as had been claimed, Shea had been dismembered and buried in several places. Contacting the prosecutor in his case, Steve Grogan told him that Shea’s corpse had been buried in one piece; he drew a map that pinpointed the location of the body, which was recovered. Of those convicted of Manson-ordered murders, Grogan would become, in 1985, the first to be paroled — and, as of 2007, the only one.<ref name="bugliosi509">Bugliosi 1994, 509.</ref>
], where Manson spent time imprisoned.]]
In the 1980s, Manson gave four interviews to the mainstream media. The first, recorded at ] and aired on June 13, 1981, was by ] for ]'s '']''. The second, recorded at ] and aired on March 7, 1986, was by ] for ''CBS News Nightwatch'', and it won the national news ] for Best Interview in 1987.<ref name="Diary of a Mad Saloon Owner">Joynt, Carol. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155203/http://www.nathanslunch.com/diary_aprilmay_2005.htm |date=July 14, 2011 }}. April–May 2005.</ref> The third, with ] in 1988, was part of the journalist's prime-time special on ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rivera's 'Devil Worship' was TV at its Worst|author-link=Tom Shales|first=Tom|last=Shales|newspaper=]|date=October 31, 1988}}</ref> At least as early as the Snyder interview, Manson's forehead bore a ] in the spot where the X carved during his trial had been.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hearts and Souls Dissected, in 12 Minutes or Less |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/31/arts/television/31tomo.html |work=] |date=July 31, 2007 |access-date=October 31, 2009 |quote=Appraisal of Tom Snyder, upon his death. Includes photograph of Manson with swastika on forehead during 1981 interview. |first=Dave |last=Itzkoff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111234610/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/31/arts/television/31tomo.html |archive-date=January 11, 2012 }}</ref> ] conducted an interview with Manson for his documentary '']''. Schreck concluded that Manson was not insane but merely acting that way out of frustration.<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Charles Manson Superstar|date=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|work=Interano Radio|title=Interview with Nikolas Schreck|date=August 1988}}</ref>


On September 25, 1984, Manson was imprisoned in the ] at ] when inmate Jan Holmstrom poured ] on him and set him on fire, causing second and third degree burns on over 20&nbsp;percent of his body. Holmstrom explained that Manson had objected to his ] chants and verbally threatened him. After 1989, Manson was housed in the Protective Housing Unit at California State Prison, Corcoran, in Kings County. The unit housed inmates whose safety would be endangered by general-population housing. He had also been housed at San Quentin State Prison,<ref name="Diary of a Mad Saloon Owner" /> California Medical Facility in Vacaville, Folsom State Prison and Pelican Bay State Prison.<ref name="Sun Journal" />
In the 1980s, Manson gave three notable interviews. The first, recorded at ] and aired ], ], was by ] for NBC's '']''. The second, recorded at ] and aired ], ], was by ] for ''CBS News Nightwatch''; it won the national news ] for "Best Interview" in 1987.<ref>Joynt, Carol. . April-May 2005.</ref> The last, with ] in 1988, was part of that journalist's prime-time special on ].<ref> Review by ]. Transcribed from ], 31 October 1988. Retrieved 28 November 2007.</ref>
In June 1997, a prison disciplinary committee found that Manson had been trafficking drugs.<ref name="Sun Journal">{{cite news |title=Manson moved to a tougher prison after drug charge |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z1IpAAAAIBAJ&pg=5539%2C3207462 |access-date=January 16, 2013 |newspaper=Sun Journal |date=August 22, 1997 |agency=AP |location=Lewiston, Maine |page=7A |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507124620/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z1IpAAAAIBAJ&pg=5539%2C3207462 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was moved from Corcoran State Prison to ] a month later.<ref name="Sun Journal" />


=== 2000s–2017 ===
On September 25, 1984, while imprisoned at the ] at ], Manson was severely burned by a fellow inmate who poured paint thinner on him and set him alight. The other prisoner, Jan Holmstrom, explained that Manson had objected to his ] chants and had verbally threatened him. Despite suffering second- and third-degree burns over 20 percent of his body, Manson recovered from his injuries. <ref name="bugliosi497">Bugliosi 1994, 497.</ref>
]


On September 5, 2007, ] aired ''The Mind of Manson'', a complete version of a 1987 interview at California's ]. The footage of the "unshackled, unapologetic, and unruly" Manson had been considered "so unbelievable" that only seven minutes of it had originally been broadcast on '']'', for which it had been recorded.<ref>Transcript, . September 5, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New prison photo of Charles Manson released |work=]|date=March 20, 2009 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/03/19/california.manson.photo/index.html |access-date=July 21, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729031627/http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/03/19/california.manson.photo/index.html |archive-date=July 29, 2009 }}</ref>
In December 1987, ], serving a life sentence for the assassination attempt, escaped briefly from ] in West Virginia. She was trying to reach Manson, whom she had heard had cancer; she was apprehended within days.<ref name="bugliosi502"/>


In 2009, Los Angeles disc jockey Matthew Roberts released correspondence and other evidence indicating that he might be Manson's biological son. Roberts' biological mother claims that she was a member of the Manson Family who left in mid-1967 after being raped by Manson; she returned to her parents' home to complete the pregnancy, gave birth on March 22, 1968, and put Roberts up for adoption. CNN conducted a DNA test between Matthew Roberts and Manson's known biological grandson Jason Freeman in 2012, showing that Roberts and Freeman did not share DNA.<ref name="specter">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/04/23/us/ohio-manson-grandson/index.html|title=Two men relate to same haunting specter – Charles Manson|last=Marquez|first=Miguel|work=]|date=April 24, 2012|access-date=May 14, 2019|archive-date=May 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514211921/https://www.cnn.com/2012/04/23/us/ohio-manson-grandson/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Roberts subsequently attempted to establish that Manson was his father through a direct DNA test which proved definitively that Roberts and Manson were not related.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/charles-mansons-body-is-on-ice-under-a-fake-name-10|title=The Battle Over Charles Manson's Corpse|first=Kate|last=Briquelet|date=March 8, 2018|website=]|access-date=May 14, 2019|archive-date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626225804/https://www.thedailybeast.com/charles-mansons-body-is-on-ice-under-a-fake-name-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
In a 1994 conversation with Manson prosecutor ], Catherine Share, a one-time Manson-follower, stated that her testimony in the penalty phase of Manson’s trial had been a fabrication intended to save Manson from the ] and had been given on Manson’s explicit direction.<ref name="bugliosi502"/> Share’s testimony had introduced the copycat-motive story, which the testimony of the three female defendants echoed and according to which the Tate-LaBianca murders had been the idea of Linda Kasabian.<ref name="bugliosi424"/> In a 1997 segment of the ] television program '']'', Share implied that her testimony had been given under a Manson threat of physical harm.<ref> youtube.com. Retrieved ] ].</ref> In August 1971, after Manson's trial and sentencing, Share had participated in a violent California retail-store robbery, the object of which was the acquisition of weapons to help free Manson.<ref name="bugliosi463"/>


In 2010, the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that Manson was caught with a cell phone in 2009 and had contacted people in California, New Jersey, Florida and British Columbia. A spokesperson for the California Department of Corrections stated that it was not known if Manson had used the phone for criminal purposes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Greg |url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/weird/Cell-Phone-Charles-Manson-Busted-with-a-Mobile-111256244.html?dr |title='Cell' Phone: Charles Manson Busted with a Mobile |publisher=NBC Los Angeles |date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019214923/http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/weird/Cell-Phone-Charles-Manson-Busted-with-a-Mobile-111256244.html?dr |archive-date=October 19, 2012 }}</ref> Manson also recorded an album of acoustic pop songs with additional production by ], titled ''Completion''. Only five copies were pressed: two belong to Rollins, while the other three are presumed to have been with Manson. The album remains unreleased.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Michaels |first1=Sean |title=Henry Rollins produced Charles Manson album |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/dec/15/henry-rollins-charles-manson |work=] |date=December 15, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173114/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/dec/15/henry-rollins-charles-manson |archive-date=October 29, 2017 }}</ref>
In January 1996, a Manson web site was established by latter-day Manson follower George Stimson, who was helped by ]. Good had been released from prison in 1985, after serving ten years of her fifteen-year sentence for the death threats.<ref name="bugliosi502"/><ref>. wired.com, 16 April 1997. Retrieved ] ].</ref>


In 2013, Manson stated that he was ], saying "Sex to me is like going to the toilet. Whether it's a girl or not. It doesn't matter. I don't play that girl-guy shit. I'm not hung up in that game."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hedegaard |first=Erik |title=Charles Manson Today: The Final Confessions of a Psychopath |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/charles-manson-today-the-final-confessions-of-a-psychopath-58782/ |magazine=] |date=November 21, 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, the imprisoned Manson became engaged to 26-year-old Afton Elaine Burton and obtained a marriage license on November 7.<ref> ''Time''. Retrieved January 5, 2015.</ref> Manson gave Burton the nickname "Star". She had been visiting him in prison for at least nine years and maintained several websites that proclaimed his innocence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deutsch |first1=Linda |author-link=Linda Deutsch |title=Charles Manson Gets Marriage License |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/ap-exclusive-charles-manson-marriage-license-26978380 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117232054/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/ap-exclusive-charles-manson-marriage-license-26978380 |archive-date=November 17, 2014 |work=]|agency=Associated Press |access-date=November 17, 2014 }}</ref> The wedding license expired on February 5, 2015, without a marriage ceremony taking place.<ref name=post /> Journalist Daniel Simone reported that the wedding was canceled after Manson discovered that Burton wanted to marry him only so that she and friend Craig Hammond could use his corpse as a tourist attraction after his death.<ref name="post">{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2015/02/08/charles-mansons-fiancee-wanted-to-marry-him-for-his-corpse-source/ |title=Charles Manson's fiancee wanted to marry him for his corpse: Source |work=] |date=February 8, 2015 |access-date=February 2, 2015 |last=Sanderson|first=Bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208164216/http://nypost.com/2015/02/08/charles-mansons-fiancee-wanted-to-marry-him-for-his-corpse-source/ |archive-date=February 8, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="independent corpse">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/charles-manson-wedding-off-after-it-emerges-that-girlfriend-afton-elaine-burton-just-wanted-his-corpse-for-display-10034793.html |title=Charles Manson wedding off after it emerges that fiancee Afton Elaine Burton 'just wanted his corpse for display' |work=] |date=February 9, 2015 |access-date=February 11, 2015 |last=Hooton|first=Christopher |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210220731/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/charles-manson-wedding-off-after-it-emerges-that-girlfriend-afton-elaine-burton-just-wanted-his-corpse-for-display-10034793.html |archive-date=February 10, 2015 }}</ref> According to Simone, Manson believed that he would never die and may simply have used the possibility of marriage as a way to encourage Burton and Hammond to continue visiting him and bringing him gifts. Burton said on her website that the reason that the marriage did not take place was merely logistical. Manson had an infection and had been in a prison medical facility for two months and could not receive visitors. She said that she still hoped that the marriage license would be renewed and the marriage would take place.<ref name=post />
In a 1998-9 interview in ''Seconds'' magazine, ] rejected the view that Manson ordered him to kill Gary Hinman.<ref name="seconds"/> He stated Manson did come to Hinman's house and slash Hinman with a sword. In a 1981 interview with ''Oui'' magazine, he denied this. Beausoleil stated that when he read about the Tate murders in the newspaper, "I wasn't even sure at that point — really, I had no idea who had done it until Manson's group were actually arrested for it. It had only crossed my mind and I had a premonition, perhaps. There was some little tickle in my mind that the killings might be connected with them...." In the ''Oui'' magazine interview, he had stated, "When happened, I knew who had done it. I was fairly certain."<ref name="oui"/>


== Psychology ==
], once the young caretaker at ], indicated in a program broadcast in July 1999 on '']'', that he had, in fact, seen and heard a portion of the Tate murders from his location in the property’s guest house. This comported<!--- "comported," not "comforted" ---> with the unofficial results of a ] examination that had been given to Garretson on ], ], and that had effectively eliminated him as a ].<ref> CharlieManson.com. Retrieved ], ].</ref> The ] officer who conducted the examination had concluded Garretson was "clean" on participation in the crimes but "muddy" as to his having heard anything.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> Garretson did not explain why he had withheld his knowledge of the events.<ref> "The Last Days of Sharon Tate," ''The E! True Hollywood Story''. CharlieManson.com. Retrieved ], ].</ref>
On April 11, 2012, Manson was denied release at his twelfth parole hearing, which he did not attend. After his March 27, 1997, parole hearing, Manson refused to attend any of his later hearings. The panel at that hearing noted that Manson had a "history of ]" and "mental health issues" including schizophrenia and ], and was too great a danger to be released.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/04/charles-manson-quickly-denied-parole.html |title=Charles Manson Quickly Denied Parole |newspaper=] |date=April 11, 2012 |access-date=April 11, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411181326/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/04/charles-manson-quickly-denied-parole.html |archive-date=April 11, 2012 }}</ref> The panel also noted that Manson had received 108 rules violation reports, had no indication of remorse, no insight into the causative factors of the crimes, lacked understanding of the magnitude of the crimes, had an exceptional, callous disregard for human suffering and had no parole plans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cielodrive.com/charles-manson-parole-hearing-2012.php |title=Parole Hearing: Charles Manson 2012 |website=cielodrive.com |access-date=November 4, 2017 |archive-date=August 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807112149/http://www.cielodrive.com/charles-manson-parole-hearing-2012.php |url-status=live }}</ref> At the April 11, 2012, parole hearing, it was determined that Manson would not be reconsidered for parole for another fifteen years, not before 2027, at which time he would have been 92.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Kiki |url=http://www.kionrightnow.com/story/17385763/charles-manson-denied-parole |title=Murderer Charles Manson Denied Parole – Central Coast News KION/KCBA |publisher=Kionrightnow.com |date=April 11, 2012 |access-date=August 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413172109/http://www.kionrightnow.com/story/17385763/charles-manson-denied-parole |archive-date=April 13, 2012 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.pressherald.com/2012/04/11/manson-skips-12th-parole-hearing-may-be-his-last/ |title=Mass murderer Charles Manson denied parole |access-date=November 18, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118190205/http://www.pressherald.com/2012/04/11/manson-skips-12th-parole-hearing-may-be-his-last/ |archive-date=November 18, 2015 |date=April 11, 2012}}</ref> According to a recent re-analysis of Manson's psychological state, researchers suggest that he may have been misdiagnosed with ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2023 |title=Why did Charles Manson order killings? NU psychologist, other experts offer a new take |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2023/1/20/23559781/charles-manson-sharon-tate-psychological-study-andrew-friedman-northwestern-university |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |language=en}}</ref> Instead, they propose that Manson had ] and ].


== Illness and death ==
On ] ], ] aired ''The Mind of Manson,'' a complete version of a 1987 interview at California’s ]. The footage of the "unshackled, unapologetic, and unruly" Manson had been considered "so unbelievable" that only seven minutes of it had originally been broadcast on ], for which it had been recorded.<ref>Transcript, . 5 September 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007</ref>
On January 1, 2017, Manson was being held at ], when he was rushed to Mercy Hospital in downtown Bakersfield, because he had ]. A source told the ''Los Angeles Times'' that Manson was very ill,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Winton |first1=Richard |last2=Hamilton |first2=Matt |last3=Branson-Potts |first3=Hailey |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-manson-bleeding-20170104-story.html |title=Killer Charles Manson's failing health renews focus on cult murder saga |work=] |date=January 4, 2017 |access-date=January 4, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105032947/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-manson-bleeding-20170104-story.html |archive-date=January 5, 2017 }}</ref> and TMZ reported that his doctors considered him "too weak" for surgery that normally would be performed in cases such as his.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2017/0107/843268-charles-manson/ |title=US killer Manson 'too weak' for surgery |publisher=RTÉ |date=January 7, 2017 |access-date=January 7, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108100259/http://www.rte.ie/news/2017/0107/843268-charles-manson/ |archive-date=January 8, 2017 }}</ref> He was returned to prison on January 6, and the nature of his treatment was not disclosed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winton |first1=Richard |last2=Christensen |first2=Kim |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-manson-returned-to-prison20170106-story.html |title=Charles Manson is returned to prison after stay at Bakersfield hospital |work=] |date=January 7, 2017 |access-date=January 7, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107085511/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-manson-returned-to-prison20170106-story.html |archive-date=January 7, 2017 }}</ref> On November 15, 2017, an unauthorized source said that Manson had returned to a hospital in Bakersfield,<ref>{{cite news |last=Tchekmedyian |first=Alene |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-charles-manson-hospitalized-20171115-story.html |title=Charles Manson hospitalized in Bakersfield; severity of illness unclear |work=] |date=November 15, 2017 |access-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008142014/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-charles-manson-hospitalized-20171115-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation did not confirm this in conformity with state and federal medical privacy laws.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc15.com/news/national/charles-manson-s-condition-still-unannounced |title=Charles Manson's condition still unannounced |agency=Scripps National Desk |date=November 17, 2017 |publisher=ABC 15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118211630/http://www.abc15.com/news/national/charles-manson-s-condition-still-unannounced |archive-date=November 18, 2017 |access-date=November 18, 2017 }}</ref> He died from cardiac arrest resulting from respiratory failure, brought on by ], at the hospital on November 19.<ref name=death>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/charles-manson-dead-at-83-w458873 |title=Charles Manson Dead at 83 |magazine=] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120192522/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/charles-manson-dead-at-83-w458873 |archive-date=November 20, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tmz.com/2017/11/19/charles-manson-dead-at-83/ |title=Charles Manson Dead at 83 |work=] |date=November 19, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120061831/http://www.tmz.com/2017/11/19/charles-manson-dead-at-83/ |archive-date=November 20, 2017 |access-date=February 21, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.cdcr.ca.gov/news-releases/2017/11/19/inmate-charles-manson-dies-of-natural-causes/ |title=Inmate Charles Manson Dies of Natural Causes |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120064948/https://news.cdcr.ca.gov/news-releases/2017/11/19/inmate-charles-manson-dies-of-natural-causes/ |archive-date=November 20, 2017 |date=November 19, 2017 |access-date=November 20, 2017 }}</ref>


Three people stated their intention to claim Manson's estate and body.<ref name="nydailynews-2017-11-24">{{cite news |last1=Dillon |first1=Nancy |title=Battle erupts over control of Charles Manson's remains, estate |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/battle-erupts-control-charles-manson-remains-estate-article-1.3654743 |work=] |date=November 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127013510/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/battle-erupts-control-charles-manson-remains-estate-article-1.3654743 |archive-date=November 27, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="nydailynews-2017-11-28">{{cite news |last1=Feldman |first1=Kate |title=Charles Manson's secret prison pen pal Michael Channels wants murderer's body |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/charles-manson-prison-pen-pal-michael-channels-remains-article-1.3663746 |work=] |date=November 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194620/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/charles-manson-prison-pen-pal-michael-channels-remains-article-1.3663746 |archive-date=December 5, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="nypost-2017-11-28">{{cite news |last1=Perez |first1=Chris |title=Manson's pen pal files will and testament to get his body |url=https://nypost.com/2017/11/28/mansons-pen-pal-files-will-and-testament-to-get-his-body/ |work=] |date=November 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093047/https://nypost.com/2017/11/28/mansons-pen-pal-files-will-and-testament-to-get-his-body/ |archive-date=December 5, 2017 }}</ref> Manson's grandson Jason Freeman stated his intent to take possession of Manson's remains and personal effects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Steve |title=Manson's grandson hopes to claim remains, bring them to Florida |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Manson-s-grandson-hopes-to-claim-remains-bring-12375963.php |work=] |date=November 21, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122032844/http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Manson-s-grandson-hopes-to-claim-remains-bring-12375963.php |archive-date=November 22, 2017 |access-date=November 22, 2017 }}</ref> Manson's pen-pal Michael Channels claimed to have a Manson ] dated February 14, 2002, which left Manson's entire estate and Manson's body to Channels.<ref name="TMZ 2017-11-24">{{cite news |title=Charles Manson Will Surfaces Pen Pal Gets Everything |url=https://www.tmz.com/2017/11/24/charles-manson-will-entire-estate-body-left-to-friend/ |work=TMZ.com |date=November 24, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126050555/http://www.tmz.com/2017/11/24/charles-manson-will-entire-estate-body-left-to-friend/ |archive-date=November 26, 2017 |access-date=February 21, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Charles Manson's Pen Pal, Grandson Battle For His Body |url=https://www.tmz.com/2017/11/29/charles-manson-cremation-halted-body-sought-by-two-people/ |work=TMZ.com |date=November 29, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129195609/http://www.tmz.com/2017/11/29/charles-manson-cremation-halted-body-sought-by-two-people/ |archive-date=November 29, 2017 |access-date=February 21, 2020 }}</ref> Manson's friend Ben Gurecki claimed to have a Manson will dated January 2017 which gives the estate and Manson's body to Matthew Roberts, another alleged son of Manson.<ref name="nydailynews-2017-11-24" /><ref name="nydailynews-2017-11-28" /> In 2012, CNN ran a DNA match to see if Freeman and Roberts were related to each other and found that they were not. According to CNN, two prior attempts to DNA-match Roberts with genetic material from Manson failed, but the results were reportedly contaminated.<ref name="specter" /> On March 12, 2018, the Kern County Superior Court in California decided in favor of Freeman in regard to Manson's body. Freeman had Manson cremated on March 20, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melley |first1=Brian |title=Grandson wins bizarre battle over body of Charles Manson |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/bizarre-battle-over-body-of-charles-manson-won-by-grandson/2018/03/12/51601c38-2653-11e8-a227-fd2b009466bc_story.html |access-date=March 12, 2018 |newspaper=] |agency=AP |date=March 12, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313035757/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/bizarre-battle-over-body-of-charles-manson-won-by-grandson/2018/03/12/51601c38-2653-11e8-a227-fd2b009466bc_story.html |archive-date=March 13, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/man-who-claims-hes-infamous-criminals-grandson-appeals-dna-order/2306001/ |title= Man Who Claims He's Infamous Criminal's Grandson Appeals DNA Order |author= City News Service |date= February 7, 2020 |access-date= February 18, 2020 |archive-date= February 18, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200218225202/https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/man-who-claims-hes-infamous-criminals-grandson-appeals-dna-order/2306001/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
On March 15, 2008, ] reported that ] had conducted a search for human remains at Barker Ranch the previous month. Following up on longstanding rumors that the Family had killed hitchhikers and runaways who had come into its orbit during its time at Barker, the investigators identified "two likely clandestine grave sites... and one additional site that merits further investigation." They recommended digging.<ref> Associated Press report, posted at International Herald Tribune (iht.com). Retrieved 16 March 2008.</ref>


===Parole hearings=== == Legacy ==
=== Cultural impact ===
On ] ], Manson was denied parole for the eleventh time.<ref>. Reuters, ] ]. Daily Telegraph (Australia). Retrieved September 6, 2007.</ref> He will not be eligible again for parole until 2012. He is an inmate in the Protective Housing Unit at ] in ].<ref>. Board of Parole Hearings, Calif. Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation. P. 3. Retrieved May 2, 2007.</ref> His inmate number in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation is B33920.
In June 1970, '']'' made Manson their cover story.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/charles-manson-the-incredible-story-of-the-most-dangerous-man-alive-19700625|title=Charles Manson: The Incredible Story of the Most Dangerous Man Alive|magazine=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808142504/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/charles-manson-the-incredible-story-of-the-most-dangerous-man-alive-19700625|date=August 8, 2017|access-date=May 30, 2015|archive-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> ] of the ] reportedly said of the Tate murders: "Dig it, first they killed those pigs, then they ate dinner in the same room with them, then they even shoved a fork into the pig Tate's stomach! Wild!"<ref name=seeds>{{cite news|work=]|page=5 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/22/magazine/the-seeds-of-terror.html |title=The Seeds of Terror |access-date=February 2, 2014 |date=November 22, 1981 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309015156/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/22/magazine/the-seeds-of-terror.html |archive-date=March 9, 2014 }}</ref> Manson fanatic ] claimed to be acting on a suggestion from Charles Manson based on his interpretation of something Manson said in a televised interview, when Mason founded the Universal Order, a ] group that has influenced other movements such as the terrorist group the ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lusher |first=Adam |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Charles Manson: Neo-Nazis hail serial killer a visionary and try to resurrect fascist movement created on his orders |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/charles-manson-death-dead-serial-killer-neo-nazis-resurrect-fascist-movement-cult-family-universal-order-awd-a8065781.html |work=] |location=London, United Kingdom |access-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-date=December 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222081540/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/charles-manson-death-dead-serial-killer-neo-nazis-resurrect-fascist-movement-cult-family-universal-order-awd-a8065781.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bugliosi quoted a BBC employee's assertion that a "neo-Manson cult" existed in Europe, represented by approximately 70 rock bands playing songs by Manson and "songs in support of him".{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=488–491}}


== Manson and culture == === Music ===
{{See also|Charles Manson discography}}
=== Recordings ===
{{main|Recordings by Charles Manson}} <!---Please do not add trivia section or listings of instances where Manson is mentioned in songs, films or other media. This is covered sufficiently in the Manson and culture section. Thank you.--->
] ], the day the court vacated Manson's status as his own attorney,<ref name="bugliosi258"/> saw the release of '']'', an album of Manson music.<ref>Sanders 2002, 336.</ref><ref>. ASIN: B000005X1J. Amazon.com. Access date: 23 November 2007.</ref> This included "]," a Manson composition the ] had recorded with modified lyrics and the title "]."<ref>Sanders 2002, 64-65.</ref><ref> ''Circus'' magazine, October 26, 1976. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> Over the next couple of months, only about three hundred of the album's two thousand copies sold.<ref name="RSstory"> CharlieManson.com. Retrieved ], ].</ref>


Manson was a struggling pop musician, seeking to make it big in Hollywood between 1967 and 1969. The ] recorded one of his songs. Other songs were publicly released only after the trial for the Tate murders started. On March 6, 1970, '']'', an album of Manson music, was released.{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|p=258-269}}<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228180319/http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000005X1J |date=February 28, 2008}}. ASIN: B000005X1J. Amazon.com. Access date: November 23, 2007.</ref><ref> ], August 1970.</ref> This included "Cease to Exist", a Manson song the Beach Boys had recorded with modified lyrics and the title "]".<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215054300/http://www.cinetropic.com/blacktop/circus.html |date=December 15, 2007}} ''Circus'' magazine, October 26, 1976. Retrieved December 1, 2007.</ref> Over the next couple of months only about 300 of the album's 2,000 copies sold.<ref name="RSstory">''Rolling Stone'' story on Manson, June 1970: {{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/coverwall/1970 |title=Coverwall – Rolling Stone |magazine=] |access-date=August 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223060301/http://www.rollingstone.com/coverwall/1970 |archive-date=December 23, 2016 }}</ref>
Since that time, there have been several releases of Manson recordings — music and speech.<ref name="recordlist"> mansondirect.com. Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref> ''The Family Jams'' includes two ]s of Manson's songs recorded by the Family in 1970, after Manson and the others had been arrested. Guitar and lead vocals are supplied by Steve Grogan;<ref name="bugliosi125"/> additional vocals are supplied by Lynette Fromme, Sandra Good, Catherine Share, and others.<ref name="recordlist"/><ref>. ASIN: B0002UXM2Q. 2004. Amazon.com.</ref>


There have been several other releases of Manson recordings – both musical and spoken. One of these, '']'', includes two compact discs of Manson's songs recorded by the Family in 1970, after Manson and the others had been arrested. Guitar and lead vocals are supplied by Steve Grogan;{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=125–127}}{{failed verification|date=July 2020}} additional vocals are supplied by ], Sandra Good, Catherine Share, and others.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} ''One Mind'', an album of music, poetry, and spoken word, new at the time of its release, in April 2005, was put out under a ].<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710115248/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,2281577,00.asp |date=July 10, 2009}} pcmag.com. Retrieved April 14, 2008.</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227054309/http://blog.limewire.com/posts/1679 |date=December 27, 2008 }} Photo verifying Creative Commons license of ''One Mind''. blog.limewire.com. Retrieved April 13, 2008.</ref><!--Footnote-link to blog is used only because it provides photograph that verifies statement.-->
American ] band ] drew heavy criticism for recording Manson's "]," included as an unlisted thirteenth track on their 1993 album ]<ref name="bugliosi488"/><ref> allmusic.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007.</ref><ref> rollingstone.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007.</ref> "My Monkey," which appears on the ] by ] (no relation, as is explained below), includes the lyrics "I had a little monkey/I sent him to the country and I fed him on gingerbread/Along came a choo-choo/Knocked my monkey cuckoo/And now my monkey’s dead."<ref> sing365.com. Retrieved January 22, 2008.</ref> These are from Charles Manson’s "Mechanical Man,"<ref> charliemanson.com. Retrieved January 22, 2008.</ref> which is heard on '']''.


American ] band ] recorded Manson's "]", included as an unlisted 13th track on their 1993 album '']''{{sfn|Bugliosi|Gentry|1974|pp=488–491}}{{failed verification|date=July 2020}}<ref> allmusic.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007.</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113071640/http://www.themusichype.com/guns-n-roses-biography/ |date=January 13, 2017}} themusichype.com. Retrieved January 11, 2017.</ref> "My Monkey", which appears on '']'' by the American rock band ], includes the lyrics "I had a little monkey / I sent him to the country and I fed him on gingerbread / Along came a choo-choo / Knocked my monkey cuckoo / And now my monkey's dead." These lyrics are from Manson's "Mechanical Man",<ref>Lyrics of "Mechanical Man" {{cite web |url=http://www.lyricsmania.com/mechanical_man_lyrics_charles_manson.html |title=Charles Manson – Mechanical Man Lyrics |access-date=November 18, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118220240/http://www.lyricsmania.com/mechanical_man_lyrics_charles_manson.html |archive-date=November 18, 2015 }}</ref> which is heard on '']''. ] covered "Never Say 'Never' to Always" on his album ''The Big Problem ≠ The Solution. The Solution=Let It Be'' released in 1989.
=== Cultural reverberation ===
<!---Please do not add trivia section or listings of instances where Manson is mentioned in songs, films or other media. This is covered sufficiently in the Manson and culture section. Thank you.--->Within months of the Tate-LaBianca arrests, Manson was embraced by ] of the ] from which the Family had emerged.<ref name="RSstory"/><ref>Bugliosi 1994, 221-22.</ref> When a '']'' writer visited the Los Angeles ]’s office for a June 1970 cover story,<ref> rollingstone.com. Retrieved ], ].</ref> he was shocked by a photograph of the bloody "Healter Skelter" that would bind Manson to ].<ref>Dalton, David. gadflyonline.com. Retrieved ] ].</ref>


Musical performers such as ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukula.com/TorontoArticle.aspx?SectionID=2&ObjectID=1465&CityID=3 |title=Ukula Music :: speaking with Kasabian on their first trip to America |work=] |first=Graeme |last=Maclean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310145534/http://www.ukula.com/TorontoArticle.aspx?SectionID=2&ObjectID=1465&CityID=3 |archive-date=March 10, 2007 |access-date=August 8, 2013}}</ref> ],<ref name="SR-band">{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/2161440-2161440 |title=Charles Manson's musical connections |access-date=November 22, 2017 |work=NME |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121161428/http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/2161440-2161440 |archive-date=November 21, 2017 |date=November 20, 2017}}</ref> and ]<ref name="longhard">{{cite book |title=The Long Hard Road out of Hell |last=Manson |first=Marilyn |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1998 |isbn=0-06-098746-4 |pages=85–87 }}</ref> derived their names from Manson and his lore.
Manson’s influence has ranged wide, in pop culture and beyond, covering fashion,<ref></ref><ref></ref> graphics,<ref> Manson portrait in marijuana seeds. Retrieved November 23, 2007.</ref><ref></ref> music,<ref> Review of ''Generator'', 2006 album by ]. Retrieved ] ].</ref><ref> charliemanson.com. Retrieved ] ].</ref> movies, television, and the stage. In an afterword composed for the 1994 edition of the non-fiction '']'', prosecutor ] quoted a ] employee's assertion that a "neo-Manson cult" existing then in Europe was represented by, among other things, approximately seventy rock bands playing songs by Manson and "songs in support of him."<ref name="bugliosi488"/>


=== Documentaries ===
Just one specimen of ] with Manson references is ]’s ] whose lyrics include the phrases "Sadie G," "Ms. Susan A," and "Charlie’s broken .22."<ref> sing365.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007.</ref> "Sadie Mae Glutz" was the name by which Susan Atkins was known within the Family,<ref name="bugliosi75"/><ref name="atkins"/> and the pistol whose grip shattered when Tex Watson used it to bludgeon Wojciech Frykowski was a twenty-two ].<ref name="watson14"/> "Sadie’s" lyrics are followed by a spoken passage derived from Atkins’s testimony in the ] of the trial of Manson and the women.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 428-29.</ref><ref> Includes full-length audio of "Sadie." Retrieved 2 December 2007.</ref>
* 1973: '']'', directed by ] and Laurence Merrick<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/mb3dxy/watch-this-chilling-manson-documentary-from-1973-vgtrn |title=Watch This Chilling Manson Documentary from 1973 |website=vice.com |publisher=]|access-date=July 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705234026/https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/mb3dxy/watch-this-chilling-manson-documentary-from-1973-vgtrn |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |date=November 20, 2017}}</ref>
* 1989: '']'', directed by Nikolas Schreck<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SbwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103095622/https://books.google.com/books?id=1SbwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |title=Confessions of an Illuminati, VOLUME II: The Time of Revelation and Tribulation Leading Up to 2020 |date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2019 |isbn=978-1-888729-62-7 |last1=Zagami |first1=Leo Lyon | publisher=CCC }}</ref>
* 2014: '']'', directed by Olivia Klaus<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/05/opinion/my-life-after-manson.html |title=My Life After Manson |newspaper=] |access-date=July 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706021027/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/05/opinion/my-life-after-manson.html |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |date=August 4, 2014 |last1=Klaus |first1=Olivia}}</ref>
* 2017: ''Manson: Inside the Mind of a Mad Man'', television documentary about ].
* 2017: ''Murder Made Me Famous'', ''Charles Manson: What Happened?''.<ref>{{cite web|website=REELZ TV|url=https://www.reelz.com/event/?showid=483&date=02-02-2019|date=November 4, 2017|archive-date=February 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085024/https://www.reelz.com/event/?showid=483&date=February|title=Charles Manson|access-date=February 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2017: ''Inside the Manson Cult: The Lost Tapes''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Turchiano |first1=Danielle |title=Fox Reveals First Look at 'Inside The Manson Cult: The Lost Tapes' |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/inside-the-manson-cult-the-lost-tapes-trailer-exclusive-1202915373/ |access-date=November 18, 2018 |work=]|date=August 27, 2018 |archive-date=November 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081629/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/inside-the-manson-cult-the-lost-tapes-trailer-exclusive-1202915373/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2017: ''Charles Manson: The Final Words'', narrated by ], focuses on the Manson Family murders told from Manson's perspective, directed by ].<ref>{{cite web|website=REELZ TV|url=https://www.reelz.com/charles-manson-final-words/|date=September 10, 2017|title=Charles Manson: The Final Words|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-date=January 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082851/https://www.reelz.com/charles-manson-final-words/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2018: ''Inside the Manson Cult: The Lost Tapes'', narrated by ], looks inside the Manson Family.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/charles-manson-doc-new-fox-spahn-ranch-725047/ |title=New Manson Doc Goes Inside Spahn Ranch |first=Elizabeth |last=Yuko |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |magazine=] |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322161949/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/charles-manson-doc-new-fox-spahn-ranch-725047/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/tv/28-07-2019/review-manson-the-lost-tapes-the-story-of-americas-first-family-of-darkness/ |title=Review: Manson – The Lost Tapes, the story of America's first family of darkness |first=Jean |last=Sergent |date=July 28, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |magazine=] |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810102317/https://thespinoff.co.nz/tv/28-07-2019/review-manson-the-lost-tapes-the-story-of-americas-first-family-of-darkness/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2019: ''I Lived with a Killer: The Manson Family''. Dianne Lake discusses what she witnessed of Manson's "peace-and-love hippie philosophy" as it became "dark, dangerous and evil".<ref>{{cite web|website=REELZ TV|url=https://www.reelz.com/event/?showid=87172&date=02-02-2019|date=February 2, 2019|archive-date=February 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085207/https://www.reelz.com/event/?showid=87172&date=February|title=The Manson Family|access-date=February 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2019: ''Charles Manson: The Funeral'', directed by James Buddy Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/man-who-says-hes-charles-mansons-grandson-films-infamous-cult-leaders-funeral-for-doc-this-is-my-story|title=Man who says he's Charles Manson's grandson films infamous cult leader's funeral for doc: 'This is my story'|last=Nolasco|first=Stephanie|date=April 12, 2019|website=]|language=en-US|access-date=May 14, 2019|archive-date=May 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514154519/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/man-who-says-hes-charles-mansons-grandson-films-infamous-cult-leaders-funeral-for-doc-this-is-my-story|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019: ''Manson: The Women'', featuring ], ], ], and ], documentary special on ], directed by James Buddy Day.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Katie|last=Kilkenny|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/manson-women-followers-recall-leaders-manipulation-1230616|title=Former Manson Followers Debate Family's Culpability: "How Can You Point the Finger at Us?"|website=]|language=en|date=August 10, 2019|access-date=August 11, 2019|archive-date=August 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813210823/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/manson-women-followers-recall-leaders-manipulation-1230616|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2020: ''Helter Skelter: An American Myth'', six part TV miniseries directed by ].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fienberg |first=Daniel |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/helter-skelter-an-american-myth-review-1304197/ |title=''Helter Skelter: An American Myth'': TV Review |magazine=] |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=March 23, 2023}}</ref>


=== Fiction inspired by Manson ===
Manson has even influenced the names of musical performers such as ] and ], the latter a ] assembled from "Charles Manson" and "]."<ref> imdb.com. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</ref> The story of the Family's activities inspired ]’s opera ''The Manson Family'' and ]’s musical ], the latter of which has ] as a character.<ref> New York Times, 17 July 1990. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</ref><ref></ref> The tale has been the subject of several movies, including two television ] of '']''.<ref> imdb.com</ref><ref> imdb.com</ref> In the ] episode '']''<!---No punctuation in the episode's title at the South Park website--->, Manson is a comic character whose inmate number is 06660, an apparent reference to 666, the Biblical "]"<ref> Video clips at southpark.comedycentral.com</ref><ref> WolframMathWorld. Retrieved 29 November 2007.</ref>
* 1971: '']'', an ] inspired from the case but set in ]. First fictional work about the case.<ref>{{Cite book |last=VanBebber |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-igcAQAAIAAJ&q=%22sweet+savior%22+movie+manson |title=Charlie's Family: An Illustrated Screenplay to the Film |date=1998 |publisher=Creation Books |isbn=978-1-871592-94-8 |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bailey |first=Jason |date=2019-07-24 |title=The Manson Murders: What to Read, Watch and Listen To |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/24/movies/charles-manson-family.html |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* 1976: ], a television drama.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.warnerbros.com/tv/helter-skelter-tv-miniseries |title=Helter Skelter (TV Miniseries) |website=warnerbros.com |access-date=July 5, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705234916/https://www.warnerbros.com/tv/helter-skelter-tv-miniseries |archive-date=July 5, 2018 }}</ref>
* 1984: '']'', a film drama.<ref>{{cite book |first1=David|last1=Kerekes |first2=David|last2=Slater |title=Killing for Culture |year=1996 |publisher=Creation Books |isbn=1-871592-20-8 |pages=222–223, 225, 268 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9dkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Manson+Family+Movies%22 |access-date=November 18, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503110005/https://books.google.com/books?id=o9dkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Manson+Family+Movies%22 |archive-date=May 3, 2017 }}</ref>
* 1990: ''The Manson Family'', a musical opera by ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/20-great-iggy-pop-collaborations-79224/john-moran-the-manson-family-an-opera-1990-30108/ |title=John Moran, 'The Manson Family: An Opera' (1990) |website=rollingstone.com |access-date=July 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233756/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/20-great-iggy-pop-collaborations-79224/john-moran-the-manson-family-an-opera-1990-30108/ |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |date=March 17, 2016}}</ref>
* 1990: '']'', a Broadway musical with references to Manson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sondheim.com/shows/assassins/ |title=''Assassins'' |publisher=Sondheim.com |date=November 22, 1963 |access-date=November 28, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128163250/http://sondheim.com/shows/assassins/ |archive-date=November 28, 2010 }}</ref>
* 1992: '']'', a sketch series with Manson as a recurring character portrayed by ].<ref>{{cite web| last=Roffman| first=Michael| url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2017/11/in-1992-bob-odenkirk-turned-charles-manson-into-lassie-and-its-still-funny/| title=In 1992, Bob Odenkirk Turned Charles Manson into Lassie and It's Still Hilarious| website=Consequence Of Sound| access-date=September 2, 2019| date=November 20, 2019| archive-date=September 3, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903041323/https://consequenceofsound.net/2017/11/in-1992-bob-odenkirk-turned-charles-manson-into-lassie-and-its-still-funny/| url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1998: "]", an episode of '']'' centered around Manson.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/south-park-classic-spooky-fishmerry-christmas-char-84395 |title=South Park (Classic): "Spooky Fish"/"Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson!" |website=The A.V. Club |date=September 16, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109183956/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/south-park-classic-spooky-fishmerry-christmas-char-84395 |archive-date=January 9, 2017 }}</ref>
* 2003: '']'', a novel that includes the activities of the Manson Family as a major plot point.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/18/books/bad-vibrations.html |title=Bad Vibrations |first=Stephanie |last=Zacharek |work=] |date=August 18, 2002 |access-date=March 23, 2011 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429213306/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/18/books/bad-vibrations.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2003: '']'', a crime drama/horror film centered around the Manson Family.
* 2004: '']'', a crime film about the Manson Family and about Linda Kasabian.
* 2006: '']'', a stop-motion animated film based on the murders.
* 2014: '']'', a biographical feature film focusing on the life of Charles Manson from his childhood to his arrest.
* 2015: '']'', an indie comedy inspired by Manson.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/03/sxsw-review-unexpected-charmer-manson-family-vacation-starring-jay-duplass-266106/ |title=SXSW Review: Unexpected Charmer 'Manson Family Vacation' Starring Jay Duplass |website=IndieWire|date=March 19, 2015 |access-date=July 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233245/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/03/sxsw-review-unexpected-charmer-manson-family-vacation-starring-jay-duplass-266106/ |archive-date=July 5, 2018 }}</ref>
* 2015–16: '']'', a television crime drama that includes storylines inspired by actual events which involved Manson.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924070419/http://www.nbc.com/aquarius |date=September 24, 2014}} NBC.</ref>
* 2016: '']'', a novel by ] loosely inspired by the Manson Family.
* 2016: '']'', a horror film directed by ] loosely based on the murder of Sharon Tate.
* 2017: '']''; the first episode of season 1 used Manson as a case study. Manson is then featured in the second season.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/10/mindhunter-who-is-adt-killer-kansas-dennis-rader-season-2-wichita-park-city |title=How Netflix's Mindhunter Cleverly Set Up Season 2 and Beyond |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=October 17, 2017 |access-date=July 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213174602/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/10/mindhunter-who-is-adt-killer-kansas-dennis-rader-season-2-wichita-park-city |archive-date=February 13, 2018 }}</ref>
* 2017: '']'', the seventh season of the horror ] '']''.
* 2018: '']'', a film centered around Manson and three of his followers.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Charlie Says' Review: Complicating Those Manson Family Values|first=Manohla|last=Dargis|newspaper=]|date=May 9, 2019|url=https://nyti.ms/2LzW5uP|access-date=May 11, 2019|archive-date=February 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228032104/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/movies/charlie-says-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2019: '']''; directed by Daniel Farrands, the film revolves around Sharon Tate during the last evening of her life.
* 2019: '']''; directed by ], the film has a plot revolving around Manson and the Manson Family,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/quentin-tarantino-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-movie-everything-we-know-2018-3 |title=All the details of Quentin Tarantino's new movie, which stars Brad Pitt, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Margot Robbie |website=]|access-date=July 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621215935/http://www.businessinsider.com/quentin-tarantino-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-movie-everything-we-know-2018-3 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 }}</ref> though Manson himself only appears briefly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=2019-09-11 |title=Damon Herriman Says 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' Cut Manson Scene Is One of Tarantino's Best |url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/tarantino-cut-charles-manson-scene-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-1202172574/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2019: '']'', a film that starts in the aftermath of the Sharon Tate murders in ], with the main character suspected of being involved. Manson is portrayed by ].<ref>{{cite web| last=Tallerico| first=Brian| title=Zeroville| date=September 20, 2019| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/zeroville-movie-review-2019| access-date=August 9, 2020| archive-date=June 24, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624184935/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/zeroville-movie-review-2019| url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2021: ''We Can Only Save Ourselves'', a novel by Alison Wisdom loosely inspired by the Manson Family.


== Documentaries == == See also ==
* ], an acronym propounded by Manson and followers, for Air, Trees, Water, Animals and All The Way Alive
* '']'', directed by ] and Laurence Merrick. 1973. {{imdb title|id=0068918|title=Manson}}
* '']'', directed by ]. 1989. {{imdb title|id=0097047|title=Charles Manson Superstar}}


== References == == References ==
;Citations
{{reflist|4}}
{{Reflist}}


;Works cited
==== Primary ====
* {{cite book |last=Badman |first=Keith |title=The Beach Boys: The Definitive Diary of America's Greatest Band, on Stage and in the Studio |url=https://archive.org/details/beachboysdefinit0000badm |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=Backbeat Books |isbn=978-0-87930-818-6 }}
*] with Bob Slosser. ''Child of Satan, Child of God''. Logos International; Plainfield, New Jersey; 1977. ISBN 0-88270-276-9.
* ] with ]. '']: The True Story of the Manson Murders''. (Norton, 1974; Arrow books, 1992 edition, ISBN 0-09-997500-9; W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, ISBN 0-393-32223-8) * {{cite book|author-link=Vincent Bugliosi|author-link2=Curt Gentry|last1=Bugliosi|first1=Vincent|first2=Curt|last2=Gentry|title=Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders|publisher=Norton|date=1974|edition=1992|isbn=0-09-997500-9|title-link=Helter Skelter (book)}}
* {{cite book|last=Guinn|first=Jeff|title=Manson: The Life and Times of Charles Manson|publisher=]|date=2013|isbn=978-1-4516-4516-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781451645163_0}}
* Emmons, Nuel, as told to. ''Manson in His Own Words''. Grove Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8021-3024-0.
* {{cite book |last=O'Neill |first=Tom |editor-last=Piepenbring |editor-first=Dan |date=2019 |title=CHAOS: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-47755-0}}
* ] ''The Family''. Thunder's Mouth Press. rev. update edition 2002. ISBN 1-56025-396-7.
* {{cite book |last=Stebbins |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Stebbins |title=Dennis Wilson: The Real Beach Boy|url=https://archive.org/details/denniswilsonreal0000steb/ |year=2000 |publisher=ECW Press |isbn=978-1-55022-404-7 |url-access=registration}}
* ] with Guillermo Soledad. ''My Life with Charles Manson''. Bantam, 1979. ISBN 0-553-12788-8.
* ]. ''Will you die for me?''. F. H. Revell, 1978. ISBN 0-8007-0912-8.


====Further reading==== == Further reading ==
* ] and ]. ''Taming the Beast: Charles Manson's Life Behind Bars''. ], 1999. ISBN 0-312-20970-3. * {{cite book|last1=George|first1=Edward|author-link2=Dary Matera|last2=Matera|first2=Dary|title=Taming the Beast: Charles Manson's Life Behind Bars|publisher=]|date=1999|isbn=0-312-20970-3}}
* ]. ''Manson: The Unholy Trail of Charlie and the Family''. Amok Books, 2000. ISBN 1-878923-13-7. * {{cite book|author-link=John Gilmore (writer)|last=Gilmore|first=John|title=Manson: The Unholy Trail of Charlie and the Family|publisher=Amok Books|date=2000|isbn=1-878923-13-7}}
* ]. ''The Garbage People''. Omega Press, 1971. * {{cite book|last=Gilmore|first=John|title=The Garbage People|publisher=Omega Press|date=1971}}
* LeBlanc, Jerry and Ivor Davis. ''5 to Die''. Holloway House Publishing, 1971. ISBN 0-87067-306-8. * {{cite book|last1=LeBlanc|first1=Jerry|first2=Ivor|last2=Davis|title=5 to Die|publisher=Holloway House Publishing|date=1971|isbn=0-87067-306-8}}
* Pellowski, Michael J. ''The Charles Manson Murder Trial: A Headline Court Case''. Enslow Publishers, 2004. ISBN 0-7660-2167-X. * {{cite book|last=Pellowski|first=Michael J.|title=The Charles Manson Murder Trial: A Headline Court Case|publisher=Enslow Publishers|date=2004|isbn=0-7660-2167-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Udo|first=Tommy|title=Charles Manson: Music, Mayhem, Murder|publisher=Sanctuary Records|date=2002|isbn=1-86074-388-9}}
* Rowlett, Curt. ''Labyrinth13: True Tales of the Occult, Crime & Conspiracy'', Chapter 10, ''Charles Manson, Son of Sam and the Process Church of the Final Judgment: Exploring the Alleged Connections''. Lulu Press, 2006. ISBN 1-4116-6083-8.
* ] with Guillermo Soledad (1979). ''My Life with Charles Manson''. Bantam. {{ISBN|0-553-12788-8}}.
* ]. ''The Manson File'' Amok Press. 1988. ISBN 0-941693-04-X.
* ]. ''Charles Manson: Music, Mayhem, Murder''. Sanctuary Records, 2002. ISBN 1-86074-388-9. * ]. ''Will You Die for Me?'' (1978). F. H. Revell. {{ISBN|0-8007-0912-8}}.


== External links == == External links ==
{{Sister project links|collapsible=true|wikt=no|d=Q485508}}
{{sisterlinks}}
*
* Noe, Denise. . CrimeMagazine.com ] ].
* – compendium of first-hand accounts edited by Jason Austin Penick
* 2Violent.com. Retrieved ] ].

* Watson, Charles. Charles Watson autobiography as told to Ray Hoekstra; presented at Watson website (aboundinglove.org). Retrieved ] ].
'''Legal documents'''
* by Douglas Linder. University of Missouri at Kansas City Law School. 2002. ] ].
* ''People v. Manson'', 71 Cal. App. 3d 1 (California Court of Appeal, Second District, Division One, June 23, 1977).
*
* ''People v. Manson'', 61 Cal. App. 3d 102 (California Court of Appeal, Second District, Division One, August 13, 1976). Retrieved June 19, 2007.
* Bardsley, Marilyn. . Crime Library. Courtroom Television Network, LLC. ] ].

* Dalton, David. . 1998 article by coauthor of 1970 ''Rolling Stone'' story on Manson. gadflyonline.com. Retrieved ], ].
'''News articles'''
* ''People v. Manson'', ] (California Court of Appeal, Second District, Division One, August 13, 1976). Retrieved ], ].
* {{cite web|last=Dalton|first=David|title=If Christ Came Back as a Con Man|url=http://www.gadflyonline.com/archive/october98/archive-manson.html|date=October 1998|website=gadflyonline.com|access-date=November 18, 2015|archive-date=October 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011161519/http://www.gadflyonline.com/archive/October98/archive-manson.html|url-status=dead}} – article by co-author of 1970 ] story on Manson.
* ''People v. Manson'', ] (California Court of Appeal, Second District, Division One, June 23, 1977). Retrieved ], ].
* Linder, Douglas. . University of Missouri at Kansas City Law School. 2002. April 7, 2007.
* {{cite web|last=Noe|first=Denise|url=http://crimemagazine.com/manson-myth-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121075126/http://crimemagazine.com/manson-myth-0|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 21, 2010|title=The Manson Myth|website=CrimeMagazine.com|date=December 12, 2004}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Manson-Family-members-haunted-3221121.php|title=Horrific past haunts former cult members|newspaper=]|date=August 12, 2009}}


{{Manson Family}} {{Manson Family}}
{{The Beach Boys}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 00:30, 7 December 2024

American criminal and cult leader (1934–2017)

Charles Manson
Black-and-white headshot photo of a crazy-eyed man with a dark mop of hair and beardManson's 1968 mugshot
BornCharles Milles Maddox
(1934-11-12)November 12, 1934
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
DiedNovember 19, 2017(2017-11-19) (aged 83)
Bakersfield, California, U.S.
Known forManson Family murders
Spouses
Rosalie Willis ​ ​(m. 1955; div. 1958)
Leona Stevens ​ ​(m. 1959; div. 1963)
Children3
Conviction(s)
Criminal penaltyDeath; commuted to life imprisonment
Accomplice(s)Members of the Manson Family, including Susan Atkins, Mary Brunner, and Tex Watson
Details
Victims9+ murdered by proxy
Signature

Charles Milles Manson ( Maddox; November 12, 1934 – November 19, 2017) was an American criminal, cult leader, and musician who led the Manson Family, a cult based in California in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Some cult members committed a series of at least nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969. In 1971, Manson was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people, including the film actress Sharon Tate. The prosecution contended that, while Manson never directly ordered the murders, his ideology constituted an overt act of conspiracy.

Before the murders, Manson had spent more than half of his life in correctional institutions. While gathering his cult following, he was a singer-songwriter on the fringe of the Los Angeles music industry, chiefly through a chance association with Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys, who introduced Manson to record producer Terry Melcher. In 1968, the Beach Boys recorded Manson's song "Cease to Exist", renamed "Never Learn Not to Love" as a single B-side, but Manson was uncredited. Afterward, he attempted to secure a record contract through Melcher, but was unsuccessful.

Manson would often talk about the Beatles, including their eponymous 1968 album. According to Los Angeles County District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi, Manson felt guided by his interpretation of the Beatles' lyrics and adopted the term "Helter Skelter" to describe an impending apocalyptic race war. During his trial, Bugliosi argued that Manson had intended to start a race war, although Manson and others disputed this. Contemporary interviews and trial witness testimony insisted that the Tate–LaBianca murders were copycat crimes intended to exonerate Manson's friend Bobby Beausoleil. Manson himself denied having ordered any murders. Nevertheless, he served his time in prison and died from complications from colon cancer in 2017.

1934–1967: Early life

Childhood

Charles Milles Maddox was born on November 12, 1934, to 15-year-old Ada Kathleen Maddox (1919–1973) of Ashland, Kentucky, in the University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Manson's biological father appears to have been Colonel Walker Henderson Scott, Sr. (1910–1954) of Catlettsburg, Kentucky, against whom Maddox filed a paternity suit that resulted in an agreed judgment in 1937. Scott worked intermittently in local mills, and had a local reputation as a con artist. He allowed Maddox to believe that he was an army colonel, although "Colonel" was merely his given name. When Maddox told Scott that she was pregnant, he informed her that he had been called away on army business; after several months she realized he had no intention of returning. Manson never knew his biological father.

In August 1934, before Manson's birth, Maddox married William Eugene Manson (1909–1961), a laborer at a dry cleaning business. Maddox often went on drinking sprees with her brother Luther Elbert Maddox (1916–1950), leaving Charles with babysitters. Maddox and her husband divorced on April 30, 1937, after William alleged "gross neglect of duty" by Maddox. Charles retained William's last name of Manson. On August 1, 1939, Kathleen and Luther were arrested for assault and robbery, and sentenced to five and ten years of imprisonment, respectively.

Manson was placed in the home of an aunt and uncle in McMechen, West Virginia. His mother was paroled in 1942. Manson later characterized the first weeks after she returned from prison as the happiest time in his life. Weeks after her release, Manson's family moved to Charleston, West Virginia, where he continually played truant and his mother spent her evenings drinking. She was arrested for grand larceny, but not convicted. The family later moved to Indianapolis, where Maddox met alcoholic Lewis Woodson Cavender Jr. (1916–1979) through Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, and married him in August 1943.

First offenses

In an interview with Diane Sawyer, Manson stated that when he was aged 9, he set his school on fire. He also got repeatedly in trouble for truancy and petty theft. Although there was a lack of foster home placements, in 1947, at the age of 13, Manson was placed in the Gibault School for Boys in Terre Haute, Indiana, a school for male delinquents run by Catholic priests. Gibault was a strict school, where punishment for even the smallest infraction included beatings with either a wooden paddle or a leather strap. Manson ran away from Gibault and slept in the woods, under bridges and wherever else he could find shelter.

Manson fled home to his mother and spent Christmas 1947 at his aunt and uncle's house in West Virginia. However, his mother returned him to Gibault. Ten months later, he ran away to Indianapolis. It was there, in 1948, Manson committed his first documented crime by robbing a grocery store, at first to simply find something to eat. However, Manson found a cigar box containing just over a hundred dollars, which he used to rent a room on Indianapolis' Skid Row and to buy food.

For a time, Manson had a job delivering messages for Western Union in an attempt to live honestly. However, he quickly began to supplement his wages through theft. He was eventually caught, and in 1949 a sympathetic judge sent him to Boys Town, a juvenile facility in Omaha, Nebraska. After four days at Boys Town, he and fellow student Blackie Nielson obtained a gun and stole a car. They used it to commit two armed robberies on their way to the home of Nielson's uncle in Peoria, Illinois. Nielson's uncle was a professional thief, and when the boys arrived he allegedly took them on as apprentices. Manson was arrested two weeks later during a nighttime raid on a Peoria store. In the investigation that followed, he was linked to his two earlier armed robberies. He was sent to the Indiana Boys School, a strict reform school outside of Plainfield, Indiana.

At the Indiana Boys School, other students allegedly raped Manson with the encouragement of a staff member, and he was repeatedly beaten. He ran away from the school eighteen times. Manson developed a self-defense technique he later called the "insane game", in which he would screech, grimace and wave his arms to convince stronger aggressors that he was insane. After a number of failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in February 1951. The three escapees robbed filling stations while attempting to drive to California in stolen cars until they were arrested in Utah. For the federal crime of driving a stolen car across state lines, Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s National Training School for Boys. On arrival he was given aptitude tests which determined that he was illiterate but had an above-average IQ of 109. His case worker deemed him aggressively antisocial.

First imprisonment

On a psychiatrist's recommendation, Manson was transferred in October 1951 to Natural Bridge Honor Camp, a minimum security institution in Virginia. His aunt visited him and told administrators she would let him stay at her house and help him find work. Manson had a parole hearing scheduled for February 1952. However, in January, he was caught raping a boy at knifepoint. Manson was transferred to the Federal Reformatory in Petersburg, Virginia, where he committed a further "eight serious disciplinary offenses, three involving homosexual acts". He was then moved to a maximum security reformatory at Chillicothe, Ohio, where he was expected to remain until his release on his 21st birthday in November 1955. Good behavior led to an early release in May 1954, to live with his aunt and uncle in West Virginia.

Manson, aged 21. Booking photo, Federal Correctional Institute Terminal Island, May 2, 1956.

In January 1955, Manson married a hospital waitress named Rosalie "Rosie" Jean Willis (January 28, 1939 – August 21, 2009). Around October, about three months after he and his pregnant wife arrived in Los Angeles in a car he had stolen in Ohio, Manson was again charged with a federal crime for taking the vehicle across state lines. After a psychiatric evaluation, he was given five years' probation. Manson's failure to appear at a Los Angeles hearing on an identical charge filed in Florida resulted in his March 1956 arrest in Indianapolis. His probation was revoked, and he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment at Terminal Island in Los Angeles.

While Manson was in prison, Rosalie gave birth to their son, Charles Manson Jr. (April 10, 1956 – June 29, 1993). During his first year at Terminal Island, Manson received visits from Rosalie and his mother, who were now living together in Los Angeles. In March 1957, when the visits from his wife ceased, his mother informed him Rosalie was living with another man. Less than two weeks before a scheduled parole hearing, Manson tried to escape by stealing a car. He was given five years' probation and his parole was denied.

Second imprisonment

Manson received five years' parole in September 1958, the same year in which Rosalie received a decree of divorce. By November, he was pimping a 16-year-old girl and receiving additional support from a girl with wealthy parents. In September 1959, he pleaded guilty to a charge of attempting to cash a forged U.S. Treasury check, which he claimed to have stolen from a mailbox; the latter charge was later dropped. He received a ten-year suspended sentence and probation after a young woman named Leona Rae "Candy" Stevens, who had an arrest record for prostitution, made a "tearful plea" before the court that she and Manson were "deeply in love ... and would marry if Charlie were freed". Before the year's end, the woman did marry Manson, possibly so she would not be required to testify against him.

Manson took Leona and another woman to New Mexico for purposes of prostitution, resulting in him being held and questioned for violating the Mann Act. Though he was released, Manson correctly suspected that the investigation had not ended. When he disappeared in violation of his probation, a bench warrant was issued. An indictment for violation of the Mann Act followed in April 1960. Following the arrest of one of the women for prostitution, Manson was arrested in June in Laredo, Texas, and was returned to Los Angeles. For violating his probation on the check-cashing charge, he was ordered to serve his ten-year sentence.

Manson spent a year trying unsuccessfully to appeal the revocation of his probation. In July 1961, he was transferred from the Los Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at McNeil Island, Washington. There, he took guitar lessons from Barker–Karpis gang leader Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, and obtained from another inmate the contact information of Phil Kaufman, a producer at Universal Studios in Hollywood. Among Manson's fellow prisoners during this time was future actor Danny Trejo, with the two participating in several hypnosis sessions together. Manson's mother moved to Washington State to be closer to him during his McNeil Island incarceration, working nearby as a waitress.

Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. Manson's September 1961 annual review noted he had a "tremendous drive to call attention to himself", an observation echoed in September 1964. In 1963, Leona was granted a divorce. During the process she alleged that she and Manson had a son, Charles Luther Manson. According to a popular urban legend, Manson auditioned unsuccessfully for the Monkees in late-1965; this is refuted by the fact that Manson was still incarcerated at McNeil Island at that time.

In June 1966, Manson was sent for the second time to Terminal Island in preparation for early release. By the time of his release day on March 21, 1967, he had spent more than half of his thirty-two years in prisons and other institutions. This was mainly because he had broken federal laws. Federal sentences were, and remain, much more severe than state sentences for many of the same offenses. Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested permission to stay.

1967-1968: San Francisco and cult formation

Parolee and patient

Less than a month after his 1967 release, Manson moved to Berkeley from Los Angeles, which could have been a probation violation. Instead, after calling the San Francisco probation office upon his arrival, he was transferred to the supervision of criminology doctoral researcher and federal probation officer Roger Smith. Until the spring of 1968, Smith worked at the Haight Ashbury Free Medical Clinic (HAFMC), which Manson and his family came to frequent. Roger Smith, as well as the HAFMC's founder David Smith, received funding from the National Institutes of Health, and reportedly the CIA, to study the effects of drugs like LSD and methamphetamine on the counterculture movement in San Francisco's Haight–Ashbury District. The patients at the HAFMC became subjects of their research, including Manson and his expanding group of mostly female followers, who came to see Roger Smith regularly.

Manson received permission from Roger Smith to move from Berkeley to the Haight-Ashbury District. He first took LSD and would use it frequently during his time there. David Smith, who had studied the effects of LSD and amphetamines in rodents, wrote that the change in Manson's personality during this time "was the most abrupt Roger Smith had observed in his entire professional career." Manson also read the book Stranger in a Strange Land, a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein. Inspired by the burgeoning free love philosophy in Haight–Ashbury during the Summer of Love, Manson began preaching his own philosophy based on a mixture of Stranger in a Strange Land, the Bible, Scientology, Dale Carnegie and the Beatles, which quickly earned him a following. He may have also borrowed some of his philosophy from the Process Church of the Final Judgment, whose members believed Satan would become reconciled to Jesus and they would come together at the end of the world to judge humanity.

Involvement with Scientology

Manson began studying Scientology while incarcerated with the help of fellow inmate Lanier Rayner, and in July 1961 listed Scientology as his religion. A September 1961 prison report argues that Manson "appears to have developed a certain amount of insight into his problems through his study of this discipline". Another prison report in August 1966 stated that Manson was no longer an advocate of Scientology. Upon his release in 1967, Manson traveled to Los Angeles where he reportedly "met local Scientologists and attended several parties for movie stars". Manson completed 150 hours of auditing. His "right hand man", Bruce Davis, worked at the Church of Scientology headquarters in London from November 1968 to April 1969.

San Francisco followers

See also: Manson Family

Shortly after relocating to San Francisco, Manson became acquainted with Mary Brunner, a 23-year-old graduate of University of Wisconsin–Madison. Brunner was working as a library assistant at the University of California, Berkeley, and Manson, until that point making his living by panhandling, moved in with her. Manson then met teenaged runaway Lynette Fromme, later nicknamed "Squeaky," and convinced her to live with him and Brunner. According to a second-hand account, Manson overcame Brunner's initial resistance to him bringing other women in to live with them. Before long, they were sharing Brunner's residence with eighteen other women. Manson targeted individuals for manipulation who were emotionally insecure and social outcasts.

Manson established himself as a guru in Haight-Ashbury which, during the Summer of Love, was emerging as the signature hippie locale. Manson soon had the first of his groups of followers, most of them female. They were later dubbed as the "Manson Family" by Los Angeles prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi and the media. Manson allegedly taught his followers that they were the reincarnation of the original Christians, and that The Establishment could be characterized as the Romans.

Sometime around 1967, Manson began using the alias "Charles Willis Manson." Before the end of summer, he and some of his followers began traveling in an old school bus they had adapted, putting colored rugs and pillows in place of the many seats they had removed. They eventually settled in the Los Angeles areas of Topanga Canyon, Malibu and Venice along the coast.

In 1967, Brunner became pregnant by Manson. On April 15, 1968, she gave birth to their son, whom she named Valentine Michael, in a condemned house where they were living in Topanga Canyon. She was assisted by several of the young women from the fledgling Family. Brunner, like most members of the group, acquired a number of aliases and nicknames, including: "Marioche", "Och", "Mother Mary", "Mary Manson", "Linda Dee Manson" and "Christine Marie Euchts".

In his book Love Needs Care about his time at the HAFMC, David Smith claimed that Manson attempted to reprogram his followers' minds to "submit totally to his will" through the use of "LSD and … unconventional sexual practices" that would turn his followers into "empty vessels that would accept anything he poured." Manson Family member Paul Watkins testified that Manson would encourage group LSD trips and take lower doses himself to "keep his wits about him." Watkins stated that "Charlie's trip was to program us all to submit." By the end of his stay in the Haight in April 1968, Manson had attracted twenty or so followers, all under the supervision of Roger Smith and many of the staff at the HAFMC. The core members of Manson's following eventually included: Brunner; Charles "Tex" Watson, a musician and former actor; Bobby Beausoleil, a former musician and pornographic actor; Susan Atkins; Patricia Krenwinkel; and Leslie Van Houten.

Subsequent arrests

Supervised by his ostensible parole officer Roger Smith, Manson grew his family through drug use and prostitution without interference from the authorities. Manson was arrested on July 31, 1967, for attempting to prevent the arrest of one of his followers, Ruth Ann Moorehouse. Instead of Manson being sent back to prison, the charge was reduced to a misdemeanor and Manson was given three additional years of probation. He avoided prosecution again in July 1968, when he and the family were arrested while moving to Los Angeles, when his bus crashed into a ditch; Manson and members of his family, including Brunner and Manson's new-born baby, were found sleeping naked by police. Afterwards, he was again arrested and released only a few days later, this time on a drug charge.

Involvement with the Beach Boys

See also: Never Learn Not to Love and The Beach Boys bootleg recordings § Manson sessions

On April 6, 1968, Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys was driving through Malibu when he noticed two female hitchhikers, Krenwinkel and Ella Jo Bailey. He picked them up and dropped them off at their destination. On April 11, Wilson noticed the same two girls hitchhiking again and this time took them to his home at 14400 Sunset Boulevard. Wilson later recalled that he "told about our involvement with the Maharishi and they told me they too had a guru, a guy named Charlie who'd recently come out of jail after twelve years." Wilson then went to a recording session; when he returned later that night, he was met in his driveway by Manson, and when Wilson walked into his home, about a dozen people were occupying the premises, most of them young women. By Manson's own account, he had met Wilson on at least one prior occasion: at a friend's San Francisco house where Manson had gone to obtain marijuana. Manson claimed that Wilson invited him to visit his home when Manson came to Los Angeles.

Wilson was initially fascinated by Manson and his followers, referring to him as "the Wizard" in a Rave magazine article at the time. The two struck a friendship, and over the next few months members of the Manson Family – mostly women who were treated as servants – were housed in Wilson's residence. This arrangement persisted for about six months.

Wilson introduced Manson to a few friends in the music business, including the Byrds' producer Terry Melcher. Manson recorded numerous songs at Brian Wilson's home studio, although the recordings remain unheard by the public. Band engineer Stephen Desper said that the Manson sessions were done "for Dennis and Terry Melcher". In September 1968, Wilson recorded a Manson song for the Beach Boys, originally titled "Cease to Exist" but reworked as "Never Learn Not to Love", as a single B-side released the following December. The writing was credited solely to Wilson. When asked why Manson was not credited, Wilson explained that Manson relinquished his publishing rights in favor of "about a hundred thousand dollars' worth of stuff". Around this time, the Family destroyed two of Wilson's luxury cars.

Wilson eventually distanced himself from Manson and moved out of the Sunset Boulevard house, leaving the Family there, and subsequently took residence at a basement apartment in Santa Monica. Virtually all of Wilson's household possessions were stolen by the Family; the members were evicted from his home three weeks before the lease was scheduled to expire. When Manson subsequently sought further contact, he left a bullet with Wilson's housekeeper to be delivered with a threatening message.

Band manager Nick Grillo recalled that Wilson became concerned after Manson had got "into a much heavier drug situation ... taking a tremendous amount of acid and Dennis wouldn't tolerate it and asked him to leave. It was difficult for Dennis because he was afraid of Charlie." Writing in his 2016 memoir, Mike Love recalled Wilson saying he had witnessed Manson shooting a black man "in half" with an M16 rifle and hiding the body inside a well. Melcher said that Wilson had been aware that the Family "were killing people" and had been "so freaked out he just didn't want to live anymore. He was afraid, and he thought he should have gone to the authorities, but he didn't, and the rest of it happened."

Spahn Ranch

Manson established a base for the Family at the Spahn Ranch in August 1968, after their eviction from Wilson's residence. The ranch had been a television and movie set for Westerns, but the buildings had deteriorated by the late-1960s. The ranch then derived revenue primarily from selling horseback rides. Female Family members did chores around the ranch and, occasionally, had sex on Manson's orders with the nearly blind 80-year-old owner, George Spahn; the women also acted as guides for him. In exchange, Spahn allowed Manson and his group to live at the ranch for free.

Doomsday beliefs

See also: Manson Family § Possible murder motives, and Helter Skelter (scenario)

The Manson Family evolved into a doomsday cult when Manson became fixated on the idea of an imminent apocalyptic race war between America's Black minority and the larger White population. A white supremacist, Manson told some of the Family that Black people would rise up and kill the entire White population except for Manson and his followers, but that they were not intelligent enough to survive on their own; they would need a white man to lead them, and so they would serve Manson as their "master". In late-1968, Manson adopted the term "Helter Skelter", taken from a song on the Beatles' recently released White Album, to refer to this upcoming war.

Tate encounter

On March 23, 1969, Manson entered the grounds of 10050 Cielo Drive, which he had known as Melcher's residence. He was not invited. As he approached the main house, Manson was met by Shahrokh Hatami, an Iranian photographer who had befriended film director Roman Polanski and his wife Sharon Tate during the making of the documentary Mia and Roman. Hatami was there to photograph Tate before she departed for Rome the following day. Seeing Manson approach, Hatami had gone onto the front porch to ask him what he wanted. Manson said that he was looking for Melcher, whose name Hatami did not recognize. Hatami told him the place was the Polanski residence and then advised him to try the path to the guest house beyond the main house. Tate appeared behind Hatami in the house's front door and asked him who was calling. Hatami and Tate maintained their positions while Manson went back to the guest house without a word, returned to the front a minute or two later and left.

That evening, Manson returned to the property and again went to the guest house. He entered the enclosed porch and spoke with Altobelli, the owner, who had just come out of the shower. Manson asked for Melcher, but Altobelli felt that Manson was instead looking for him. It was later discovered that Manson had apparently been to the property on earlier occasions after Melcher left. Altobelli told Manson through the screen door that Melcher had moved to Malibu and said that he did not know his new address, although he did.

Altobelli told Manson he was leaving the country the next day, and Manson said he would like to speak with him upon his return. Altobelli said that he would be gone for more than a year. Manson said that he had been directed to the guest house by the persons in the main house; Altobelli asked Manson not to disturb his tenants. Altobelli and Tate flew together to Rome the next day. Tate asked him whether "that creepy-looking guy" had gone to see him at the guest house the day before.

1969–1971: Crimes and trial

See also: Tate–LaBianca murders and Manson Family § Crimes

Crowe shooting

Tex Watson became involved in drug dealing and robbed a 22-year-old rival named Bernard "Lotsapoppa" Crowe. Crowe allegedly responded with a threat to kill everyone at Spahn Ranch. In response, Manson shot Crowe on July 1, 1969, at Manson's Hollywood apartment. Manson's belief that he had killed Crowe was seemingly confirmed by a news report of the discovery of the dumped body of a Black Panther in Los Angeles.

Although Crowe was not a member of the Black Panthers, Manson concluded he had been and expected retaliation from the Panthers. He turned Spahn Ranch into a defensive camp, establishing night patrols by armed guards. Watson would later write, "Blackie was trying to get at the chosen ones." Manson brought in members of the Straight Satans Motorcycle Club to act as security.

Hinman murder

34-year-old Gary Alan Hinman, a music teacher and graduate student at UCLA, had previously befriended members of the Family and allowed some to occasionally stay at his home in Topanga Canyon. According to Atkins, Manson believed Hinman was wealthy and sent her, Brunner, and Beausoleil to Hinman's home to convince him to join the Family and turn over the assets Manson thought Hinman had inherited. The three held Hinman hostage for two days in late July 1969, as he denied having any money. During this time, Manson arrived with a sword and slashed his face and ear. After that, Beausoleil stabbed Hinman to death, allegedly on Manson's instruction. Before leaving the residence, Beausoleil or one of the women used Hinman's blood to write "political piggy" on the wall and to draw a panther paw, a Black Panther symbol.

According to Beausoleil, he came to Hinman's house to recover money paid to Hinman for mescaline provided to the Straight Satans that had supposedly been bad. Beausoleil added that Brunner and Atkins, unaware of his intent, went along to visit Hinman. Atkins, in her 1977 autobiography, wrote that Manson directed Beausoleil, Brunner and her to go to Hinman's and get the supposed inheritance of $21,000. She said that two days earlier Manson had told her privately that, if she wanted to "do something important", she could kill Hinman and get his money. Beausoleil was arrested on August 6, 1969, after he was caught driving Hinman's car. Police found the murder weapon in the tire well.

Tate murders

On the night of August 8, 1969, Watson took Atkins, Krenwinkel and Linda Kasabian to 10050 Cielo Drive. Watson later claimed that Manson had instructed him to go to the house and "totally destroy" everyone in it, and to do it "as gruesome as you can". Manson told the women to do as Watson instructed them.

The occupants of the Cielo Drive house that evening were Tate, aged 26, who was 81⁄2 months pregnant; her friend and former lover 35-year-old Jay Sebring, a noted celebrity hairstylist; Polanski's friend 32-year-old Wojciech Frykowski; and Frykowski's 25-year-old girlfriend Abigail Anne Folger, heiress to the Folgers coffee fortune and daughter of Peter Folger. Also present on the property were 19-year-old caretaker William Garretson and his friend, 18-year-old Steven Earl Parent. Polanski was in Europe working on a film. Music producer Quincy Jones was a friend of Sebring who had planned to join him that evening before changing his mind.

Watson and the three women arrived at Cielo Drive just past midnight on August 9. Watson climbed a telephone pole near the entrance gate and cut the phone line to the house. The group then backed their car to the bottom of the hill that led to the estate before walking back up to the house. Thinking that the gate might be electrified or equipped with an alarm, they climbed a brushy embankment to the right of the gate and entered the grounds.

Headlights approached the group from within the property, and Watson ordered the women to lie in the bushes. He stepped out and ordered the approaching driver, Parent, to halt. Watson leveled a .22 caliber revolver at Parent, who begged him not to hurt him, claiming that he would not say anything. Watson lunged at Parent with a knife, giving him a defensive slash wound on the palm of his hand that severed tendons and tore the boy's watch off his wrist, then shot him four times in the chest and abdomen, killing him in the front seat of his white 1965 AMC Ambassador coupe. Watson ordered the women to help push the car up the driveway.

Watson next cut the screen of a window, then told Kasabian to keep watch down by the gate; she walked over to Parent's car and waited. Watson removed the screen, entered through the window and let Atkins and Krenwinkel in through the front door. He whispered to Atkins and awoke Frykowski, who was sleeping on the living room couch. Watson kicked him in the head, and Frykowski asked him who he was and what he was doing there. Watson replied, "I'm the devil, and I'm here to do the devil's business."

On Watson's direction, Atkins found the house's three other occupants with Krenwinkel's help and forced them to the living room. Watson began to tie Tate and Sebring together by their necks with a long nylon rope which he had brought, then slung it over one of the living room's ceiling beams. Sebring protested the rough treatment of the pregnant Tate, so Watson shot him. Folger was taken momentarily back to her bedroom for her purse, and she gave the murderers $70. Watson then stabbed Sebring seven times. Frykowski's hands had been bound with a towel, but he freed himself and began struggling with Atkins, who stabbed at his legs with a knife. He fought his way out the front door and onto the porch, but Watson caught up with him, struck him over the head with the gun multiple times, stabbed him repeatedly and shot him twice.

Kasabian had heard "horrifying sounds" and moved toward the house from her position in the driveway. She told Atkins that someone was coming in an attempt to stop the murders. Inside the house, Folger escaped from Krenwinkel and fled out a bedroom door to the pool area. Krenwinkel pursued her and caught her on the front lawn, where she stabbed her and tackled her to the ground. Watson then helped kill her; her assailants stabbed her a total of twenty-eight times. Frykowski struggled across the lawn, but Watson continued to stab him, killing him. Frykowski suffered fifty-one stab wounds; he had also been struck thirteen times in the head with the butt of Watson's gun, which bent the barrel and broke off one side of the gun grip, which was recovered at the scene.

In the house, Tate pleaded to be allowed to live long enough to give birth and offered herself as a hostage in an attempt to save the life of her unborn child. Instead both Atkins and Watson stabbed Tate sixteen times, killing her. The coroner's inquest found that Tate was still alive when she was hanged with the nylon rope, although the cause of her death was determined as a "massive hemorrhage", while in Sebring's murder it was found that he was hanged lifeless.

According to Watson, Manson had told the women to "leave a sign—something witchy". Atkins wrote "pig" on the front door in Tate's blood. Atkins claims she did this to copycat the Hinman murder scene in order to get Beausoleil out of jail, who was in custody for that murder.

LaBianca murders

The four murderers plus Manson, Leslie Van Houten and Clem Grogan went for a drive the following night. Manson was allegedly displeased with the previous night's murders, so he told Kasabian to drive to a house at 3301 Waverly Drive in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles. Located next door to a home where Manson and Family members had attended a party the previous year, it belonged to 44-year-old supermarket executive Leno LaBianca and his 43-year-old wife, Rosemary LaBianca, co-owner of a dress shop.

According to Atkins and Kasabian, Manson disappeared up the driveway and returned to say that he had tied up the house's occupants. Watson, Krenwinkel and Van Houten entered the property. Watson claims in his autobiography that Manson went up alone, then returned to take him up to the house with him. Manson pointed out a sleeping man through a window, and the two entered through the unlocked back door. Watson claims Manson roused the sleeping Leno LaBianca from the couch at gunpoint and had Watson bind his hands with a leather thong. Rosemary was brought into the living room from the bedroom, and Watson covered the couple's heads with pillowcases which he bound in place with lamp cords. Manson left, and Krenwinkel and Van Houten entered the house.

Watson had complained to Manson earlier of the inadequacy of the previous night's weapons. Watson sent the women from the kitchen to the bedroom, where Rosemary LaBianca had been returned, while he went to the living room and began stabbing Leno LaBianca with a chrome-plated bayonet. The first thrust went into his throat. Watson heard a scuffle in the bedroom and went in there to discover Rosemary LaBianca keeping the women at bay by swinging the lamp tied to her neck. He stabbed her several times with the bayonet, then returned to the living room and resumed attacking Leno, whom he stabbed a total of twelve times. He then carved the word "WAR" into his abdomen.

Watson returned to the bedroom and found Krenwinkel stabbing Rosemary with a knife from the kitchen. Van Houten stabbed her approximately sixteen times in the back and the exposed buttocks. Van Houten claimed at trial that Rosemary LaBianca was already dead during the stabbing. Evidence showed that many of the forty-one stab wounds had, in fact, been inflicted post-mortem. Watson then cleaned off the bayonet and showered, while Krenwinkel wrote "Rise" and "Death to pigs" on the walls and "Healter Skelter" on the refrigerator door, all in LaBianca's blood. She gave Leno LaBianca fourteen puncture wounds with an ivory-handled, two-tined carving fork, which she left jutting out of his stomach. She also planted a steak knife in his throat.

Meanwhile, Manson drove the other three Family members who had departed Spahn with him that evening to the Venice home of the Lebanese actor Saladin Nader. Manson left them there and drove back to Spahn Ranch, leaving them and the LaBianca killers to hitchhike home. According to Kasabian, Manson wanted his followers to murder Nader in his apartment, but Kasabian claims she thwarted this murder by deliberately knocking on the wrong apartment door and waking a stranger. The group abandoned the murder plan and left, but Atkins defecated in the stairwell on the way out.

Shea murder

35-year-old Hollywood stuntman Donald Jerome "Shorty" Shea was murdered on August 26, 1969, more than two weeks after the Tate–LaBianca murders, when Manson told Shea, Bruce Davis, Tex Watson, and Steve Grogan to go on a ride to a nearby car parts yard on the Spahn Ranch. According to Davis, he sat in the back seat with Grogan, who then hit Shea with a pipe wrench and Watson stabbed him. They brought Shea down a hill behind the ranch and stabbed and brutally tortured him to death. Bruce Davis recalled at his parole hearings:

I was in the car when Steve Grogan hit Shorty with the pipe wrench. Charles Watson stabbed him. I was in the backseat with... with Grogan. They took Shorty out. They had to go down the hill to a place. I stayed in the car for quite a while but what... then I went down the hill later on and that's when I cut Shorty on the shoulder with the knife, after he was... well, I don't know... I... I don't know if he was dead or not. He didn't bleed when I cut him on the shoulder.

When I showed up, you know, he was... he was incapacitated. I don't know if... you asked if he was unconscious, I don't know. He may or may not have been. He didn't seem conscious. He wasn't moving or saying anything. And it started off Manson handed me a machete as if I was supposed to... I mean I know what he wanted. But you know I couldn't do that. And I... in fact, I did touch Shorty Shea with a machete on the back of his neck, didn't break the skin. I mean I just couldn't do it. And then I threw the knife... and he handed me a bayonet and it... I just reached over and... I don't know which side it was on but I cut him right about here on the shoulder just with the tip of the blade. Sort of like saying "Are you satisfied, Charlie?"

And I turned around and walked away. And I... I was sick for about two or three days. I mean I couldn't even think about what I... what I had done.

In December 1977, Shea's skeletal remains were discovered on a nondescript hillside near Santa Susana Road next to Spahn Ranch after Grogan, one of those convicted of the murder, agreed to aid authorities in the recovery of Shea's body by drawing a map to its location. According to the autopsy report, his body suffered multiple stab and chopping wounds to the chest, and blunt force trauma to the head.

Suspected murders

See also: Manson Family § Suspected further murders

In total, Manson and his followers were convicted of nine counts of first-degree murder. However, the LAPD believes that the Family could have claimed up to at least twelve more victims. Cliff Shepard, a former LAPD Robbery-Homicide Division detective, said that Manson "repeatedly" claimed to have killed many others. Prosecutor Stephen Kay supported this assertion: "I know that Manson one time told one of his cellmates that he was responsible for 35 murders." Tate's younger sister, Debra Tate, has also claimed that investigators are "just scraping the surface" when it comes to the number of Manson's victims and has further elaborated on how Manson sent her a taunting map of the Panamint Range, with crosses on it that she believed were meant to represent buried bodies. This has resulted in several excavations that have been undertaken at Manson's Barker Ranch, but they have not resulted in any bodies being found.

  • Nancy Warren, 64, and Clyda Dulaney, 24, were both found near Ukiah, California at the antique store owned by Warren on October 13, 1968. They had both been beaten and strangled to death with thirty-six leather thongs. After the Family members were arrested, they became suspects when it was discovered that members of the Family had been in the Ukiah area at the time of the murders. However, no one in the Family was ever charged with the murders and no arrests were ever made in the case.
  • Marina Elizabeth Habe, 17, was murdered on December 30, 1968. She was a student at the University of Hawaii home on vacation when she was murdered in Los Angeles. According to the autopsy report, Habe's throat had been slashed and she had received numerous knife wounds to the chest. She suffered multiple contusions to the face and throat, and had been garrotted. There was no evidence of rape. Habe was abducted outside the home of her mother in West Hollywood, 8962 Cynthia Avenue. A former Manson Family associate claimed members of the Family had known Habe and it was conjectured she had been one of their victims.
  • Darwin Morell Scott, 64, was the uncle of Manson and the brother of Manson's father, Colonel Scott. On May 27, 1969, Scott was found brutally stabbed to death in his Ashland, Kentucky apartment. His body was pinned to the kitchen floor with a butcher knife, and he had been stabbed nineteen times. After Manson's arrest, it was reported that local residents claimed to have seen a man resembling Manson using the alias, "Preacher", in the area at the time Darwin was murdered. Manson was on parole in California at the time of the murder, but the murder occurred when Manson was out of touch with his parole officers.
  • Mark Walts, 16, was an acquaintance of the Family members and was even known to associate with them at the Spahn Ranch. On July 17, 1969, Walts hitchhiked to the Santa Monica Pier so he could go fishing. His fishing pole was found abandoned at the pier, and his body was found the next day near Mulholland Drive. He had been shot three times in the chest. Though the Family was reportedly "shocked" by Walts' murder, his brother was convinced that Manson was responsible for his death and even called him in order to directly accuse him of his murder. The Los Angeles Sheriff's Department investigated Spahn Ranch in regard to Walts' murder, but no links were found, and the murder was never solved.
  • John Philip Haught, 22, was an Ohio native who had moved to California and met Manson in the summer of 1969. He joined the Manson Family and was amongst the group who was arrested in the October raid of the clan for the Tate-LaBianca murders; Manson suspected him of being an informant. On November 5, 1969, Haught was associating with some members of the Family. According to all present, Haught suddenly found a gun in the room, picked it up, and promptly shot himself while attempting a game of Russian roulette. However, when police investigated the death, they found that the gun, rather than having zero bullets and one spent shell casing, instead contained seven bullets and one spent shell. Moreover, the gun had been wiped free of prints. Additionally, a male witness who had held Haught's head after the shooting told Cohen he had entered the room to find a female Manson follower with the gun in her hand. Despite this, police concluded Haught had killed himself.
  • James Sharp, 15, and Doreen Gaul, 19, were both found stabbed to death in an alley in Los Angeles on November 7, 1969. The murder of the two young Scientologists involved both being stabbed between fifty and sixty times. Police immediately noted the similarities to these murders and those of the Tate-LaBianca murders; the killings of Sharp and Gaul happened close to where the Labianca's lived. In Helter Skelter, author Vincent Bugliosi wrote that Gaul was rumoured to be a former girlfriend of Manson Family member Bruce Davis—Davis had lived at the same housing complex as Gaul, but in a police interview he denied knowing her.
  • Reet Jurvetson, 19, was a young woman found stabbed to death on November 16, 1969. Her body was found with over one hundred and fifty stab wounds from a penknife to her neck and upper body, along with defensive wounds on her hands and arms. She had been disposed of along Mulholland Drive in Los Angeles, California. Some witnesses claimed to have seen a woman named "Sherry" who matched Jurvetson's description among members of the Manson Family, but it turned out that this individual was alive. Manson himself denied any involvement in killing Jurvetson. Detectives within the Los Angeles Police Department have noted "striking similarities" between the method of murder of both Jurvetson and Habe, but no firm connection between both murders has ever been established.
  • Joel Pugh, 29, was found dead in the Talgarth Hotel in London, England, on December 1, 1969. His wrists had been cut and his throat was slit twice. British authorities listed the death a drug-induced suicide, saying Pugh had been depressed. Pugh was a Family member who was married to another member of the Family, Sandra Good. Stephen Kay and others claim Manson hated Pugh. "He had no reason to commit suicide, and Manson was very unhappy that Sandy was with Pugh", Kay has said. Pugh's death occurred when a number of Manson Family members were being arrested for the Tate-LaBianca murders. Manson follower Bruce Davis was in London at the time Pugh died.
  • Ronald Hughes, 35, was an American attorney who represented Leslie Van Houten, a member of the Manson Family. Hughes disappeared while on a camping trip during a ten-day recess from the Tate-LaBianca murder trial in November 1970. The badly decomposed body of Hughes was found in March 1971 wedged between two boulders in Ventura County. It was rumoured, although never proven, that Hughes was murdered by the Family, possibly because he had stood up to Manson and refused to allow Van Houten to take the stand and absolve Manson of the crimes, though he might have perished in flooding. Attorney Stephen Kay has stated that while he is "on the fence" about the Family's involvement in Hughes' death, Manson had open contempt for Hughes during the trial. Kay added, "The last thing Manson said to him was, 'I don't want to see you in the courtroom again,' and he was never seen again alive." Family member Sandra Good stated that Hughes was "the first of the retaliation murders".
  • On November 8, 1972, the body of 26-year-old Vietnam Marine combat veteran James Lambert Willett was found by a hiker near Guerneville, California. Months earlier, he had been forced to dig his own grave, and then was shot and poorly buried. His station wagon was found outside a house in Stockton where several Manson followers were living, including Priscilla Cooper, Lynette Fromme, and Nancy Pitman. Police forced their way into the house and arrested several of the people there. The body of Willett's 19-year-old wife Lauren Chavelle Willett was found buried in the basement. She had been killed very recently by a gunshot to the head, in what the Family members initially claimed was an accident. It was later suggested that she was killed out of fear that she would reveal who killed her husband. Michael Monfort pleaded guilty to murdering Lauren and Priscilla Cooper, James Craig, and Nancy Pitman pleaded guilty as accessories after the fact. Monfort and William Goucher later pleaded guilty to the murder of James, and James Craig pleaded guilty as an accessory after the fact. The group had been living in the house with the Willetts while committing various robberies. Shortly after killing Willett, Monfort had used Willett's identification papers to pose as Willett after being arrested for an armed robbery of a liquor store. Willett was not involved in the robberies and wanted to move away but was presumably killed out of fear that he would talk to police.
  • Laurence Merrick, 50, was an American film director and author. He is best known for co-directing the Oscar nominated documentary Manson in 1973. Sharon Tate was a former student at Merrick's Academy of Dramatic Arts. Merrick was killed by a gunman on January 26, 1977. He was shot in the back in the carpark of his acting school. Merrick's murder went unsolved until October 1981 when 35-year-old Dennis Mignano confessed to police. At his subsequent trial, Mignano was found not guilty by reason of insanity and committed to a mental hospital. Mignano was an unemployed would-be actor and singer with a long history of psychiatric problems and a possible prior relationship with the Manson clan.
  • Six months after the murder of Merrick, Mignano's sister Michele Mignano, 21, a topless dancer, was also murdered. Her body was found on June 13, 1977, 350 ft into a Western Pacific railroad tunnel in Niles Canyon. Authorities referred to her death as an "execution-style slaying" with her dying from exsanguination due to multiple gunshot wounds. A number of bullet cartridges were found near her body. She was shoeless yet fully clothed with jewellery so sexual assault and robbery were both ruled out as motives. Her murder has never been solved.

Investigation

The Tate murders became national news on August 9, 1969, after the Polanskis' housekeeper, Winifred Chapman, arrived for work that morning. On August 10, detectives of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, which had jurisdiction in the Hinman case, informed Los Angeles Police Department detectives assigned to the Tate case of the bloody writing at the Hinman house. According to Vincent Bugliosi, because detectives believed the Tate murders were a consequence of a drug transaction, the Tate team initially ignored this and other evidence of similarities between the crimes.

During the Tate autopsies, detectives working on the Hinman case noticed similarities in the weapons used, the stab wounds, and the writing in blood on the walls. They brought the information to detectives working on the Tate murders. According to Detective Charlie Guenther, "Vince didn't want anything to do with the Hinman case. Hinman was a nothing case. Vince didn't want to prosecute it."

Held briefly as a Tate suspect, Garretson told police he had neither seen nor heard anything on the murder night. He was released on August 11, 1969, after undergoing a polygraph examination that indicated he had not been involved in the crimes. The LaBianca crime scene was discovered at 10:30 p.m. on August 10, approximately nineteen hours after the murders were committed, when 15-year-old Frank Struthers, Rosemary's son from a prior marriage and Leno's stepson, returned from a camping trip.

On August 12, 1969, the LAPD told the press it had ruled out any connection between the Tate and LaBianca homicides. On August 16, the sheriff's office raided Spahn Ranch and arrested Manson and twenty-five others, as "suspects in a major auto theft ring" that had been stealing Volkswagen Beetles and converting them into dune buggies. Weapons were seized, but, because the search warrant had been misdated, the group was released a few days later. In a report at the end of August, the LaBianca detectives noted a possible connection between the bloody writings at the LaBianca house and "the singing group the Beatles' most recent album."

Still working separately from the Tate team, the LaBianca team checked with the sheriff's office in mid-October about possible similar crimes. They learned of the Hinman case and also learned that the Hinman detectives had spoken with Beausoleil's girlfriend, Kitty Lutesinger. She had been arrested a few days earlier with members of the Manson Family.

The arrests, for car thefts, had taken place at the desert ranches to which the Family had moved. A joint force of National Park Service Rangers and officers from the California Highway Patrol and the Inyo County Sheriff's Office: federal, state, and county personnel, had raided both the Myers and Barker ranches after following evidence left when Family members had burned an earthmover owned by Death Valley National Monument. The raiders had found stolen dune buggies and other vehicles, and arrested two dozen people, including Manson. A Highway Patrol officer found Manson hiding in a cabinet beneath Barker's bathroom sink.

Following up leads a month after they had spoken with Lutesinger, LaBianca detectives contacted members of a motorcycle gang Manson tried to recruit as bodyguards while the Family was at Spahn Ranch. Meanwhile, a dormitory mate of Susan Atkins informed LAPD of the Family's involvement in the crimes. Atkins was booked for the Hinman murder after she told sheriff's detectives that she had been involved in it. Transferred to Sybil Brand Institute, a detention center in Monterey Park, California, she had begun talking to bunkmates Ronnie Howard and Virginia Graham, to whom she gave accounts of the events in which she had been involved.

Apprehension

On December 1, 1969, the LAPD announced warrants for the arrest of Watson, Krenwinkel, and Kasabian in the Tate case; the suspects' involvement in the LaBianca murders was noted. Manson and Atkins, already in custody, were not mentioned; the connection between the LaBianca case and Van Houten, who was also among those arrested near Death Valley, had not yet been recognized. Watson and Krenwinkel were already under arrest, with authorities in McKinney, Texas, and Mobile, Alabama, having picked them up on notice from LAPD. Informed that a warrant was out for her arrest, Kasabian voluntarily surrendered to authorities in Concord, New Hampshire on December 2.

Physical evidence such as Krenwinkel's and Watson's fingerprints, which had been collected by LAPD at Cielo Drive, was augmented by evidence recovered by the public. On September 1, 1969, the distinctive .22-caliber Hi Standard "Buntline Special" revolver Watson used on Parent, Sebring, and Frykowski had been found and given to the police by Steven Weiss, a 10-year-old who lived near the Tate residence. In mid-December, when the Los Angeles Times published a crime account based on information Susan Atkins had given her attorney, Weiss's father made several phone calls which finally prompted LAPD to locate the gun in its evidence file and connect it with the murders via ballistics tests.

Acting on that same newspaper account, a local ABC television crew quickly located and recovered the bloody clothing discarded by the Tate killers. The knives discarded en route from the Tate residence were never recovered, despite a search by some of the same crewmen and by LAPD. A knife found behind the cushion of a chair in the Tate living room was apparently that of Susan Atkins, who lost her knife in the course of the attack. The trial began on June 15, 1970. The prosecution's main witness was Kasabian, who, along with Manson, Atkins, and Krenwinkel, had been charged with seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy. Since Kasabian, by all accounts, had not participated in the killings, she was granted immunity in exchange for testimony that detailed the nights of the crimes. Originally, a deal had been made with Atkins in which the prosecution agreed not to seek the death penalty against her in exchange for her grand jury testimony on which the indictments were secured; once Atkins repudiated that testimony, the deal was withdrawn. Because Van Houten had participated only in the LaBianca killings, she was charged with two counts of murder and one of conspiracy.

Originally, Judge William Keene had reluctantly granted Manson permission to act as his own attorney. Because of Manson's conduct, including violations of a gag order and submission of "outlandish" and "nonsensical" pretrial motions, the permission was withdrawn before the trial's start. Manson filed an affidavit of prejudice against Keene, who was replaced by Judge Charles Older. On Friday, July 24, the first day of testimony, Manson appeared in court with an X carved into his forehead. He issued a statement that he was "considered inadequate and incompetent to speak or defend self"—and had "X'd self from world." Over the following weekend, the female defendants duplicated the mark on their own foreheads, as did most Family members within another day or so.

The prosecution argued the triggering of "Helter Skelter" was Manson's main motive. The crime scene's bloody White Album reference, "helter skelter", written by Susan Atkins, and the writing of "pigs" was correlated with testimony about Manson predictions that the murders Black people would commit at the outset of Helter Skelter would involve the writing of "pigs" on walls in victims' blood. The defendants testified that the writing in blood on the walls was to copy that of the Hinman murder scene, not an apocalyptic race war. According to Bugliosi, Manson directed Kasabian to hide a wallet taken from the scene in the women's restroom of a service station near a Black neighborhood. However, as co-prosecutor Stephen Kay later pointed out the wallet was left about twenty miles away in a predominantly White neighborhood, Sylmar.

Ongoing disruptions

During the trial, Family members loitered near the entrances and corridors of the courthouse. To keep them out of the courtroom proper, the prosecution subpoenaed them as prospective witnesses, who would not be able to enter while others were testifying. When the group established itself in vigil on the sidewalk, some members wore sheathed hunting knives that, although in plain view, were carried legally. Each of them was also identifiable by the X on their forehead.

Some Family members attempted to dissuade witnesses from testifying. Prosecution witnesses Paul Watkins and Juan Flynn were both threatened; Watkins was badly burned in a suspicious fire in his van. Former Family member Barbara Hoyt, who had overheard Susan Atkins describing the Tate murders to Family member Ruth Ann Moorehouse, agreed to accompany the latter to Hawaii. There, Moorehouse allegedly gave her a hamburger spiked with several doses of LSD. Found sprawled on a Honolulu curb in a drugged semi-stupor, Hoyt was taken to the hospital, where she did her best to identify herself as a witness in the Tate–LaBianca murder trial. Before the incident, Hoyt had been a reluctant witness; after the attempt to silence her, her reticence disappeared.

On August 4, despite precautions taken by the court, Manson flashed the jury a Los Angeles Times front page whose headline was "Manson Guilty, Nixon Declares". This was a reference to a statement made the previous day when U.S. President Richard Nixon had decried what he saw as the media's glamorization of Manson. Voir dired by Judge Charles Older, the jurors contended that the headline had not influenced them. The next day, the female defendants stood up and said in unison that, in light of Nixon's remark, there was no point in going on with the trial.

On October 5, Manson was denied the court's permission to question a prosecution witness whom defense attorneys had declined to cross-examine. Leaping over the defense table, Manson attempted to attack the judge. Wrestled to the ground by bailiffs, he was removed from the courtroom with the female defendants, who had subsequently risen and begun chanting in Latin. Thereafter, Older allegedly began wearing a revolver under his robes.

Defense rests

On November 16, the prosecution rested its case. Three days later, after arguing standard dismissal motions, the defense stunned the court by resting as well, without calling a single witness. Shouting their disapproval, Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten demanded their right to testify.

In chambers, the women's lawyers told the judge their clients wanted to testify that they had planned and committed the crimes and that Manson had not been involved. By resting their case, the defense lawyers had tried to stop this; Van Houten's attorney, Ronald Hughes, vehemently stated that he would not "push a client out the window". In the prosecutor's view, it was Manson who was advising the women to testify in this way as a means of saving himself. Speaking about the trial in a 1987 documentary, Krenwinkel said, "The entire proceedings were scripted—by Charlie."

The next day, Manson testified. The jury was removed from the courtroom. According to Vincent Bugliosi it was to make sure Manson's address did not violate the California Supreme Court's decision in People v. Aranda by making statements implicating his co-defendants. However, Bugliosi argued Manson would use his hypnotic powers to unfairly influence the jury. Speaking for more than an hour, Manson said, among other things, that "the music is telling the youth to rise up against the establishment." He said, "Why blame it on me? I didn't write the music." "To be honest with you," Manson also stated, "I don't recall ever saying 'Get a knife and a change of clothes and go do what Tex says.'"

As the body of the trial concluded and with the closing arguments impending, defense attorney Hughes disappeared during a weekend trip. When Maxwell Keith was appointed to represent Van Houten in Hughes' absence, a delay of more than two weeks was required to permit Keith to familiarize himself with the voluminous trial transcripts. No sooner had the trial resumed, just before Christmas, than disruptions of the prosecution's closing argument by the defendants led Older to ban the four defendants from the courtroom for the remainder of the guilt phase. This may have occurred because the defendants were acting in collusion with each other and were simply putting on a performance, which Older said was becoming obvious.

Conviction and penalty phase

On January 25, 1971, the jury returned guilty verdicts against the four defendants on each of the twenty-seven separate counts against them. Not far into the trial's penalty phase, the jurors saw the defense that Manson—in the prosecution's view—had planned to present. Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten testified the murders had been conceived as "copycat" versions of the Hinman murder, for which Atkins now took credit. The killings, they said, were intended to draw suspicion away from Bobby Beausoleil by resembling the crime for which he had been jailed. This plan had supposedly been the work of, and carried out under the guidance of, not Manson, but someone allegedly in love with Beausoleil—Linda Kasabian. Among the narrative's weak points was the inability of Atkins to explain why, as she was maintaining, she had written "political piggy" at the Hinman house in the first place.

Midway through the penalty phase, Manson shaved his head and trimmed his beard to a fork; he told the press, "I am the Devil, and the Devil always has a bald head." In what the prosecution regarded as belated recognition on their part that imitation of Manson only proved his domination, the female defendants refrained from shaving their heads until the jurors retired to weigh the state's request for the death penalty. The effort to exonerate Manson via the "copycat" scenario failed. On March 29, 1971, the jury returned verdicts of death against all four defendants on all counts. On April 19, 1971, Judge Older sentenced the four to death.

1971–2017: Third imprisonment

1970s–1980s

Manson's
Manson's 1971 mugshot.

Manson was admitted to state prison from Los Angeles County on April 22, 1971, for seven counts of first-degree murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of Abigail Ann Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Earl Parent, Sharon Tate Polanski, Jay Sebring, and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. In 1972, the California Supreme Court ruled that the state's death penalty statutes was unconstitutional, Manson was re-sentenced to life with the possibility of parole. His initial death sentence was modified to life on February 2, 1977.

On December 13, 1971, Manson was convicted of first-degree murder in Los Angeles County Court for the July 25, 1969, death of musician Gary Hinman. He was also convicted of first-degree murder for the August 1969 death of Donald Shea. Following the 1972 decision of California v. Anderson, California's death sentences were ruled unconstitutional and that "any prisoner now under a sentence of death ... may file a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the superior court inviting that court to modify its judgment to provide for the appropriate alternative punishment of life imprisonment or life imprisonment without possibility of parole specified by statute for the crime for which he was sentenced to death." Manson was thus eligible to apply for parole after seven years' incarceration. His first parole hearing took place on November 16, 1978, at California Medical Facility in Vacaville, where his petition was rejected.

Gerald Ford assassination attempt

Main article: Gerald Ford assassination attempt in Sacramento

On September 5, 1975, the Family returned to national attention when Squeaky Fromme attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford. The attempt took place in Sacramento, to which she and fellow Manson follower Sandra Good had moved so that they could be near Manson while he was incarcerated at Folsom State Prison. A subsequent search of the apartment shared by Fromme, Good, and another Family recruit turned up evidence that, coupled with later actions on the part of Good, resulted in Good's conviction for conspiring to send threatening communications through the United States mail service and for transmitting death threats by way of interstate commerce. The threats involved corporate executives and U.S. government officials vis-à-vis supposed environmental dereliction on their part.

Fromme was sentenced to 15 years to life, becoming the first person sentenced under United States Code Title 18, chapter 84 (1965), which made it a federal crime to attempt to assassinate the President of the United States. In December 1987, Fromme, serving a life sentence for the assassination attempt, escaped briefly from Federal Prison Camp, Alderson in West Virginia. She was trying to reach Manson because she heard that he had testicular cancer; she was apprehended within days. She was released on parole from Federal Medical Center, Carswell on August 14, 2009.

1980s–1990s

Folsom State Prison, where Manson spent time imprisoned.

In the 1980s, Manson gave four interviews to the mainstream media. The first, recorded at California Medical Facility and aired on June 13, 1981, was by Tom Snyder for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. The second, recorded at San Quentin State Prison and aired on March 7, 1986, was by Charlie Rose for CBS News Nightwatch, and it won the national news Emmy Award for Best Interview in 1987. The third, with Geraldo Rivera in 1988, was part of the journalist's prime-time special on Satanism. At least as early as the Snyder interview, Manson's forehead bore a swastika in the spot where the X carved during his trial had been. Nikolas Schreck conducted an interview with Manson for his documentary Charles Manson Superstar. Schreck concluded that Manson was not insane but merely acting that way out of frustration.

On September 25, 1984, Manson was imprisoned in the California Medical Facility at Vacaville when inmate Jan Holmstrom poured paint thinner on him and set him on fire, causing second and third degree burns on over 20 percent of his body. Holmstrom explained that Manson had objected to his Hare Krishna chants and verbally threatened him. After 1989, Manson was housed in the Protective Housing Unit at California State Prison, Corcoran, in Kings County. The unit housed inmates whose safety would be endangered by general-population housing. He had also been housed at San Quentin State Prison, California Medical Facility in Vacaville, Folsom State Prison and Pelican Bay State Prison. In June 1997, a prison disciplinary committee found that Manson had been trafficking drugs. He was moved from Corcoran State Prison to Pelican Bay State Prison a month later.

2000s–2017

Manson, age 76, June 2011.

On September 5, 2007, MSNBC aired The Mind of Manson, a complete version of a 1987 interview at California's San Quentin State Prison. The footage of the "unshackled, unapologetic, and unruly" Manson had been considered "so unbelievable" that only seven minutes of it had originally been broadcast on Today, for which it had been recorded.

In 2009, Los Angeles disc jockey Matthew Roberts released correspondence and other evidence indicating that he might be Manson's biological son. Roberts' biological mother claims that she was a member of the Manson Family who left in mid-1967 after being raped by Manson; she returned to her parents' home to complete the pregnancy, gave birth on March 22, 1968, and put Roberts up for adoption. CNN conducted a DNA test between Matthew Roberts and Manson's known biological grandson Jason Freeman in 2012, showing that Roberts and Freeman did not share DNA. Roberts subsequently attempted to establish that Manson was his father through a direct DNA test which proved definitively that Roberts and Manson were not related.

In 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported that Manson was caught with a cell phone in 2009 and had contacted people in California, New Jersey, Florida and British Columbia. A spokesperson for the California Department of Corrections stated that it was not known if Manson had used the phone for criminal purposes. Manson also recorded an album of acoustic pop songs with additional production by Henry Rollins, titled Completion. Only five copies were pressed: two belong to Rollins, while the other three are presumed to have been with Manson. The album remains unreleased.

In 2013, Manson stated that he was bisexual, saying "Sex to me is like going to the toilet. Whether it's a girl or not. It doesn't matter. I don't play that girl-guy shit. I'm not hung up in that game." In 2014, the imprisoned Manson became engaged to 26-year-old Afton Elaine Burton and obtained a marriage license on November 7. Manson gave Burton the nickname "Star". She had been visiting him in prison for at least nine years and maintained several websites that proclaimed his innocence. The wedding license expired on February 5, 2015, without a marriage ceremony taking place. Journalist Daniel Simone reported that the wedding was canceled after Manson discovered that Burton wanted to marry him only so that she and friend Craig Hammond could use his corpse as a tourist attraction after his death. According to Simone, Manson believed that he would never die and may simply have used the possibility of marriage as a way to encourage Burton and Hammond to continue visiting him and bringing him gifts. Burton said on her website that the reason that the marriage did not take place was merely logistical. Manson had an infection and had been in a prison medical facility for two months and could not receive visitors. She said that she still hoped that the marriage license would be renewed and the marriage would take place.

Psychology

On April 11, 2012, Manson was denied release at his twelfth parole hearing, which he did not attend. After his March 27, 1997, parole hearing, Manson refused to attend any of his later hearings. The panel at that hearing noted that Manson had a "history of controlling behavior" and "mental health issues" including schizophrenia and paranoid delusional disorder, and was too great a danger to be released. The panel also noted that Manson had received 108 rules violation reports, had no indication of remorse, no insight into the causative factors of the crimes, lacked understanding of the magnitude of the crimes, had an exceptional, callous disregard for human suffering and had no parole plans. At the April 11, 2012, parole hearing, it was determined that Manson would not be reconsidered for parole for another fifteen years, not before 2027, at which time he would have been 92. According to a recent re-analysis of Manson's psychological state, researchers suggest that he may have been misdiagnosed with schizophrenia. Instead, they propose that Manson had bipolar disorder and psychopathy.

Illness and death

On January 1, 2017, Manson was being held at Corcoran Prison, when he was rushed to Mercy Hospital in downtown Bakersfield, because he had gastrointestinal bleeding. A source told the Los Angeles Times that Manson was very ill, and TMZ reported that his doctors considered him "too weak" for surgery that normally would be performed in cases such as his. He was returned to prison on January 6, and the nature of his treatment was not disclosed. On November 15, 2017, an unauthorized source said that Manson had returned to a hospital in Bakersfield, but the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation did not confirm this in conformity with state and federal medical privacy laws. He died from cardiac arrest resulting from respiratory failure, brought on by colon cancer, at the hospital on November 19.

Three people stated their intention to claim Manson's estate and body. Manson's grandson Jason Freeman stated his intent to take possession of Manson's remains and personal effects. Manson's pen-pal Michael Channels claimed to have a Manson will dated February 14, 2002, which left Manson's entire estate and Manson's body to Channels. Manson's friend Ben Gurecki claimed to have a Manson will dated January 2017 which gives the estate and Manson's body to Matthew Roberts, another alleged son of Manson. In 2012, CNN ran a DNA match to see if Freeman and Roberts were related to each other and found that they were not. According to CNN, two prior attempts to DNA-match Roberts with genetic material from Manson failed, but the results were reportedly contaminated. On March 12, 2018, the Kern County Superior Court in California decided in favor of Freeman in regard to Manson's body. Freeman had Manson cremated on March 20, 2018.

Legacy

Cultural impact

In June 1970, Rolling Stone made Manson their cover story. Bernardine Dohrn of the Weather Underground reportedly said of the Tate murders: "Dig it, first they killed those pigs, then they ate dinner in the same room with them, then they even shoved a fork into the pig Tate's stomach! Wild!" Manson fanatic James Mason claimed to be acting on a suggestion from Charles Manson based on his interpretation of something Manson said in a televised interview, when Mason founded the Universal Order, a neo-Nazi group that has influenced other movements such as the terrorist group the Atomwaffen Division. Bugliosi quoted a BBC employee's assertion that a "neo-Manson cult" existed in Europe, represented by approximately 70 rock bands playing songs by Manson and "songs in support of him".

Music

See also: Charles Manson discography

Manson was a struggling pop musician, seeking to make it big in Hollywood between 1967 and 1969. The Beach Boys recorded one of his songs. Other songs were publicly released only after the trial for the Tate murders started. On March 6, 1970, LIE, an album of Manson music, was released. This included "Cease to Exist", a Manson song the Beach Boys had recorded with modified lyrics and the title "Never Learn Not to Love". Over the next couple of months only about 300 of the album's 2,000 copies sold.

There have been several other releases of Manson recordings – both musical and spoken. One of these, The Family Jams, includes two compact discs of Manson's songs recorded by the Family in 1970, after Manson and the others had been arrested. Guitar and lead vocals are supplied by Steve Grogan; additional vocals are supplied by Lynette Fromme, Sandra Good, Catherine Share, and others. One Mind, an album of music, poetry, and spoken word, new at the time of its release, in April 2005, was put out under a Creative Commons license.

American rock band Guns N' Roses recorded Manson's "Look at Your Game, Girl", included as an unlisted 13th track on their 1993 album "The Spaghetti Incident?" "My Monkey", which appears on Portrait of an American Family by the American rock band Marilyn Manson, includes the lyrics "I had a little monkey / I sent him to the country and I fed him on gingerbread / Along came a choo-choo / Knocked my monkey cuckoo / And now my monkey's dead." These lyrics are from Manson's "Mechanical Man", which is heard on LIE. Crispin Glover covered "Never Say 'Never' to Always" on his album The Big Problem ≠ The Solution. The Solution=Let It Be released in 1989.

Musical performers such as Kasabian, Spahn Ranch, and Marilyn Manson derived their names from Manson and his lore.

Documentaries

  • 1973: Manson, directed by Robert Hendrickson and Laurence Merrick
  • 1989: Charles Manson Superstar, directed by Nikolas Schreck
  • 2014: Life After Manson, directed by Olivia Klaus
  • 2017: Manson: Inside the Mind of a Mad Man, television documentary about Reet Jurvetsen.
  • 2017: Murder Made Me Famous, Charles Manson: What Happened?.
  • 2017: Inside the Manson Cult: The Lost Tapes
  • 2017: Charles Manson: The Final Words, narrated by Rob Zombie, focuses on the Manson Family murders told from Manson's perspective, directed by James Buddy Day.
  • 2018: Inside the Manson Cult: The Lost Tapes, narrated by Liev Schreiber, looks inside the Manson Family.
  • 2019: I Lived with a Killer: The Manson Family. Dianne Lake discusses what she witnessed of Manson's "peace-and-love hippie philosophy" as it became "dark, dangerous and evil".
  • 2019: Charles Manson: The Funeral, directed by James Buddy Day.
  • 2019: Manson: The Women, featuring Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, Sandra "Blue" Good, Catherine "Gypsy" Share, and Dianne "Snake" Lake, documentary special on Oxygen, directed by James Buddy Day.
  • 2020: Helter Skelter: An American Myth, six part TV miniseries directed by Lesley Chilcott.

Fiction inspired by Manson

See also

  • ATWA, an acronym propounded by Manson and followers, for Air, Trees, Water, Animals and All The Way Alive

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