| Revision as of 16:40, 8 January 2024 edit45.248.151.129 (talk) Disruptive Hindutva Vandalism by A.MusketeerTags: Undo Reverted← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 13:37, 7 December 2024 edit undo103.62.140.225 (talk) I deleted some texts for clarificationTag: Visual edit |
| (20 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
{{short description|Pejorative term for Bengali Hindus}} |
|
{{short description|Pejorative term for Bengali Hindus}} |
|
{{italic title}} |
|
{{italic title}} |
|
'''''Malaun''''' ({{lang-bn|মালাউন}}) is a pejorative term for ], most commonly used in ] by ].<ref name="roy18">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted |year=2002 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85709-67-X |page=18}}</ref><ref name="uscirf12042008">{{cite web |url=http://www.uscirf.gov/component/content/article/290/2318.html |title=Bangladesh: The Upcoming National Elections, Pluralism, Tolerance and the Plight of Hindu and Non-Muslim Minority - Need a New Direction |last=Dastidar |first=Sachi |date=12 April 2008 |work=Bangladesh: Religious Freedom, Extremism, Security, and the Upcoming National Elections |publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828234152/http://uscirf.gov/component/content/article/290/2318.html |archive-date=28 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrcbm.org/news/HRCBM_UA_091202.pdf |title=Minorities Fear for Life and Security |date=12 September 2002 |publisher=HRCBM |access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="dna04032015">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-unholy-killings-of-avijit-roy-and-govind-pansare-2065974 |title=The unholy killings of Avijit Roy and Govind Pansare |last=Chatterjee |first=Garga |date=4 March 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> The word is derived from the Arabic "ملعون", meaning "accursed" or "deprived of God's Mercy", and in modern times, it is used as an ] by the ] in ] for ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Torture of Tasneem Khalil: How the Bangladesh Military Abuses Its Power Under the State of Emergency |last1=Watch |first1=Human Rights |last2=Ganguly |first2=Meenakshi |last3=Alffram |first3=Henrik |year=2008 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=28 |access-date=30 May 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFS95bbQR7wC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |author=House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee |date=25 March 2005 |title=Human Rights Annual Report 2004: Fourth Report of Session 2004-05 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/109/109.pdf |publisher=House of Commons, United Kingdom |page=88 |access-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="tdj02012014">{{cite news |url=http://www.jugantor.com/window/2014/01/02/55251 |script-title=bn:সংখ্যালঘুরা কাকে ভোট দেবে? |last=Roy |first=Palash Kumar |date=2 January 2014 |work=The Daily Jugantor |language=bn |access-date=7 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> According to the ] (USCIRF), Hindus are among those persecuted in Bangladesh, with hundreds of cases of "killings, attempted killings, death threats, assaults, rapes, kidnappings, and attacks on homes, businesses, and places of worship" on religious minorities in 2017.<ref>, US State Department (2019), pages 11–12</ref><ref>{{USCongRec|2004|H3057|date=17 May 2004}}</ref> |
|
'''''Malaun''''' ({{langx|bn|মালাউন}}) is a derogatory religious slur for hindus in ].<ref name="roy18">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted |year=2002 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85709-67-X |page=18}}</ref><ref name="uscirf12042008">{{cite web |url=http://www.uscirf.gov/component/content/article/290/2318.html |title=Bangladesh: The Upcoming National Elections, Pluralism, Tolerance and the Plight of Hindu and Non-Muslim Minority - Need a New Direction |last=Dastidar |first=Sachi |date=12 April 2008 |work=Bangladesh: Religious Freedom, Extremism, Security, and the Upcoming National Elections |publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828234152/http://uscirf.gov/component/content/article/290/2318.html |archive-date=28 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrcbm.org/news/HRCBM_UA_091202.pdf |title=Minorities Fear for Life and Security |date=12 September 2002 |publisher=HRCBM |access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="dna04032015">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-unholy-killings-of-avijit-roy-and-govind-pansare-2065974 |title=The unholy killings of Avijit Roy and Govind Pansare |last=Chatterjee |first=Garga |date=4 March 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> The word is derived from the Arabic "ملعون", meaning "accursed" or "deprived of God's Mercy".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Torture of Tasneem Khalil: How the Bangladesh Military Abuses Its Power Under the State of Emergency |last1=Watch |first1=Human Rights |last2=Ganguly |first2=Meenakshi |last3=Alffram |first3=Henrik |year=2008 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=28 |access-date=30 May 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFS95bbQR7wC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |author=House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee |date=25 March 2005 |title=Human Rights Annual Report 2004: Fourth Report of Session 2004-05 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/109/109.pdf |publisher=House of Commons, United Kingdom |page=88 |access-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="tdj02012014">{{cite news |url=http://www.jugantor.com/window/2014/01/02/55251 |script-title=bn:সংখ্যালঘুরা কাকে ভোট দেবে? |last=Roy |first=Palash Kumar |date=2 January 2014 |work=The Daily Jugantor |language=bn |access-date=7 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
Percentage of Muslims is continuously rising, while all ] due to various reasons including persecution, genocide, ethnic cleansing and rapes. Hindus and others have been regularly and systematically persecuted, such as during the ], ] and ]<ref name=genoc2>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2015 |title=Forkan Razakar's verdict any day |work=Dhaka Tribune |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/06/14/forkan-razakars-verdict-any-day}}</ref><ref name=genoc3>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2016 |title=Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored? |url=https://womenintheworld.com/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/ |publisher=Women In The World}}</ref><ref name=genoc4>{{Cite web |title=Discovery of numerous Mass Graves, Various types of torture on Women" and "People's Attitude |url=https://www.kean.edu/~bgsg/Conference09/Papers_and_Presentations/MA_Hasan_Paper_Discovery%20of%20numerous%20Mass%20Graves,%20Various%20types.pdf |publisher=kean.edu}}</ref><ref name=genoc5>{{Cite web |title=Crimes Against Humanity in Bangladesh |url=https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3945&context=til |publisher=scholar.smu.edu}}</ref><ref name=genoc1>{{cite news |date=25 March 2010 |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201}}</ref><ref name=genoc6>White, Matthew, ''''</ref><ref name=genoc7>{{Cite web |title=First Razakar camp in Khulna turns into ghost house after Liberation War |
|
|
|url=https://www.observerbd.com/2015/12/30/128351.php |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.observerbd.com}}</ref> where ].<ref name=genoc8>{{cite journal |last=Sharlach |first=Lisa |year=2000 |title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda |journal=New Political Science |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=92–93 |doi=10.1080/713687893 |s2cid=144966485}}</ref><ref name=genoc9>{{cite book |last=Sajjad |first=Tazreena |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9 |editor-last=Totten |editor-first=Samuel |editor-link=Samuel Totten |pages=225 |chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women |orig-year=First published 2009}}</ref> Active perpetrators of genocide, ethnic cleansing and rapes of Hindus in Bangladesh include the ],<ref name=genoc1/> ],<ref name=genoc10>{{cite web|last1=Mamoon|first1=Muntassir|title=Al-Badr|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Badr|website=Banglapedia|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=genoc11>{{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |date=1991 |title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |publisher=University of California Press |page=165 |isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}</ref> ],<ref name=genoc12>{{cite web|url=https://lubpak.com/archives/42543|title=Pakistan's first two militant Islamist groups, Al-Badar and Al-Shams – by Nadeem F. Paracha|work=LUBP|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227153530/https://lubpak.com/archives/42543|archive-date=27 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ],<ref name=genoc13>{{cite book |last=Karlekar |first=Hiranmay |date=2005 |title=Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan? |url=https://archive.org/details/bangladeshnextaf0000karl |url-access=registration |publisher=SAGE |page=149 |isbn=978-0-7619-3401-1}}</ref> ],<ref name=genoc14>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-list-of-10789-razakars-published-1840843 |title=Govt publishes list of Razakars |date=16 December 2019 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> ],<ref name=genoc15/> ],<ref name=genoc15/> and the ]-speaking ].<ref name=genoc15>{{cite news |first=Peter R. |last=Kann |date=27 July 1971 |title=East Pakistan Is Seen Gaining Independence, But It Will Take Years |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
{{Violence against Hindus in East Pakistan and Bangladesh}} |
|
|
|
|
|
|
== Etymology == |
|
== Etymology == |
|
{{Persecution of Bengali Hindus}} |
|
{{Persecution of Bengali Hindus}} |
|
The Arabic word "ملعون" (mal'un), literally meaning 'cursed' is derived from the root "لعنة" (la'nat) meaning "curse". In ] parlance, it means 'deprived of Allah's mercy'. The word has been loaned into languages of non-Arabic Islamic countries like Malay and Indonesian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sealang.net/lwim/search.pl?dict=lwim&ignoreDiacritic=1&orth=malun |title=Loanwords in Indonesian and Malay |publisher=SEAlang Library |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Alan M. |last2=Tellings |first2=A. Ed Schmidgall |title=A Comprehensive Indonesian-English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVo2ZDYbL6gC |access-date=7 February 2015 |year=2004 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-1584-9 |page=610}}</ref> The dictionary published by the ] gives the meaning of the ] word "মালাউন" as someone cursed or deprived of Allah's mercy or forcefully evicted or a Kafir.<ref name="ao06112016">{{cite news |url=http://amaderorthoneeti.net/new/2016/11/06/39427/ |script-title=bn:মন্ত্রীর মালাউন গালি ও বাংলা একডেমির অর্থ |last=Barua |first=Anirban |date=6 November 2016 |work=Amader Orthoneeti |language=bn |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107011210/http://amaderorthoneeti.net/new/2016/11/06/39427/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It mentions that the word is used as a slur by the Muslims against the non-Muslims.<ref name="ao06112016"/> In Bangladesh, the word is more specifically used to refer to the Hindu religious minority. In colloquial usage, the word is sometimes shortened to ''Malu''. |
|
The Arabic word "ملعون" (mal'un), literally meaning 'cursed' is derived from the root "لعنة" (la'nat) meaning "curse". In ] parlance, it means 'deprived of Allah's mercy'. The word has been loaned into languages of non-Arabic Islamic countries like Malay and Indonesian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sealang.net/lwim/search.pl?dict=lwim&ignoreDiacritic=1&orth=malun |title=Loanwords in Indonesian and Malay |publisher=SEAlang Library |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Alan M. |last2=Tellings |first2=A. Ed Schmidgall |title=A Comprehensive Indonesian-English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVo2ZDYbL6gC |access-date=7 February 2015 |year=2004 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-1584-9 |page=610}}</ref> The dictionary published by the ] gives the meaning of the ] word "মালাউন" as someone cursed or deprived of Allah's mercy or forcefully evicted or a Kafir.<ref name="ao06112016">{{cite news |url=http://amaderorthoneeti.net/new/2016/11/06/39427/ |script-title=bn:মন্ত্রীর মালাউন গালি ও বাংলা একডেমির অর্থ |last=Barua |first=Anirban |date=6 November 2016 |work=Amader Orthoneeti |language=bn |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107011210/http://amaderorthoneeti.net/new/2016/11/06/39427/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It mentions that the word is used as a slur by the Muslims against the non-Muslims.<ref name="ao06112016"/> |
|
|
|
|
|
== Usage == |
|
== Usage == |
| Line 17: |
Line 12: |
|
In December 2013, Ganajagaran Mancha presented a deputation to the ] complaining about police torture. The deputation alleged that on 19 December 2013 the police abused a Hindu woman activist as malaun because she had put sindur.<ref name="kk22122013">{{cite news |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2013/12/22/33498 |script-title=bn:'মনে হয়েছিল এরা যেনো পাকিস্তান থেকে আমদানীকৃত পাকিস্তানী পুলিশ' |last=Farooq |first=Omar |date=22 December 2013 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn |access-date=8 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> In December 2014, Nasiruddin Pintu, a convicted BNP politician, abused a Bengali Hindu police officer by calling him a malaun when he attempted to stop his lawyers and supporters from meeting Pintu illegally. Pintu threatened the officer with loss of job and called him son of a pig.<ref name="bdnews18122014">{{cite news |url=http://bdnews24.com/politics/2014/12/18/bnps-pintu-hurls-ethnic-slur-malaun-at-a-policeman |title=BNP's Pintu hurls ethnic slur 'Malaun' at a policeman |date=18 December 2014 |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> In January 2015, ] workers Shahnawaz abused fellow Awami League worker Sushanta Dasgupta at a party function in London.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sylhetview24.com/news/details/Abroad_Life/20862 |script-title=bn:‘মালাউন’ গালি আনোয়ারুজ্জামানের, বিজয় অনুষ্ঠানে হাতাহাতি |date=7 January 2015 |work=sylhetview24.com |language=bn |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> |
|
In December 2013, Ganajagaran Mancha presented a deputation to the ] complaining about police torture. The deputation alleged that on 19 December 2013 the police abused a Hindu woman activist as malaun because she had put sindur.<ref name="kk22122013">{{cite news |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2013/12/22/33498 |script-title=bn:'মনে হয়েছিল এরা যেনো পাকিস্তান থেকে আমদানীকৃত পাকিস্তানী পুলিশ' |last=Farooq |first=Omar |date=22 December 2013 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn |access-date=8 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> In December 2014, Nasiruddin Pintu, a convicted BNP politician, abused a Bengali Hindu police officer by calling him a malaun when he attempted to stop his lawyers and supporters from meeting Pintu illegally. Pintu threatened the officer with loss of job and called him son of a pig.<ref name="bdnews18122014">{{cite news |url=http://bdnews24.com/politics/2014/12/18/bnps-pintu-hurls-ethnic-slur-malaun-at-a-policeman |title=BNP's Pintu hurls ethnic slur 'Malaun' at a policeman |date=18 December 2014 |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> In January 2015, ] workers Shahnawaz abused fellow Awami League worker Sushanta Dasgupta at a party function in London.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sylhetview24.com/news/details/Abroad_Life/20862 |script-title=bn:‘মালাউন’ গালি আনোয়ারুজ্জামানের, বিজয় অনুষ্ঠানে হাতাহাতি |date=7 January 2015 |work=sylhetview24.com |language=bn |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In the Internet, a ] run handle named Basher Kella has given the call for killing all the malauns and turning Bangladesh into a country where only the Muslims will live.<ref name="atimes28032013">{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-01-280313.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328224416/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-01-280313.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2013 |title=Anti-Hindu attacks rock Bangladesh |last=Roy |first=Swadesh |date=28 March 2013 |work=Asia Times |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangladeshlivenews.com/bnews/5/turningbangladeshbanglastan |title=Turning Bangladesh in to Banglastan |work=bangladeshlivenews.com |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="tds07032013">{{cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/banglastan/ |title=Banglastan! |date=7 March 2013 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=7 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> |
|
In the Internet, a ] run social media handle named '''Basher Kella''' has given the call for killing all the malauns and turning Bangladesh into a country where only the Muslims will live.<ref name="atimes28032013">{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-01-280313.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328224416/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-01-280313.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=28 March 2013 |title=Anti-Hindu attacks rock Bangladesh |last=Roy |first=Swadesh |date=28 March 2013 |work=Asia Times |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangladeshlivenews.com/bnews/5/turningbangladeshbanglastan |title=Turning Bangladesh in to Banglastan |work=bangladeshlivenews.com |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="tds07032013">{{cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/banglastan/ |title=Banglastan! |date=7 March 2013 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=7 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
== See also == |
|
== See also == |
| Line 23: |
Line 18: |
|
* ] |
|
* ] |
|
* ] |
|
* ] |
|
|
* ] |
|
|
|
|
|
* ] |
|
; Persecution of Hindus and Buddhists in Bangladesh |
|
; Persecution of Hindus and Buddhists in Bangladesh |
|
* ] |
|
* ] |
The Arabic word "ملعون" (mal'un), literally meaning 'cursed' is derived from the root "لعنة" (la'nat) meaning "curse". In Islamic parlance, it means 'deprived of Allah's mercy'. The word has been loaned into languages of non-Arabic Islamic countries like Malay and Indonesian. The dictionary published by the Bangla Academy gives the meaning of the Bengali word "মালাউন" as someone cursed or deprived of Allah's mercy or forcefully evicted or a Kafir. It mentions that the word is used as a slur by the Muslims against the non-Muslims.
