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'''Sonagachi''' is a neighbourhood in ], ], located in North Kolkata near the intersection of Jatindra Mohan Avenue (north of ]) with Beadon Street and ], about one kilometer north of the ] area.<ref name="sdas">{{cite journal|author = Satarupa Dasgupta|title = Participation as a Health Communication Strategy in HIV/AIDS Intervention Projects: an Examination of a Project Targeting Commercial Sex Workers in India |journal = Atlantic Journal of Communication|volume = 27|number = 2|pages = 139–151|year = 2019 |publisher = ]|doi = 10.1080/15456870.2019.1574535|s2cid = 150465047|url= }}</ref><ref>Dasgupta, Satarupa. “Violence in Commercial Sex Work: A Case Study on the Impact of Violence Among Commercial Female Sex Workers in India and Strategies to Combat Violence.” ] 27, no. 15–16 (December 2021): 3056–73. {{doi|10.1177/1077801220969881}}</ref> Sonagachi is among the largest ]s in ] with several hundred multi-storey ]s residing more than 16,000 commercial ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=After Fall in Business amid Lockdown, Experts Say Sex Workers from Kolkata's Sonagachi Have Gone 'Missing' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/after-fall-in-business-sex-workers-from-kolkatas-sonagachi-goes-missing-claims-expert-2846607.html |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024111500/https://www.news18.com/news/india/after-fall-in-business-sex-workers-from-kolkatas-sonagachi-goes-missing-claims-expert-2846607.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=mint2012>{{cite news |title=The new rhythms of jamshedpur: As the city's sex workers collective turns 20...|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/02/24202846/The-new-rhythms-of-Sonagachi.html |publisher=] |date=24 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712053739/http://www.livemint.com/2012/02/24202846/The-new-rhythms-of-Sonagachi.html|archive-date=12 July 2012 }}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930081335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4055143.stm |date=30 September 2009 }} BBC news. 30 November 2004</ref> | '''Sonagachi''' is a neighbourhood in ], ], located in North Kolkata near the intersection of Jatindra Mohan Avenue (north of ]) with Beadon Street and ], about one kilometer north of the ] area.<ref name="sdas">{{cite journal|author = Satarupa Dasgupta|title = Participation as a Health Communication Strategy in HIV/AIDS Intervention Projects: an Examination of a Project Targeting Commercial Sex Workers in India |journal = Atlantic Journal of Communication|volume = 27|number = 2|pages = 139–151|year = 2019 |publisher = ]|doi = 10.1080/15456870.2019.1574535|s2cid = 150465047|url= }}</ref><ref>Dasgupta, Satarupa. “Violence in Commercial Sex Work: A Case Study on the Impact of Violence Among Commercial Female Sex Workers in India and Strategies to Combat Violence.” ] 27, no. 15–16 (December 2021): 3056–73. {{doi|10.1177/1077801220969881}}</ref> Sonagachi is among the largest ]s in ] and the world with several hundred multi-storey ]s residing more than 16,000 commercial ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=After Fall in Business amid Lockdown, Experts Say Sex Workers from Kolkata's Sonagachi Have Gone 'Missing' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/after-fall-in-business-sex-workers-from-kolkatas-sonagachi-goes-missing-claims-expert-2846607.html |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024111500/https://www.news18.com/news/india/after-fall-in-business-sex-workers-from-kolkatas-sonagachi-goes-missing-claims-expert-2846607.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=mint2012>{{cite news |title=The new rhythms of jamshedpur: As the city's sex workers collective turns 20...|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/02/24202846/The-new-rhythms-of-Sonagachi.html |publisher=] |date=24 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712053739/http://www.livemint.com/2012/02/24202846/The-new-rhythms-of-Sonagachi.html|archive-date=12 July 2012 }}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930081335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4055143.stm |date=30 September 2009 }} BBC news. 30 November 2004</ref> | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
In ], ''Sona Gachi'' means 'Tree of Gold'. According to legend, during the early days of Calcutta the area was the den of a notorious ] by the name of Sanaullah, who lived here with his mother. On his death, the grieving woman is said to have heard a voice coming from their hut, saying, "Mother, don't cry. I have become a ]", and so the legend of Sona Gazi started. The mother built a ] in memory of her son, although it fell into disrepair. The Sona Gazi was converted into Sonagachi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/a-saint-and-sin-how-sonagachi-got-its-name-5110138/|title=A Saint and Sin: How Sonagachi got its name|date=25 March 2018|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011152857/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/a-saint-and-sin-how-sonagachi-got-its-name-5110138/|url-status=live}}</ref> | In ], ''Sona Gachi'' means 'Tree of Gold'. According to legend, during the early days of Calcutta the area was the den of a notorious ] by the name of Sanaullah, who lived here with his mother. On his death, the grieving woman is said to have heard a voice coming from their hut, saying, "Mother, don't cry. I have become a ]", and so the legend of Sona Gazi started. The mother built a ] in memory of her son, although it fell into disrepair. The Sona Gazi was converted into Sonagachi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/a-saint-and-sin-how-sonagachi-got-its-name-5110138/|title=A Saint and Sin: How Sonagachi got its name|date=25 March 2018|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011152857/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/a-saint-and-sin-how-sonagachi-got-its-name-5110138/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
{{multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width=250 | |||
| image1 = Sonagachi jon gresham 1.jpg | |||
| image2 = Sonagachi jon gresham 2.jpg | |||
| footer = A scene in ], Kolkata's ], 2005. | |||
}} | |||
==Red-light district== | ==Red-light district== | ||
===Current situation=== | ===Current situation=== | ||
Several ]s and government organizations operate in Sonagachi for the prevention of ] (STD) including ]. The book ''Guilty Without Trial'' by the founders of the NGO ] based much of their research into ] on this area. | Several ]s and government organizations operate in Sonagachi for the prevention of ] (STD) including ]. The book ''Guilty Without Trial'' by the founders of the NGO ] based much of their research into ] on this area. | ||
The Sonagachi project is a sex workers' cooperative that operates in the area and empowers sex workers to insist on ] use and to stand up against abuse. Run by the ], it was founded by public health scientist Smarajit Jana in 1992 but is now largely run by the prostitutes themselves. While some are crediting the DMSC with keeping a relatively low rate of HIV infection among |
The Sonagachi project is a sex workers' cooperative that operates in the area and empowers sex workers to insist on ] use and to stand up against abuse. Run by the ], it was founded by public health scientist ] in 1992 but is now largely run by the prostitutes themselves. While some are crediting the DMSC with keeping a relatively low rate of HIV infection among ]s, around 5.17% of the 13,000 prostitutes in Sonagachi are estimated to be HIV positive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-sonagachi-keeping-hiv-away-a-daily-battl/550109/ |title=In Sonagachi, keeping HIV away a daily battle |publisher=Indian Express |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612192513/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-sonagachi-keeping-hiv-away-a-daily-battl/550109 |url-status=live }}</ref> This rate is close to the average HIV rate for female prostitutes in India, which is estimated to be 5.1%, though the HIV infection rate among prostitutes as well as among the general population varies widely by region in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avert.org/india-hiv-aids-statistics.htm |title=India HIV & AIDS Statistics |publisher=Avert.org |date=21 July 2015 |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182136/http://www.avert.org/india-hiv-aids-statistics.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> According to some sources, prostitutes from Sonagachi who test HIV positive are not told about the results, and live with the disease without knowing about it "because the DMSC is worried that HIV positive women will be ostracized."<ref name="tomvater1">{{cite web |url=http://www.tomvater.com/india/welcome-to-sonagachi-%E2%80%93-calcutta%E2%80%99s-largest-brothel-area-is-thriving/ |title=Welcome to Sonagachi – Calcutta's largest brothel area is thriving |publisher=Tom Vater |date=12 May 2004 |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510191545/http://www.tomvater.com/india/welcome-to-sonagachi-%E2%80%93-calcutta%E2%80%99s-largest-brothel-area-is-thriving/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some prostitutes in Sonagachi have stated that "the clients, at least three quarters of them" refuse to use condoms and "if we force them to use the condom, they will just go next door. There are so many women working here, and in the end, everyone is prepared to work without protection for fear of losing trade."<ref name="tomvater1"/> | ||
Besides the Sonagachi project, the DMSC also runs several similar projects in ], organizing some 65,000 prostitutes and their children. The organization lobbies for the recognition of sex workers' rights and full legalization, runs literacy and vocational programs, and provides ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719172023/http://www.durbar.org/ |date=19 July 2012 }}, home page of the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DEAD ZONES: Fighting Back in India.; Calcutta's Prostitutes Lead the Fight on AIDS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/04/world/dead-zones-fighting-back-in-india-calcutta-s-prostitutes-lead-the-fight-on-aids.html |work=] |date=4 January 1999 |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104092111/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/04/world/dead-zones-fighting-back-in-india-calcutta-s-prostitutes-lead-the-fight-on-aids.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The DMSC hosted India's first national convention of sex workers on 14 November 1997 in Kolkata, titled 'Sex Work is Real Work: We Demand Workers Rights'.<ref>, announcement of the 1997 sex worker convention {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212230342/http://www.nswp.org/rights/dmsc/indiaconf.html |date=12 December 2006 }}</ref> The book '']'' reports investigations revealing that, contrary to stated policy, the DMSC allows sex slavery, trafficking, and underage girls in Sonagachi project brothels.<ref>Kristof, Nicholas D.; Sheryl WuDunn. 2009. ]</ref> | Besides the Sonagachi project, the DMSC also runs several similar projects in ], organizing some 65,000 prostitutes and their children. The organization lobbies for the recognition of ] and full legalization, runs literacy and vocational programs, and provides ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719172023/http://www.durbar.org/ |date=19 July 2012 }}, home page of the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DEAD ZONES: Fighting Back in India.; Calcutta's Prostitutes Lead the Fight on AIDS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/04/world/dead-zones-fighting-back-in-india-calcutta-s-prostitutes-lead-the-fight-on-aids.html |work=] |date=4 January 1999 |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104092111/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/04/world/dead-zones-fighting-back-in-india-calcutta-s-prostitutes-lead-the-fight-on-aids.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The DMSC hosted India's first national convention of sex workers on 14 November 1997 in Kolkata, titled 'Sex Work is Real Work: We Demand Workers Rights'.<ref>, announcement of the 1997 sex worker convention {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212230342/http://www.nswp.org/rights/dmsc/indiaconf.html |date=12 December 2006 }}</ref> The book '']'' reports investigations revealing that, contrary to stated policy, the DMSC allows ], ], and underage girls in Sonagachi project brothels.<ref>Kristof, Nicholas D.; Sheryl WuDunn. 2009. ]</ref> | ||
==Popular culture== | ==Popular culture== | ||
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There is also a documentary titled ''Tales of The Night Fairies'' by Prof. Shohini Ghosh and Dr. Sabeena Ghadioke from Asia's leading Media institute ], about the Sonagachi area. It has won the Jeevika Award for the best documentary feature on livelihood in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp |title=Welcome to AJK Mass Communication Research Centre |publisher=Ajkmcrc.org |access-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304083532/http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp |archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref> | There is also a documentary titled ''Tales of The Night Fairies'' by Prof. Shohini Ghosh and Dr. Sabeena Ghadioke from Asia's leading Media institute ], about the Sonagachi area. It has won the Jeevika Award for the best documentary feature on livelihood in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp |title=Welcome to AJK Mass Communication Research Centre |publisher=Ajkmcrc.org |access-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304083532/http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp |archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref> | ||
Popular actor ]'s movie '']'' has a storyline based on the area. The Malayalam Film ] depicts the story of women being trafficked and forced to become sex workers in Sonagachi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/9460.html|title= review of the film Calcutta News|access-date= 18 March 2012|archive-date= 3 June 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080603221030/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/9460.html|url-status= live}}</ref> | Popular actor ]'s movie '']'' has a storyline based on the area. The Malayalam Film ] depicts the story of women being trafficked and forced to become sex workers in Sonagachi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/9460.html|title= review of the film Calcutta News|access-date= 18 March 2012|archive-date= 3 June 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080603221030/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/9460.html|url-status= live}}</ref> | ||
In his documentary ], renowned Danish filmmaker ] asks poet and experimental filmmaker ] to name the worst place in the world he has ever visited, and immediately Leth responds with "The Red Light District of Calcutta." | In his documentary ], renowned Danish filmmaker ] asks poet and experimental filmmaker ] to name the worst place in the world he has ever visited, and immediately Leth responds with "The Red Light District of Calcutta." | ||
Line 138: | Line 143: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* , by Tom Vater, ''The ]'', 2004. | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011152855/https://www.tomvater.com/country/india/welcome-to-sonagachi-calcuttas-largest-brothel-area-is-thriving |date=11 October 2022 }}, by Tom Vater, ''The ]'', 2004. | ||
* ''Positive Nation'', Dec 2003/Jan 2004; issue 85/86 | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524182309/http://www.indiancallboy.co.in/red-lights-sonagachi/ |date=24 May 2019 }} ''Positive Nation'', Dec 2003/Jan 2004; issue 85/86 | ||
* , India Travel Times | * , India Travel Times | ||
* , 2004 PBS Frontline documentary comparing anti-HIV efforts in Mumbai and Kolkata | * , 2004 PBS Frontline documentary comparing anti-HIV efforts in Mumbai and Kolkata | ||
* , '']'', 18 September 2002 | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622201649/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0238,basu,38390,1.html |date=22 June 2008 }}, '']'', 18 September 2002 | ||
* | * | ||
* : an international development cooperation story for the Wikibook ] | * : an international development cooperation story for the Wikibook ] |
Latest revision as of 01:10, 8 December 2024
Neighbourhood in Kolkata in West Bengal, India
Sonagachi | |
---|---|
Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) | |
SonagachiLocation in Kolkata | |
Coordinates: 22°59′39″N 88°36′44″E / 22.99417°N 88.61222°E / 22.99417; 88.61222 | |
Country | India |
State | West Bengal |
City | Kolkata |
Founded by | East India Company |
Named for | বেশ্যালয় |
Elevation | 11 m (36 ft) |
Sonagachi is a neighbourhood in Kolkata, India, located in North Kolkata near the intersection of Jatindra Mohan Avenue (north of C.R. Avenue) with Beadon Street and Sovabazar, about one kilometer north of the Marble Palace area. Sonagachi is among the largest red-light districts in Asia and the world with several hundred multi-storey brothels residing more than 16,000 commercial sex workers.
Etymology
In Bengali, Sona Gachi means 'Tree of Gold'. According to legend, during the early days of Calcutta the area was the den of a notorious dacoit by the name of Sanaullah, who lived here with his mother. On his death, the grieving woman is said to have heard a voice coming from their hut, saying, "Mother, don't cry. I have become a Gazi", and so the legend of Sona Gazi started. The mother built a mosque in memory of her son, although it fell into disrepair. The Sona Gazi was converted into Sonagachi.
A scene in Sonagachi, Kolkata's red light district, 2005.Red-light district
Current situation
Several NGOs and government organizations operate in Sonagachi for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) including AIDS. The book Guilty Without Trial by the founders of the NGO Sanlaap based much of their research into human trafficking in India on this area.
The Sonagachi project is a sex workers' cooperative that operates in the area and empowers sex workers to insist on condom use and to stand up against abuse. Run by the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, it was founded by public health scientist Smarajit Jana in 1992 but is now largely run by the prostitutes themselves. While some are crediting the DMSC with keeping a relatively low rate of HIV infection among prostitutes, around 5.17% of the 13,000 prostitutes in Sonagachi are estimated to be HIV positive. This rate is close to the average HIV rate for female prostitutes in India, which is estimated to be 5.1%, though the HIV infection rate among prostitutes as well as among the general population varies widely by region in India. According to some sources, prostitutes from Sonagachi who test HIV positive are not told about the results, and live with the disease without knowing about it "because the DMSC is worried that HIV positive women will be ostracized." Some prostitutes in Sonagachi have stated that "the clients, at least three quarters of them" refuse to use condoms and "if we force them to use the condom, they will just go next door. There are so many women working here, and in the end, everyone is prepared to work without protection for fear of losing trade."
Besides the Sonagachi project, the DMSC also runs several similar projects in West Bengal, organizing some 65,000 prostitutes and their children. The organization lobbies for the recognition of sex workers' rights and full legalization, runs literacy and vocational programs, and provides micro loans. The DMSC hosted India's first national convention of sex workers on 14 November 1997 in Kolkata, titled 'Sex Work is Real Work: We Demand Workers Rights'. The book Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide reports investigations revealing that, contrary to stated policy, the DMSC allows sex slavery, sex trafficking, and underage girls in Sonagachi project brothels.
Popular culture
The documentary Born into Brothels: Calcutta's Red Light Kids won the Oscar for best documentary award in 2005. It depicts the lives of children born to prostitutes in Sonagachi. Born into Brothels takes the viewer beyond the well-known prostitute-clogged streets and into the homes of the children who live in the so-called worst place on earth. If the film has one success story, it is the discovery of ten-year-old Avijit whose natural affinity for creating exciting compositions through the lens earned him an invitation to the World Press Photo Foundation in Amsterdam.
Sahir Ludhianavi wrote
Ye duniya do rangi hai
Ek taraf se resham ode, ek taraf se nangi hai
Ek taraf andhi daulat ki paagal aish parasti
Ek taraf jismoñ ki qeemat roti se bhi sasti
Ek taraf hai Sonaagaachi, ek taraf Chaurangi hai
Ye duniya do rangi hai
Meaning:
This world is double-faced
One side covered with silk, the other naked
On the one hand, the hedonism of blind wealth
On the other, bodies sold cheaper than bread
On the one hand lies Sonagachi, on the other Chowringhee
This world is double-faced
There is also a documentary titled Tales of The Night Fairies by Prof. Shohini Ghosh and Dr. Sabeena Ghadioke from Asia's leading Media institute AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre, about the Sonagachi area. It has won the Jeevika Award for the best documentary feature on livelihood in India.
Popular actor Kamal Haasan's movie Mahanadhi has a storyline based on the area. The Malayalam Film Calcutta News depicts the story of women being trafficked and forced to become sex workers in Sonagachi.
In his documentary The Five Obstructions, renowned Danish filmmaker Lars von Trier asks poet and experimental filmmaker Jorgen Leth to name the worst place in the world he has ever visited, and immediately Leth responds with "The Red Light District of Calcutta."
See also
- Prostitution in India
- Prostitution in Asia
- Prostitution in Kolkata
- Prostitution in Mumbai
- All Bengal Women's Union
- Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee
- Kamathipura
- Garstin Bastion Road, New Delhi
- Budhwar Peth, Pune
- Male prostitution
References
- Satarupa Dasgupta (2019). "Participation as a Health Communication Strategy in HIV/AIDS Intervention Projects: an Examination of a Project Targeting Commercial Sex Workers in India". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 27 (2). Routledge: 139–151. doi:10.1080/15456870.2019.1574535. S2CID 150465047.
- Dasgupta, Satarupa. “Violence in Commercial Sex Work: A Case Study on the Impact of Violence Among Commercial Female Sex Workers in India and Strategies to Combat Violence.” Violence Against Women 27, no. 15–16 (December 2021): 3056–73. doi:10.1177/1077801220969881
- "After Fall in Business amid Lockdown, Experts Say Sex Workers from Kolkata's Sonagachi Have Gone 'Missing'". News18. 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- "The new rhythms of jamshedpur: As the city's sex workers collective turns 20..." Mint. 24 February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012.
- Girl-trafficking hampers Aids fight Archived 30 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine BBC news. 30 November 2004
- "A Saint and Sin: How Sonagachi got its name". 25 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
- "In Sonagachi, keeping HIV away a daily battle". Indian Express. 2 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- "India HIV & AIDS Statistics". Avert.org. 21 July 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ "Welcome to Sonagachi – Calcutta's largest brothel area is thriving". Tom Vater. 12 May 2004. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- durbar.org Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, home page of the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee
- "DEAD ZONES: Fighting Back in India.; Calcutta's Prostitutes Lead the Fight on AIDS". The New York Times. 4 January 1999. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
- Sex work is real work: We demand workers rights, announcement of the 1997 sex worker convention Archived 12 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- Kristof, Nicholas D.; Sheryl WuDunn. 2009. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide
- "Born Into Brothels: Calcutta's Red Light Kids". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- "Welcome to AJK Mass Communication Research Centre". Ajkmcrc.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- "review of the film Calcutta News". Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
Further reading
- Dutta, Debolina, and Oishik Sircar. “Notes on Unlearning: Our Feminisms, Their Childhoods.” In Feminism and the Politics of Childhood: Friends or Foes?, edited by Rachel Rosen and Katherine Twamley, 83–90. UCL Press, 2018. doi:10.2307/j.ctt21c4t9k.11
- Open Society Foundations. “Sex Worker Health and Rights: Where Is the Funding?” Open Society Foundations, 2006. JSTOR resrep35560
- Wright, Andrea. “‘The Immoral Traffic in Women’: Regulating Indian Emigration to the Persian Gulf.” In Borders and Mobility in South Asia and Beyond, edited by Reece Jones and Md. Azmeary Ferdoush, 145–66. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. doi:10.2307/j.ctv513ckq.10
- Toorjo Ghose; Dallas Swendeman; Sheba George; Debasish Chowdhury (2008). "Mobilizing collective identity to reduce HIV risk among sex workers in Sonagachi, India: The boundaries, consciousness, negotiation framework". Social Science & Medicine. 67 (2): 311–320. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.045. ISSN 0277-9536. PMC 2881846. PMID 18455855.
- Jon Cohen (2004). "Sonagachi Sex Workers Stymie HIV". Science. 304 (5670): 506. doi:10.1126/science.304.5670.506. PMID 15105470. S2CID 19550825. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- Ghose, Toorjo, Dallas T. Swendeman, and Sheba M. George. “The Role of Brothels in Reducing HIV Risk in Sonagachi, India.” Qualitative Health Research 21, no. 5 (May 2011): 587–600. doi:10.1177/1049732310395328
- Newman, Peter A. “Reflections on Sonagachi: An Empowerment-Based HIV-Preventive Intervention for Female Sex Workers in West Bengal, India.” Women’s Studies Quarterly 31, no. 1/2 (2003): 168–79. JSTOR 40004560
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External links
- Report on Sonagachi, critical of DMSC Archived 11 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, by Tom Vater, The Irish Independent, 2004.
- The Red Lights of Sonagachi Archived 24 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Positive Nation, Dec 2003/Jan 2004; issue 85/86
- Report on the Dunbar NGO, India Travel Times
- The Sex Workers, 2004 PBS Frontline documentary comparing anti-HIV efforts in Mumbai and Kolkata
- Giving AIDS the Red Light Archived 22 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Village Voice, 18 September 2002
- Changing prices for sex work in Sonagachi, a Kolkata red-light district
- Living with dignity: an international development cooperation story for the Wikibook Development Cooperation Handbook
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