Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 13:08, 9 December 2024

Terrorism in Australia deals with terrorist acts in Australia as well as steps taken by the Australian government to counter the threat of terrorism. In 2004 the Australian government has identified transnational terrorism as also a threat to Australia and to Australian citizens overseas. Australia has experienced acts of modern terrorism since the 1960s, while the federal parliament, since the 1970s, has enacted legislation seeking to target terrorism.

Terrorism is defined as "an action or threat of action where the action causes certain defined forms of harm or interference and the action is done or the threat is made with the intention of advancing a political, religious and ideological or group cause".

Notable terrorist attacks in Australia

Terrorists attacks have occurred in Australia over the country's history, including the following notable incidents.

Battle of Broken Hill (1915)

Two men shot dead four people and wounded seven more, before being killed by police and military officers. At the time of their attack, they raised the flag of the Ottoman Caliphate, later the Turkish flag to identify their cause. Neither of the men were members of any official armed force. In today's parlance, their attack would be described as an act of a lone wolf. The two men were later identified as being Muslims from the British colony of India, modern-day Pakistan (some sources incorrectly identify them as Turkish).

Soviet Embassy bombing (1971)

The Embassy of the USSR was attacked by a crude bomb on 17 January 1971 in Canberra.

Sydney Yugoslav General Trade and Tourist Agency bombing (1972)

The Sydney Yugoslav General Trade and Tourist Agency bombing occurred in Haymarket, Sydney on 16 September 1972; the attack injured sixteen people. The perpetrators of the attack were believed to be Croatian separatists.

Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing (1978)

The Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing occurred on 13 February 1978; a bomb exploded outside the Hilton Hotel in George Street, Sydney, which was hosting the first Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. Two garbage collectors and a police officer were killed and eleven others were injured.

Family Court of Australia attacks (1980–1985)

On 23 June 1980, David Opas, a judge of the Family Court, was shot dead outside his home. In March 1984, a bomb destroyed the home of fellow judge Richard Gee, who survived. In April, a bomb exploded in the Family Court building in Parramatta. In July, the wife of judge Ray Watson was killed when a bomb exploded on their doorstep. In July 1985 a bombing at a Jehovah's Witness hall killed the minister, Graham Wykes.

Iwasaki resort bombing (1980)

At 2am on 29 November 1980, the day of the Queensland State election, a nitropril and fuel oil bomb was detonated with gelignite at the Iwasaki resort construction site north of Yeppoon. The blast created a seven-metre-wide crater in a block of holiday units under construction. Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen and MP Ben Humphreys labelled the incident a terrorist attack, and a caller to Rockhampton's The Morning Bulletin newspaper claimed responsibility on behalf of the "Queensland Republican Army". The media saw the motivation behind the attack as increasing resentment over Japanese land ownership in Queensland, while Petersen claimed that it was a racist attack. Two men, Eric John Geissman and Kerry Geissman, were committed to trial on 15 May 1981. Both were found not guilty after questions were raised regarding police misconduct in the investigation, a common problem in Queensland at the time.

Sydney Turkish Consul General assassination (1980)

On 17 December 1980, Sydney Turkish Consul General Şarık Arıyak and his security attaché Engin Sever were assassinated by two people on motorcycles wielding firearms in Sydney. The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide claimed responsibility but the culprits were never identified and no charges were laid. The Consul General was gunned down despite having taken precautions in the form of not travelling in the official consulate Mercedes Benz vehicle and instead being chauffeured in the trailing security attaché's car. In December 2019, it was announced that New South Wales Joint Counter Terrorism Team had established Strike Force Esslemont to re-investigate the murders. The reward, for information that leads to an arrest and conviction, was increased from A$250,000 to A$1 million. This was the first ever million-dollar reward offered in Australia for an act of terrorism.

In August 2020 police Marine Area Command divers searched Greenwich Point in relation to the assassination.

Jack van Tongeren and the ANM (1980s, 2004)

Throughout the 1980s, the Western Australian neo-Nazi group "The Australian Nationalist Movement", led by Jack van Tongeren, engaged in a series of bombings of Asian restaurants and businesses, political violence, murder of a suspected informant and other acts to intimidate the Asian population. Van Tongeren was eventually imprisoned for a long period of time until his release in the early to mid-2000s. He resumed his activities until he was re-arrested in 2004 as part of Operation Atlantic, prompting a judge to order him to leave the state.

In February 2004 three Chinese restaurants in Perth were firebombed in the early hours of the morning. The police also identified a plot to harm Jim McGinty and his family, two police officers and an ethnic community leader, and raided Van Tongeren's home. After two separate man-hunts, the second after van Tongeren skipped bail, Van Tongeren was found and arrested in the Boddington area south-east of Perth. Van Tongeren was found guilty of planning to bomb Chinese restaurants in Perth and of organising a destructive hate campaign in 2007, but was given a 2-year suspended sentence on account of ill health. His right-hand man, John Van Blitterswyk, was given a 2-year, 4-month sentence.

Israeli consulate and Hakoah Club bombing (1982)

The bombing of the Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club in Sydney occurred on 23 December 1982. The two bombings occurred on the same day within five hours of each other. The initial case led to a single arrest though charges were later dropped. In 2011, the NSW police and Australian federal police reopened the case citing new leads.

Turkish consulate bombing (1986)

The Melbourne Turkish consulate bombing occurred on 23 November 1986; a car bomb exploded in a carpark beneath the Turkish Consulate in South Yarra, Melbourne, killing the bomber who failed to correctly set up the explosive device. Levon Demirian, a Sydney resident with links to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, was charged over the attack and served 10 years.

Attempted assassination of Eddie Funde (1989)

In 1989, two Skinhead youths, inspired by the Australian-based neo-Nazi National Action group, fired shotguns at the home of African National Congress representative Eddie Funde in an assassination attempt. Head of National Action, James Saleam, was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in jail for ordering the assassination. The trial judge described the assassination as "an act of naked political terrorism".

Perth French Consulate bombing (1995)

In 1995, terrorists firebombed the French Consulate in Perth.

Abortion clinic attack (2001)

On 16 July 2001, Peter James Knight, described as an "obsessive anti-abortionist" who lived alone in a makeshift camp in rural New South Wales, attacked the East Melbourne Family Planning clinic, a privately run clinic providing abortions, carrying a rifle, and large quantities of kerosene and lighters. He shot and killed a security guard at the clinic before his capture and arrest. He was charged and convicted of murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 23 years. Australian terrorism academic Clive Williams listed the attack amongst incidents of politically motivated violence in Australia.

Endeavour Hills stabbings (2014)

On 24 September 2014, an 18-year-old man, Numan Haider, was shot and killed by police outside Endeavour Hills police station. Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner Luke Cornelius said Haider had been asked to come to the police station to discuss behaviour "which had been causing some concern". When the man arrived outside the station, he stabbed the two officers as they went to meet him. The two stabbed officers, one from Victoria Police and one from the Australian Federal Police, were working together as part of a joint operation on counter-terrorism between the AFP and Victoria Police. Haider was found to be carrying two knives and an Islamic State flag.

Lindt Cafe siege (2014)

On 15 December 2014, Man Haron Monis, took 17 people hostage inside a Lindt chocolate café in Martin Place, Sydney. He forced hostages to hold up a jihadist black flag against a window of the café. In the early hours of 16 December, police breached the café and fatally shot Monis following the escape of several hostages. Two hostages also died, while another four people, including a police officer, were injured in the incident.

The designation of the 2014 Lindt Cafe siege, also known as the Sydney hostage crisis or the Martin Place siege, has been subject to debate among terrorism experts and news commentators. Initially, during the early stages of the incident, the Australian government and NSW authorities did not label the event as a terrorist attack; however, as the siege continued, NSW police authorised the engagement of the state's counterterrorism task force, treating the incident as an act of terrorism. Commentators have debated whether the perpetrator of the attack, Man Haron Monis, was in fact a terrorist and whether his actions can be classified as an act of terrorism. One terrorism expert described Monis's actions as those of a "lone-wolf terrorist ... driven by a desire for attention and to be in the spotlight." Another wrote in an opinion column that the attack "was very different from first-generation or second-generation terrorist attacks—but it was terrorism, and terrorism of a brutal and more unpredictable sort." Scott Stewart supervisor of the analysis of terrorism and security issues for Statfor said that this hostage-incident exhibits many of the elements associated with grassroots terrorism. By contrast, criminologist Mark Lauchs stated that the event "was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack." Media outlets have also provided conflicting designations for Monis; John Lehmann, editor of The Daily Telegraph, wrote how Monis filled the criteria of an Islamic State terrorist, while a columnist for The Guardian wrote how the designation of a terrorist is misplaced and would only serve the interests of ISIL. On 15 January 2015, Australia's Treasurer Joe Hockey declared the siege in Sydney's Martin Place as a terrorist incident for insurance purposes.

The difference between terrorism and terrorising acts was noted in one analysis as "enormously important"—in Monis's case, terrorism "was clearly an element, but he was coming to the end of his rope with a variety of legal processes; there was clearly some mental instability." One argument was that the gunman's lack of ties to any movement did not preclude his being a terrorist as it is "an inclusive club".

Nick O'Brien, associate professor of counter terrorism at Charles Sturt University has said Islamic State's magazine claim that the Sydney siege gunman is a righteous jihadist should not be lightly dismissed. Dr David Martin Jones, Senior Lecturer at the School of Government, University of Tasmania has said not to underestimate the politically destabilising intent of Monis's lone-actor violence, as it is a considered tactic and a strategic goal of ISIL.

Parramatta shooting (2015)

On 2 October 2015, an Iranian-born Iraqi-Kurdish youth shot dead 58-year-old Curtis Cheng, an accountant who worked for the New South Wales Police Force, outside the Parramatta Police headquarters. The terrorist then shot at special constables guarding the building, and was shot dead by them. NSW Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione said "We believe that his actions were politically motivated and therefore linked to terrorism." Four other 'alleged Islamic State members' were arrested and charged in relation to the shooting.

Minto stabbing (September 2016)

On 10 September 2016, Islamist Ihsas Khan attacked a man in a park in Minto, New South Wales. The victim was chased and repeatedly stabbed or slashed with a knife. Khan was charged with attempted murder and with committing a terrorist act. Crown prosecutor Peter Neil said there was evidence to suggest Khan had been planning to attack a civilian at random on September 11 to coincide with the anniversary of the Al Qaeda attacks on the United States.

Queanbeyan stabbing (April 2017)

On 7 April 2017, a pair of 15- and 16-year-old boys entered a service station in the city of Queanbeyan, New South Wales and stabbed the attendant, 29-year-old Zeeshan Akbar of Pakistani descent, who died at the scene. Two other men were also attacked and injured nearby. Elsewhere a man was carjacked, struck with a hammer and stabbed. The 16-year-old's mother had told police that she believed her son had been radicalised in recent weeks and that he sympathised with Islamic State and had also posted concerning posts on Facebook. The police treated this as an act of terrorism. The two were arrested after a car chase. On 1 May 2020 at the NSW Supreme Court, both boys were sentenced. The 16-year-old received a jail term of 35+1⁄2 years. The 15-year-old received 18 years and 4 months.

Brighton siege (June 2017)

On 5 June 2017, 29-year-old Somali-born Islamist Yacqub Khayre shot dead receptionist Kai Hao in the foyer at a serviced apartment complex in the suburb of Brighton in Melbourne. He then took a female escort hostage in an apartment. He contacted both the police and the media. Police responded and Khayre died in a shoot-out with three police officers wounded. Khayre had referred to ISIS and al-Qaeda in a phone call to the media. In 2010 he had been acquitted of the earlier Holsworthy Barracks terror plot.

Mill Park stabbing (February 2018)

Momena Shoma, a Bangladeshi Islamist, stabbed a 56-year-old man in the neck while he was asleep at his Callistemon Rise home in Mill Park, Victoria. She was charged with engaging in a terrorist act and it was alleged she was inspired by terror group Islamic State. She pled guilty to "engaging in a terrorist act for the advancing of a political, religious or ideological cause" and in June 2019 was sentenced to 42 years jail, with a non-parole period of 31 years, 6 months.

In December 2021 Shoma was sentenced to serve an additional 6 years after attacking another inmate with garden shears and pleading guilty to two more terrorism offences for that attack.

Melbourne stabbing attack (2018)

On 9 November 2018, an attack took place in Melbourne, when Hassan Khalif Shire Ali set fire to a Holden Rodeo utility on Bourke Street in the city's Central Business District. He then stabbed three pedestrians, killing one and wounding the other two. During the attack, the Holden "exploded" from the fire. Hassan Khalif was shot in the chest by a Victoria Police officer and died in hospital.

Hassan Khalif's younger brother, Ali Khalif Shire Ali, was arrested in November 2017 for planning to commit a mass shooting at Melbourne's New Year's Eve celebration. In May 2020 Ali Khalif was sentenced to ten years' jail, with a seven-and-a-half-year non-parole period.

Brisbane stabbing attack (December 2020)

On 19 December 2020, a knifeman killed two elderly people after storming their home and then tried to attack police officers on a highway in Brisbane. The attacker, who was shot dead by police, had been identified as a 22-year-old-man who had a long history of mental health issues and escaped a GPS-tracking bracelet the previous night. He was previously arrested in early 2019 attempting to travel on a one-way ticket to Somalia and arrested "on suspicion of an attempted foreign incursion". Allegations against him were dropped by the AFP "due to a lack of evidence". The AFP spoke after the incident and said that there was no terror threat posed by the man.

Wieambilla police killings (2022)

Brothers Nathaniel and Gareth Train, along with Gareth's wife Stacey, murdered two police officers who they knew were conducting a concern-for-welfare check for Nathaniel. They then killed their next-door neighbour and attempted to kill two other police officers before posting a gloating YouTube video in dialogue with an omnibus of troll grievances from the fringes of right-wing movements such as unverified anti-vaccination conspiracy theories, disaffected off-grid lifestylers and pro-gun-agenda Christian right. A shootout with police ensued later that night and the three of them were killed.

Wakeley church stabbing (April 2024)

On 15 April 2024, a knife attack took place at Christ The Good Shepherd Church in Wakeley, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. During a live-streamed sermon, the 16-year-old male attacker walked up to the pulpit, first stabbing bishop Mari Emmanuel, an Iraqi-born Assyrian Australian, resulting in permanent vision loss in Emmanuel's right eye, before stabbing a priest and injuring another. The attacker said in Arabic, "If he didn't insult my prophet, I wouldn't have come here".

Adass Israel Synagogue arson attack (December 2024)

On 6 December 2024 the Adass Israel Synagogue in Ripponlea, Melbourne was deliberately set on fire. The attack was investigated as a terrorist incident.

Notable terror plots

Australian police claim to have disrupted a significant number of terrorism plots since 2014.

Bob Hawke assassination plot

In 1975, the Palestinian Black September terrorist group and the Australian branch of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) terrorist group plotted to assassinate future Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke, then Australian Labor Party president, along with a number of notable journalists seen as being pro-Israel. A Black September member visited Australia under the guise of a journalist and was provided with materials from Australian PFLP members and returned to Israel; the Black September member who intended to carry out the attack was killed by Israeli forces before he could return to Australia.

Faheem Khalid Lodhi

Faheem Khalid Lodhi is an Australian architect accused of an October 2003 plot to bomb the national electricity grid or Sydney defence sites in the cause of violent jihad. He was convicted by a New South Wales Supreme Court jury in June 2006 on terrorism-related offences, namely:

• Preparation for terrorist attack, by seeking information for the purpose of constructing explosive devices
• Seeking information and collecting maps of the Sydney electricity supply system and possessing 38 aerial photos of military installations in preparation for terrorist attacks
• Possessing terrorist manuals detailing how to manufacture poisons, detonators, explosives and incendiary devices

In his judgement, Justice Anthony Whealy illustrated that Lodhi's behaviour breached the rules under the Anti Terrorism Act 2004 (Cth), Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), the Criminal Code and the Crimes (Internationally Protected Persons) Act 1976 (Cth)

His intended targets were the national electricity supply system, the Victoria Barracks, HMAS Penguin naval base, and Holsworthy Barracks. Justice Anthony Whealy commented at sentencing that Lodhi had "the intent of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause, namely violent jihad" to "instill terror into members of the public so that they could never again feel free from the threat of bombing in Australia."

Accordingly, Whealy said the sentence to be imposed "must be a substantial one to reflect the important principles of deterrence and denunciation. In relation to count 2 the appropriate sentence, in my view, is one of imprisonment for a term of 20 years. The sentence is to commence on 22 April 2004 and to expire on 21 April 2024."

Neil Prakash

Neil Prakash is a former Buddhist from Melbourne who became a jihadist and changed his name to name Abu Khaled al-Cambodi.

He was linked to a number of domestic terror threats, including an alleged Anzac Day terror plot in Melbourne and the shooting death of NSW police worker Curtis Cheng in western Sydney in 2015. Later, he fled to Syria and became a senior recruiter for the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, appearing in propaganda videos and magazines with the intention of recruiting people to commit acts of terrorism.

Prakash was reportedly killed by a targeted US air strike in northern Iraq in May 2016. Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull commented: "Neil Prakash's death is a very, very positive development in the war against Daesh and the war against terror". The Herald Sun later reported that Australian security officials were "almost certain" that Prakash had not been killed in the airstrike and had continued to act as a recruiter for the group. In November 2016, Australian counter-terrorism officials confirmed that Prakash was still alive, and had been arrested after attempting to enter Turkey from Syria. On 16 March 2019, he was convicted in Turkey of membership in a terrorist organisation and sentenced to seven-and-a-half years in prison.

In early December 2022 Prakash was extradited back to Australia and charged in Melbourne Magistrates' Court with terrorism-related offences. He was due to reappear in court in late February 2023.

Sydney Five

Khaled Cheikho, Moustafa Cheikho, Mohamed Ali Elomar, Abdul Rakib Hasan and Mohammed Omar Jamal were found guilty of conspiring to commit a terrorist act or acts. They were jailed on 15 February 2010 for terms ranging from 23 to 28 years.

Benbrika Group in Melbourne

In September 2008, of an original nine defendants, five men including the Muslim cleric, Abdul Nacer Benbrika were convicted of planning a terrorist attack. During the trial, the jury heard evidence of plans to bomb the 2005 AFL Grand Final, 2006 Australian Grand Prix and the Crown Casino, as well as a plot to assassinate then Prime Minister John Howard.

Despite Benbrika having completed his sentence on 5 November 2020, the Department of Home Affairs applied to the Victorian Supreme Court to keep him detained, and he was, under an interim order from the court.

On 19 December 2023 Justice Elizabeth Hollingworth, in the Victorian Supreme Court, granted Benbrika release. He is to be kept on an extended supervision order for a year.

Holsworthy Barracks terror plot

On 4 August 2009, four men in Melbourne were charged over the Holsworthy Barracks terror plot, an alleged plan to storm the Holsworthy Barracks in Sydney with automatic weapons; and shoot army personnel or others until they were killed or captured. The men are allegedly connected with the Somali-based terrorist group al-Shabaab. Prime Minister Kevin Rudd subsequently announced a federal government review of security at all military bases.

In December 2011 Justice Betty King sentenced three of the men to 18 years in prison with minimum terms of thirteen-and-half years. She said that they were all "unrepentant radical Muslims and would remain a threat to the public while they held extremist views".

2015 Anzac Day terror plot

Sevdet Besim was arrested on 18 April 2015. Aged 18 and born to parents of Albanian origin, he planned to drive a car into and kill, then behead, a law enforcement officer on Anzac Day in Melbourne. He was subsequently sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment on 5 September 2016.

2017 airline bombing plot

In July 2017, Australian police thwarted a plot to bomb an airliner. In Sydney, four men were arrested by the Australian Federal Police and their properties were searched. On 17 December 2019 Khaled Khayat was sentenced to 40 years in prison (with a non-parole period of 30 years). Mahmoud Khayat was sentenced to 36 years (with a non-parole period of 27 years).

Amer Khayat was the third brother who was to, unknowingly, carry the bomb onto the plane. Amer was arrested overseas and spent two-and-a-half years in a Beirut prison. In September 2019 he was cleared of any involvement by a military tribunal.

Tamim Khaja

On 31 October 2017, Tamim Khaja plead guilty to planning a terrorist attack on targets in Sydney that included the Timor Army Barracks and Sydney West Trial Courts. He was arrested in May 2016 as he was attempting to obtain firearms, explosives and an Islamic State flag.

2014 plot

On 3 November 2017 Sulayman Khalid, also known as "Abu Bakr", was sentenced to up to 22  years and 6  months' jail in the NSW Supreme Court by Justice Geoffrey Bellew. He was the leader among five of six conspirators who were sentenced in connection to a plot between 7 November and 18  December 2014 that targeted government sites, including the Lithgow Correctional Centre and an Australian Federal Police building in Sydney. Jibryl Almaouie, Mohamed Almaouie, Farhad Said and an unnamed teenager were all sentenced to jail terms for their part. Ibrahim Ghazzawy, the sixth conspirator was earlier in 2017 sentenced to a minimum of 6 years and 4 months. Khalid appeared on the SBS program Insight in 2014, where he said that Islamic State only wanted to bring "justice, peace and humanitarian aid to the people". He later stormed off the set. Khalid was arrested on 23 December 2014 by Joint Counter Terrorism Team members as part of Operation Appleby.

Joshua Ryne Goldberg

In 2015, Jewish American internet troll Joshua Goldberg was arrested for planning a bombing in Kansas City while posing as an Australian ISIS supporter. A 17-year-old Melbourne teenager who had been in contact with Goldberg pleaded guilty to preparing a terror attack, after bombs were found in his home. Goldberg's ISIS persona also attempted to incite mass shootings in Australia.

Victorian Trades Hall bombing plot

In 2016, Phillip Galea, a Victorian man associated with the far-right group Reclaim Australia, was arrested for planning bombings of various "leftist" organisations in Melbourne, including Trades Hall in Carlton, the Melbourne Anarchist Club in Northcote and the Resistance Centre in the Melbourne CBD. He was arrested in August 2016, after police raids of his home in November 2015 found cattle prods, mercury, information relating to home-made bombs and a document drafted by Galea called the "Terrorist's Cookbook", intended to be a how-to-guide for Right-wing terrorists.

Galea was convicted of plotting terrorist attacks and creating a document likely to facilitate a terrorist act in December 2019 and given a 12-year jail sentence. The Court was told that his aim were to eliminate the leaders of the left in Melbourne, blaming them for the "Islamisation" of Australia.

Federation Square attack plot

On 27 November 2017 an Australian man of Somali parentage was arrested for plotting a mass shooting. Twenty-year-old Ali Khalif Shire Ali from Werribee, Victoria was charged the next day in Melbourne Magistrates' Court with: preparing to commit a terrorist attack, and gathering documents to facilitate a terrorist act. Police believed that Ali planned to "shoot and kill as many people as he could" in Federation Square, Melbourne on New Year's Eve.

In May 2019 Ali pled guilty to preparing a terrorist attack. On 21 May 2020 he was sentenced to ten years' jail, with a seven-and-a-half-year non-parole period. In December 2020 his sentence was increased to sixteen years, with a non-parole period of twelve years. Ali's brother was 30-year-old Hassan Khalif Shire Ali, who committed a stabbing attack in Melbourne in November 2018. Hassan killed one person, and was then shot and killed by police.

Counterterrorism efforts

Australians joining external conflicts

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), proscribed by the government as a terrorist organisation, has targeted Australian Muslims for recruitment. Making use of social media, recruiters target those vulnerable to radicalisation, and encourage local jihad activities. Some of those targeted have been minors, including a 17-year-old who was arrested in Melbourne in May 2015 for plotting to detonate home-made bombs, and sentenced to 7 years' jail. In June 2014, the government claimed that roughly 150 Australians had been recruited to fight in the conflicts in Syria and Iraq. A list released in April 2015 showed that most were young males who have come from a range of occupations, including students. It was also reported at the time that 249 suspected jihadists had been prevented from leaving Australia. The Australian Border Force Counter-Terrorism Unit, tasked with stopping jihadists from leaving the country, had cancelled more than 100 passports by the end of March 2015. Several jihadists have expressed the desire to return to Australia, but Prime Minister Tony Abbott has said that any who do would be prosecuted on their arrival.

In May 2016, in what became known as the 'Tinnie terror plot’, five men were arrested as they towed a boat in the Northern Territory. A sixth was arrested in Melbourne. The group was charged with "making preparations for incursions into foreign countries to engage in hostile activities." They had intended to go by sea to help Islamic insurgents in the Philippines overthrow their government. All six men were jailed. As of April 2020 two of them had been released. The leader, Musa Cerantonio was sentenced to seven years.

On 1 September 2016 Hamdi Alquidsi was sentenced to 8 years' jail (6 years minimum) by Justice Christine Adamson. In July he was found guilty of seven counts of "supporting engagement in armed hostilities" in Syria. Two men who he helped travel to Syria were killed there, two others have returned to Australia. The fate of another two is unknown, while the last never left. Alqudsi will be eligible for release in July 2022.

September 2014 AFP raids

Sydney and Brisbane

In the early hours of 18 September 2014, large teams of Australian Federal Police (AFP) and other security agencies conducted search operations in both Sydney and Brisbane. Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott has alluded to an alleged plot aimed at conducting a random act of terrorism as the reason for the police action. This action is described as the largest in Australian history to date. One man arrested, from Guildford, allegedly conspired to commit a "horrifying" terrorist act with a man believed to be the most senior Australian Islamic State leader.

Melbourne

On 30 September 2014 there were more raids in Melbourne. The AFP executed seven search warrants in Broadmeadows, Flemington, Kealba, Meadow Heights and Seabrook. Over 100 officers from Federal and State police forces took part. A man from Seabrook will be charged with "intentionally making funds available to a terrorist organisation knowing that organisation was a terrorist organisation", AFP Assistant Commissioner Gaughan said. The man is alleged to have provided money to a United States citizen who was fighting in Syria.

February 2015 Sydney raid

On 10 February 2015 two men were arrested in Fairfield, New South Wales, and charged with "Acts done in preparation, for, or planning terrorists acts". On the morning of 10 February police were informed the two were planning a terrorist attack. They were quickly placed under surveillance and tracked. When they purchased a hunting knife from a store about 3:00 pm, NSW Joint Counter Terrorism Team (JCTT) forces decided to intervene and soon after 4:00 pm the men were arrested.

The men were a 24-year-old student from Iraq, and a 25-year-old nurse who moved from Kuwait in 2012. The two were unknown to police until the tip-off. The men's residence, a vehicle and places of work were searched. They were found with a machete, a hunting knife, a homemade Islamic State flag and "a video which depicted a man talking about carrying out an attack", according to NSW Police Deputy Commissioner (Specialist Operations) Catherine Burn. One of the men arrested appeared in the video.

Burn also said: "We will allege that both of these men were preparing to do this act yesterday" and "We believe that the men were potentially going to harm somebody, maybe even kill somebody ...".

The JCTT investigation has been given the code name Operation Castrum.

May 2015 Melbourne

On 8 May 2015 a 17-year-old was arrested in Greenvale, Melbourne for plotting to detonate home-made bombs. He was charged with:

engaging in an act in preparation for, or planning, a terrorist act contrary to section 101.6 of the Criminal Code(Cth) and possess things connected with a terrorist act, contrary to section 101.4 of the Criminal Code (Cth)

Three alleged improvised explosive devices were found and rendered safe in a park by controlled detonation. The teenager appeared in court on 11 May and was remanded to reappear on May 26. 'Operation Amberd' was formed, and investigations made for 9 days, after a call to a security hotline. AFP and Victorian police of the Melbourne Joint Counter Terrorism Team (JCTT) carried out the raid. AFP Deputy Commissioner Mike Phelan said: "We can absolutely guarantee we have stopped something."

December 2016 Christmas terror plot

On 23 December 2016 seven people were arrested in Melbourne for plotting an attack on Christmas Day. Properties were raided at Campbellfield, Dallas, Victoria, Flemington, Gladstone Park and Meadow Heights. The would-be terrorists planned to attack Federation Square, Flinders Street railway station and St. Paul's Cathedral, three landmarks clustered in the centre of Melbourne. An explosive device and other weapons were to be used. Abdullah Chaarani, Ahmed Mohamed and Hamza Abbas were found guilty 2 November 2018 in the High Court of Australia of plotting an attack in the name of the Islamic State. The trio smiled, laughed and made thumbs up as the verdict was announced. The police brought the weapons the trio had purchased to kill people who did not adhere to their radical version of Sunni Islam.

February 2017 Young

In late February 2017 a man was arrested at Young, New South Wales after an 18-month investigation. The man is a 42-year-old electrician and Australian citizen. He is alleged "... to have been researching how to develop laser missile detection equipment for IS and helping the extremists develop their own destructive missile arsenal". He appeared the same day at Young Local Court charged with two foreign incursion offences, and a count of "failing to comply with an order to assist access to data".

July 2019 Sydney

On 2 July 2019 the JCTT carried out raids in Western Sydney, including in Canada Bay, Chester Hill, Greenacre, Green Valley, Ingleburn and Toongabbie. Three men aged, 20, 23 and 30-year were arrested.

One of them, Radwin Dakkak, now 25, was jailed for 18 months in December 2020 for "associating with a member of a terrorist organisation", that person being another of those arrested, Isaac El Matari, a member of Islamic State (IS). Dakkak was the first Australian to be prosecuted for this offence. Dakkak was released in January 2021 as he had already served most of his time in custody, waiting for court proceedings to conclude. Weeks later he was rearrested for allegedly breaching a control order.

In October 2021 IS member Isaac El Matari now aged 22, was jailed for preparing a terrorist attack. He received a maximum term of 7 years and 4 months, with a five-and-a-half-year non-parole period. El Matari previously served 9 months in jail in Lebanon for attempting to join IS, after which he returned to Australia in June 2018. He was under surveillance into 2019 and spoke with associates about establishing an IS insurgency in Australia.

Anti-terrorism legislation

Prior to the 1960s, there had not been any act in Australia that could accurately be deemed "terrorism" in the modern political and strategic sense of the word. Politically motivated violent incidents were rare, usually isolated, and for the most part driven by issues arising from political legislation, greed, or individuals being singled out, such as the attempted assassination of Australian Labor Party Leader Arthur Calwell in 1965 over his Vietnam War stance. Likewise the 1968 attack on the US Consulate in Melbourne was also regarded to be an isolated incident protesting the US involvement in Vietnam. The two exceptions to this state of affairs would be the assassination attempt on the Duke of Edinburgh in 1868 by an Irish Nationalist named O'Farrell, who was later executed for his crime, and an attack in Broken Hill in 1915 by Afghan supporters of the Sultan of Turkey.

Although it had known sporadic acts through its history, and examples of modern terrorism for almost a decade, Australia did not introduce terrorism specific laws into Parliament until the late 1970s. In 1977, after a three-year inquiry into Australia's intelligence services, Justice Robert Hope delivered his Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security (RCIS). The RCIS recommended amongst other things that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) areas of investigation be widened to include terrorism. A further Protective Security Review by Justice Hope in 1978 following the Sydney Hilton bombing designated ASIO as the government agency responsible for producing national threat assessments in the field of terrorism and politically motivated violence.

Since then, successive governments have reviewed and altered the shape of both legislation and the agencies that enforce it to cope with the changing face, threat and scope of terrorism. It was not until after the attacks of 11 September 2001, however, that Australian policy began to change to reflect a growing threat against Australia and Australians specifically. Until then the view held from the 1960s had been that terrorist actions in Australia were considered as a problem imported from conflicts overseas and concerned with foreign targets on Australian soil.

2004 and 2005

In 2004, the Howard government introduced into Parliament three anti-terrorism bills, collectively called the Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004, and in 2005 the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 was passed.

Before 2006, the last legislation to be brought into effect was the Anti-Terrorism Act (No. 2) 2005.

The Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 (Cth) came into law on 12 December 2006, and extends the regulatory regime imposed by the Financial Transaction Reports Act 1988.

2014–2015

New anti-terror laws were introduced in three stages in 2014:

• In July 2014, the National Security Legislation Amendment Bill (No. 1) 2014 was passed by Parliament on 25 September 2014.
• In September 2014 the Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill was introduced by Attorney-General George Brandis, passed on 29 October 2014, and assented to on 3 November 2014. As part of this Bill the Crimes (Foreign Incursions and Recruitment) Act 1978 was repealed.
• In October 2014 the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2014 was introduced to amend the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979, and then referred to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security. The Senate passed the bill as the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Act 2015 on 26 March 2015. Assent was received on 13 April 2015.

Control orders

In the wake of the 2 October 2015 shooting death of a civilian police employee, the New South Wales government requested legal changes to allow control orders on people aged 14 and over. Attorney-General George Brandis agreed to the changes. The NSW Council for Civil Liberties criticised the proposal. The councils president Stephen Blanks said: "The proposed laws are undoubtedly going to be in breach of human rights standards,"

Shooting policy

In November 2015 it was stated that New South Wales police were being retrained to "...shoot terrorists on sight rather than try to contain them and negotiate,...".

Terrorist organisations

Since November 2016, there have been 20 organisations designated as terrorist organisations. Organisations can be so designated by a court or a government department. All but one of those organisations are Islamist. Identification of an organisation as a terrorist organisation may result from a prosecution for a terrorist offence, or from a listing determined by the Attorney-General of Australia. The Australian list does not correspond to similar lists of other countries or international organisations.

Stripping citizenship from terrorists

In August 2018 five Australians who had travelled to fight with the Islamic State were stripped of Australian citizenship and barred from reentering Australia. This was possible because they had another citizenship, because international law does not permit the measure being used on individuals with only one citizenship. The five brought the total to six for Australians stripped of citizenship for acts "contrary to their allegiance to Australia".

Terrorist groups in Australia

A number of terror organisations and terror cells have operated in Australia, with their activities including fund-raising and providing material support for terror activities overseas, as well as plotting and executing domestic terrorism. The following table includes a selection of these groups.

Threats

Right wing extremists

Various right wing extremist groups have posed tangible terrorism threats in Australia over several decades. The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) in the 1970s monitored Safari 8, the Legion of the Frontiersmen of the Commonwealth and the Australian Youth Coalition as terrorist threats, and from the 1980s through to the early 2000s sporadic terrorist activities were undertaken by National Action and the Australian Nationalist Movement.

In the wake of the 2019 Christchurch mosque terrorist attacks at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, perpetrated by Australian Brenton Harrison Tarrant from Grafton, a self-described "Ethno-nationalist, "Eco-fascist", "Kebab removalist" "racist", New South Wales Police Commissioner Michael Fuller identified the likelihood of right wing lone wolf terrorist attacks in Australia as "an emerging risk" and indicated he will consider boosting resources into the anti-terrorism squad focused on right-wing extremists. Recent examples of such right wing extremist 'lone wolves' include white supremacist Michael Holt, jailed for weapons and child pornography offences after threatening to carry out a mass shooting at a shopping centre on the NSW Central Coast, and Phillip Galea, convicted of terrorism charges relating to planned bombings of left wing organisations in Melbourne.

ISIL propaganda and recruitment

A number of incidents relating to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) terrorist group have involved Australians and garnered the attention of the Australian public. ISIL is a militant Sunni group which has been proscribed by Australian authorities as a terrorist organisation.

In 2014, two Australian Islamic extremists made a propaganda video encouraging Australians to join the ISIL, According to the Australian government, up to 150 Australians "have been or are currently overseas fighting with extremists in Iraq and Syria." One Australian jihadist, Khaled Sharrouf, posted a picture of himself, and another of his son, holding a decapitated soldier's head.

ISIL recruited Australian nationals for terror attacks in the Middle East including suicide bombings as late as March 2015. Eighteen-year-old Jake Bilardi, known as Jihadi Jake, converted to Sunni Islam. He died on 11 March 2015 when he carried out a suicide bombing in Ramadi, Iraq.

In 2015 it was reported that more than 20 Australians who have fought with ISIL have returned and are being monitored by security agencies. Then Foreign Minister Julie Bishop has said, "there is a risk they will come back as battle-hardened experienced terrorists ... and try to carry out terrorist attacks".

The Attorney-General Senator George Brandis has expressed concern that those fighting jihad, then returning from the Middle East, represent, "the most significant risk to Australia's security that we have faced in many years." The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) is concerned that Australians fighting jihad may return home to plan terror attacks. In October 2014, ISIL published an online video in which a teenage Australian Jihadi, Abdullah Elmir, threatened the United States and Australia, naming U.S. President Barack Obama and Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott as targets.

On 18 April 2015, at least 200 police officers conducted a series of raids in Melbourne, frustrating a terror plot planned for ANZAC Day. During the raids Sevdet Besim was arrested, and in June 2016 pleaded guilty to planning a terrorism attack, in which he planned to behead a police officer. In October 2015, a British minor from Blackburn was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison for being the mastermind of the plot. In January 2021, the Parole Board said that "considerable progress that had been made" in his rehabilitation, and that he was suitable for release.

According to witnesses, some years later, some the officers committed some abuses during the raid; they had thrown a suspect into a fridge, causing a deep cut, made repeated racial slurs to an Aboriginal man and assaulted him. The Australian federal police spent years denying these accusations.

On 6 September 2016 ISIL published a new online magazine in which they urged "lone wolves" to carry out attacks:

Kill them on the streets of Brunswick, Broadmeadows, Bankstown, and Bondi. Kill them at the MCG, the SCG, the Opera House, and even in their backyards,

The same statement was published in other languages naming locations in France, Germany and Indonesia.

Two days later on 8 September a man was detained at the Sydney Opera House after acting suspiciously. He was later charged with "threatening to destroy or damage property."

Sovereign citizens

In 2015 the New South Wales Police Force's Counter Terrorism and Special Tactics Command assessed that members of the anti-government sovereign citizen movement posed a potential terrorist threat. At the time there were reported to be 300 members of this movement in the state. While there had been no incidents of violence associated with sovereign citizens in Australia at that time, the NSW Police were concerned that members of the movement were becoming radicalised and could commit attacks such as those made by sovereign citizens in the United States.

Social impact

Muslim community

Researchers have observed that Muslims in Australia have become a "stigmatised minority", subject to increased surveillance by state authorities as well as public discourse that constructs Muslims as a potential terrorist threat. Researchers term this the "suspect community" thesis. Researchers study how Muslims perceive themselves as a suspect community and how this influences their support for counter-terrorism efforts.

Jewish community

Terrorism in Australia has impacted the Australian Jewish community. After the 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, the Australian Jewish community became a prime target of Al-Qaeda terror cells. Notable terrorist incidents impacting the Jewish community in Australia include the 1982 bombing of a Jewish centre in Sydney, and the 2024 firebombing of a Melbourne synagogue.

See also

• Crime in Australia
• List of terrorist incidents in Australia
• Islamic terrorism in Europe
• List of terrorist incidents
• Terrorism in the United States
• Hindu terrorism
• Left-wing terrorism
• Right-wing terrorism

References

1. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (globalterrorismdb_0616dist.xlsx Archived 10 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd Archived 6 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine University of Maryland
2. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (gtd1993_0616dist.xlsx Archived 10 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd Archived 6 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine University of Maryland
3. Commonwealth of Australia (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. Chapter 2: A New Kind of Foe. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia). ISBN 1-920959-04-1. Archived from the original on 25 July 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2015 – via Pandora Archive. Chap. 2 – (PDF version 1.7 Mb)
4. Commonwealth of Australia (15 July 2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia (PDF). 1.0. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. ISBN 1-920959-04-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2015 – via Pandora Archive.
5. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (22 February 2010). Counter Terrorism White Paper: Securing Australia – Protecting our Community (PDF). Dpmc.gov.au. ISBN 978-1-921385-99-5. Archived from the original (PDF-1.63 MB) on 23 February 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2010 – via Pandora Archive.
6. Crude bomb blasts Soviet Embassy Canberra Times 18 January 1971
7. Taylor, Therese. "Australian Terrorism: Traditions of Violence and the Family Court Bombings" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017. (1992) 8 Australian Journal of Law & Society 1.
8. ^ Slee, John (13 December 1980). "Yeppoon bombing - a problem in Japanese-Australian relations". The Sydney Morning Herald.
9. Lee, Kun Jong (2015). ""Quo vadis, Terra Australis?": Don'o Kim's The Chinaman". Journal of Australian Studies. 39 (4): 461–476. doi:10.1080/14443058.2015.1074091. ISSN 1444-3058. S2CID 146505788.
10. Ben Humphreys, Member for Griffith (2 December 1980). "Iwasaki Tourist Resort: Bombing". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. pp. 219–219.
11. ^ Gistitin, Carol (2014). "The Iwasaki Resort". Queensland History Journal. 22 (4): 333–348.
12. ^ "Man said he bombed Iwasaki, court told". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 May 1981.
13. Global Terrorism Database; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69.
14. "Operation Esslemont". ata-a.org. ATA Alliance (Australian Turkish Advocacy Alliance). Retrieved 18 December 2020.
15. Fox, Aine (17 December 2019). "$1m reward for Turkish diplomat's killing in Sydney". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
16. "Assassination of Turkish Consul-General and his bodyguard". police.nsw.gov.au. Government of New South Wales. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2020. Counter Terrorism and Special Tactics Commander, Assistant Commissioner Mark Walton, welcomed the reward – the first $1 million offered in relation to a terrorism act.
17. "Police divers conduct underwater search for items related to Turkish diplomat's death" (Video). ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
18. "Supremacist leader in court" theage.com.au. AAP. 7 August 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2015
19. "AM Archive - Racist attacks against Perth restaurants". abc.net.au. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
20. "Australia faces up to race violence - again | IOL News". iol.co.za. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
21. "PM - WA police arrest white supremacist leader". abc.net.au. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
22. "The World Today - ANM leaders guilty of bomb plans". abc.net.au. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
23. "Racist jailed for 'stunt bomb plot'". The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 May 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
24. "1982 HAKOAH CLUB AND ISRAELI CONSULATE BOMBINGS HAVE BEEN REOPENED." Archived 21 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine JewishNews.net.au. 29 August 2012.
25. Mercer, Neil. "Police have new lead in Hakoah Club bombing." Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 September 2012.
26. "Hakoah bombing mystery re-opens." Archived 21 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine News.com.au 25 August 2012.
27. "Police reopen 1982 Sydney bombings case." Archived 21 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine ABC News. Sunday 26 AUG 2012.
28. Greek Bulgarian armenian Front Archived 18 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine MIPT
29. "Australian Neo-nazi Sentenced for Ordering Attempt on Anc Man". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 16 May 1991. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
30. Henderson, Gerard (1 February 2010). "Australia's 'racist' tag is myth heavily hyped". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
31. "French Consular Office in Australia Destroyed by Fire". Los Angeles Times. AP (Associated Press). 18 June 1995. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
32. "Anti-abortion killer jailed for life". theage.com.au. 19 November 2002. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
33. Williams, Clive (9 September 2006). "No, minister we are not free of terror". The Canberra Times.
34. Houston, Cameron; Butt, Craig; Mills, Tammy; Spooner, Rania; Zielinski, Caroline; Cook, Henrietta (24 September 2014). "Terror suspect shot dead after two police officers stabbed in Endeavour Hills". The Age. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
35. Silvester, John. "Melbourne terror shooting: Numan Haider 'planned to behead Victoria Police officers, drape bodies in IS flag'". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 24 September 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
36. Griffiths, Emma (16 December 2014). "Sydney siege: A 'brush with terrorism', perpetrator 'cloaked actions' with Islamic State symbolism, Tony Abbott says". ABC News. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
37. "A nightmare comes true". The Economist. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
38. David Wroe and Lisa Cox, "Martin Place siege: Tony Abbott convenes National Security Committee," Archived 6 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Canberra Times, 15 December 2014.
39. Terrorism in Australia: The siege of Martin Place," Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Economist, 15 December 2014.
40. Nick Ralston and Emma Partridge, "Martin Place siege being treated as terrorist attack, police confirm," Archived 27 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 December 2014.
41. ^ "Man Haron Monis: Why did he carry out Sydney siege?". News.com.au. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
42. Fraser, Jill (18 December 2014). "Australian expert warns of 'lone wolf' terror risk". Anadolou Agency. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
43. Wesley, Michael (20 December 2014). "Sydney siege: Welcome to Jihad 3.0, the third wave of terrorism and the most unpredictable". The Australian.
44. Stewart, Scott (18 December 2014). "The Sydney Hostage Incident Was Grassroots Terrorism". Forbes. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
45. Lehmann, John "Let's be honest: Man Haron Monis was an IS terrorist" The Daily Telegraph. 17 December 2014.
46. Anne Ally. Sydney siege: "Don't call Man Haron Monis a 'terrorist' - it only helps Isis." Archived 12 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian. 16 December 2014.
47. "Martin Place siege an act of terror: Govt". News Ltd. 15 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
48. Feneley, Rick (20 December 2014). "Sydney siege: Man Haron Monis, 'humanitarian' and terrorist". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
49. Maley, Jacqueline (20 December 2014). "Let there be no doubt: Monis was a terrorist". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
50. O'Brien, Nick (31 December 2014). "Why Islamic State glorified the Sydney siege". The Drum. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
51. Jones, David (5 January 2015). "Lone wolves, stray dogs and leaderless resistance". On Line Opinion. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
52. "Gunman who shot dead NSW police employee was radicalised youth". ABC News. 3 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
53. "Parramatta shooting of police employee by 15-year-old 'was act of terrorism'". The Guardian. 4 October 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
54. "Parramatta shooting: Gunman identified as Farhad Khalil Mohammad Jabar". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 October 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
55. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Sean (27 April 2016). "Fourth alleged IS member charged over Parramatta police shooting". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
56. Massola, James; Olding, Rachel (11 September 2016). "'Someone is going to die today': Man charged with committing terrorist act and attempted murder". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
57. Griffiths, Meredith (30 April 2018). "'They killed our people, he should be killed too': Terrorism accused on trial over stabbing". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
58. Fedor, Kelly (1 May 2020). "Teenager jailed over murder of service station worker and writing "IS" in his blood". 9news.com.au. Nine Digital Pty Ltd. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
59. "Student wearing burqa 'stabbed' man in his sleep while daughter watched". The New Zealand Herald. 10 February 2018. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
60. "Foreign student charged over Melbourne terror attack". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
61. Oaten, James (5 June 2019). "Student jailed for 42 years over stabbing terror attack on sleeping homestay host". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
62. Tran, Danny (3 December 2021). "Convicted terrorist sentenced to more jail time for 'cold blooded' attack on inmate". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
63. ^ Percy, Karen (21 May 2020). "Federation Square New Year's Eve terror plotter Ali Khalif Shire Ali sentenced to 10 years' jail". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
64. Chang, Charis; Molloy, Shannon; Bedo, Stephanie (9 November 2018). "One person dead after stabbing in Melbourne CBD, man shot by police". News.com.au. Retrieved 9 November 2018. I was walking up Bourke St ... and we heard this loud explosion. I thought it was a car backfiring but there was flames coming out of the car. It then veered to the left ... and exploded in flames,-Witness
65. "Bourke Street attacker "failed in his plan to cause explosion"". SBS News. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
66. Cavanagh, Rebekah (20 June 2018). "Accused terrorist to face Supreme Court trial". News.com.au. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
67. "Australia describes Brisbane couple's death as 'terrorism incident'". CNA.
68. "9News - Latest news and headlines from Australia and the world". 9news.com.au.
69. "No terror threat from man shot dead by police on Brisbane motorway, AFP says". The Guardian. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
70. Molloy, Shannon (16 April 2024). "'Act of terror': Alleged attacker yelled 'Allahu Akbar' after stabbing Sydney bishop". News.com.au. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
71. Baker, Mark (16 April 2024). "Tensions rise in Australia after a bishop and priest are wounded in a knife attack in a church". Associated Press.
72. "Police confirm Melbourne synagogue fire being treated as terror attack". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
73. ^ Innis, Michelle (22 December 2014). "Australia Says It Foiled a Terrorist Plot". New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
74. "Palestinian plot to kill Hawke." Archived 18 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Age. 31 December 2006.
75. Lodhi guilty on terror charges Lodhi 'deserves' 20 years Archived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine Lodhi jailed for 20 years over terror plot Archived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
76. Anti-Terrorism Act 2004 (Cth).
77. ^ R v Lodhi [2006] NSWSC 691 (23 August 2006), Supreme Court (NSW, Australia).
78. Sales, Leigh (23 August 2006). "Sydney terrorism suspect jailed for 20 years". Lateline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
79. Calligeros, Marissa (23 April 2015). "From Buddhist to jihadist: Melbourne man Neil Prakash's journey to Islamic State". The Age. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
80. "Death of top IS recruiter 'doesn't eliminate threat', expert warns". News. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
81. "PM hails death of top IS recruiter". 5 May 2016. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
82. "Federal authorities almost certain Australia's most senior terrorist Neil Prakash is alive and still recruiting extremists". Herald Sun. Retrieved 27 June 2016.(subscription required)
83. "Islamic State: Australian fighter Neil Prakash alive, arrested in Middle East, counter-terrorism officials confirm". ABC News. 25 November 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
84. Tlozek, Eric (16 March 2019). "Australian Islamic State recruiter Neil Prakash sentenced to jail in Turkey". ABC News. Abc.net.au. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
85. ABC Staff (4 December 2022). "Alleged terrorist Neil Prakash extradited to Melbourne and charged with six offences". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
86. "Australian and World News – ninemsn, Nine News". news. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008.
87. "Five Australians jailed for jihad plot". Reuters. 15 February 2010. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
88. "Five men convicted of terror-related offences won't renounce jihad". Herald Sun. 18 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
89. Caldwell, Alison (7 March 2008). "Tape alleges Howard assassination plot" (transcript). The World Today (ABC Local Radio). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
90. Staff writer/s (24 December 2020). "Terrorist will stay in Australian jail despite sentence ending". 9news.com.au. Nine Digital Pty Ltd. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
91. Silva, Kristian (18 December 2023). "Convicted terrorist Abdul Nacer Benbrika to walk free after nearly two decades behind bars". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
92. Cameron Stewart and Milanda Rout, 5 August 2009. "Somali extremists on a 'fatwa order' from God" Archived 7 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The Australian, Retrieved on 5 August 2009
93. Melissa Iaria, 4 August 2009. "Terror suspects 'sought holy approval'" Archived 15 December 2012 at archive.today. news.com.au, Retrieved on 4 August 2009
94. Janet Fife-Yeomans and Carly Crawford, 5 August 2009. "Terror suspects 'sought holy approval'" Archived 7 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. news.com.au. Retrieved on 5 August 2009
95. 5 August 2009. "Govt orders review of security at military bases". news.com.au, Retrieved on 5 August 2009
96. Ross, Norrie (17 December 2011). "Judge berates terrorists who were given refuge in Australia". Herald Sun. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
97. The Queen v Besim [2016] VSC 537, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia).
98. "Police disrupt plot in Australia to 'bring down an airplane'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
99. "Australia thwarts 'Islamic-inspired' plane attack plot". Reuters. 29 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
100. ^ McKinnell, Jamie (17 December 2019). "Khayat brothers sentenced to 40 years, 36 years in prison over meat grinder bomb plot". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
101. Harvey, Adam (Middle East correspondent) (20 September 2019). "Australian tricked by brothers into joining bomb plot released from Lebanese prison". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 January 2020. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
102. Kidd, Jessica (31 October 2017). "Tamim Khaja pleads guilty to planning Sydney 'mass murder' terror attack". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
103. Hoerr, Karl (3 November 2017). "Five jailed for terror plot targeting government sites including AFP building and Lithgow jail". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
104. Hawke, Sarah (31 July 2017). "Three plead guilty to preparing Sydney terrorist attacks". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
105. "Seized documents 'name Sydney terror targets', pair charged". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
106. "US man tried to organise terror attack in Melbourne, say authorities". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018.
107. Padraic, Murphy. "Teenager pleads guilty to planning Mother's Day terrorist attack in Melbourne". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
108. "Australian ISIS supporter tweets tips and threats following Garland Texas shootings". Australian Times. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
109. "Internet troll Joshua Goldberg attempted to incite terror attacks in Melbourne". news.com.au. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
110. Ralph Ellis; Greg Botelho (10 September 2015). "Man accused of bomb plot at 9/11 event, FBI says". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
111. Percy, Karen (19 November 2019). "Accused far-right terrorist nearly blew up his own home while developing 'fake' terror plot, court hears". ABC News. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
112. "Accused far-right terrorist says how-to massacre document was 'satire'". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
113. ^ Percy, Karen (5 December 2019). "Far-right Australian terror conviction 'a canary in the coalmine', union leader warns". ABC News. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
114. "Far-right terrorist Phillip Galea jailed for at least nine years for Melbourne plot". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 20 November 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
115. "Far-right extremist Phillip Galea found guilty of plotting terror attacks in Melbourne". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
116. "Werribee man charged with terrorism offences over alleged Federation Square massacre plot". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 November 2017. Archived from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
117. Silva, Kristian (18 December 2020). "Federation Square terror plotter Ali Khalif Shire Ali has sentence increased after prosecutors appeal". abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
118. "Australian National Security – Islamic State". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
119. ^ Lloyd, Peter (21 June 2014). "Australian militants Abu Yahya ash Shami and Abu Nour al-Iraqi identified in ISIS recruitment video". ABC News. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
120. Crawford, Carly (10 May 2015). "Islamic State sets sights on exanding to Canberra". Herald Sun. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
121. ^ "The rapid evolution of the ISIS death cult". Heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
122. Bachelard, Michael; Wroe, David (9 May 2015). "Keyboard warrior: Anzac terror plot accused Sevdet Besim allegedly guided online". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
123. Maley, Paul (10 May 2015). "One missing piece in the Neil Prakash Islamic State puzzle". The Australian. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
124. ^ Dowling, James; Flower, Wayne; Schelle, Caroline (11 May 2015). "Teenager accused of terrorist bomb plot spread radical views of British hate preacher". Herald Sun. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
125. McKenzie, Nick; Baker, Richard; Lee, Jane (7 December 2016). "Teen jailed for seven years over Mother's Day terror plot". The Age. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
126. "Australia Warns of Islamic Militant Migration: Australia Increases Counterterrorism Strategies to Combat Threat." The Wall Street Journal. June 24, 2014.
127. ^ Bourke, Latika (19 June 2014). "Number of Australians fighting with militants in Iraq and Syria 'extraordinary', Julie Bishop says". ABC News (Australia). Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
128. Chambers, Geoff (16 April 2015). "Revealed: Full list of Aussie jihadis fighting with ISIS in Syria and Iraq". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
129. Doorley, Neil; Snowdon, Tom (20 April 2015). "Queensland terror suspects removed from flights". Herald Sun. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
130. "Australian counter-terror police 'stopping 400 per day' – BBC News". BBC News. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
131. Dowling, James (20 May 2015). "Australian laws stopping Melbourne woman leaving IS, father says". Herald Sun. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
132. Owens, Jarad (19 May 2015). "Returning Islamic State foreign fighters face jail, Abbott says". The Australian. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
133. Maley, Paul (20 May 2015). "Cold comfort and jail for returning jihadists". The Australian. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
134. Staff (7 March 2020). "Government slammed as 'tinnie terrorist' comes home to WA". 9news.com.au. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
135. "Robert Cerantonio, extremist ringleader who tried to sail to the Philippines to overthrow government, jailed for 7 years". abc.net.au. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
136. Hunjan, Raveen; Daniel, Sue (1 September 2016). "Hamdi Alqudsi jailed for six years for aiding men to fight with IS". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
137. ^ Phan, Sophia; McNeilage, Amy; Levy, Megan (18 September 2014). "Anti-terrorism raids across Sydney and Brisbane". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
138. ^ "Anti-terror raids in Melbourne: Man charged with sending funds to Islamic State and Al Qaeda affiliate". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014. ... arrested for allegedly providing $12,000 to a US citizen fighting in Syria. Updated 1 October 2014
139. ^ NSW Police Media Unit (12 February 2015). "Two arrested at Fairfield on Terrorism offences". police.nsw.gov.au (Press release). Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
140. ^ Mark, David (11 February 2015). "Police say they've foiled murderous terror attack". ABC Radio-PM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
141. ^ Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Sean (11 February 2015). "Authorities warn of 'new normal' after thwarting terrorist plot". 7.30. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
142. ^ "Media Release: Joint Operation Amberd". afp.gov.au (Press release). Australian Federal Police. 9 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
143. ^ "'Closest call yet': Police say tip-off sparked Melbourne raids which found alleged improvised explosive devices". 9news.com.au. NineMSN. 9 May 2015. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
144. "Seven held over alleged Christmas Day 'act of evil' terror plot". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
145. ^ Livingston, Angus (23 December 2016). "Melbourne Xmas bomb attack foiled: police". Yahoo! News. AAP. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
146. "'Distressing': Footage judge won't release". news.com.au. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
147. ^ "Trio guilty of Melbourne terror plot". news.com.au. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
148. Hayne, Jordan and; Doran, Matthew (political reporter) (28 February 2017). "Man arrested at Young, NSW for allegedly researching missiles for Islamic State". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
149. "Police arrest three in Sydney counterterrorism raids, accuse one of planning attack". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 July 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
150. Parkes-Hupton, Heath (18 March 2021). "IS supporter Radwan Dakkak hit with more charges for alleged control order breaches". News.com.au. Nationwide News Pty Ltd. NCA Newswire. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
151. McKinnell, Jamie (11 October 2021). "Isaac El Matari jailed for seven years for preparing terrorist attack in Australia". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
152. Commonwealth of Australia (16 February 2005). "Anti-Terrorism Act (no. 2) 2005, No. 144, 2005" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
153. "Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Bill 2006". parlinfo.aph.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
154. ^ Griffiths, Emma (28 May 2015). "Explainer: What do the new anti-terrorism laws involve and how will they will be rolled out". ABC News (Australia). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
155. "Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill 2014". Commonwealth of Australia. 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
156. "Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Act 2014". comlaw.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
157. Philipson, Graeme (27 March 2015). "Data retention now the law of the land". ITwire. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
158. Griffiths, Emma Updated (26 March 2015). "Data retention laws pass Federal Parliament as Coalition and Labor vote together". ABC News (Australia). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
159. "Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2015". comlaw.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
160. ^ Anderson, Stephanie (13 October 2015). "Tougher terrorism laws to protect against 'incitement of genocide', Malcolm Turnbull says". Australian Broadcasting Commission. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. Law changes requested by the New South Wales Government and agreed to by Attorney-General George Brandis could also see young people closely monitored under potential laws aiming to lower the age of control orders from 16 to 14.
161. Brown, Michelle; Kennedy, Jean (17 November 2015). "NSW police trained to shoot terrorists on sight, rather than negotiate". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
162. "Australian National Security – What Australia is doing". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
163. "Five Islamic State terrorists stripped of Australian citizenship". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
164. Bendle, Mervyn F. "Secret Saudi funding of radical Islamic groups in Australia." National Observer 72 (2007): 7.
165. Andrew Zammit, "THE HOLSWORTHY BARRACKS PLOT: A CASE STUDY OF AN AL-SHABAB SUPPORT NETWORK IN AUSTRALIA." June 21, 2012.
166. Ian Munro, "Terror on Tap", The Sydney Morning Herald, December 24, 2010.
167. Raffaello Pantucci, "Operation Neath: Is Somalia's al-Shabaab Movement Active in Australia?" Terrorism Monitor 9:3 (2011).
168. Leah Farrall, "What the al Shabab-al Qaeda Merger Means for Australia", The Conversation, March 5, 2012.
169. "Arsonist Afraid of Group, Judge Told". The West Australian. 5 April 1990.
170. "Australia's Howard Says Fanatical Islam Behind Terror". Bloomberg (2 ed.). 9 November 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
171. Olding, Rachel, "Terrifying Legacy Emerges From Success of Operation Pendennis." Archived 15 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 August 2014.
172. ^ Campion, Kristy (2018). "The Ustaša in Australia: A Review of Right-Wing Ustaša Terrorism from 1963-1973, and Factors that Enabled their Endurance" (PDF). Salus Journal. 6.
173. "Abu Sulayman Australia's most senior al Qaeda operative." Archived 27 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine ABC News. Accessed 25 July 2016.
174. Shandon Harris-Hogan. "The Australian Neojihadist network: Origins, evolution and structure." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, Volume 5, Issue 1. Global Terrorism Research Centre. Monash University. Victoria: Australia. (2012): pp. 18- 30.
175. Koschade, Stuart Andrew. "The internal dynamics of terrorist cells: a social network analysis of terrorist cells in an Australian context." (2007).
176. "Four Corners: Willie Brigitte." Archived 1 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine ABC News. 9 February 2004.
177. O'Brien, Natalie. "Mother of militant Islam's dark past", The Australian. 21 July 2007.
178. David Martin Jones, Sacred Violence: Political Religion in a Secular Age, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
179. Darren Goodsir, "Perth JI boss 'recruited bombers,'" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Sydney Morning Herald, July 25, 2003.
180. ^ Zachary Abuza, Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia, Routledge, 2006.
181. "No apology for white Australia policy". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 January 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
182. Bashan, Yoni. "Ram-raid Muslim radicals - police fear crimes are funding Syrian war fighters." Archived 14 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Telegraph. 5 December 2013.
183. Campion, Kristy (20 March 2019). "Right-wing extremism has a long history in Australia". The Conversation. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
184. Sas, Nick (16 March 2019). "Right-wing extremists a 'primary focus' for NSW anti-terror squads". ABC News. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
185. Olding, Rachel (28 January 2017). "White supremacist threatened to shoot up Central Coast shopping centre". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
186. Alexander, Harriet (29 September 2017). "White supremacist Michael Holt sentenced to 4.5 years for weapons, child porn offences". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
187. "Australian National Security – Islamic State". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
188. Maley, Paul (12 August 2014). "Jihad's 'child soldiers' spark calls for action on extremists". The Australian. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
189. "Australia probes reports teenager died in IS suicide attack". BBC News Australia. BBC. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. IS propaganda published on Thursday claimed that Jake Bilardi, 18, died in a co-ordinated series of suicide bombs in Ramadi in Anbar province, Iraq.
190. Wroe, David (18 July 2014). "First Australian suicide bomber in Iraq reportedly kills three people in Baghdad". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
191. Benson, Simon; Mullany, Ashley (19 July 2014). "Sydney teen kills five in suicide bombing on crowded Iraqi market". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
192. "Australian teen 'killed in IS suicide attack' in Iraq". BBC News. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
193. Meers, Daniel (2 January 2015). "Australian death cult jihadists who fought with Islamic State in Syria return to roam our streets". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
194. Brendan Nicholson (17 July 2014). "Returned radicalised jihadis 'a significant risk', says ASIO". The Australian. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
195. Marszalek, Jessica (17 July 2014). "ASIO fears Australians fighting jihad overseas may return home to plan terror attacks". The Australian. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
196. Irvine, David (12 August 2014). "Director-General's speech: Address to the Australian Institute of International Affairs "Evolution of terrorism - and what it means for Australia"". Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
197. "Australian teenager Abdullah Elmir appears in Islamic State video." Archived 24 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine ABC News. 21 October 2014.
198. Farrell, Paul; Davey, Melissa (19 April 2015). "Victorian police granted order to hold man without charge following Melbourne raids". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
199. "Anzac Day terror plot: Melbourne teen Sevdet Besim pleads guilty to planning act of terrorism". ABC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
200. "Sevdet Besim handed 10-year jail term for Anzac Day terror plot". The Guardian. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
201. "Britain's youngest terror mastermind jailed for life for Anzac Day plot". Edition CNN. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
202. "Britain's youngest terrorist jailed over plot to kill police can be freed, Parole Board rules". Sky News. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
203. "Youngest person in UK convicted of terrorism offence can go free - Parole Board". BBC News. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
204. "Jailed for life over plot to behead police officer, Britain's youngest convicted terrorist is now 'suitable for release'". Edition CNN. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
205. Bucci, Nino (29 May 2022). "'What actually happened?': victim of Anzac Day terrorist raids speaks about seven-year wait for justice". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
206. Kim Stephens; James Dowling; David Hurley; Tori Shepherd (7 September 2016). "Lone wolves encouraged to kill Australians at MCG, and in Brunswick, Broadmeadows, Islamic State magazine urges". news.com.au. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
207. "Sydney Opera House: Man arrested for 'extremist remarks'". news.com.au. AAP. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
208. Thomas, James; McGregor, Jeanavive (30 November 2015). "Sovereign citizens: Terrorism assessment warns of rising threat from anti-government extremists". ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
209. Cherney, Adrian and Kristina Murphy. "Being a 'suspect community: in a post 9/11 world – The impact of the war on terror on Muslim communities in Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. May 7, 2015.
210. Breen-Smyth M. (2014) "Theorising the “suspect community”: Counterterrorism, security practices and the public imagination." Critical Studies on Terrorism 7(2): 223–240.
211. Lawrence, D. (2017). A Sense of Embattlement: Australian Jewish Community Leadership’s Response to 9/11. Memory and the Wars on Terror: Australian and British Perspectives, 201-217.

• Terrorism in Australia
• Terrorism by country
• Human rights abuses in Australia