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| honorific_prefix = ] | honorific_prefix = ]
| name = Tapishwar Narain Raina | name = Tapishwar Narain Raina
| honorific_suffix = ] ] | honorific_suffix = ], ]
| office = 9th ] | office = 9th ]
| term_start = 1 June 1975 | term_start = 1 June 1975
| term_end = 31 May 1978 | term_end = 31 May 1978
| president = ]<br />]<br />]
| primeminister = ]<br />]
| predecessor = ] | predecessor = ]
| successor = ] | successor = ]
| office2 = High Commissioner of India to Canada | office2 = High Commissioner of India to Canada
| primeminister2 = ]
| term_start2 = February 1979 | term_start2 = February 1979
| term_end2 = May 1980 | term_end2 = May 1980
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| caption = | caption =
| image = General_Tapishwar_Narain_Raina.jpg | image = General_Tapishwar_Narain_Raina.jpg
| birth_place = ], ] | birth_place = ], ], ]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|01|24}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|01|24}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1980|05|19|1921|1|24}}<ref>http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=JDVp5MdpeiA2FxK7HbGXkA==&ParentID=7PyXNARie53Sgis+r/ml3A==</ref> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1980|05|19|1921|1|24}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=JDVp5MdpeiA2FxK7HbGXkA==&ParentID=7PyXNARie53Sgis+r/ml3A==|title = The Official Home Page of the Indian Army}}</ref>
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}}<br/> {{flag|India}} | allegiance = {{flag|British India}}<br/> {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|British Raj}}<br>{{air force|India}}<br>{{army|India}} | branch = {{army|British India}}<br>{{air force|India}}<br>{{army|India}}
| rank = ] ] | rank = ] ]
| military_blank1 = ] | military_blank1 = ]
| military_data1 = IC-1850<ref name="brig_appt"/> | military_data1 = IC-1850<ref name="brig_appt"/>
| serviceyears = 1941–1978 | serviceyears = 1941–1978
| unit = ]<br>]<br>] | unit = ]<br>]<br> ]]
| commands = ] ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/> 114 Infantry Brigade<br/> ] | commands = ] ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/> 114 Infantry Brigade<br/>]]
| battles = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br />] | battles = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br />]
| awards = ] ]<br/>] ]<br>]}} | awards = ] ]<br/>] ]<br>]}}
] '''Tapishwar Narain Raina''' ], ] (24 January 1921 &ndash; 19 May 1980), best known as '''T.N. Raina''', was a senior ] and a diplomat who served as the 9th ] of the ] between 1975 and 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Tapishwar Narain Raina - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/144-tn-raina.html|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> ] '''Tapishwar "Tappy" Narain Raina''' {{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|size=100%|MVC|SM}} (24 January 1921 &ndash; 19 May 1980), best known as '''T.N. Raina''', was a senior ] and a diplomat who served as the 9th ] of the ] between 1975 and 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Tapishwar Narain Raina - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/144-tn-raina.html|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>


Upon retirement, he was appointed as the ] to ]. He was a recipient of the third highest civilian honour of India, the ].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref> Upon retirement, he was appointed as the ] to ]. He was a recipient of the third highest civilian honour of India, the ].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>
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==Career== ==Career==
===Second World War=== ===Second World War===
On 1 May 1941, Raina was attached to the 10th Battalion of the ], but subsequently considered the air force and briefly served as a cadet in the ] during July-August 1941.<ref name="retires"/> He then joined the Officers' Training School at Mhow.<ref name="retires"/> On 12 April 1942, Raina received an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the 10th Battalion of ],<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42">{{cite book|pages=1580|title=Indian Army List for July 1942|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1942}}</ref> which became the ] in 1948.<ref>{{cite news |title= The Courage of 13 Kumaon |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-courage-of-13-kumaon/914107/4 |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=20 Feb 2012}}</ref> Raina initially joined 10/19 Hyderabad, then at Agra, but was posted to 2/19 Hyderabad in December 1942.<ref name="retires"/> In March 1943, he was posted to 1/19 Hyderabad, stationed in Iraq.<ref name="retires"/> 1/19 Hyderabad was then part of the ], attached to the 6th Indian Infantry Division. By the time Raina joined his battalion in Iraq, the major actions in which ] had been involved in were over. While at ], Raina was seriously wounded in a grenade-throwing accident which left him with severe wounds in his thighs and resulted in the loss of an eye.<ref name="retires"/> He had a glass eye in place for the rest of his career in the army. On 1 May 1941, Raina was attached to the 10th Battalion of the ], but subsequently considered the air force and briefly served as a cadet in the ] during July–August 1941.<ref name="retires"/> He then joined the Officers' Training School at Mhow.<ref name="retires"/> On 12 April 1942, Raina received an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the 10th Battalion of ],<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42">{{cite book|pages=1580|title=Indian Army List for July 1942|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1942}}</ref> which became the ] in 1948.<ref>{{cite news |title= The Courage of 13 Kumaon |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-courage-of-13-kumaon/914107/4 |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=20 Feb 2012}}</ref> Raina initially joined 10/19 Hyderabad, then at Agra, but was posted to 2/19 Hyderabad in December 1942.<ref name="retires"/> In March 1943, he was posted to 1/19 Hyderabad, stationed in Iraq.<ref name="retires"/> 1/19 Hyderabad was then part of the ], attached to the 6th Indian Infantry Division. By the time Raina joined his battalion in Iraq, the major actions in which ] had been involved in were over. While at ], Raina was seriously wounded in a grenade-throwing accident which left him with severe wounds in his thighs and resulted in the loss of an eye.<ref name="retires"/> He had a glass eye in place for the rest of his career in the army.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}


In July 1944, Raina's battalion returned to India and was attached to the ], which that December was sent to Burma attached to the ]<ref name="retires"/> He was ] for his service in the ].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37558 |supp=y|page=2222|date=7 May 1946}}</ref> In July 1944, Raina's battalion returned to India and was attached to the ], which that December was sent to Burma attached to the ]<ref name="retires"/> He was ] for his service in the ].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37558 |supp=y|page=2222|date=7 May 1946}}</ref>


===Post-Independence=== ===Post-Independence===
Over August 1949 - January 1951, Raina served as Indian Army Liaison Officer at the School of Infantry in Warminster, UK.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Air Marshal Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJlFEAAAQBAJ&dq=Indian+army+liaison+at+school+of+Infantry+warminster&pg=PA103 |title=Indian Defence Review 36.3 (July-Sep 2021) |last2=Arpi |first2=Claude |last3=Saxena |first3=Lt Gen (Dr) VK |last4=Shashikumar |first4=V. K. |last5=Sachdev |first5=Gp Capt AK |last6=Singh |first6=Danvir |last7=Singh |first7=Lt Gen (Dr) NB |date=2021-07-01 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-338-0 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫ He was the Brigade Commander at ] in ] during November 1962. He was awarded the ] for his handling of the Battle of ]. He was a veteran of the ] and ]s.<ref name=IndianArmy>{{cite web |url= http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=JDVp5MdpeiA2FxK7HbGXkA==&ParentID=7PyXNARie53Sgis+r/ml3A== |title= Chief of Army Staff |publisher=Indian Army Official Website |date=19 Jun 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref>


⚫ He was the Brigade Commander at ] in ] during November 1962. He was awarded the ] for his handling of the Battle of ]. He was a veteran of the ] and ]s.<ref name="IndianArmy">{{cite web |url= http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=JDVp5MdpeiA2FxK7HbGXkA==&ParentID=7PyXNARie53Sgis+r/ml3A== |title= Chief of Army Staff |publisher=Indian Army Official Website |date=19 Jun 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref>
On 5 January 1965, Lieutenant-Colonel Raina was appointed Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of the ] in ].<ref> India Defence</ref><ref name="brig_appt">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=107 |date=27 February 1965 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1729-1965-0009-79009.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>


On 7 October 1971, Raina was appointed ] of ] in the Khulna sector, with the acting rank of ].<ref name="corps_appt">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=955 |date=1 July 1972 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Raina was awarded the ] for his contributions in the War. On 5 January 1965, Lieutenant-Colonel Raina was appointed Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of the ] in ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181424/http://www.indiadefence.com/aulakh.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} India Defence</ref><ref name="brig_appt">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=107 |date=27 February 1965 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1729-1965-0009-79009.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> As a major general, Raina went on to become the ] (GOC) of ] in ].<ref name="Bharat Rakshak">{{cite web |title=General Tapishwar Narain Raina|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Chiefs/144-TN-Raina.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219001701/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Chiefs/144-TN-Raina.html|website=Bharat Rakshak|archive-date=19 February 2012}}</ref>


Raina was appointed GOC-in-C, Western Command on 27 October 1973.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=235 |date=23 February 1974 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from 1 June 1975 to 31 May 1978. On 7 October 1971, Raina was appointed GOC of ] in the Khulna sector, with the acting rank of ].<ref name="corps_appt">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=955 |date=1 July 1972 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He raised the Corps in ] and commanded it during operations in the Eastern Theatre of the ], where it captured the important towns of ], ], ], ] and ] and also the area between the rivers ] and ].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} For his contributions in the war Raina was awarded the ].<ref name="Bharat Rakshak"/>

Raina was appointed ] on 27 October 1973.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=235 |date=23 February 1974 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from 1 June 1975 to 31 May 1978.


During his tenure as the COAS, the central government led by ] declared a state of national emergency in ]. Before the imposition of the emergency, it is believed that the Prime Minister asked for the Army's support in the venture, but General Raina bluntly told the Prime Minister ''that the army would not be used to 'further her ends' but obey only those orders of a 'legally construed government.' '' . This was considered a crucial moment that kept the Indian Army out of politics at a critical juncture.<ref> by Apurba Kundu {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930235729/http://www.staff.brad.ac.uk/akundu/books/book1.htm |date=30 September 2006 }}</ref> During his tenure as the COAS, the central government led by ] declared a state of national emergency in ]. Before the imposition of the emergency, it is believed that the Prime Minister asked for the Army's support in the venture, but General Raina bluntly told the Prime Minister ''that the army would not be used to 'further her ends' but obey only those orders of a 'legally construed government.' '' . This was considered a crucial moment that kept the Indian Army out of politics at a critical juncture.<ref> by Apurba Kundu {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930235729/http://www.staff.brad.ac.uk/akundu/books/book1.htm |date=30 September 2006 }}</ref>


==Later life== ==Later life==
Raina died on 19 May 1980 in ], while serving as India's High Commissioner to Canada.<ref name=IndianArmy /><ref name="passes">{{cite web|title=General Raina Passes Away|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1980-05-20_171.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India|date=27 May 1980|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> Following his funeral and cremation with full military honours in Delhi on 25 May,<ref name="passes"/> his son-in-law, together with his nephew, Squadron Leader K. K. Zalpuri, immersed his ashes in the Ganges at ] on 27 May.<ref name="ashes"/>
Raina died on 19 May 1980 in ], while serving as India's High Commissioner to Canada.<ref name=IndianArmy />


==Personal life== ==Personal life==
On 25 February 1949, Raina married Marie Antoinette Florence Kurt, who was French. The couple had a son, Jyotishwar Narain (1949–March 1974) and a daughter, Anita (born 1952). Jyoti Narain, who followed his father into the Army and joined his old regiment, was killed in a motorcycle accident in March 1974.<ref name="retires"/><ref name="morale"/> On 25 February 1949, Raina married Marie Antoinette Florence Kurtz, who was French. The couple had a son, Jyotishwar Narain (1949–March 1974) and a daughter, Anita (born 1952). Jyoti Narain, who followed his father into the Army and joined his old regiment, was killed in a motorcycle accident in March 1974.<ref name="retires"/><ref name="morale"/> Anita married Arun Thapan.<ref name="ashes">{{cite web|title=General Raina's Ashes Emerged (''sic'') in Ganges|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1980-05-27_185.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India|date=27 May 1980|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>


==Awards and decorations== ==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
<center>
⚫ |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
{|
⚫ |-
⚫ |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=IND Padma Bhushan BAR.png|width=106}}
|] |]
|] |]
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|} |}
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|- |-
|<center>]</center> |]
|<center>]</center> |]
|]
|<center>]</center>
|<center>]</center> |]
|- |-
|]
|<center>]</center>
|<center>]</center> |]
|]
|<center>]</center>
|<center>]</center> |]
|- |-
|<center>] |]
|]
|<center>]</center> |]
|<center>]</center> |]
|<center>]</center>
|- |-
|<center>]</center> |]
|<center>]</center> |]
|<center>]</center> |]
|<center>]</center> |]
⚫ |}
|}</center>


==Dates of rank== ==Dates of rank==
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! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank ! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ] || ] || 12 April 1942 (emergency)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42"/> |align="center" |] || ] || ] || 12 April 1942 (emergency)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42"/>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ] || British Indian Army || 1943 (war-substantive)<br>2 June 1947 (substantive) |align="center" |] || ] || British Indian Army || 1943 (war-substantive)<br>2 June 1947 (substantive)
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ] || British Indian Army || 1944 (acting) |align="center" |] || ] || British Indian Army || 1944 (acting)
|- |-
|align="center" |] || Lieutenant || ] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a ] within the British ]. As a result, the rank insignia of the ], incorporating the ] and four-pointed ] ("pip"), was retained, as ] remained Commander-in-Chief of the ]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a ], the ] became Commander-in-Chief, and the ] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/> |align="center" |] || Lieutenant || ] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a ] within the British ]. As a result, the rank insignia of the ], incorporating the ] and four-pointed ] ("pip"), was retained, as ] remained Commander-in-Chief of the ]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a ], the ] became Commander-in-Chief, and the ] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || Captain || Indian Army || 12 April 1948<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a ] within the British ]. As a result, the rank insignia of the ], incorporating the ] and four-pointed ] ("pip"), was retained, as ] remained Commander-in-Chief of the ]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a ], the ] became Commander-in-Chief, and the ] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/> |align="center" |] || Captain || Indian Army || 12 April 1948<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a ] within the British ]. As a result, the rank insignia of the ], incorporating the ] and four-pointed ] ("pip"), was retained, as ] remained Commander-in-Chief of the ]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a ], the ] became Commander-in-Chief, and the ] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || Captain || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> |align="center" |] || Captain || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 12 April 1955<ref name="maj">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=131 |date=2 July 1955 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2199-1955-0027-100826.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> |align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 12 April 1955<ref name="maj">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=131 |date=2 July 1955 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2199-1955-0027-100826.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 12 April 1958<ref name="lt_col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=217 |date=27 August 1960 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1947-1960-0035-87643.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> |align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 12 April 1958<ref name="lt_col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=217 |date=27 August 1960 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1947-1960-0035-87643.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 29 August 1964<ref name="col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=583 |date=13 November 1965 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1728-1965-0046-78951.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> |align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 29 August 1964<ref name="col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=583 |date=13 November 1965 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1728-1965-0046-78951.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 1962 (acting)<br>5 January 1965 (acting)<ref name="brig_appt"/><br>1 May 1965 (substantive)<ref name="brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=211 |date=2 April 1966 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1663-1966-0014-75835.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> |align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 1962 (acting)<br>5 January 1965 (acting)<ref name="brig_appt"/><br>1 May 1965 (substantive)<ref name="brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=211 |date=2 April 1966 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1663-1966-0014-75835.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 19 January 1966 (acting)<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=193 |date=26 March 1966|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1662-1966-0013-75789.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><br>14 October 1967 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=76 |date=3 February 1968|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1968/O-1535-1968-0005-68797.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> |align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 19 January 1966 (acting)<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=193 |date=26 March 1966|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1662-1966-0013-75789.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><br>14 October 1967 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=76 |date=3 February 1968|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1968/O-1535-1968-0005-68797.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 7 October 1971 (acting)<ref name="corps_appt"/><br>20 May 1972 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1226 |date=19 August 1972|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> |align="center" |] || ] || Indian Army || 7 October 1971 (acting)<ref name="corps_appt"/><br>20 May 1972 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1226 |date=19 August 1972|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0034-58880.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|- |-
|align="center" |] || ]<br>(COAS) || Indian Army || 1 June 1975<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=867 |date=5 July 1975|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> |align="center" |] || ]<br>(COAS) || Indian Army || 1 June 1975<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=867 |date=5 July 1975|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1975/O-1205-1975-0027-53964.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|- |-
|} |}
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{{succession box {{succession box
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Latest revision as of 01:21, 10 December 2024

Recipient of Maha Vir Chakra

GeneralTapishwar Narain RainaMVC, SM
9th Chief of Army Staff (India)
In office
1 June 1975 – 31 May 1978
PresidentFakhruddin Ali Ahmed
B. D. Jatti
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi
Morarji Desai
Preceded byGeneral G G Bewoor
Succeeded byGeneral O P Malhotra
High Commissioner of India to Canada
In office
February 1979 – May 1980
Prime MinisterMorarji Desai
Preceded byMahboob Ahmad
Succeeded byG.S. Dhillon
Personal details
Born(1921-01-24)24 January 1921
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Died19 May 1980(1980-05-19) (aged 59)
Awards Padma Bhushan
Maha Vir Chakra
Mentioned in dispatches
Military service
Allegiance British India
 India
Branch/service British Indian Army
 Indian Air Force
 Indian Army
Years of service1941–1978
Rank General
Unit8th Punjab Regiment
19th Hyderabad Regiment
Kumaon Regiment
Commands Western Army
II Corps
25th Division
114 Infantry Brigade
14 Kumaon
Battles/warsWorld War II
Sino-Indian War
Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
Service numberIC-1850

General Tapishwar "Tappy" Narain Raina MVC, SM (24 January 1921 – 19 May 1980), best known as T.N. Raina, was a senior army officer and a diplomat who served as the 9th Chief of the Army Staff of the Indian Army between 1975 and 1978.

Upon retirement, he was appointed as the High Commissioner of India to Canada. He was a recipient of the third highest civilian honour of India, the Padma Bhushan.

Early life and education

Raina was born in a Kashmiri Pandit family on 24 January 1921, the son of Rai Bahadur A. N. Raina, sometime Postmaster-General of Punjab. He received his early education in Ludhiana, where his father had been posted as Head Postmaster. While a college student in Lahore, at the University of the Punjab, Raina joined the 4th Punjab University Training Corps in October 1938.

Career

Second World War

On 1 May 1941, Raina was attached to the 10th Battalion of the 8th Punjab Regiment, but subsequently considered the air force and briefly served as a cadet in the Indian Air Force during July–August 1941. He then joined the Officers' Training School at Mhow. On 12 April 1942, Raina received an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the 10th Battalion of 19th Hyderabad Regiment, which became the Kumaon Regiment in 1948. Raina initially joined 10/19 Hyderabad, then at Agra, but was posted to 2/19 Hyderabad in December 1942. In March 1943, he was posted to 1/19 Hyderabad, stationed in Iraq. 1/19 Hyderabad was then part of the 24th Indian Infantry Brigade, attached to the 6th Indian Infantry Division. By the time Raina joined his battalion in Iraq, the major actions in which Iraqforce had been involved in were over. While at Kirkuk, Raina was seriously wounded in a grenade-throwing accident which left him with severe wounds in his thighs and resulted in the loss of an eye. He had a glass eye in place for the rest of his career in the army.

In July 1944, Raina's battalion returned to India and was attached to the 26th Indian Infantry Brigade, which that December was sent to Burma attached to the 36th Indian Infantry Division He was mentioned in dispatches for his service in the Burma Campaign.

Post-Independence

Over August 1949 - January 1951, Raina served as Indian Army Liaison Officer at the School of Infantry in Warminster, UK.

He was the Brigade Commander at Chushul in Ladakh during November 1962. He was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra for his handling of the Battle of Chushul. He was a veteran of the 1962 war and 1971 wars.

On 5 January 1965, Lieutenant-Colonel Raina was appointed Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of the XXXIII Corps in West Bengal. As a major general, Raina went on to become the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of 25 Infantry Division in Poonch.

On 7 October 1971, Raina was appointed GOC of II Corps in the Khulna sector, with the acting rank of Lieutenant General. He raised the Corps in Krishnanagar and commanded it during operations in the Eastern Theatre of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, where it captured the important towns of Khulna, Jessore, Jhenida, Magura and Faridpur and also the area between the rivers Ganges and Padma. For his contributions in the war Raina was awarded the Padma Bhushan.

Raina was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Command on 27 October 1973. He served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from 1 June 1975 to 31 May 1978.

During his tenure as the COAS, the central government led by Indira Gandhi declared a state of national emergency in India. Before the imposition of the emergency, it is believed that the Prime Minister asked for the Army's support in the venture, but General Raina bluntly told the Prime Minister that the army would not be used to 'further her ends' but obey only those orders of a 'legally construed government.' . This was considered a crucial moment that kept the Indian Army out of politics at a critical juncture.

Later life

Raina died on 19 May 1980 in Ottawa, while serving as India's High Commissioner to Canada. Following his funeral and cremation with full military honours in Delhi on 25 May, his son-in-law, together with his nephew, Squadron Leader K. K. Zalpuri, immersed his ashes in the Ganges at Haridwar on 27 May.

Personal life

On 25 February 1949, Raina married Marie Antoinette Florence Kurtz, who was French. The couple had a son, Jyotishwar Narain (1949–March 1974) and a daughter, Anita (born 1952). Jyoti Narain, who followed his father into the Army and joined his old regiment, was killed in a motorcycle accident in March 1974. Anita married Arun Thapan.

Awards and decorations

Padma Bhushan Maha Vir Chakra Sena Medal Samar Seva Star
Poorvi Star Special Service Medal Sangram Medal Sainya Seva Medal
Indian Independence Medal 25th Anniversary of Independence Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal
1939–1945 Star Burma Star War Medal 1939–1945 India Service Medal

Dates of rank

Insignia Rank Component Date of rank
Second Lieutenant British Indian Army 12 April 1942 (emergency)
Lieutenant British Indian Army 1943 (war-substantive)
2 June 1947 (substantive)
Captain British Indian Army 1944 (acting)
Lieutenant Indian Army 15 August 1947
Captain Indian Army 12 April 1948
Captain Indian Army 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)
Major Indian Army 12 April 1955
Lieutenant-Colonel Indian Army 12 April 1958
Colonel Indian Army 29 August 1964
Brigadier Indian Army 1962 (acting)
5 January 1965 (acting)
1 May 1965 (substantive)
Major General Indian Army 19 January 1966 (acting)
14 October 1967 (substantive)
Lieutenant-General Indian Army 7 October 1971 (acting)
20 May 1972 (substantive)
General
(COAS)		 Indian Army 1 June 1975

Notes

  1. ^ Upon independence in 1947, India became a Dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. As a result, the rank insignia of the British Army, incorporating the Tudor Crown and four-pointed Bath Star ("pip"), was retained, as George VI remained Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. After 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the President of India became Commander-in-Chief, and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."

References

  1. "The Official Home Page of the Indian Army".
  2. ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 27 February 1965. p. 107.
  3. "General Tapishwar Narain Raina - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces". www.bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  4. "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  5. Indian Army List for July 1942. Government of India Press. 1942. pp. 600(s2).
  6. ^ "General Raina Retires" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India. 30 May 1978. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  7. ^ "Morale of Indian Army continues to be high: General Tapishwar Narain Raina". India Today. 31 January 1978. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  8. Little Known facts about Ludhianvis The Tribune, Dated 25 June 2000
  9. ^ Indian Army List for July 1942. Government of India Press. 1942. p. 1580.
  10. "The Courage of 13 Kumaon". Indianexpress.com. 20 February 2012.
  11. "No. 37558". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 May 1946. p. 2222.
  12. Chopra, Air Marshal Anil; Arpi, Claude; Saxena, Lt Gen (Dr) VK; Shashikumar, V. K.; Sachdev, Gp Capt AK; Singh, Danvir; Singh, Lt Gen (Dr) NB (1 July 2021). Indian Defence Review 36.3 (July-Sep 2021). Lancer Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7062-338-0.
  13. ^ "Chief of Army Staff". Indian Army Official Website. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  14. Obituary to a Hero Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine India Defence
  15. ^ "General Tapishwar Narain Raina". Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012.
  16. ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 1 July 1972. p. 955.
  17. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 23 February 1974. p. 235.
  18. Militarism in India:The Army and Civil Society in Consensus by Apurba Kundu Archived 30 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ "General Raina Passes Away" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India. 27 May 1980. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  20. ^ "General Raina's Ashes Emerged (sic) in Ganges" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India. 27 May 1980. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  21. ^ "New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017.
  22. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 11 February 1950. p. 227.
  23. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 2 July 1955. p. 131.
  24. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 27 August 1960. p. 217.
  25. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 13 November 1965. p. 583.
  26. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 2 April 1966. p. 211.
  27. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 26 March 1966. p. 193.
  28. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 3 February 1968. p. 76.
  29. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 19 August 1972. p. 1226.
  30. "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 5 July 1975. p. 867.

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1975–1978 		Succeeded byOm Prakash Malhotra
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1973–1975 		Succeeded byInderjit Singh Gill
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