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| {{for|the people of Central Asia|Moghol people}} | {{for|the people of Central Asia|Moghol people}} | ||
| {{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| |group = Mughal |
| group = Mughal | ||
| |image |
| image = File:Aquil Hussain Barlas.jpg | ||
| | image_caption = ] | |||
| |image_caption = A photo from '']'', published from 1868 to the early 1870s by ], for the ]. | |||
| | region1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} ] | |||
| ⚫ | |langs |
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| | region2 = {{flagicon|India}} ] | |||
| ⚫ | |rels = |
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| | region3 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} ] | |||
| |related = ] and ] | |||
| ⚫ | | langs = ], ], ]<br/>] (formerly) | ||
| ⚫ | | rels = Islam | ||
| | related = ], ] and ] | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Mughals''' (also spelled Moghul or Mogul) |
The '''Mughals''' (also spelled Moghul or Mogul) is a ] ] from modern-day ], ] and ].<ref name=Levin>{{Cite encyclopedia |first=S. F.|last=Levin|title=Mughal|url-access=registration|url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpa0000unse_u8i3 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Pakistan|editor-first1=Hafeez|editor-last1= Malik |editor-last2=Gankovsky|editor-first2=Yuri V.|editor1-link=Hafeez Malik|date=2006 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-19-597735-6}}</ref> They claim to have descended from the various Central Asian ],<ref name=":Genetic Genealogy">{{Cite journal|author = Сабитов Ж. М., Баймуханов Н. Б.|editor= |format= |url= https://www.academia.edu/17004570|title= Y-STR гаплотипы узбеков, уйгуров, таджиков, пуштунов, хазарейцев, моголов из базы данных Family Tree DNA|type= |orig-year= |agency = |journal= The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy|year= 2015|volume= |number= 2|pages = 22–23|series= |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |archive-url = |archive-date = |language= ru|quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas Of World History|author=Liz Wyse and Caroline Lucas|year=1997|publisher=Geddes & Grosset|location=Scotland}}</ref> and ] peoples that had historically settled in the ] and mixed with the native Indian population.<ref name=Levin/> The term ''Mughal'' (or ''Moghul'' in Persian) literally means Mongol.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collins Compact Dictionary|year=2002|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Glasgow|isbn=0-00-710984-9}}</ref> | ||
| ==History and origin== | |||
| During the time of the ] in the 13–14th century, the army of ] swept across ] and into Persia. Over subsequent centuries, descendants of these soldiers inter-married with Persian and Turkic Muslims, converted to Islam and adopted the Persian language and culture. Conflict between India and the Mongols has been recorded from the time of Genghis Khan to ] to ]. The ] (1206–1526) faced nearly annual ] from 1297 to 1303 when the Doab was sacked and what is now Pakistan was under continual Mongol occupation. Indian and Indo-Persian sources referred to the invaders as ''Mughal'', derived from ''Mongol''. During the 16th century, the ] conqueror Babur brought most of northern India under ], establishing an empire that would endure until the mid-19th century. As the ruling class, the Mughals lived mainly in cities along with other Muslims. They were traditionally known for their skill at horsemanship, archery, wrestling and a meat-heavy diet. | |||
| ==Pakistan== | |||
| The court itself does not now consist, as originally of real Mongols, but a medley of Turks, Turkman/Uzbeks, Arabs and Persians or descendants of all these classes; known, as said before by the general appellation Mughal by the Muslims of native origin.<ref>Bernier's Travels in the Mogul Empire (Paperback) | |||
| ] | |||
| by Francois Bernier Constable 1891</ref> | |||
| In Pakistan, Mughal people are mostly settled in the provinces of Azad Kashmir, ] and ].<ref name=Levin/> | |||
| ==India== | |||
| As early as the 17th century, the term Mughal covered a large number of groups. Generally, all Central Asian immigrants to India, whether ], ] or Gürkani Türks, further ], ], ], ], ], ], ] or ], were referred to as Mughal. The term was also used for later immigrants from ] and ], such as the famous ] community. | |||
| ⚫ | === In North India === | ||
| In North India, the term Mughal refers to one of the four social groups that are referred to as the ] in Pakistan, a number of tribal groupings such as the ] in North West Frontier Province and the Gheba and Kassar in Punjab claim ] Mughal ancestry. Sir Denzil Ibbetson, the eminent British student of Punjabi tribal structures, noted a tendency among many tribes of the Pothohar and Upper ] of Northern Pakistan to claim Barlas Mughal ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: A History|author=John Keay|year=2000|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-00-255717-7}}</ref> | |||
| The Mughals commonly use "Mirza" as their surname.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBOh24IJ9t8C&dq=mughal+caste&pg=PA71 | title= Indian Society, Institutions and Change |author= Rajendra K. Sharma | date= 2004 |page= 71 | publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist | isbn= 978-81-7156-665-5 }}</ref> They are also sometimes referred to as Chughtais or Chagatai Türks named after Chagatai Turkic language spoken by the Barlas and other Central Asian tribes. But one of the social groups that are claim to as the Ashraaf.<ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}} | |||
| == In |
==== In Uttar Pradesh ==== | ||
| ⚫ | The Sambhal, who claim Turkic descent, identify as a Biradari, literally translating to "brotherhood", which is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umNgDwAAQBAJ&dq=biradari+tribe&pg=PT93 |title=Forging the Ideal Educated Girl:The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia |author= Shenila Khoja-Moolji |date=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-97053-3 }}</ref> The chief of the Biradari is the "Sardar", who is usually an elder man annually elected as the greatest man in the Biradari. Decisions on important matters are taken only after consulting the Biradari, and once taken binding on every member.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.25924/page/n573/mode/2up |title=Agriculture and Live Stock In India Vol-viii |author=Khan Amanat |date=1938 |page=485 |publisher=The Imperial Council Agriculture Research}}</ref> | ||
| In ], the term Mughal refers Gürkani Türk or ]. A single root family origin from Chagatai Türk named after ]. But one of the social groups that are Claim to as the Ashraaf.<ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960</ref>{{full|date=September 2018}} | |||
| ====Gujarat==== | |||
| ⚫ | == In |
||
| ⚫ | The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various Indo-Muslim dynasties which ruled the ]. They were and still are a community of small to medium-sized farmers. A good many are also traders. Like other ]s, they have a caste association known as the Jamat, which acts both as a welfare organization and an instrument of social control.<ref>People of India Gujarat Volume XXI Part Three edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pages 1394-1399</ref> In North India, the term Mughal refers Gürkani or ]. | ||
| ] | |||
| In ] (UP), their main clans are the ]s, Gurkānī or ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. The Mughals of Uttar Pradesh belong to the Sunni sects, with the majority belonging to the Sunni Hanafi sect. Sunni Mughals are usually orthodox in their religious outlook. The Mughal of Awadh trace their entry into the region to the year 1750. The Mughal of UP are an endogamous community, marrying within their own community, or in communities of a similar status such as the Syeds, Shaikh (Siddiqui, Farooqui, Usmani, and Nomani etc.), Pathan, Shamsi, Kidwai and Muslim Rajput. Some of these group immigrated to Uttar Pradesh, India as early as 1200 AD during the Delhi Sultanate. The rural Mughals are farmers, and many own orchards, especially mango orchards, while in towns they are engaged in trade, handicrafts. Carpet weaving is an activity particularly associated with the UP Mughals. | |||
| ⚫ | The |
||
| ==Present circumstances== | |||
| The ]s or Gurkanis or Mughals live in northern India, mainly in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] in UP. They also are in ], ], ] and ] in ], ], ] in ].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} | |||
| ⚫ | The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various |
||
| == In Bangladesh == | |||
| The people of Mughal descent in Bangladesh often use ] or ] as a family title, their ancestors who originate in ] or ] came as soldiers of the ] along with the ] soldiers who also use ] as a family title, via ] came to ]. | |||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * Changaizi | |||
| * Baig mughal | |||
| * Taimoori Mughal | |||
| * Tatar | |||
| * HAZARA Mughal | |||
| * Sardar Mughal | |||
| * Bib Mughal | |||
| * Chughtayi | |||
| * Mirza | |||
| * Maingal | |||
| * Maldiyal | |||
| * Qiyat | |||
| * MONGOL | |||
| * | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
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Latest revision as of 02:37, 8 December 2024
Group of clans of North India and Pakistan For the people of Central Asia, see Moghol people. Ethnic group Mirza Aqil Hussain Barlas | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Languages | |
| Urdu, Punjabi, Bangla Persian (formerly) | |
| Religion | |
| Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Pakistani people, Indian people and Bangladeshi people |
The Mughals (also spelled Moghul or Mogul) is a Muslim corporate group from modern-day North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. They claim to have descended from the various Central Asian Mongolic, and Turkic peoples that had historically settled in the Mughal India and mixed with the native Indian population. The term Mughal (or Moghul in Persian) literally means Mongol.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, Mughal people are mostly settled in the provinces of Azad Kashmir, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
India
In North India
The Mughals commonly use "Mirza" as their surname. They are also sometimes referred to as Chughtais or Chagatai Türks named after Chagatai Turkic language spoken by the Barlas and other Central Asian tribes. But one of the social groups that are claim to as the Ashraaf.
In Uttar Pradesh
The Sambhal, who claim Turkic descent, identify as a Biradari, literally translating to "brotherhood", which is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan. The chief of the Biradari is the "Sardar", who is usually an elder man annually elected as the greatest man in the Biradari. Decisions on important matters are taken only after consulting the Biradari, and once taken binding on every member.
Gujarat
The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various Indo-Muslim dynasties which ruled the Indian subcontinent. They were and still are a community of small to medium-sized farmers. A good many are also traders. Like other Gujarati Muslims, they have a caste association known as the Jamat, which acts both as a welfare organization and an instrument of social control. In North India, the term Mughal refers Gürkani or Timurids.
See also
- Khan Mughal
- Turco-Mongol tradition
- Changaizi
- Baig mughal
- Taimoori Mughal
- Tatar
- HAZARA Mughal
- Sardar Mughal
- Bib Mughal
- Chughtayi
- Mirza
- Maingal
- Maldiyal
- Qiyat
- MONGOL
References
- ^ Levin, S. F. (2006). "Mughal". In Malik, Hafeez; Gankovsky, Yuri V. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-597735-6.
- Сабитов Ж. М., Баймуханов Н. Б. (2015). "Y-STR гаплотипы узбеков, уйгуров, таджиков, пуштунов, хазарейцев, моголов из базы данных Family Tree DNA". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy (in Russian) (2): 22–23.
- Liz Wyse and Caroline Lucas (1997). Atlas Of World History. Scotland: Geddes & Grosset.
- Collins Compact Dictionary. Glasgow: HarperCollins. 2002. ISBN 0-00-710984-9.
- Rajendra K. Sharma (2004). Indian Society, Institutions and Change. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-7156-665-5.
- Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960
- Shenila Khoja-Moolji (2018). Forging the Ideal Educated Girl:The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-97053-3.
- Khan Amanat (1938). Agriculture and Live Stock In India Vol-viii. The Imperial Council Agriculture Research. p. 485.
- People of India Gujarat Volume XXI Part Three edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pages 1394-1399
| Mongolic peoples | |||||||||||
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| Proto-Mongols | |||||||||||
| Medieval tribes | |||||||||||
| Ethnic groups |
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| See also: Donghu and Xianbei · Turco-Mongol Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component. | |||||||||||
| Turco-Mongol | |
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| States | |
| Related ethnic groups and clans | |
| Culture | |
| Origin is controversial. | |