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{{Short description|Group of disputed islets in the Sea of Japan}}
{{For|the naming and territorial dispute surrounding these rocks|Liancourt Rocks dispute}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Dokdo|Takeshima}}
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{{Cleanup|date=December 2007}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox islands
{{NPOV}}
| disputed = yes
{{redirect|Takeshima}}
| name = Liancourt Rocks
{{redirect|Dokdo|the former currency of Kutch|Kutch kori}}
| plural = yes
{{Infobox Islands
| other_names = Liancourt Islets, Liancourt Islands, Takeshima, Dokdo, Tok Islets, Hornet Islands, Kajido, Sambongdo
|name = Liancourt Rocks
|image name = Location-of-Liancourt-rocks-en.png | image_name = Location-of-Liancourt-rocks-en.png
| image_size = 300px
|image caption =
| image_caption =
|locator map =
| image_map = Liancourt Rocks Map.svg
|native name ='' Dokdo/Takeshima''
| location = ]
|native name link =
| coordinates = {{Coord|37|14|30|N|131|52|0|E|display=inline}}
|location = ] (East Sea)
| total_islands = 91 (37 permanent land)
|coordinates= {{coor dms|37|14|30|N|131|52||E|type:isle}} {{coor title dms|37|14|30|N|131|52||E|type:isle}}
| major_islands = East Islet, West Islet
|archipelago =
| area_ha = 18.745
|total islands = 37
| area_footnotes = <br />'''East Islet:''' {{convert|7.33|ha|acre}}<br />'''West Islet:''' {{convert|8.864|ha|acre}}
|major islands = 2
| elevation_m = 169
|area = 187,450 sq meters
| highest_mount = West Islet
|highest mount = 169 meters
|country 1= South Korea | country = {{flag|South Korea}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = County
|country 1 admin divisions title = Province
|country 1 admin divisions = ] (]) | country_admin_divisions = ], ]
| country1 = {{flag|Japan}}
|population = 43
| country1_admin_divisions_title = Town
|population as of =
| country1_admin_divisions = ], ] (Japan)
|density =
| country2 = {{flag|North Korea}}
|ethnic groups =
| country2_admin_divisions_title = County
|elevation =
| country2_admin_divisions = ], ]
|country 2= Japan
| population = Approximately 26<ref name="residents">{{cite web | url=https://dokdo.mofa.go.kr/eng/introduce/residence.jsp| title=Dokdo Residents| access-date=February 17, 2021| publisher=Gyeongsangbuk-do Province}}</ref>
|country 2 admin divisions title = Prefecture
| image_map_caption = The two main islets
|country 2 admin divisions = ] (], ])
}} }}
{{Infobox East Asian
|tablewidth=280
|color=#cef2e0
|background=#f5fffa
|sort=japanese1
| othername = French name
| field1 = ]
| content1 = Rochers de Liancourt
|hangul=독도
|hanja=獨島
|rr=Dokdo
|mr=Tokto
|kanji=竹島
|hiragana=たけしま
|hepburn=Takeshima


The '''Liancourt Rocks''',<ref>{{harvnb|Fern|2005|p=78}}: "Since the end of World War II, Japan and Korea have contested ownership of these islets, given the name Liancourt Rocks by French whalers in the mid-1800s and called that by neutral observers to this day".</ref> also known by their Korean name of '''Dokdo''' ({{Langx|ko|독도}}){{efn|{{korean|hangul=독도|hanja=獨島}}; {{IPA|ko|tok̚t͈o|IPA}}; {{lit|solitary island' or 'lonely island}}.}} or their Japanese name of '''Takeshima''',({{Langx|ja|竹島}}){{efn|{{japanese|kanjil=竹島}}; {{IPA|ja|takeɕima|IPA}}; {{lit|bamboo island}}.{{sfn|BBC staff|2006}}}} are a group of ]s in the ] between the ] and the ] administered by South Korea. The Liancourt Rocks comprise two main islets and 35 smaller rocks; the total surface area of the islets is {{convert|0.187554|km2|acre}} and the highest elevation of {{convert|168.5|m|ft}} is <!-- found at an unnamed location --> on the West Islet.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023}} The Liancourt Rocks lie in rich ] that may contain large deposits of ].{{sfn|BBC staff|2008}} The English name ''Liancourt Rocks'' is derived from {{Lang|fr|Le Liancourt}},{{efn|Pronounced {{IPA|fr|lə ljɑ̃kuʁ|}}; named in honor of ], Duke of ] and ].}} the name of a French ] ship that came close to being wrecked on the rocks in 1849.{{sfn|Kirk|2008}}
}}


While South Korea controls the islets, its sovereignty over them is ] by Japan. North Korea also claims the territory. South Korea classifies the islets as Dokdo-], Ulleung-], ], ],<ref>{{cite web|trans-title=Act 1395 amending Chapter 14-2, Ri-Administration under Ulleung County, Local Autonomy Law, Ulleung County |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:울릉군리의명칭과구역에관한조례 |url=http://www.elis.go.kr/newlaib/laibLaws/h1126/laws.jsp?lawsNum=47940113226001&scType=title&scValue=%BF%EF%B8%AA%B1%BA%20%B8%AE%C0%C7%20%B8%ED%C4%AA%B0%FA%20%B1%B8%BF%AA%BF%A1%20%B0%FC%C7%D1%20%C1%B6%B7%CA&isClose=0&kind=1 }} "{{lang|ko-Hang|2000년 4월 7일 울릉군조례 제1395호로 독도리가 신설됨에 따라 독도의 행정구역이 종전의 경상북도 울릉군 울릉읍 도동리 산42～76번지에서 경상북도 울릉군 울릉읍 독도리 산1～37번지로 변경 됨}}." <br />Translation: "Pursuant to Act 1395 amending Chapter 14-2, Ri-Administration under Ulleung County, Local Autonomy Law, Ulleung County, passed March 20, 2000, enacted April 7, 2000, the administrative designation of Dokdo addresses as 42 to 76, Dodong-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyungsang Province, is changed to address 1 to 37, Dokdo-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyungsang Province." {{cite web|url=http://www.dokdomuseum.go.kr/board/history/list.php |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:조회 |access-date=12 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301043336/http://www.dokdomuseum.go.kr/board/history/list.php |archive-date= 1 March 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> while Japan classifies the islands as part of ], ], ].
The '''Liancourt Rocks''' (]:{{nihongo|'''Takeshima'''|竹島}} ''"bamboo island"''; ]: '''Dokdo'''(독도/獨島) ''"solitary island"'') are a group of ]s in the ], whose ownership is ] between ] and ].<ref>Charles Scanlon '''' ], ] 2005</ref> South Korea currently occupies the islands, an action that continues to draw official protests from Japan.<ref name="globalsecurity">, globalsecurity</ref> The name "Liancourt Rocks" comes from the French whaling ship ''Liancourt'' which charted the islets in 1849.
Today, South Korea classifies the islets under jurisdiction of ], ] Province, while Japan classifies them under ], ], ].


== Geography == ==Geography==
{{multiple image
]
| align = right
The Liancourt Rocks are composed mainly of two islets, 150 meters apart<ref name="net">Korea.net (1999–2006). . Retrieved ], 2006.</ref> (''Nishi-jima'' and ''Higashi-jima'' in Japanese, ''Seodo'' and ''Dongdo'' in Korean; both literally meaning ''western island'' 西島 and ''eastern island'' 東島, respectively). The western islet is the larger of the two islets. Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs,<ref name="cyb">Gyongsangbuk-do (2001). . Retrieved ], 2006.</ref> ]s formed in the ] era.<ref name="t1"> truthofdokdo.or.kr, retrieved 2007-08-21, 'Dokdo is composed of alkaline effusive rocks which erupted during the Cenozoic Era. Dokdo began to form about 4.6 million years ago'</ref>
| direction = vertical
A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.<ref name="cyb" /> In 2006, a geologist reported that the islets formed 4.5 million years ago and are quickly eroding.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}<!-- given cites are not in English: --><ref>, ], 2006/12/01. , ], 2006/12/01.</ref>
| image1 = Dokdo-West-Isle.JPG
| alt1 = A steep, rocky island surrounded by dark blue sea
| image2 = Dokdo-East-Isle.JPG
| alt2 = A round rocky island, with an empty port. Seagulls block some of the frame.
| caption2 = The West island ''(top)'' and the East island ''(bottom)''
}}The Liancourt Rocks consist of two main islets and numerous surrounding rocks. The two main islets, called ''Seodo'' ({{korean|labels=no|hangul=서도|hanja=西島|lit=western island}}) and ''Dongdo'' ({{korean|labels=no|hangul=동도|hanja=東島|lit=eastern island}}) in Korean and ''Ojima'' (男島; "Male Island") and ''Mejima'' (女島; "Female Island") in Japanese, are {{convert|151|m|ft}} apart.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}} The Western Island is the larger of the two, with a wider base and higher peak, while the Eastern Island offers more usable surface area.


Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs,{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023}} ]s formed in the ] era, more specifically 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago. A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.{{Verify source|date=May 2015}}
The total area of the islets is about 187,450 square meters (2,017,695 sq ft), with their highest point at 169&nbsp;meters (554 ft) in the western islet.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}<!-- 169 m inconsistent with 151 m Seodo from ref and 174 m from de: and fr: --> The western islet is about 88,640 square meters in area; the eastern islet about 73,300 square meters.<ref name="cyb" /> Liancourt Rocks are located at about 131°52′ East longitude and about 37°14′ North latitude.<ref name="cyb" /> The western islet is located at {{coor dms|37|14|31|N|131|51|55|E}} and the eastern islet is located at {{coor dms|37|14|27|N|131|52|10|E}}. The islets are 217&nbsp;km (135 mi) from mainland Korea and 250 km (150 mi) from mainland Japan.<ref name="net" /> The nearest Korean territory (]) is 87&nbsp;km (54 mi) away (can be visible on clear days) and the nearest Japanese territory (]) is 157&nbsp;km (98 mi) away.<ref name="net" /><ref name="cyb" />


The western islet consists of a single peak and features many caves along the coastline. The cliffs of the eastern islet are about 10 to 20 meters high. There are two large caves giving access to the sea, as well as a crater.<ref name="t1" /><ref name="tru">Truth of Dokdo. . Retrieved ], 2006.</ref> The total area of the islets is about {{convert|187,554|m2|acre}}, with their highest point at {{convert|168.5|m|ft}} on the West Islet.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}} The western islet is about {{convert|88,740|m2|acre}}; the eastern islet is about {{convert|73,300|m2|acre}}.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}} The western islet consists of a single peak and features many caves along the coastline. The cliffs of the eastern islet are about {{convert|10|to|20|m|ft}} high. There are two large caves giving access to the sea, as well as a crater.{{Verify source|date=May 2015}}


In 2006, a geologist reported that the islets formed 4.5 million years ago and are (in a ]) quickly eroding.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0001483400 |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:"독도ㆍ울릉도 `침몰하고 있다'"<손영관교수> |newspaper=] |date=1 December 2006 |access-date=1 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122194337/http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0001483400 |archive-date= Jan 22, 2016 }}</ref>
==Economy and tourism==
As of 2005, only 26 Japanese citizens have registered the islets as the location of their ],<ref>{{ja icon}} , 内閣衆質一六二第五五号, 平成十七年五月十七日 (Replies by the ] to the interpellations by Congressman ] on Japanese ] and ] in areas under territorial dispute #162-55, 2005-5-17). "本年五月一日現在、お尋ねの竹島に本籍を有する者の数は二十六名、... 竹島、尖閣諸島又は沖ノ鳥島を住所として住民票に記載されている者は存在しないものと承知している。"</ref> while thousands of Koreans do the same.<ref name=scmp19991228>Roger Dean Du Mars, "Address Registration Revives Islands Dispute". South China Morning Post, December 28, 1999</ref> In 1999, South Korea requested the Japanese government refuse to permit new residents, but Japan responded that it could not "bar its residents from shifting census registration as the island is part of territory." At least two civilians are permanent residents.<ref name="dokdocivilians">Kim Tong-hyung, , ], 02-19-2006.</ref><ref name="dokdoinhabitants">, ], May 27, 2005.</ref> The Korean government allegedly subsidizes their living there in order to justify a claim of habitation.<ref name=scmp19991228 />


== Tourism ==
There is a regular ferry service from ] to Liancourt Rocks.<ref>See .</ref><ref name="cyb" /><ref name="vis" /> There were 1,507 and 1,597 recorded tourists in 2003 and 2004 respectively.<ref name="vis" /> Due to their status as a nature reserve, special permits are required for tourists seeking to land on the islets rather than just circling them.<ref name="vis" />


Restricted public access to the rocks for a variety of purposes is provided by ferry from ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=독도 : 독도입도안내 페이지 입니다.아름다운 신비의 섬 - 울릉군 |url=http://www.ulleung.go.kr/ko/page.htm?mnu_uid=1649 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=www.ulleung.go.kr |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013171217/http://www.ulleung.go.kr/ko/page.htm?mnu_uid=1649 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, 280,312 tourists visited the islands, averaging 500 visitors per day.<ref name="residents" />
Although the islets themselves are barely habitable, the ] surrounding them has rich ] grounds and possible reserves of ].<ref>Truth of Dokdo. . Retrieved ], 2006.</ref> As of 2006, the expected reserves have not been found.<ref name="cyb" /> A wide variety of fish as well as ], kelp, sea slugs, and clams are located around the islets.<ref name="tru" /> Major fishery catches in the area are ], Alaskan ], ], and ].<ref name="tru" /><ref name="cyb" /> There are 102 species of seaweed, although many of these have no economic value.<ref name="cyb" />


==Distances==
Until relatively recently, this was one of the largest breeding grounds of ]s ('']'') and a good spot for hunting them and also a spot for Japanese fishermen to obtain ] at the end of the ] (1868–1912).<ref>, Shimane Prefectural Government, Japan</ref> Until the 1950s, sea lions were observed on Liancourt Rocks by voluntary guards.<ref>(ko) "50년대 독도의용수비대가 활약할 당시만 해도 20∼30마리씩 떼를 지어 독도 연안에서 서식하는장면이 목격됐다. 독도의용수비대원이던 이규현씨 (82·울릉군 울릉읍 도동리) 는 "당시 독도에서 강치(바다사자) 무리를 간간이 볼 수 있었고, 울릉도 주민들은 이를 가재, 강치로 부르기도 했다"고 말했다." , The Kukmin Daily, 2006.02.02</ref>
The Liancourt Rocks are located at about {{Coord|37|14||N|131|52||E}}.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017c}} The western islet is located at {{Coord|37|14|31|N|131|51|55|E |name=West Islet}} and the Eastern Islet is located at {{Coord|37|14|27|N|131|52|10|E |name=East Islet}}.


The Liancourt Rocks are situated at a distance of {{convert|211|km|nmi}} from the main island of Japan (]) and {{convert|216.8|km|nmi}} from mainland South Korea. The nearest Japanese island, ], is at a distance of {{convert|157|km|nmi}},<ref name="mofa index" /> and the nearest Korean island, ], is {{convert|87.4|km|nmi}}.{{sfn|BAEK In-ki|SHIM Mun-bo|Korea Maritime Institute|2006|pp=20–22}}<ref name="mofa index">{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/takeshima/index.html|title=The Issue of Takeshima|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref>
There are approximately 37 South Korean police that guard the islets. Also, there are Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries personnel, and three ] keepers living on the islets in rotation. In the past, several fishermen also lived there temporarily.<ref name="vis">Korea.net (1999–2006). . Retrieved ], 2006.</ref>

In 2005, the first recorded ] ceremony was held on Liancourt Rocks. The South Korean couple chose the location to protest against Japanese territorial claims.<ref>Tour 2 Korea . Retrieved ], 2006.</ref>


==Climate== ==Climate==
]
Due to its location and extremely small size, the Liancourt Rocks sometimes have harsh weather. At times, ships are unable to dock because of strong northwestern winds in winter.<ref name="net" /><ref name="tru" /> Overall, the climate is warm and humid, and heavily influenced by warm sea currents. Precipitation is high throughout the year (annual average—1324 mm), with occasional snowfall.<ref name="tru" /> Fog is also a common sight. In the summer, southernly winds dominate.<ref name="tru" /> The water around the islets is about 10 degrees Celsius in spring, when the water is coolest. It warms to about 25 degrees Celsius in August.<ref name="tru" />
Owing to their location and small size, the Liancourt Rocks can have harsh weather. If the ] is greater than 3 to 5 metres, then landing is not possible, so on average ferries can only dock about once in forty days.{{sfn|Gyeo ngbuk Province|2001b}} Overall, the climate is warm and humid, and heavily influenced by warm sea currents. Precipitation is high throughout the year (annual average—{{convert|1383.4|mm|in|disp=or}}), with occasional snowfall.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017a}} Fog is common. In summer, southerly winds dominate. The water around the islets is about {{convert|10|C|F}} in early spring, when the water is coldest, warming to about {{convert|24|C|F}} in late summer.


==Ecology== ==Ecology==
]s at Liancourt Rocks during a Japanese ] in 1934]]
The islets are ]s, with only a thin layer of soil and moss.<ref name="cyb" /> About 80 species of plants, over 22 species of birds, and 37 species of insects have been recorded on the islets, in addition to the local maritime life.<ref name="net" /> The islets are too small to have any significant amount of fresh water.
The islets are volcanic rocks, with only a thin layer of soil and moss.{{sfn|Gyeo ngbuk Province|2001a}} About 49 plant species, 107 bird species, and 93 insect species have been found to inhabit the islets, in addition to local marine life with 160 algal and 368 invertebrate species identified.<ref>{{cite web|language=ko |script-title=ko:독도 자연생태계 정밀조사결과(요약)|trans-title=A comprehensive survey of the natural ecosystems of Liancourt Rocks (synopsys)|url=http://epic.kdi.re.kr/epic/epic_view.jsp?num=81035&menu=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141608/http://epic.kdi.re.kr/epic/epic_view.jsp?num=81035&menu=1|archive-date=22 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although between 1,100 and 1,200 litres of fresh water flow daily, desalinization plants have been installed on the islets for human consumption because existing spring water suffers from ] contamination.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Since the early 1970s trees and some types of flowers were planted.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} According to historical records, there used to be trees indigenous to Liancourt Rocks, which have supposedly been wiped out by ] and fires caused by bombing drills over the islets.{{efn|"There are records attesting to the existence of trees in the past" {{harv|BAEK In-ki|SHIM Mun-bo|Korea Maritime Institute|2006|p=48}} }} A recent investigation, however, identified ten ] aged 100–120 years.<ref>{{cite web |language=ko |trans-title=Indigenous Spindle Tree Colony Found on Liancourt Rocks |script-title=ko:독도 자생 사철나무 군락 첫 발견 |url=http://www.korean.net/blog/main/index.jsp?blID=leehayo&ccID=260&SN=22}} {{Dead link|date = August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=ko |script-title=ko:독도 자생 사철나무 100년 이상 된 자생식물
|trans-title=Liancourt Rock Spindle Trees Over 100 Years Old |url=http://www.dokdocenter.org/dokdo_news/index.cgi?action=detail&number=7489&thread=19r02}}</ref> ]s such as ]s, ]s, and ]s are known to migrate through these areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007 |language=ko |script-title=ko:독도수비 해경, 그물걸린 범고래 구조 - 멸종위기 해양생물 보호 적극적인 조치 기대 |url=http://www.enviroasia.info/K/?p=1259 |journal=K07011002K |page=ENVIROASIA |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119103856/http://www.enviroasia.info/K/?p=1259 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|translator=Koike T.|year=2007 |language=ja |script-title=ja:独島警備の海洋警察、網にかかったシャチ救出 |url=http://www.enviroasia.info/J/?p=6168 |journal=K07011002J |page=ENVIROASIA |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121130/http://www.enviroasia.info/J/?p=6168 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017 |url=http://www.netongs.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=103971 |script-title=ko:"동해 고래, 한미관계 뿐 아니라 독도 역사와도 연결" |access-date=August 21, 2017}}</ref>


===Pollution and environmental destruction===
In the early 1970s trees and some types of flowers were planted.<ref name="net" /> Trees are required under international law for the islets to be recognized as natural islands rather than reefs.<ref name="vis" /><ref name="tru" />
Records of the human impact on the Liancourt Rocks before the late 20th century are scarce, although both Japanese and Koreans claim to have felled trees and killed ]s there for many decades.<ref>국민일보 (Gookmin Daily). "독도‘실효적 지배’새 근거 (New Evidence of effective control), 1890년 이전부터 독도서 강치잡이 (Sea lion hunting before 1890) </ref><ref>Japan: </ref>


There are serious pollution concerns in the seas surrounding the Liancourt Rocks. In 2004, a malfunction in the sewage water treatment system established on the islets caused sewage produced by inhabitants of the Liancourt Rocks, such as ] and lighthouse staff, to be dumped directly into the ocean. Significant water pollution was observed; sea water turned milky white, sea vegetation died, and coral reefs were calcified. The pollution also caused ] in the surrounding seas. In November 2004, eight tons of malodorous ] was being dumped into the ocean every day.<ref name=" imaeil">{{cite web |work=Imaeil |date=28 September 2007 |language=ko |script-title=ko:독도 오수정화시설이 동해바다 오염 주범? |url=http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=42521&yy=2007 |access-date=15 April 2009 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110419/http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=42521&yy=2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efforts have since been made by both public<ref>{{cite web|language=ko |trans-title=Three-Month Cleanup for Dokdo's Marine Garbage Starts from June 2 |script-title=ko:독도 바다쓰레기 청소 6월2일부터 석달간 |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=003&aid=0002703591}}</ref> and private<ref>{{cite web |language=ko |script-title=ko:나무 심고 오물 줍고…아름다운 ‘독도 사랑’ |url=http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=27210&yy=2010 |date=5 July 2010 |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121815/http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=27210&yy=2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> organizations to reduce the level of pollution surrounding the Rocks.
The Liancourt Rocks were declared "Natural Monument #336" by South Korea in the 1990s. While home to some birds, the islets mostly provide temporary refuge for birds migrating elsewhere. They serve as a home to ], ], and ]s. The population of breeding birds counted on the rocks, however, has been declining in recent years.<ref name="tru" />


==Construction==
In 1999, the islets were designated a special environmental protected area by the South Korean government.<ref name="net" /> They predate any Korean volcanic islands.<ref name="tru" />
South Korea has carried out construction work on the Liancourt Rocks; by 2009, the islands had a lighthouse, helicopter pad,<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823031639/http://vn.vladnews.ru/issue592/Special_reports/Dokdo_Islands_land_of_contention |date=23 August 2009 }}</ref> and a police barracks.{{sfn|Choe|2008}} In 2007, two ]s were built capable of producing 28 tons of clean water every day.{{sfn|KOIS staff|2007a}} Both of the major South Korean telecommunications companies have installed cellular telephone towers on the islets.{{sfn|KOIS staff|2007}}


==History==
It was announced in 2005 that three new genera and five new species of bacteria had been identified by ROK scientists in the waters off Liancourt.<ref>, ], June 09, 2005. ''Dokdonella koreensis, Dokdonia donghaensis and Maribacter dokdonensis'' {{ko icon}} , ]/], 2005.06.09. , ]/], 2005.06.10.</ref><ref>{{ja icon}} , ], 2005.12.22. "０４年の春には独島から海水と土を採取してきた。およそ１年間分析したすえ、２種類のバクテリアを捜し出した。それぞれ「独島韓国」、「独島東海（トンへ、日本名・日本海）」に名付けた。国際学術紙に報告すれば、微生物学者らに独島が韓国領土であることを知らせることができる、との判断からだった。しかし、科学界も日本の立場を考慮したせいか、論文に「独島が韓国領土」だと直接言及するのは自制してほしい、と要請した。"</ref><ref>{{ko icon}} , ], 2007.03.22.</ref> The genera are ''Dokdonella koreensis'',<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 56 (2006), 145-150; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63802-0.</ref> ''Dokdonia donghaenensis'',<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Choong-Hwan Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 55 (2005), 2323-2328; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63817-0.</ref> and ''Donghae dokdoensis''.<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Choong-Hwan Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 56 (2006), 187-191; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63847-0.</ref> The newly identified species are ''Virgilbacillus dokdoensis'',<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Soo-Young Lee, Mi-Hwa Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 55 (2005), 1833-1837; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63613-0.</ref> ''Maribacter dokdoensis'',<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Soo-Young Lee, Choong-Hwan Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 55 (2005), 2051-2055; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63777-0.</ref> ''Marimonas dokdoensis'',<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 55 (2005), 2303-2307; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63830-0.</ref> ''Polaribacter dokdoensis'',<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 56 (2006), 1251-1255; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63820-0.</ref>, ''Sphingomonas dokdonensis''<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, Mi-Hwa Lee, So-Jung Kang, Soo-Young Lee and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 56 (2006), 2165-2169; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64114-0.</ref>, ''Isoptericola dokdonensis'',<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, Peter Schumann, So-Jung Kang, Seo-Youn Jung and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 56 (2006), 2893-2897; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64430-0.</ref> ''Porphyrobacter dokdoensis'',<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Mi-Hwa Lee, Hyun Woo Oh and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 56 (2006), 1079-1083; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63840-0.</ref> ''Stenotrophomonas dokdonensis''<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang, Hyun Woo Oh and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 56 (2006), 1363-1367; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64091-0.</ref> and ''Variovorax dokdonensis''.<ref>Jung-Hoon Yoon, So-Jung Kang and Tae-Kwang Oh , ''Int J Syst Evol Microbiol'' 56 (2006), 811-814; DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64070-0.</ref>
])]]


===Whaling===
==Strategic location==
U.S. and ] ]s cruised for ]s off the rocks between 1849 and 1892.<ref>''Cambria'', of New Bedford, Apr. 29, 1849, Nicholson Whaling Collection; ''Cape Horn Pigeon'', of New Bedford, Apr. 19, 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum.</ref>
The islets are of importance not only for ] reasons, but also for ] reasons {{Fact|Sept 2007|date=September 2007}}. They have occasionally served a military purpose, such as a temporary watchtower during the ]. The South Korean government has built a radar station and helicopter landing pad on the islets, enabling it to track foreign naval forces. The 37 police on the islets serve as armed guards.<ref name="cyb" />


===Demographics and economy===
==History of the territorial dispute==
]
In February 2017, there were two civilian residents, two government officials, six lighthouse managers, and 40 members of the coast guard living on the islets.<ref name="residents"/> Since the South Korean coast guard was sent to the islets, civilian travel has been subject to South Korean government approval; they have stated that the reason for this is that the islet group is designated as a nature reserve.<ref>On 13 December 1997 the "Special Act on the Preservation of Ecosystem in Island Areas Including Dokdo Island" was enacted by the South Korean parliament. The title of the Natural Monument No. 336, the Dokdo Seaweed Habitat, was changed to the Dokdo National Nature Reserve in December 1999. {{Cite web|title=Dokdo in History: Chronology |publisher=The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea |url=https://korea.assembly.go.kr:447/dokdo/history_02.jsp }}</ref>


In March 1965, Choi Jong-duk moved from the nearby ] to the islets to make a living from octopus fishing. He also helped install facilities from May 1968. In 1981, Choi Jong-duk changed his administrative address to the Liancourt Rocks, making himself the first person to officially live there. He died there in September 1987. His son-in-law, Cho Jun-ki, and his wife also resided there from 1985 until they moved out in 1992. Meanwhile, in 1991, Kim Sung-do and Kim Shin-yeol transferred to the islets as permanent residents, still continuing to live there. In October 2018, Kim Sung-do died, thus Kim Shin-yeol is the last civilian resident still living on the islands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hong |first=Euny |title=The birth of Korean cool: how one nation is conquering the world through pop culture |date=2014 |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-1-250-04511-9 |edition=1st |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Lee Tae-hee |title=Widow to remain sole Dokdo resident, authorities confirm |date=13 February 2019 |newspaper=] |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190213000563 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/14/asia/south-korea-japan-disputed-islands-one-resident-intl/index.html |last1=McKirdy |first1=Euan |last2=Jeong |first2=Sophie |title=Widow, 81, sole resident of remote island disputed by South Korea and Japan |publisher=CNN |date=15 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/9882/|script-title=ja:竹島人口は7万人 4年で倍増 日本人17人も住民登録している！？|newspaper=KoreaWorldTimes |date=2021-08-16|language=ja|access-date=2021-10-06}}</ref>
researchers disagree on who first had administrative control over the islets due to ambiguities in early historical records and maps, partly due to changes in the names of the islands in the area over the years. <ref></ref>


The South Korean government gave its approval to allow 1,597 visitors to visit the islets in 2004. Since March 2005, more tourists have received approval to visit. The South Korean government lets up to 70 tourists land at any given time; one ferry provides rides to the islets every day.{{sfn|Ha|2008}} Tour companies charge around 350,000 ] per person (about US$310 {{As of|2019|lc=on}}).<ref name="vis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dokdo.go.kr/eng/html/introduction/living.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111204054/http://www.dokdo.go.kr/eng/html/introduction/living.jsp |archive-date=11 January 2013 |url-status=dead |title=Life in Dokdo |publisher=Cyber Dokdo of Korea }}</ref>
=== The Three Kingdoms period ===
In 1145, ] (''Chronicles of Three Kingdoms'') recorded that the state of Usan (]), an island kingdom located on ], was conquered and "re-integrated" into ], one of the ], in 512. Samguk Sagi also mentions that another name of Usan-state is Ulleung-do.<ref>{{ko icon}} "十三年夏六月,于山國帰服,歳以士宜為貢于山國,在溟州正東海島,或名欝陵島,地方一百里,恃嶮不服,伊異斯夫,為何瑟羅州軍主,謂于山人愚悍難以威来,可以計服,乃多造木偶師子,分載戦船,抵其国海岸誑告白,汝若不服,則放此猛獣,踏殺之,國人恐懼則降." The character "do" (島) refers to island, whereas "guk" (國) refers to state/nation. See . 三国史記-卷四·新羅本紀·智証麻立干 智証王13年(512年)夏6月条</ref>


===Sovereignty dispute===
===The Joseon and Edo Period===
{{Main|Liancourt Rocks dispute}}


Sovereignty over the islands has been an ongoing point of contention in ]. There are conflicting interpretations about the historical state of sovereignty over the islets.
Taejong-sillok (태종실록 Annals for King Taejong) recorded that 12 people from Yusan-guk-do(유산국 流山國, Yusan-state-island) came to ].in 1412. And they testified as follows.
<blockquote>
We grew up on Muleung-do(a former name of Ulleung-do), where eleven families lived with a total of more than sixty men and women. Now we have moved to this island and are living there. The island's distances from east to west and north to south are each 2shik (24km), and its circumference is eight 8(96km)<ref>{{ja icon}} "命議政府議處流山國島人江原道觀察使報云流山國島人白加勿等十二名來泊高城於羅津言曰予等生長武陵其島内人戸十一男女共六十餘今移居本島是島自東至西自南至北皆二息周回八息無牛馬水田唯種豆一斗出二十石或三十石麥一石出五十餘石竹如大椽海錯果木皆在焉竊慮此人等逃還姑分置于通州高城扞城" See </ref></blockquote>
And, Joseon's official inspection of Usan-do was done in 1417. The inspection was recorded as follows.
<blockquote>
Inspector Kim In-u returned from Usan-do and brought local products as a tribute, including large bamboo, seal skins, raw ramie cloth, silk wool, and 生苧(a kind of plant). He also brought back three residents of the place. There were fifteen families living on the island for a total of eighty-six men and women. On his way back from the island, Kim In-u ran into two typhoons and barely made it back alive.<ref>太宗 33卷17年2月 5日 "按撫使金麟雨、還自于山島、献土産大竹・水牛皮・生苧・綿子・検撲（木業）木等物、且率居人三名、以来、其島戸凡十五口男女併八十六、麟雨之往還也、再逢風具風、僅得其生</ref>
</blockquote>
Today, Korea claims that Usan-do is present day Liancourt Rocks. However, the person cannot live independent at Liancourt Rocks, and the bamboo has not grown either. Therefore, Japanese scholars are pointing out that Usan-do is not Liancourt Rocks based on an inspection by Joseon government. <ref>法学研究論集(studies in law) 第6号 濱田太郎(Ph. D. Hamada) p297 "「于山島」には人が居住し、竹などが産出されることなどが記されているが、竹島には人の居住に適さないし、樹木は生えない(It is recorded that the person lives in Usan-do, and the bamboo etc. are yielded. But Liancourt Rocks is not suitable for the person's residence and the tree can't grow in the island)"</ref>


South Korean claims are partly based on references to an island called ] ({{Korean|hangul=우산도|hanja=于山島; 亐山島|labels=no}}) in various medieval historical records, maps, and encyclopedia such as '']'', '']'', ''Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam'', and ''Dongguk munhon bigo''. According to the South Korean view, these refer to today's Liancourt Rocks.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Japanese researchers of these documents have claimed the various references to Usan-do refer at different times to ], its neighboring island ], or a non-existent island between Ulleungdo and Korea.{{efn|"Such description ... rather reminds us of Utsuryo Island" (para. 2); "A study ... criticizes ... that Usan Island and Utsuryo Island are two names for one island." (para. 3); and "that island does not exist at all in reality" (para. 4{{snd}} {{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/takeshima/pamphlet_e.pdf |title=10 Issues of Takeshima, MOFA (Article 2) |date=February 2008 |publisher=] (Japan) |page=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913071653/http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/takeshima/pamphlet_e.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2008 }} }} The first printed usage of the name ''Dokdo'' was in a Japanese log book in 1904.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dokdo-takeshima.com/japans-takeshima-x-files-i.html |title="Logbooks of the Japanese Warship Niitaka September 25th 1904"<!--<軍艦新高行動日誌>--> |website=Dokdo Takeshima The Historical Facts of the Dispute|date=1 September 2008 }}</ref>
The ''Sejong Sillok'' (세종실록 "Chronicle of ]", 1432) mentions ] ,<ref> "于山、武陵二島在縣正東海中。二島相去不遠, 風日淸明, 則可望見。", National Institute of Korean History</ref><ref name="his">Korea.net (1999–2006).. Retrieved ], 2006</ref> but interpretation of the context is disputed. Korean scholars interpret the text as: "Usan-do (우산도 于山島) and Mureung-do (무릉도 武陵島, a former name of ]), located in the sea east of the ] Prefecture, are close enough to each other that in clear weather '''' come into view ''''. In the time of Silla, they were called Unsan-state or Ulleung-do". They say that this constitutes clear evidence that Usan-do refers to the Liancourt Rocks, the only island that is visible from Ulleungdo only in clear weather.<ref name="his" /> Japanese scholars interpret the text as: "Usan-do and Mureung-do are close enough to each other. In clear weather '''' come into view ''''. In the time of Silla, they were called Unsan-state or Ulleung-do". This interpritation is based on the rule of the Korean topographical record.<ref>{{ja icon}} "朝鮮時代の地誌では、島嶼を記録する場合は、その海島を所管する群県の所在地からの方向と、陸地からの距離が明記される決まりになっていた。 ( When the Korean topography records in the Joseon dynasty described islands, it was regulated to write the direction from the local government and the distance from the land.) See . 竹島は日韓どちらのものか by Prof. Shimojyo.</ref> And the record of Joseon governmental inspection that the person lives in Usan-do is considered, they argue that Usan-do refers to ] locating 4 km east of Ulleungdo<ref>山陰中央新報 05/07/31 下条教授(Prof. Shimojyo) "松島でそれだけの人は暮らせない。上陸するといった特徴を持つ島は竹嶼しかない。(The person cannot live at Liancourt Rocks. The island which has the feature that it is possible to land is only jukdo.)"</ref> or doubled Ulleungdo. <ref>舩杉准教授(Prof. Funasugi)"『朝鮮王朝実録』をみると、記載内容から于山島、武陵島など現在の鬱陵島と考えられる島の記載がみられます。(When we read Annals of Joseon Dynasty, there are descriptions which show present Ulleung-do.)"
</ref>
The ''Dong'guk yeoji seungnam'' (동국여지승람 "Augmented Geography Survey of the Eastern Nation (Korea)", 1481) defining Korea's territory, stated that "Usando and Ulleungdo are under the jurisdiction of Uljin-hyeon of ] as an administrative unit. However, Don'guk yoji sungnam also mentions that the tree and the beach could be clearly seen on a fine day and thus there is another theory that Usan-do and Ulleung-do are the same island, as trees cannot grow on Liancourt Rocks and the two islands are 90 km apart. Moreover, Korea interpreted the same record as the record that saw Ulleungdo from the peninsula in 1694 when the dispute of possession of Ulleungdo was occurred with Japan.<ref> "本島峰巒樹木, 自陸地歴歴望見, 而凡其山川紆曲, 地形闊狭, 民居遺址, 土物所産, 倶載於我国《輿地勝覧》書, 歴代相伝, 事跡昭然", National Institute of Korean History.</ref> The 1531 revision of this book includes the ] ("Map of the Eight Provinces"), showing two separate islands of Usan-do and Ulleung-do in the middle of the Sea of Japan. Usando is drawn to the ''west'' of Ulleungdo (The Liancourt rock is to the ''east'' of　Ulleungdo).


North Korea also regards the islands as Korean, and as it claims the entirety of ], North Korea claims the islands as its own and contests Japan's claim to the islands alongside South Korea.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Agency|first1=United States Central Intelligence|last2=Office|first2=Government Publications|title=The World Factbook 2016-17|date=2016|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9780160933271|pages=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfywxU2EnFwC&pg=PA406|language=en}}</ref>
''Man'gi yoram'' ("Handbook of State Affairs") from 1808 quotes the earlier ''Yeojiji'' ("Gazette") that Ulleungdo and Usando all belonged to Usan'guk and Usando is what Japanese call Matsushima, i.e., present Liancourt Rocks.<ref> See the English translation at the bottom of this link </ref> However, the transcript of ''Yeojiji'' was recently rediscovered. The ''Yeojiji'' stated that "Usan-do and Ulleung-do are spoken of as the same island, too." <ref>下条正男(Prof. Shimojyo) 諸君！2007年9月号 p98"その結果、東国輿地志には「一説に言う、于山鬱稜島本一島」とあったことがわかった。(As a result, it turned out that Yeojiji stated as "Usan-do and Ulleung-do are spoken of as the same island, too.")"</ref> Therefore, a Japanese scholar points out the fabrication by the author of the ''Man'gi yoram'' about the quotation part concerning ''Yeojiji''.<ref></ref>


<gallery widths="200px" heights="135px">
On the Korean cartographs, (by Chong Sang-gi, 1678~1752), ] (1822), and ] (by Kim Tae-gon, 1821–1846), Usando is displayed. From the Korean point of view, this islet is Liancourt, but Japan construes this to be ] from the distance, shape, size, and direction.<ref>{{ja icon}} See which is on and part of </ref>
File:South Korean "Tokto" postage stamps, c. 1954.png|South Korean stamps depicting the Liancourt Rocks from 1954
File:Dokdo-Police boat.jpg|A South Korean police boat approaches the dock on the Liancourt Rocks' East Islet.
</gallery>


=== Natural Monument of South Korea ===
From the early fifteenth century to the aftermath of the ], the Joseon court was unable and unwilling to maintain a civilian population on both Ulleung-do and Usan-do. According to the ''Taejong Sillok'' ("Annals of King Taejong"), the mainland government forcibly evacuated the islands during Taejong's reign, in accordance to the "vacant island policy"<ref>, National Institute of Korean History.</ref> Thus the islets were only occasionally populated by permanent settlers up to the seventeenth century (a permanent population existed only on Ulleung-do). Following the war, the islands were completely vacated.
The Liancourt Rocks were designated as a breeding ground for ]s, ]s, and ]s as ] #336 of South Korea on November 29, 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 1982 |title=문화재(천연기념물)보호구역지정 |url=http://theme.archives.go.kr/viewer/common/archWebViewer.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028139917#19}}</ref>


== See also ==
''Takeshima Tōkai Yuraiki Bassho Hikae'', written by Ōya Kyuemon, records that in 1618 the ] granted the Ōya and Murakawa families of Yonago fishing rights, and in 1661, feudal tenure, of "Takeshima", which then referred to Ulleung-do. On the way to Ulleung-do, Japanese fishermen sometimes used the Liancourt Rocks, then called in Japanese {{nihongo|"Matsushima"|松島|}}, as an intermediate port of call. From the Korean point of view, the grants were invalid because the islets were Korean territory.<ref>, May 2005, ''Korea Foundation Newsletter''</ref>
{{Portal|Politics|Japan|South Korea|Islands}}
* ]
* ]
{{Clear}}


==Notes==
In 1677, the Japanese record ''Onshu shicho goki'' ("Records on Observations in Oki Province") was compiled by Saito Hessen in 1667. Saito was a retainer of the daimyo of Izumo (sesshu), and at his lord's behest , Saito an observation trip to Oki Island, whereupon he submitted these records to his lord. The record reports are as follows:
{{Notelist}}


==Inline citations==
''Oki is in the middle of the North Sea and is called Okinoshima.'' ''Going further from there for two days and one night in a northwesterly direction, one reaches Matsushima.'' ''Also there is Takeshima at another day's travel.'' ''These two islands are uninhabited and viewing Goryeo from there is like viewing Oki from Onshu.'' ''And thus this "州" marks the northwestern boundary of Japan.''
{{Reflist|30em}}
:*''There are two interpretations abour "州". One is Oki prefecture and another is a Takeshima(Ulleungdo).''<ref></ref>


=== References ===
Considering that this report was compiled from the view of Japan, Matsushima (the closer island) refers to Liancourt Rocks and Takeshima (the farther island) refers to Ulleungdo.<ref> from the site maintained by </ref>
* {{citation|author=BAEK In-ki |author2=SHIM Mun-bo |author3=Korea Maritime Institute |title=A study of Distance between Ulleungdo and Dokdo and Ocean Currents (울릉도와 독도의 거리와 해류에 관한 연구) |date=December 2006 |url=http://library.kmi.re.kr/w03_01e.asp?gs_DType=m&gs_DControlNo=52190 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112034708/http://library.kmi.re.kr/w03_01e.asp?gs_DType=m&gs_DControlNo=52190 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2013 |pages=20–22 |isbn=978-89-7998-340-1 }}
* {{citation |author=BBC staff |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4925258.stm |title=Seoul and Tokyo hold island talks |publisher=BBC |date=20 April 2006}}
* {{citation |author=BBC staff |date=27 July 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7511065.stm |title=Island row hits Japanese condoms|work=BBC News}}
* {{citation |last=Fern |first=Sean |date=Winter 2005 |title=Tokdo or Takeshima? The International Law of Territorial Acquisition in the Japan-Korea Island Dispute |journal=Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs |volume=5 |number=1}}
* {{citation |author=Gyeongsangbuk-do Province |date=28 September 2017a |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/s03/page.html?mc=7180 |title=Climate |website=Dokdo, Beautiful island of Korea |publisher=Korean Government }}
* {{citation |author=Gyeongsangbuk-do Province |date=28 September 2017b |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/s01/page.html?mc=7226 |title=Composition |website=Dokdo, Beautiful island of Korea |publisher=Korean Government }}
* {{citation |author=Gyeongsangbuk-do Province |date=28 September 2017c |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/s01/page.html?mc=7225 |title=Location |website=Dokdo, Beautiful island of Korea |publisher=Korean Government }}
* {{citation |author=Gyeo ngbuk Province |year=2001a |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/sub01/page.html?mc=0082 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729172424/http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/sub01/page.html?mc=0082 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-07-29 |title=Natural Environment |website=Cyber Dokdo |publisher=Korean Government }}
* {{citation |author=Gyeo ngbuk Province |year=2001b |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/sub01/page.html?mc=0093 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729172446/http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/sub01/page.html?mc=0093 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-07-29 |title=Visit Dokdo |website=Cyber Dokdo |publisher=Korean Government }}
* {{citation|last=Ha |first=Michael |date=26 August 2008 |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2009/01/177_30015.html |title=A Unique Trip to Dokdo—Islets in the News |newspaper=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065204/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2009/01/177_30015.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}
* {{citation |last=Kirk |first=Donald |date=26 July 2008 |url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/JG26Dh01.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090301001613/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/JG26Dh01.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 1 March 2009 |title=Seoul has desert island dreams |work= Asia Times Online }}
* {{citation |author=KOIS staff |date=12 January 2007 |url=http://www.korea.net/News/News/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070111037&part=109&SearchDay= |title=Cell phones give Korean ring to Dokdo |publisher=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302011635/http://www.korea.net/News/News/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070111037&part=109&SearchDay= |archive-date=2 March 2009}}
* {{citation |author=KOIS staff |date=12 June 2007a |url=http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070612020&part=102&SearchDay= |title=Doosan pours big drink for Dokdo residents |publisher=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302022720/http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070612020&part=102&SearchDay= |archive-date=2 March 2009}}
* {{citation |last=Choe |date=28 August 2008 |first=Sang-Hun |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/28/asia/island.php |title=A fierce Korean pride in a lonely group of islets |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828200807/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/28/asia/island.php |archive-date=28 August 2008}}
* {{citation |author=Yonhap staff |date=20 July 2011 |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2011/07/30/34/0301000000AEN20110730001800320F.HTML |title=N. Korea denounces Japan's vow to visit island near Dokdo |publisher=]}}


==External links==
In 1695 the Shogunate inquired to the Tottori clan (Shimane Prefecture) if Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and Matsushima (Liancourt rocks) were part of Imbashu or Hoki districts where the Oyas and Murakawas of Yonago resided.
{{Commons category|Liancourt Rocks}}
{{Wikivoyage|Liancourt Rocks}}


'''South Korea'''
The Shogunate inquired:
*
''Since when has Takeshima (Ulleungdo) as part of Inaba District (因幡)and Hoki District (伯耆), become under these two's jurisdiction? Is it before or after the year 1632, when the ancestors was given land? Besides Takeshima (Ulleungdo) are there any other islands that are within the two areas jurisdiction?''
* (Korea)
*
**{{cite web|author=대한민국외교부|author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|title=Dokdo, Beautiful Island of Korea|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEF9FDh4nZc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/mEF9FDh4nZc| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|date=2014-04-22|language=en|website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}


'''Japan'''
Tottori (Shimane) replied:
* (])
''Takeshima does not belong to Inaba District (因幡) nor Hoki District (伯耆). There are no other islands belonging to the two districts including Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and Matsushima (Liancourt rocks)''
** Cabinet Secretariat, Japan

* (] office, Japan)
===The An Yong-bok incident===
* (])
In the spring of 1693 about 40 Korean fishermen from ] and ] clashed with the ] and ] fishermen at Ulleung-do. ] (안용복) and Pak Eo-dun (박어둔) were captured and taken to the Yonago in the Tottri clan (modern-day Yonago city and ]).
** Northeast Asia Division, Asian and Oceanian Affairs Bureau, ] (February 2008)
An was detained in Otani's house in Yonago for two months, and investigated by the Tottori clan. The shogunate ordered to send them to the Nagasaki magistrate place, and to send them to Tsushima clan in addition. An was held hostage by the lord of Tsushima clan (So Yoshitsugu) again. When An was repatriated to Korea, the Tokugawa Shogunate demanded the prohibition of Koreans going to Ulleung-do.<ref> "向後?不?候?二堅堅朝鮮表江被仰遣候?二御?元江被申越候?二と相模守申付候"</ref> This led to diplomatic friction between Japan and Korea.
** Northeast Asia Division, Asian and Oceanian Affairs Bureau, MOFA, Japan (March 2014)
After An was repatriated to Korea, he testified that "the Kanpaku (Imperial regent) of the Tokugawa Shogunate made a note that confirmed Ulleungdo as Korean territory and I was in possession of the note until I was seized en route to Korea by the lord of Nagasaki, where it was confiscated and I was held on the grounds of trespassing onto Japanese territory."
**{{cite web|author=MOFA, Japan |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) |title=Takeshima - Seeking a Solution based on Law and Dialogue |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYRHZX3m-bg | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/DYRHZX3m-bg| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|date=October 31, 2013 |language=en |website=YouTube }}{{cbignore}}
Korean scholars allege as a fact this testimony;<ref>See on the site.</ref> Japanese scholars, however, insist that this testimony is An's lie, because he did not go to Edo where the Shogunate lived, and the Shogunate demanded Koreans prohibited from going to Ulleung-do.<ref>See </ref><ref>See </ref>
As result of diplomatic negotiation, senior statesmens of shogunate issued the following instructions to the load of Tsuhima clan in January 1696 (translated into English):
:1. Ulleungdo(Takeshima) is about 160-ri (640km) from Oki but only about 40-ri (160km) from Korea; therefore, it can be considered that Japanese Takeshima is same island as Korean Ulleungdo. <ref>{{jp icon}} "道程ノ儀相尋候ヘハ伯耆ヨリハ百六十里程有之 朝鮮ヘハ四十里程有之由ニ候 然ハ朝鮮國ノ蔚陵島ニテモ可有之候哉" See . 明治十年三月 公文? ?務省之部一　日本海?竹島外一島地籍編纂方伺　一?.</ref>
:2. Japanese are forbidden henceforth to make passage to Takeshima for the Japan-Korea friendship because the island is useless.<ref>{{jp icon}} "?取ニ?リ候?ニテ無益島ニ候處此儀ムスホホレ年?ノ通交絶申候モ如何ニ候 御威光或ハ武威ヲ以テ申勝ニイタシ候テモ筋モナキ事申募リ候儀ハ不入事ニ候　竹島ノ儀元シカト不仕事ニ候 例年不?候" See . 明治十年三月 公文? ?務省之部一　日本海?竹島外一島地籍編纂方伺　一?.</ref>
:3. The lord of Tsushima should communicate this to Korea.

Though Tottori clan reported to the shogunate that ''Takeshima does not belong to Inaba state (因幡) nor Hoki state (伯耆). There are no other islands belonging to the two states including Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and Matsushima (Liancourt Rocks)'',<ref></ref> the shogunate did not order a prohibition of Japanese going to Matsuhima (Liancourt Rocks). In the diplomatic negotiation between Japan (Tsushima clan) and the Chosun government, they never discussed the Liancourt Rocks.

In 1696, Ahn visited Japan again. According to the ''Sukjong Sillok'', Ahn testified as follows after he had returned to Joseon.
<blockquote>
”I sailed to Ulleung-do and the Usando again with the company of sixteen fishermen, disguised as a naval officer, and clashed again with the Japanese at Ulleung-do. The Japanese said they were living on Matsushima and strayed onto Takeshima (Ullungdo) while fishing and would return. I fulminated at this, demanding to know why the Japanese were living on a Korean island. When I was arriving in Japan, I said to the lord of the Tottori clan that "though it was confiscated by the Tsushima clan, I got the Tokugawa Shogunate's edict that the both islands were Korean possessions before visit.　When I said that I will appeal for this to the Kanpaku, the lord of Tsushima clan came to Tottori and he entreated me to stop it.<ref>, ''Korean Times'', ], ].</ref><ref>, ''Digital Chosun Ilbo'', ], ].</ref>”
</blockquote>

However, in May of 2005 a document recording Anyongbok’s statement was found by the Murakawa family in Shimane Prefecture. The record recorded to the Bafuku is the investigation on Anyongbok who arrived in Hokishu in May 1696 via the Oki Islands.
The document has a total of 15 pages. The fifth page records Anyongbok’s statement that Jasando (Usando) is Matsushima (松島) The last page records the eight provinces of Korea. The document specifically states that Takeshima (竹島 Ulleungdo) and Matsushima (松島 Liancourt Rocks) are part of Gangwan Province (江原道).

The Joseon government answered the Tsushima clan about the An Yong-bok incident by oral as follows.
<blockquote>
He(Ahn) is the stupid people. Even if he does something, a Joseon government is unrelated.<ref>肅宗31卷 23年(1697年2月14日) "於漂風愚民, 設有所作爲, 亦非朝家所知</ref>
</blockquote> In addition, a Joseon government told Japan not to admit Ahn's activity in Japan with an official document in March, 1698. It was being written in the document as follows.
<blockquote>
His(Ahn's) petition is guilty of the lie. Therefore, he was imprisoned.<ref>竹島紀事５巻　"若其呈書 誠有妄作之罪 故已施幽極之典(His petition is guilty of the lie. Therefore, he was imprisoned.)" </ref>
</blockquote>

Following the diplomatic spat in the seventeenth century, the ''Sangoku setsujozu'' ("A Map of Three Adjoining Countries"), a map attached to the ''Sangoku tsuran zusetsu'' ("An Illustrated General Survey of Three Countries") was compiled by ] and published in 1785. The map shows international boundaries and foreign countries in different colors: Korea is depicted in yellow and Japan in green. On the map are two islets; ] is identified as 'Takeshima' and another island adjacent to it is unidentified. A Korean researcher believes that the unidentified island is the Liancourt Rocks.<ref>See </ref> A Japanese researcher claims that the unidentified island is ].<ref>竹島問題に関する調査研究　舩杉力修(prof. FUNASUGI）p194"その距離から現在の竹島ではなく鬱稜島の属島であると見られる。(It is thought that it is not present Liancourt Rocks but belonging islet of Ulleungdo from distance.)"</ref> According to the map, the drawings are characters inscribed "Korea's possessions.

In the ''Dainihonzu'' ("Map of Great Japan"), another map attached to An Illustrated General Survey of Three Countries, Hayashi also treated Ulleungdo and the Liancourt rocks as Korean territory in an explanatory note. In the latter part of the 18th century, a ''Japanese geographer'' made a map called ''Soezu'' ("A Complete Illustrated Map") which uses colors to distinguish national borders and territories: Korea in yellow and Japan in red. These islands were not identified by name, but are shown in yellow in their accurate positions and described as "Korea's possessions."
<ref>http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Korea/Dokto_Island/History/Shin_Yong-ha_3.html#top</ref>

The Joseon government regularly executed the inspection of Ulleung-do after the An Yong-bok incident. The Korean scholar is claiming that Liancourt Rocks was inspected too. However, The Japanese scholar is pointing out that there is no information about Liancourt Rocks in reports of inspections of Ulleung-do at all. <ref>法学研究論集(studies in law) 第6号 濱田太郎(Ph. D. Hamada) p302 "掃討官の報告に竹島（独島）に関する具体的な記述がないことから見て、掃討官が竹島（独島）まで赴いていたとは言い難いと言わざるを得ない(Because there is no concrete description about Liancourt Rocks in the inspector's reports, it cannot be assumed that inspector had gone to Liancourt Rocks.)" </ref>

Bak Chang-seok went to Ulleung-do in 1711 as a inspector. The stone monument that he put up on Ulleung-do still remains. He also made a Ulleung-do's map. and this map was sealed by Bibyeonsa(a border security organization of Joseon government). The Usan-do is drawn in the map, and labeled as "groves of haejang bamboo". Though the bamboo can't grow up on Liancourt Rocks, it grows on the ]. Therefore, the Japanese scholar claims that this official map proves Usan-do is ].<ref>舩杉教授(Prof. Funasugi) "したがって韓国側が現在の竹島と主張する「于山島」は、朝鮮王朝作製のいわゆる官製地図において、現在の竹島でないことが明らかとなりました。(Therefore, it was clarified that Usan-do is not Liancourt Rocks by this public Joseon's map.)"http://www.pref.shimane.lg.jp/soumu/web-takeshima/takeshima04/takeshima04-1/takeshima04-d.html </ref>

===Other maps and records===
*''Chosen Hachido-no Zu'' (1758) depicts Ulleung-do and Usan-guk (state) on one big island within Korean territory. Korean scholars insist that the Liancourt rocks are comparised in this one island. Japanese insist that only Ullengdo is drawn in this map.<ref>See , University of Tsukuba Library,.</ref>
*''Sangoku Tsuran Yochi Rotei Zensu'' (1785) depicts as Korean territory a small island located next to Ulleung-do. Korean scholars believe this to depict the Liancourt rocks, but Japanese scholars believe it corresponds to Juk-do.
*''Dae Dong Yeo Ji Do'' (1861), depicts one island. Korean scholars insist that the Liancourt rocks are comprised in this island. Japanese insist that only Ullengdo is drawn in this map.<ref>See </ref>

In 1849, a ] ] from ] by the name of Le Liancourt, named the islets "Rochers de Liancourt" in 1849.<ref name="cyb" /> In 1854, the Russians called them the "Manalai and Olivutsa Rocks" upon their first sighting and, in 1855, the English started calling them the "Hornet Rocks."<ref name="net" />

The inconsistent use of the names "Takeshima" and "Matsushima" in Japanese documents leaves room for dispute. Most Japanese documents and maps after 1905 use the name ''Takeshima'' or place the islets in Korean territory outright under the title ''Dokdo'', while pre-1905 documents tend to use ''Takeshima'', ''Matsushima'', or entirely exclude the islets.

In 1869 a the new Meiji government sent a Japanese diplomatic mission to Korea to gather information and establish relations. Their report included information about Takeshima and Matsushima. It reads as follows:

:''竹島松島朝鮮附屬 "How Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and Matsushima became Korean Possessions"''
:''"..Matsushima (松島) is a neighbor island of Takeshima (竹島) and there is no document on file by the shogunate concerning this island. 2. The island of Takeshima (Ulleungdo) was settled by the Korean people after the 1690s but it now has become uninhabited…"''

Some Japanese scholars maintain the Matsushima (松島) in this document refers to a different island due to possible mapping errors of this era.

In 1877, the Japanese Dajokan (Council of State) issued the following ruling, (translated into English):

:''In response to the compilation of the cadastre for Takeshima and another island in the Sea of Japan per Home Office Inquiry.''
:''Knowing that our country has nothing to do with them as the result of the communication between our old government and that country involved after the entry into the island by the Koreans in the fifth year of the Genroku, and having examined the view stated in the inquiry, the following draft instruction has been made for deliberation and sanction.''
:''Draft Introduction-''
:''In reference to Takeshima and another island, it is to be understood that our country has nothing to do with them.''

On ] ], the ] issued Korean Government Imperial Ordinance 41,<ref>See </ref> incorporating the islands of Ulleung-do, Juk-do (죽도 竹島), and Seok-do (석도 石島) into Ulleung County. The Korean government regards "Seok-do" as the island they now call Dok-do because 石島(Seok-do) is pronounced "Dok-do" in the Gyeongsang and Jeolla dialects.<ref>See </ref><ref></ref> Article ・ of the ordinance designated Taehadong as the kun office venue and defined the jurisdiction of the Uldo country magistrate as extending over the whole of Ulleung-do, Juk-do, and Seok-do. Here Juk-do refers to Jukseo-do, a rocky islet adjoining Ullungdo that was confirmed by Yi Kyu-won in his diary during an inspection trip there.

A majority of the people who settled on Ulleungdo were from Jeolla Province. In the dialect of that region ''dol'' (meaning rock; ''seok'' or 石 in ]) is pronounced as ''dok'', thus ''dol-seom'' (돌섬 literally rocky island) becomes dok-seom. As a result the government registered the island as Seok-do or 石島 in the Chinese writing system—the preferred method of transcription- which had remained official (as was Latin under the Roman Empire and French after the Norman conquest in Great Britain) even after the creation of ] as the indigenous Korean alphabet in 1447.

Similar cases can be found not only in the names of islands but also those of valleys. This is especially true for the southern regions of Korea. In some cases ''Dok-seom'' is pronounced ''Dokdo'' and is written with the Chinese characters 獨島. The sound ''dok'' or ''dol'' is the Chinese character 獨, and 島 is the Chinese character for island—namely, som or to.

Although the government adopted the name of Seok-do for the rocks when the ordinance came into effect, the residents of Ullungdo called the island either Seok-do or the rocks.
During the Russo-Japanese war the Japanese warship ''Niitakago'' was sent to Ulleungdo to investigate the area in preparation for the building of a watchtower on the Liancourt rocks in 1904. The deck log of ''Niitakago'' recorded that Korea wrote the islets as 'Dokdo (獨島)'
<ref>{{ja icon}} "松島ニ於テリアニコルド岩實見者ヨリ聽取リタル情報。'''リアンコル岩韓人之ヲ獨島'''ト書シ本邦漁夫等略シテリヤンコ島ト略稱セリ。 See . 軍艦新高行動日誌 二十五日(月) By 1904 Japanese Navy document</ref>

Japan, however, makes use of the inconsistency of terms used for the islands and claims that Korea is short of evidence that makes "Seok-do" "Dokdo". Some Japanese researchers claim Seok-do to be a different island now called Gwaneum-do (관음도) and that the Korean government did not regard the Liancourt rocks as its territory at the time.<ref>See </ref>

===The 1904–1905 Russia~Japan War and Liancourt Rocks===

On February 8th 1904 the Japanese Navy opened a surprise attack on Russian boats Varyag and Korietz anchored in Chemulpo (Incheon). Their troops continued to advance into Seoul and after weeks of continued intimidation and manipulation, the Koreans signed the February 24th, Japan-Korea Protocol. The protocol allowed the Japanese to occupy strategic areas of Korea. Immediately the Japanese Army and Navy began constructing military observation and communications posts on all strategic coastal and island locations of Korea. These areas included: Uldo Island, Cheju Island, Udo, Hongdo, Palpo, Wonsan, Jukpyeon, Ulsan, Jinae, Geomun Island, Baekryoeng Island, Ulleung Island, Pohang, and Pusan.

On September 25th 1904 the Japanese Warship Niitaka was involved in telegraph construction on Matsushima (Ulleungdo) and reported "…Korean's call Liancourt Rocks Dokdo and Japanese fishermen call them Riangko.." It was also reported that "..the East Islet was low and flat, thus suitable for constructing military buildings…"

The Japanese Warship Tsushima was issued special directive #276 on November 13th 1904. It included three instructions: a)Inform of the test of the wireless telegraph communications of Takasaki Mountain (on Oki Island) along with the test technician. b)Survey Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo Island) for its suitability for telegraph installation (not wireless telegraph)
c)Dispatch workers and materials for Matsushima, (Ulleungdo) Jukpyeon, and Cape Ulsan watchtowers.

On the morning of November 20th 1904 Vice Commander Yamanaka Shibakichi of the Tsushima surveyed Liancourt Rocks and concluded with some difficulty a watchtower could be constructed on Liancourt's East Islet. His survey of Liancourt Rocks was forwarded to the Director of the Japanese Navy's Hydrographic Department on January 5th of 1905.

The Japanese Navy drafted a plan on May 30, immediately following the ] on May 27-28 1905, and on June 13 instructed the warship Hashitade to go to the island for a further detailed survey. The Navy thus setup a plan for comprehensive facilities in the Sea of Japan including Ullungdo and Takeshima on June 24 of the same year. The plan called for (1) the construction of a large watchtower on the northern part of Ullungdo (nine men to be posted) and a wireless telegraphic station, (2) the construction of the long-pending watchtower on Takeshima/Tokdo (to be manned by four men), (3) the watchtowers of the two islands to be linked by underwater cables which are to be extended to the watch-tower on Oki Island.

===Japan's 1905 Shimane Incorporation of Liancourt Rocks===
During the Russo-Japanese War and increasing Japanese influence over Korea, ''Takeshima'' was proclaimed a part of ] in ] under the doctrine of '']'' (although this presumption is no longer mentioned in the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs following the release of Korean Imperial Ordinance 41) on ], ]. The Koreans were not notified of the annexation until ] 1906, when Korea had already become a Japanese protectorate under the ] and thus had no power to protest the Japanese government's actions.

Upon learning the Japanese had incorporated Liancourt Rocks, Ulleungdo Governor Shim Heung Taek sent the following memorandum to the central government on Lunar March 5th 1906'':"Dokdo belonging to this county is located in the sea 100 ri from this county. A Japanese steamship moored at Todongp'o in Udo on the 4th day of the month about 8:00 a.m and a group of Japanese Officials came to my office and said, "We came to inspect Dokdo since it is now Japanese territory…"''
Afterwards the Daehan Governor Responded'':"Order No.3 by the Daehan Empires Governor I have read this report. Their word that Dokdo has become Japanese territory is a totally unfounded allegation, recheck the island and action of Japanese people…"''

The Korean newspaper Daehan Maeil Shinbo also sharply criticized the Japanese incorporation of Takeshima on May 1st 1906 stating'':"The Domestic Affairs office stated "It is not unusual for those Japanese Officials to inspect Ulleungdo Island while they were traveling in the area. However their claiming Dokdo as Japanese territory does not make sense at all. We find the Japanese claim shocking…"''

<ref>See </ref><ref>See .</ref> The South Korean government claims this incorporation is invalid because it was done covertly. Japan, on the other hand, claims it was not done secretly and was reported in newspapers and that it does not violate any international laws.<ref>See </ref>

Korean scholar claims as follows. ''Notably, however, the Japanese did not contact other countries of its annexation of the Liancourt rocks as it did with the acquisition of the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands in the Pacific, when it contacted Great Britain and the U.S. several times, which were only remotely involved in them, as well as notified 12 European countries of its establishment of control over the islands. (In any case, the previously-held claim of ''terra nullius'' creates a contradiction in the Japanese argument: if the islands had been Japanese territory since 1618, the ''terra nullius'' policy would have been incorrect, while if the ''terra nullius'' policy had been right, the Japanese claim of historical ownership over the islets would be void.)''<br />

However, Japanese occupation case is not only Ogasawara at that time. Another Korean scholar investigated seven cases about Japanese occupation of the island and concluded that Liancourt Rocks's incorporation procedure by Japan was the same as the other cases.<ref>国際法外交雑誌　第105巻第2号　2006年8月　朴培根(Prof. Park) p44 "国際法上の先占の要件を備えるために周密な国内手続きと形式を整えた。（To fill the requirement for occupation of International Law, Japan straightened a deliberate domestic procedure and the form. )" p46 "結論的に言って、他の島嶼の先占に比べ、竹島の先占に別に特異なところはなかった。(Consequentially, Takeshima's occupation by Japan did not have the difference compared with other cases."</ref> In addition, he pointed out that the incorporation of Japan was not contradicted in International Law.<ref>国際法外交雑誌　第105巻第2号　2006年8月　朴培根(Prof. Park) p38 "したがって、竹島/独島に対する領域権原を近代国際法に照らして確実なものにするために日本が先占のような追加措置をすることは、近代国際法の観点から見ると論理的に可能であり、必ずしも意義のないことではない。(Therefore, to ensure title in International Law by additional measures similar to occupation is logically possible. And it is not meaningless.)"</ref> A Japanese scholar claims that most scholar of International Law at that time<ref>THE ACQUISITION AND GOVERNMENT OF BACKWARD TERRITORY IN INTERNATIONA LAW by M.F.Lindley P295 "These isolated special agreements, when taken into conjunction with the fact that, apart from the region dealt with in Article 34, notifications have been the exception rather than the rule, save to emphasize the point that such notifications were not required by general law."</ref> and judicial precedents<ref>Palmas case "An obligation for the Netherlands to notify to other Powers the establishment of suzerainty over the Sangi States or of the display of sovereignty in these territories did not exist."</ref> assume that there is no notification obligation.<ref>領土帰属の国際法　太壽堂鼎(Prof. Daijyudo) p145 "判例や学説の多数も、通告の必要を認めていない(Many of the judicial precedent and the theory do not admit the necessity of the notification.)"</ref>

<!--Note: "New Geography of Korea" says the territory of Ulleung County is from 130°35′ to 130°45′East longitude. The Liancourt Rocks are located at about 131°52′ E. Japan didn't regard Liancourt Rocks as Korean territory then.-->

The Cairo Conference of 1943 stated that "Japan will be expelled from all territories which she has taken by violence and greed ." Japan argues that Liancourt Rocks are an integral part of Japanese territory and do not fall within the Cairo Declaration's definition of territories taken by greed, whereas Korea argues that the islets falls under this definition.<ref></ref>

===After World War II and during occupied Japan===
Upon Japan's defeat in ], during the ], Korea, and Taiwan by the ], the ] Instruction #677 of ], ] temporarily ceased Japan's administrative power over Liancourt Rocks.<ref>See </ref><ref>, Dokdo Center, 2005.09.09.</ref> SCAPIN are instructions of occupation forces based on international law of war, and not treaties between subjects.
:SUBJECT:Governmental and Administrative Separation of Certain Outlying Areas Japan.
:''1. The Imperial Japanese Government is directed to cease exercising, or attempting to exercise, governmental or administrative authority over any area outside Japan, or over any government officials and employees or any other persons within such areas.''
:''3. For the purpose of this directive, Japan is defined to include the four main islands of Japan (Hokkaidō, Honshū, Kyūshū and Shikoku) and the approximately 1,000 smaller adjacent islands, including the Tsushima Islands and the Ryūkyū (Nansei) Islands north of 30° North Latitude (excluding Kuchinoshima Island); and excluding
::''(a) Utsuryo (Ullung) Island, Liancourt Rocks (Take Island), and Kuelpart (saishu or Cheju) Island,''
::''(b) the Ryūkyū (nansei) Islands south of 30° North Latitude (including Kuchinoshima Island), the Izu, Kanpo, Bonin (Ogasawara) and Volcano (Kazan or Iwo) Island Groups, and all other outlying Pacific Islands including the Daito (Ohigashi or Gagari) Islands Group, and Parace Vela (Okino-tori), Kercus (Kinami-tori) and Canges (Nakano-tori) Islands, and''
::''(c) the Kurile (Chishima) Islands, the Habomai (Hapomazo) Islands Group (including Suisho, Yuri, Aki-yuri, Shibotsu and Taraku Islands) and Shikotan Island.''
:''5. The definition of Japan contained in this directive shall also apply to all future directives, memoranda and orders from this Headquarters unless otherwise specified therein.
:''6. Nothing in this directive shall be construed as an indication of Allied policy relating to the ultimate determination of the minor islands referred to in Article 8 of the Potsdam Declaration.''

Islands mentioned in (a), other than the Liancourt rocks, were renounced by Japan at ]. Japanese sovereignty which is mentioned in (b) were eventually recovered. Those mentioned in (c), for the most part, remain in Russian occupation (though disputed by Japan). The instruction stated that "nothing in this directive shall be construed as an indication of Allied policy relating to the ultimate determination of the minor islands referred to in Article 8 of the Potsdam Declaration."

A similar description is seen in Article 5 of ] Instruction #1033 that became the origin of the ] line.<ref>, ], p. 49.</ref><ref>, Toron Talker</ref>
:''3. (b) Japanese vessels or personnel thereof will not approached closer than twelve (12) miles to Takeshima (37°15′ North Latitude, 131°53′ East Longitude) nor have any contact with said island.''
:''5. The present authorization is not an expression of Allied policy relative to ultimate determination of national jurisdiction, international boundaries or fishing rights in the area concerned or in any other area.''
In 1951, during the Korean War, Lieutenant General John B. Coulter affiliated with the U.S. Army in Korea requested and received permission from South Korea to use the islets for military exercises.<ref>See </ref>

South Korea is interpreting SCAPIN677 as a territorial order which excludes the Japanese sovereignty because it is being written as "Japan is defined" in clause 3. However, the U.S. Department of State denied the Korean claim based on SCAPIN677 in a note to the American embassy in Korea.
<blockquote>
''The Korean claim, based on SCAPIN677 of January 29, 1946, which suspended Japanese administration of various island areas, include Takeshima (Liancourt Rocks), did not preclude Japan from exercising sovereignty over this area permanently. A later SCAPIN, No.1776 of September 16, 1947 desinated th islets as a bombing range for the Far East Air Force and further provided that use of the range would be made only after notification through Japanese civil authorities to the inhabitants of the Oki Island and certaion ports on Western Honsu.''<ref>]</ref>
</blockquote>

===Treatment of Liancourt Rocks in the ]===
The negotiations involving the fate of former Japanese territories was a long, drawn-out process. The first five and seventh drafts of the treaty provided that Liancourt be renounced territory by Japan for Korea and silent as Japanese territory. The sixth, eighth, ninth, and fourteenth drafts explicitly stated that the territory of Japan included Liancourt Rocks and silent as Japanese renounce territory. The tenth through thirteenth and fifteenth through eighteenth drafts, like the final draft, were silent on the status of Liancourt Rocks as Japanese renounce territory.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} A draft was made on June 14, 1951 after the conference with U.S. and Britain, an article concerning the Korean territory is as follows.<ref>United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States, 1951. Asia and the Pacific (in two parts) Volume VI, Part 1 (1951) "Revised United States-United Kingdom Draft of a Japanese Peace Treaty June 14,1951"</ref> This article was not changed after this draft.<ref> The REFERENCE No.517 塚本孝（Tsukamoto Takashi）p47 ”米英両国は、1951年6月の協議を経て、同6月14日付けで、“改訂米英草案”を作成した。（中略）この第二条aは、1951年9月8日署名の最終テキストまで変更されなかった。”</ref>
<blockquote>
''Article 2: (a) Japan, recognizing the independence of Korea, renounces all right, title and claim to Korea, including the islands of Quelpart , Port Hamilton , and Dagelet .
''</blockquote>
The South Korea government requested the Department of State to insert Liancourt Rocks in the territory that Japan renounced on Jury 19, 1951. However, this Korean request was rejected by the ].

] was signed on September 8, 1951. The CIA's Daily Digest of November 30, 1951, reported Japan decided to abandon the islets after the signature.<ref>{{cite journal |date=24 | year = 2005 | month = March|url = http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/newsview_sub.php?menu=1&key=2005032430|title = CIA Records Say Japan Gave up Dokdo|accessdate = 2006-06-07 | journal = KBS Global}}</ref> However, such document of Japanese Government has not been discovered. The treaty came into effect on April 28, 1952.

On ] ] the U.S. Government made a security agreement with Japan listing the island as a "facility of the Japanese Government" because she judged that Liancourt Rocks is Japanese territory by the ]<ref> The action of the United States-Japan Joint Committee in designating these rocks as a facility of the Japanese Government is therefore justified.</ref>. In the negotiation on the bombing area between U.S. government and ROK, the U.S. government send a diplomatic document to Korea and rejected the Korean claim on December 4, 1952.<br />
<blockquote>
"The Embassy has taken note of the statement contained in the Ministry's Note that' Dokdo Island (Liancourt Rocks) .....is a part of the territory of the Republic of Korea.' The United States Government's understanding of the territorial status of this island was ]."
</blockquote>

In the end there was no mention of Liancourt Rocks in the San Francisco Peace Treaty.

Some Koreans are claiming these ''"U.S. governmental records are invalid because they ware influenced by Japanese lobbying at that time."''{{Fact|date=December 2007}} A scholar who support Korean claim says as follows. ''" The allied powers did not indicate why they chose to remain silent on the outcome, but the varying positions taken during the deliberation process indicate that the decision was made either because not enough information had bee provided regarding the historical events surrounding Japan's incorporation of Dokdo Takeshima or because the Allied Powers felt themselves incapable or inadequate adjudicators."''{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Other Korean scholar responds that ''"Article 2 is stated to be non-exclusive, silent on other Korean islets like ], and that the silence means SCAPIN 677's exclusion of the islets from Japanese territory remains in effect."''{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

However Japanese scholars claim that Liancourt Rocks was left in Japan because it is not described in the SF treaty as an renouncement territory by Japan. ''"If Liancourt Rocks away from Dagelet at 90km is made a Korean territory, it is necessary to be described clearly in the treaty like Port Hamilton.<ref>芹田健太郎（Prof. Serita Kentaro）日本の領土p159 “もし、鬱陵島から約90キロメートルも離れた離れた孤島である竹島を朝鮮領として認める意図があったのであるとすれば、朝鮮本土からやや離れている巨文島が条約中に明記されたように、そのことを明記しておかなければならなかったであろう。”</ref> <ref>CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PULAU LIGITAN AND PULAU SIPADAN by ICJ article64 p36 “The Court further recalls that it stated above that the words "the islets belonging thereto" can only be interpreted as referring to the small islands lying in the immediate vicinity of the three islands which are mentioned by name, and not to islands which are kmlocated at a distance of more than 40 nautical miles(75km)</ref>Though Japan was a defeated country, her sovereignty can’t be transferred without the consent of Japan in international law.<ref>＜ref>大壽堂鼎(Prof. Daijyudo Kanae)　領土帰属の国際法p149 “平和条約はいかに戦勝国が敗戦国に強制するものとはいえ、敗戦国は同意した範囲外の事項についてまで拘束されないことは言うまでもない(It is natural that the defeated country is not restrained about a matter outside the her consent though the peace treaty is what the victorious country compels it to the defeated country.)”</ref><ref>PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW by Ian Brownlie “The very considerable derogation of sovereignty involved in the assumption of powers of government by foreign states, without the consent of Germany, did not constitute a transfer of sovereignty. A similar case, recognized by the customary law for a very long time, is that of the belligerent occupation of enemy territory in time of war.”</ref> It has been proven that the many records of the U.S. looks like ] did not include Liancourt Rocks in the treaty as Japanese renounce territory. ICJ judged that the decision in 1939 of Britain who is a suzerain of Qatar and Bahrain restrained the two countries in the judicial precedent<ref>CASE CONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION　AND TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS　BETWEEN QATAR AND BAHRAIN by ICJ; See article 107, 146, 147 and 148 </ref>. A scholar is pointing out that the judgment and records of the U.S. that initiated the SF treaty has significance effect same as this ICJ judgment.<ref>芹田健太郎（Prof. Serita Kentaro）中央公論2006年11月号　p273-274 “（カタールとバーレーンの判例紹介）したがって、連合国を主導した米国の前述の記述は極めて大きな意味を持ち、国際司法裁判所で竹島問題が審議されれば、同裁判所の判例の動向から推察して米国の判断は日韓両国を拘束すると判示する蓋然性は高いと韓国の専門家も考えるからである。((Introduction of judicial precedent of ICJ and Rusk documents)…..Then the records of the above-mentioned of the U.S. that initiated the Allies have significance effect. If Takeshima is discussed in International Court of Justice, from the judicial precedent, the possibility to be judged that the judgment of the United States restrains the Japan-South Korea is high. The Korean specialist will also think so.)”</ref>"''

Today, the ] avoids the issue, hoping it can be solved by Japan and Korea amicably.<ref>See </ref>

===Armed confrontations===
South Korean President ]'s (]) declaration of ], ], three months before the ] came into effect, included the Liancourt Rocks as a Korean territory that was protested by Japan and unofficially criticized by the U.S. and Taiwan.<ref name=DI-SMRLine>(ko) , ], 2006/01/18</ref><ref name=SI-vanfleet>(ko) , ], 2006-03-27. See also ]</ref>

On ], ], South Korea ordered its army to enforce its claim on the islets, and on ], ] South Korean volunteer coastguards set up camp. There has been some controversy regarding whether all of the 33 decorated members of the voluntary coastguard participated in the 1953 expedition.<ref>(ko), ], 2006-10-30.</ref> The Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea found that 16 of the 33 were not participants in the expedition.<ref>(ko) , mbn/Naver News 2007-04-19</ref>

According to Japan, five Japanese fishermen were shot to death, and 3,929 Japanese fishermen and 328 fishing boats were abducted and detained in South Korea as hostages for crossing the line between 1952 and 1965. The fishermen were released in 1965 in return for the release of 472 Koreans imprisoned in Japan.<ref>{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://www2.pref.shimane.jp/kouhou/photo/161/06.html|title = Shimane Prefectural Government website: Photo Shimane No. 161|language = Japanese|accessdate = 2006-05-07 }}</ref>

On ], ], two Japanese Coast Guard vessels briefly landed and erected a territorial post on the islets. Several armed skirmishes followed, leading to the sinking of a Japanese ship by Korean mortar fire on ], ]. Similar incidents occurred on ], ] and ], ].

=== International Court of Justice ===
Japan has protested since October 1954, and has repeatedly proposed arbitration action at the ], but South Korea has refused. <ref>See </ref> After the armed skrimishes in 1954, South Korea built a ] and a helicopter landing pad on the islets, which it has maintained ever since despite repeated protests by Japan.<ref name="globalsecurity">, globalsecurity</ref>

In 1954, the United States recommended that South Korea accept the offer for arbitration, the ambassador saying in the ] that,
"When the Treaty of Peace with Japan was being drafted, the Republic of Korea asserted its claims to (the Liancourt Rocks) but the United States concluded that they remained under Japanese sovereignty and the Island was not included among the Islands that Japan released from its ownership under the Peace Treaty," and, "Our position has been that the dispute might properly be referred to the International Court of Justice and this suggestion has been informally conveyed to the Republic of Korea."{{fact}}

==Recent developments==
The dispute occasionally resurfaces, such as when South Korea built a wharf on the islets in 1996 and declared them a Natural Monument in 2002, spurred by a controversial Japanese textbook that called that "South Korea is illegally occupying the islets".<ref>, The ], 2005-04-07.</ref>

In June 2005, a South Korean official guideline recommended referring to the Liancourt Rocks in the ] form ‘island’ “to reflect the island character, instead of ‘islands’, ‘islet(s)’ or ‘rock(s)’.<ref>See </ref>

In the same year, Japan's ] designated ] ''Takeshima Day'', to commemorate the centennial anniversary of Japan's claim to the islets and boost public interest in Japan about the dispute.<ref>, ''Takeshima-Return our islands and our sea!'', ], 2007.04.19.</ref> In response, the Korean municipality of ] passed the ''Daemado Day'' bill, commemorating General ]'s conquest of ] in 1419. However, the action was receieved as "inappropiate" by the South Korean government.<ref>, The ], 2005-03-21.</ref><ref>{{ko icon}} , The ], 2005.3.19. See also ]</ref> Japan's commemoration of "Takeshima Day" has brought forth a huge increase in anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea.<ref>, The ], 2005-03-21.</ref>

In 2004 South Korea issued a set of stamps depicting the wildlife of the rocks, implying an ownership claim. The Japanese government formally protested this action as a violation of the spirit of the ] charter.<ref>, ], Jan. 8, 2004.</ref> Similar stamp series had been printed in 2002 and 1954. The stamp dispute was allegedly linked to a series of ]s and other ] campaigns between Koreans and Japanese.<ref>See {{Dead link|date=October 2007}}</ref>

===2006 Japanese maritime survey===
In April 2006, Japan dispatched two ships to the islets to conduct a maritime survey near the islets, without formally notifying South Korea. In response, the South Korean government dispatched eighteen patrol ships to the islets, warning the Japanese government not to go through with its plans.<ref>See {{Dead link|date=October 2007}}</ref> South Korean foreign minister ] emphasized that Seoul was "preparing counter-measures for all scenarios", leading some in the media to speculate that the South Korean military may try to capture the Japanese ships.<ref name=YN20060419>See , Yahoo! News, ], ]{{Dead link|date=October 2007}}</ref>

South Korea maintained that the proposed maritime survey would encroach on its ] surrounding the islets, and that such a move must be accompanied by advance notice according to international law.<ref>See .{{Dead link|date=October 2007}}</ref> For its part, Japan denied any attempt to enter the EEZ, stating that all activities would take place inside its own waters.<ref name=YN20060419 /> Because of the competing claims to the islets, both Japan and South Korea have claimed the area in which the hydrological survey would be conducted as part of their EEZ. On ] ], The Korea Times reported that South Korean officials viewed Japanese actions as an attempt to bring the dispute over the islets to an international court.<ref>See .{{Dead link|date=October 2007}}</ref> On ], ], the Korean government refused to take the matter to the International Court of Justice.<ref>{{ko icon}} , ]/Naver News, 2006-04-20.</ref> The Japanese officials stated that the maritime survey ship would not enter the area near the islets on ], as previously planned, but it would still maintain that no diplomatic agreement has been reached between the two governments.<ref>{{ko icon}} , ]/Naver News, 2006-04-20.</ref>

At least one of the main reasons for the maritime survey arose from a naming dispute between Japan and South Korea. Several of the features on the sea floor within South Korea's claimed EEZ carry Japanese names, which in turn led to South Korea's plan to propose Korean names for the features at an international conference in Germany over the naming of submarine features.<ref>, ], Apr. 18, 2006.</ref><ref>, ], April 20, 2006.</ref>

An agreement to end the dispute was eventually reached during meetings on ] and ] between the South Korean and Japanese vice foreign ministers, in which Japan agreed to suspend the survey, while Korea agreed not to push forward its proposal "until an appropriate time," although the Japanese side interpreted this as the period of the IHO meeting in June.<ref>, ], Apr. 23, 2006.</ref>

===2006 South Korean maritime survey===
On ] ] a South Korean survey ship entered the disputed waters around the islets. The Japanese foreign ministry called the survey "extremely regrettable", and lodged a complaint with the South Korean ambassador in Tokyo.<ref>, ], 5 July 2006.</ref>

===2006 Japanese radioactive waste survey===
On ] ], the chief cabinet secretary of Japan, ], announced that Japan had indicated through the newly proposed bilateral mutual notification procedures to South Korea of its intention to have the Japan Coast Guard conduct a radioactive waste survey from late August to early September to examine the effect of waste that was dumped in waters near ] in ]'s ] by the former ]. The survey area contains a couple of points located in the South Korean-claimed EEZ near the disputed islets while the specific locations were not clarified. Abe also said Japan will conduct a survey in response to South Korea's survey in the Japan-claimed EEZ in early July, 2006.<ref>, ], 2006-08-02</ref>

===Mutual notification talks===
The latest surveys prompted an agreement to discuss notification procedures for both nations. Reportedly, mandating notification of each other whenever undertaking a study or survey in the disputed area where their claimed ]s overlap will be discussed. This marks a step forward, as South Korea has in the past refused to discuss this issue, which Japan had proposed earlier.<ref>, ], 08/11/06.</ref>

==Other controversies==
<!--===Oregon Driver Manual===
In the driver manual of ] ], someone added "Dokdo belongs to Korea" many pages. Consulate General of ] in ] officially protested to governer of ]. In this case, DMV reacted quickly, and removed this booklet from local DMV offices. As of ], Oregon DMV abort all of Korean services which includes knowledge tests, and investigating seriously.<ref> ]Chache of Korean version of Oregon Driver manual, 2007-12-25.</ref><ref> ], 2007-12-11.</ref><ref>, Deleted Korean Manual, 2007-12-24.</ref>
-->
===Xbox Live Controversy===
In the recent ] Fall update, controversy was sparked when the Xbox live social networking feature allowed the Korean name for the Rocks to be entered as the place where the Xbox player lived, but did not recognize the Japanese name. This caused some minor outrage in Japan. The Japanese name was later added.<ref>{{ko icon}} , The Kukmin Daily/] news, 2007-12-14.</ref>

==Map Gallery==
;Modern maps<gallery>
Image:Liancourt-rocks distances.png|Distances. Liancourt Rocks are located at 37°14′N, 131°52′E and ] appears at 37°30′N, 130°52′E, west of Liancourt Rocks.
Image:Ulleung island from above.jpg|Ulleungdo and the small neighboring island, ] located in 2 km east. ] is larger than the total area of Liancourt Rocks.

Image:Hachidou2.jpg|''Paldo Chongdo''. A 1530 map of Korea that includes two islands to the east: Usando and Ulleungdo (Usando is to the west of Ulleungdo)
<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:Tongkuk chido.jpg|Donguk Jido. Map of Kangwon province with islands labeled Ulleungdo and Usando (杆山島) (). -->

Image:DaehanJeondo.jpg|''Daehan Jeondo'' (part, 1899, Korea) Showing Usando slightly northeast to ], both drawn just west of 37°40′N, 130°30′E (whole images).

Image:Part of Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu.jpg|''Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu'' (part, 1775, Japan). Matsushima (松島) appears at 37°50′N, 131°40′E with Takeshima (竹島), aka. Isotakeshima (一云 磯竹島) at around 37°80′N, 131°00′E.

Image:Japan-military-telegraph.jpg|A ] map of June 1905 during ] shows Japanese military telegraph lines between Japan and Korea. The Liancourt Rocks (竹島) Ulleungdo (Matsushima, 松島), and ] line (marked as planned) was instead installed directly to Matsue.

Image:Dokdo-navymap3.jpg|Immediately following the ] the Japanese Warship Hashidate surveyed the islets again in June 1905. The result was this survey map showing Navy's plans for a watchtower, communications post and observation point on the east islet.

Image:Yamanaka-surveymap.jpg|In November 1904, three months before Japanese incorporation, Yamanaka Shibakichi of the Japanese Warship Tsushima drew this survey map of Liancourt Rocks. It shows suitable watchtower locations and visibility ranges.

Image:Anyongbok-doc15.jpg|This image is the Japanese records of Anyongbok’s chart of The Eight Provinces of Korea. Takeshima (竹島) and Matsushima (松島) are shown as part of Korea’s Gangwan Province (江原道)

<!-- Image:Dokdoless-Shimane.jpg|An 1878 Japanese Map of Shimane Prefecture shows all adjacent minor islands off Japan's coast including Minoshima and Okinoshima. Liancourt Rocks is not shown on this map. -->

<!-- Image:1881-Shimane.jpg|In 1881 this Japanese Map of Shimane Prefecture with minor islands inclusive. Oki Islands and Minoshima are shown as part of Shimane. Liancourt Rocks are not shown as part of Shimane. -->

<!-- Unsourced image removed: Image:1834-Ulleungdo-map.jpg|Cheonggudo (part, 1834, Korea) To scale map featuring Usan (于山), located in about 10 ] from Ulleungdo (). -->
</gallery>

==See also==
*]
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==References==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist|2}}
</div>

== External links ==
* , an American's photographs of his trip to the islets.

===Official sites===
*
*
*
*
*

===Pro-Korea===
* Third party analysis of dispute in an academic journal
* Third party analysis of dispute in an academic journal
* Third party analysis of dispute
*
* Third party analysis of dispute
* , Yonhap via Yahoo news
*

===Pro-Japan===
* compiled by .


{{Coord|37|14|30|N|131|52|00|E |type:landmark |display=title}} <!-- region:KR_ or JP -->
{{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}} {{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 15:54, 8 December 2024

Group of disputed islets in the Sea of Japan For the naming and territorial dispute surrounding these rocks, see Liancourt Rocks dispute. "Dokdo" and "Takeshima" redirect here. For other uses, see Dokdo (disambiguation) and Takeshima (disambiguation).

Liancourt Rocks
Disputed islands
The two main islets
Other namesLiancourt Islets, Liancourt Islands, Takeshima, Dokdo, Tok Islets, Hornet Islands, Kajido, Sambongdo
Geography
LocationSea of Japan
Coordinates37°14′30″N 131°52′0″E / 37.24167°N 131.86667°E / 37.24167; 131.86667
Total islands91 (37 permanent land)
Major islandsEast Islet, West Islet
Area18.745 ha (46.32 acres)
East Islet: 7.33 hectares (18.1 acres)
West Islet: 8.864 hectares (21.90 acres)
Highest elevation169 m (554 ft)
Highest pointWest Islet
Administration
 South Korea
CountyUlleung County, North Gyeongsang
Claimed by
 Japan
TownOkinoshima, Shimane (Japan)
 North Korea
CountyUlleung County, North Gyeongsang
Demographics
PopulationApproximately 26

The Liancourt Rocks, also known by their Korean name of Dokdo (Korean: 독도) or their Japanese name of Takeshima,(Japanese: 竹島) are a group of islets in the Sea of Japan between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago administered by South Korea. The Liancourt Rocks comprise two main islets and 35 smaller rocks; the total surface area of the islets is 0.187554 square kilometres (46.346 acres) and the highest elevation of 168.5 metres (553 ft) is on the West Islet. The Liancourt Rocks lie in rich fishing grounds that may contain large deposits of natural gas. The English name Liancourt Rocks is derived from Le Liancourt, the name of a French whaling ship that came close to being wrecked on the rocks in 1849.

While South Korea controls the islets, its sovereignty over them is contested by Japan. North Korea also claims the territory. South Korea classifies the islets as Dokdo-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyeongsang Province, while Japan classifies the islands as part of Okinoshima, Oki District, Shimane Prefecture.

Geography

A steep, rocky island surrounded by dark blue seaA round rocky island, with an empty port. Seagulls block some of the frame.The West island (top) and the East island (bottom)

The Liancourt Rocks consist of two main islets and numerous surrounding rocks. The two main islets, called Seodo (서도; 西島; lit. western island) and Dongdo (동도; 東島; lit. eastern island) in Korean and Ojima (男島; "Male Island") and Mejima (女島; "Female Island") in Japanese, are 151 metres (495 ft) apart. The Western Island is the larger of the two, with a wider base and higher peak, while the Eastern Island offers more usable surface area.

Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs, volcanic rocks formed in the Cenozoic era, more specifically 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago. A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.

The total area of the islets is about 187,554 square metres (46.346 acres), with their highest point at 168.5 metres (553 ft) on the West Islet. The western islet is about 88,740 square metres (21.93 acres); the eastern islet is about 73,300 square metres (18.1 acres). The western islet consists of a single peak and features many caves along the coastline. The cliffs of the eastern islet are about 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) high. There are two large caves giving access to the sea, as well as a crater.

In 2006, a geologist reported that the islets formed 4.5 million years ago and are (in a geological sense) quickly eroding.

Tourism

Restricted public access to the rocks for a variety of purposes is provided by ferry from Ulleng Island. In 2022, 280,312 tourists visited the islands, averaging 500 visitors per day.

Distances

The Liancourt Rocks are located at about 37°14′N 131°52′E / 37.233°N 131.867°E / 37.233; 131.867. The western islet is located at 37°14′31″N 131°51′55″E / 37.24194°N 131.86528°E / 37.24194; 131.86528 (West Islet) and the Eastern Islet is located at 37°14′27″N 131°52′10″E / 37.24083°N 131.86944°E / 37.24083; 131.86944 (East Islet).

The Liancourt Rocks are situated at a distance of 211 kilometres (114 nmi) from the main island of Japan (Honshu) and 216.8 kilometres (117.1 nmi) from mainland South Korea. The nearest Japanese island, Oki Islands, is at a distance of 157 kilometres (85 nmi), and the nearest Korean island, Ulleungdo, is 87.4 kilometres (47.2 nmi).

Climate

The Liancourt Rocks viewed from the North

Owing to their location and small size, the Liancourt Rocks can have harsh weather. If the swell is greater than 3 to 5 metres, then landing is not possible, so on average ferries can only dock about once in forty days. Overall, the climate is warm and humid, and heavily influenced by warm sea currents. Precipitation is high throughout the year (annual average—1,383.4 millimetres or 54.46 inches), with occasional snowfall. Fog is common. In summer, southerly winds dominate. The water around the islets is about 10 °C (50 °F) in early spring, when the water is coldest, warming to about 24 °C (75 °F) in late summer.

Ecology

Japanese sea lions at Liancourt Rocks during a Japanese sealing operation in 1934

The islets are volcanic rocks, with only a thin layer of soil and moss. About 49 plant species, 107 bird species, and 93 insect species have been found to inhabit the islets, in addition to local marine life with 160 algal and 368 invertebrate species identified. Although between 1,100 and 1,200 litres of fresh water flow daily, desalinization plants have been installed on the islets for human consumption because existing spring water suffers from guano contamination. Since the early 1970s trees and some types of flowers were planted. According to historical records, there used to be trees indigenous to Liancourt Rocks, which have supposedly been wiped out by overharvesting and fires caused by bombing drills over the islets. A recent investigation, however, identified ten spindle trees aged 100–120 years. Cetaceans such as Minke whales, orcas, and dolphins are known to migrate through these areas.

Pollution and environmental destruction

Records of the human impact on the Liancourt Rocks before the late 20th century are scarce, although both Japanese and Koreans claim to have felled trees and killed Japanese sea lions there for many decades.

There are serious pollution concerns in the seas surrounding the Liancourt Rocks. In 2004, a malfunction in the sewage water treatment system established on the islets caused sewage produced by inhabitants of the Liancourt Rocks, such as South Korean Coast Guards and lighthouse staff, to be dumped directly into the ocean. Significant water pollution was observed; sea water turned milky white, sea vegetation died, and coral reefs were calcified. The pollution also caused loss of biodiversity in the surrounding seas. In November 2004, eight tons of malodorous sludge was being dumped into the ocean every day. Efforts have since been made by both public and private organizations to reduce the level of pollution surrounding the Rocks.

Construction

South Korea has carried out construction work on the Liancourt Rocks; by 2009, the islands had a lighthouse, helicopter pad, and a police barracks. In 2007, two desalination plants were built capable of producing 28 tons of clean water every day. Both of the major South Korean telecommunications companies have installed cellular telephone towers on the islets.

History

Japanese map depicting the Liancourt Rocks in "Matsushima Ezu(松嶋絵図)", 1656, (Tottori Prefecture)

Whaling

U.S. and French whaleships cruised for right whales off the rocks between 1849 and 1892.

Demographics and economy

The base that houses South Korean police guards on the Liancourt Rocks' East Islet

In February 2017, there were two civilian residents, two government officials, six lighthouse managers, and 40 members of the coast guard living on the islets. Since the South Korean coast guard was sent to the islets, civilian travel has been subject to South Korean government approval; they have stated that the reason for this is that the islet group is designated as a nature reserve.

In March 1965, Choi Jong-duk moved from the nearby Ulleungdo to the islets to make a living from octopus fishing. He also helped install facilities from May 1968. In 1981, Choi Jong-duk changed his administrative address to the Liancourt Rocks, making himself the first person to officially live there. He died there in September 1987. His son-in-law, Cho Jun-ki, and his wife also resided there from 1985 until they moved out in 1992. Meanwhile, in 1991, Kim Sung-do and Kim Shin-yeol transferred to the islets as permanent residents, still continuing to live there. In October 2018, Kim Sung-do died, thus Kim Shin-yeol is the last civilian resident still living on the islands.

The South Korean government gave its approval to allow 1,597 visitors to visit the islets in 2004. Since March 2005, more tourists have received approval to visit. The South Korean government lets up to 70 tourists land at any given time; one ferry provides rides to the islets every day. Tour companies charge around 350,000 Korean won per person (about US$310 as of 2019).

Sovereignty dispute

Main article: Liancourt Rocks dispute

Sovereignty over the islands has been an ongoing point of contention in Japan–South Korea relations. There are conflicting interpretations about the historical state of sovereignty over the islets.

South Korean claims are partly based on references to an island called Usando (우산도; 于山島; 亐山島) in various medieval historical records, maps, and encyclopedia such as Samguk Sagi, Annals of Joseon Dynasty, Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam, and Dongguk munhon bigo. According to the South Korean view, these refer to today's Liancourt Rocks. Japanese researchers of these documents have claimed the various references to Usan-do refer at different times to Jukdo, its neighboring island Ulleungdo, or a non-existent island between Ulleungdo and Korea. The first printed usage of the name Dokdo was in a Japanese log book in 1904.

North Korea also regards the islands as Korean, and as it claims the entirety of Korea, North Korea claims the islands as its own and contests Japan's claim to the islands alongside South Korea.

  • South Korean stamps depicting the Liancourt Rocks from 1954 South Korean stamps depicting the Liancourt Rocks from 1954
  • A South Korean police boat approaches the dock on the Liancourt Rocks' East Islet. A South Korean police boat approaches the dock on the Liancourt Rocks' East Islet.

Natural Monument of South Korea

The Liancourt Rocks were designated as a breeding ground for band-rumped storm petrels, streaked shearwaters, and black-tailed gulls as Natural Monument #336 of South Korea on November 29, 1982.

See also

Notes

  1. Korean: 독도; Hanja: 獨島; IPA: [tok̚t͈o]; lit. 'solitary island' or 'lonely island'.
  2. Please add Japanese script to this article, where needed.
    ; IPA: [takeɕima]; lit. 'bamboo island'.
  3. Pronounced [lə ljɑ̃kuʁ]; named in honor of François Alexandre Frédéric, Duke of La Rochefoucauld and Liancourt.
  4. "There are records attesting to the existence of trees in the past" (BAEK In-ki, SHIM Mun-bo & Korea Maritime Institute 2006, p. 48)
  5. "Such description ... rather reminds us of Utsuryo Island" (para. 2); "A study ... criticizes ... that Usan Island and Utsuryo Island are two names for one island." (para. 3); and "that island does not exist at all in reality" (para. 4 – "10 Issues of Takeshima, MOFA (Article 2)" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). February 2008. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2008.

Inline citations

  1. ^ "Dokdo Residents". Gyeongsangbuk-do Province. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  2. Fern 2005, p. 78: "Since the end of World War II, Japan and Korea have contested ownership of these islets, given the name Liancourt Rocks by French whalers in the mid-1800s and called that by neutral observers to this day".
  3. BBC staff 2006.
  4. ^ Gyeongsangbuk-do Province 2017b.
  5. BBC staff 2008.
  6. Kirk 2008.
  7. 울릉군리의명칭과구역에관한조례 [개정 2000. 4. 7 조례 제1395호] [Act 1395 amending Chapter 14-2, Ri-Administration under Ulleung County, Local Autonomy Law, Ulleung County] (in Korean). "2000년 4월 7일 울릉군조례 제1395호로 독도리가 신설됨에 따라 독도의 행정구역이 종전의 경상북도 울릉군 울릉읍 도동리 산42～76번지에서 경상북도 울릉군 울릉읍 독도리 산1～37번지로 변경 됨."
    Translation: "Pursuant to Act 1395 amending Chapter 14-2, Ri-Administration under Ulleung County, Local Autonomy Law, Ulleung County, passed March 20, 2000, enacted April 7, 2000, the administrative designation of Dokdo addresses as 42 to 76, Dodong-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyungsang Province, is changed to address 1 to 37, Dokdo-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyungsang Province." 조회 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
  8. "독도ㆍ울릉도 `침몰하고 있다'"<손영관교수>. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  9. "독도 : 독도입도안내 페이지 입니다.아름다운 신비의 섬 - 울릉군". www.ulleung.go.kr. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  10. Gyeongsangbuk-do Province 2017c.
  11. ^ "The Issue of Takeshima". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  12. BAEK In-ki, SHIM Mun-bo & Korea Maritime Institute 2006, pp. 20–22.
  13. Gyeo ngbuk Province 2001b.
  14. Gyeongsangbuk-do Province 2017a.
  15. Gyeo ngbuk Province 2001a.
  16. 독도 자연생태계 정밀조사결과(요약) [A comprehensive survey of the natural ecosystems of Liancourt Rocks (synopsys)] (in Korean). Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
  17. 독도 자생 사철나무 군락 첫 발견 [Indigenous Spindle Tree Colony Found on Liancourt Rocks] (in Korean).
  18. 독도 자생 사철나무 100년 이상 된 자생식물 [Liancourt Rock Spindle Trees Over 100 Years Old] (in Korean).
  19. 독도수비 해경, 그물걸린 범고래 구조 - 멸종위기 해양생물 보호 적극적인 조치 기대. K07011002K (in Korean): ENVIROASIA. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  20. 独島警備の海洋警察、網にかかったシャチ救出. K07011002J (in Japanese). Translated by Koike T.: ENVIROASIA 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  21. "동해 고래, 한미관계 뿐 아니라 독도 역사와도 연결". 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  22. 국민일보 (Gookmin Daily). "독도‘실효적 지배’새 근거 (New Evidence of effective control), 1890년 이전부터 독도서 강치잡이 (Sea lion hunting before 1890)
  23. Japan: Outline of Takeshima Issue
  24. 독도 오수정화시설이 동해바다 오염 주범?. Imaeil (in Korean). 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  25. 독도 바다쓰레기 청소 6월2일부터 석달간 [Three-Month Cleanup for Dokdo's Marine Garbage Starts from June 2] (in Korean).
  26. 나무 심고 오물 줍고…아름다운 ‘독도 사랑’ (in Korean). 5 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  27. Vladivostok News report Archived 23 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  28. Choe 2008.
  29. KOIS staff 2007a.
  30. KOIS staff 2007.
  31. Cambria, of New Bedford, Apr. 29, 1849, Nicholson Whaling Collection; Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, Apr. 19, 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum.
  32. On 13 December 1997 the "Special Act on the Preservation of Ecosystem in Island Areas Including Dokdo Island" was enacted by the South Korean parliament. The title of the Natural Monument No. 336, the Dokdo Seaweed Habitat, was changed to the Dokdo National Nature Reserve in December 1999. "Dokdo in History: Chronology". The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea.
  33. Hong, Euny (2014). The birth of Korean cool: how one nation is conquering the world through pop culture (1st ed.). New York: Picador. ISBN 978-1-250-04511-9.
  34. Lee Tae-hee (13 February 2019). "Widow to remain sole Dokdo resident, authorities confirm". The Korea Herald.
  35. McKirdy, Euan; Jeong, Sophie (15 February 2019). "Widow, 81, sole resident of remote island disputed by South Korea and Japan". CNN.
  36. 竹島人口は7万人 4年で倍増 日本人17人も住民登録している！？. KoreaWorldTimes (in Japanese). 16 August 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  37. Ha 2008.
  38. "Life in Dokdo". Cyber Dokdo of Korea. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013.
  39. ""Logbooks of the Japanese Warship Niitaka September 25th 1904"". Dokdo Takeshima The Historical Facts of the Dispute. 1 September 2008.
  40. Agency, United States Central Intelligence; Office, Government Publications (2016). The World Factbook 2016-17. Government Printing Office. p. 406. ISBN 9780160933271.
  41. "문화재(천연기념물)보호구역지정". 2 December 1982.

References

External links

South Korea

Japan

37°14′30″N 131°52′00″E / 37.24167°N 131.86667°E / 37.24167; 131.86667

Territorial disputes in East, South, and Southeast Asia
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