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{{Short description|Mountain range in Norway}}
{{distinguish|text=the mythological ]}} {{Distinguish|text=the mythological ]}}
{{Infobox mountain {{Infobox mountain
⚫ |name = Jotunheimen
<!-- *** Name section *** -->
| name = Jotunheimen |other_name =
| native_name = |photo = Utsiktgald1.jpg
| other_name = |photo_size =
⚫ |photo_caption = View from ]
<!-- *** Image *** -->
| photo = Utsiktgald1.jpg |map = Innlandet#Vestland#Norway
| photo_size = |map_alt = Map of the location
⚫ |map_caption = Location of the mountain
⚫ | photo_caption = View from ]
⚫ |label =
<!-- *** Country etc. *** -->
| country = ] |label_position = bottom
<!--range description-->
⚫ | country1 =
|range_coordinates = {{coord|61.605|8.4775|type:mountain_region:NO_scale:300000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jotunheimen, Luster |url=https://www.yr.no/nb/v%C3%A6rvarsel/daglig-tabell/1-521274/Norge/Vestland/Luster/Jotunheimen |publisher=] |language=Norwegian |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>
⚫ | state =
| state1 = |location = ], ]
| region = ] and ] |parent = ]
| region_type = County |orogeny = ]
| region1 = |length_km =
| district = |width_km =
| district1 = |area_km2 =
⚫ |topo =
<!-- *** Orography *** -->
<!--highest point in range -->
| parent = Scandinavian Mountains
| border = |highest = ]
|highest_location = ]
⚫ | border1 =
|coordinates = {{coord|61.63644|8.31248|region:NO_type:mountain|display=inline}}
| geology =
| period = |elevation_m = 2469
| orogeny = ] |prominence_m = 2436
|elevation_ref = <ref name="pv">{{Cite web |title=Galdhøpiggen |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/galdhopiggen.html |website=PeakVisor.com |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>
<!-- *** Geography *** -->
| area_km2 = |prominence_ref = <ref name="pv" />
| length_km =
| length_orientation =
| width_km =
| width_orientation =
| highest = ]
| elevation_m = 2469
| coordinates =
| range_coordinates = {{coord|61|38|N|8|18|E|type:mountain_region:NO_scale:300000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map =
| map_size =
⚫ | map_caption =
}} }}
⚫ '''Jotunheimen''' ({{IPA-no|ˈjòːtʉnˌhæɪmən}}, ''the home of the ]'') is a mountainous area of roughly 3,500&nbsp;km²{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} in southern ] and is part of the long range known as the ]. The 29 highest ]s in Norway are all in Jotunheimen, including the very highest - ] (2469 m). Jotunheimen straddles the border between the counties of ] and ] (formerly ] and ]).


⚫ '''Jotunheimen''' ({{IPA-no|ˈjôːtʉnˌhæɪmn̩}}; "the home of the ]") is a mountainous area of roughly {{convert|3500|km2}}<ref name="snl" /> in southern ] and is part of the long range known as the ]. The 29 highest ]s in Norway are all located in the Jotunheimen mountains, including the {{convert|2469|m|adj=on}} tall mountain ] (the highest point in Norway and Northern Europe). The Jotunheimen mountains straddle the border between ] and ] counties (historically part of the old ] and ] counties).<ref name="snl">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Jotunheimen |encyclopedia=] |publisher=] |url=https://snl.no/Jotunheimen |date=2021-05-19 |editor-last=Thorsnæs |editor-first=Geir |language=Norwegian |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>
⚫ ]

⚫ Jotunheimen is very popular with ]s and ]s, and the ] maintains a number of mountain lodges in the area, as well as marked trails that run between the lodges and others that run up to some of the peaks.
==Hiking, mountaineering and skiing==
⚫ Jotunheimen is very popular with ]s and ]s. The ] maintains a number of mountain lodges in the area, as well as marked trails that run between the lodges and others that run up to some of the peaks. The area has more than 50 marked trails, ranging from shorter hikes to multi day trails.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-11 |title=Jotunheimen National Park Travel Guide (Hiking Tips + Trails) - The Norway Guide |url=https://thenorwayguide.com/jotunheimen-national-park/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=thenorwayguide.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

], who participated on several expeditions with mountaineers such as ], ], ] and ]]]
Mountaineering in Jotunheimen was pioneered in the late 19th century and early 20th century by British mountaineers ], ], and ], as well as Norwegian mountaineers such as ], ] and ]. Slingsby's 1904 book '']'' contributed greatly to popularizing mountaineering in Jotunheimen among the international mountaineering community.


The image from Gjende shows a cliff trailing down into the lake. At its base there is a popular guest house called ]. The picture is taken from ], a starting point for hiking into the mountain range. There is a very popular trail along ] that follows the edge of the mountainous range to the right, which it is named after. The image from Gjende shows a cliff trailing down into the lake. At its base there is a popular guest house called ]. The picture is taken from ], a starting point for hiking into the mountain range. There is a very popular trail along ] that follows the edge of the mountainous range to the right, which it is named after.
⚫ ] towards ]]]


There is a National Tourist Route, the ], from ] to ] and another road, the RV 51, from ] to ] through the special area of ]. There is a National Tourist Route, the ], from ] to ], as well as another road, the RV 51, from ] to ] through the special area of ].
⚫ ]


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
Originally there was no common name for this large mountainous area. However, in 1820, the Norwegian geologist and mountaineer, ] proposed the name ''Jotunfjeldene'' "the mountains of the Jotnar" (inspired by the German name ]). This was later changed to ''Jotunheimen'' by the poet ] in 1862 - this name/form was directly inspired by the name ] in ]. Originally there was no common name for this large mountainous area. However, in 1820, the Norwegian geologist and mountaineer, ] proposed the name ''Jotunfjeldene'' "the mountains of the Jotnar" (inspired by the German name ]). This was later changed to ''Jotunheimen'' by the poet ] in 1862 – this name/form was directly inspired by the name ] in ].


==Geology== ==Geology==
⚫ Jotunheimen is a ] area, which is a mass of rock that has remained in place as the surrounding relief has been eroded. The tops of ] and Jotunheimen and other parts of southern Norway are the ] of a formerly flat surface ] prior to uplift. This surface is now largely eroded and ]. The said erosion formed a series of steps and it is from the highest of these steps that Jotunheimen rise.<ref name="Lidmar-Bergstrometal2000">{{Cite journal |author-link=Karna Lidmar-Bergström |author-link2=Cliff Ollier |date=2000 |title=Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway |journal=] |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=211–231 |doi=10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6 |author-last=Lidmar-Bergström |author-first=Karna |author-last2=Ollier |author-first2=C.D. |author-last3=Sulebak |author-first3=J.R.}}</ref>
{{expand section|date=May 2017}}

⚫ Jotunheimen is a ], which is a mass of rock that has remained in place as the surrounding relief has been eroded. The tops of ] and Jotunheimen and other parts of southern Norway are the ] of a formerly flat surface ] prior to uplift. This surface is now largely eroded and ]. The said erosion formed a series of steps and it is from the highest of these steps that Jotunheimen rise.<ref name=Lidmar-Bergstrometal2000>{{cite journal|author-last= Lidmar-Bergström |author-first=Karna |author-last2=Ollier|author-first2=C.D. |author-last3=Sulebak|author-first3=J.R.|author-link1=Karna Lidmar-Bergström|author-link2=Cliff Ollier |date=2000|title= Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway |journal=] |volume=24 |issue= |pages= 211–231 }}</ref>
==Geomorphology==
⚫ ] towards ]]]
The characteristic mountain landforms in Jotunheimen have been sculptured by glacial ] during the ], especially during its ]. Whereas the ] covered most of ], some mountain peaks of Jotunheimen were not covered by glaciers and remained as ]. ], ] or ] are examples. Towards the west, the Scandinavian Ice Sheet disintegrated in several glacier tongues and caused the formation of the Norwegian ]s.

==Climate, glaciers and permafrost==
]
Jotunheimen lays in the transition zone from a maritime climate in the west and a more continental climate towards the east. The high mean annual precipitation in the west leads to a low glaciation limit of less than 1500 meters, the altitude where glaciers can be formed. In the east of Jotunheimen, glaciers are rare and the glaciation limit rises to an altitude of more than 2100 meters. The opposite trend may be registered for the mean annual air temperatures (MAAT). It drops about 600 meters for any given value of a MAAT,
The MAAT of -3.5&nbsp;°C indicates areas with occurrences of widespread mountain permafrost. Thus, permafrost existis in large parts of Jotunheimen due its more continental climate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=King|first1=Lorenz|date=1983|title=High Mountain Permafrost in Scandinavia|journal= Permafrost: Fourth International Conference, Proceedings|language=en|volume= |issue= |pages=612–617}}</ref>

Since the 1980s, the Jotunheimen area has got increased scientific interest from geologists and geomorphologists due to its climate creating ] landforms and widespread and often thick ] occurrences. A first comprehensive study on mountain permafrost in Scandinavia was published in 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=King|first1=Lorenz|date=1984|title=Permafrost in Skandinavien - Untersuchungsergebnisse aus Lappland, Jotunheimen und Dovre/Rondane|journal=Heidelberger Geographische Arbeiten|language=de|volume=76|pages=174 pages}}</ref> Today, these findings are confirmed at various places, and ], ] and ] are preferred areas for scientific periglacial research due to yearround good logistic conditions compared with arctic areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=Charles|last2=Haeberli|first2=Wilfried|last3=Vonder Mühll|first3=Daniel|last4=King|first4=Lorenz|date=2001|title=Permafrost Monitoring in the High Mountains of Europe: the PACE Project in its Global Context|journal= Permafrost and Periglacial Processes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=3–11|doi=10.1002/ppp.377}}</ref>


== Jotunheimen National Park == == Jotunheimen National Park ==
Jotunheimen contains ], which was established in 1980 and covers an area of 1,151&nbsp;km².<ref>http://www.dirnat.no/attachment.ap?id=7074{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The ] mountain range is also inside the national park with the sharpest peaks in Jotunheimen. Adjacent to the national park border is ] which covers the Utladalen valley and the mountain ], amongst others. Jotunheimen contains ], which was established in 1980 and covers an area of {{convert|1151|km2}}.<ref>http://www.dirnat.no/attachment.ap?id=7074{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The ] mountain range is also inside the national park with the sharpest peaks in Jotunheimen. Adjacent to the national park border is ] which covers the Utladalen valley and the mountain ], amongst others.


According to the anthropologist Shoshi Parks, “Three national parks converge in this region of ], but Jotunheimen is by far the most spectacular, with 250 peaks over 1,900 meters high, including two of the highest in northern Europe – (Galdhøpiggen and Glittertind),”<ref name=":0" />] According to the anthropologist Shoshi Parks, “Three national parks converge in this region of ], but Jotunheimen is by far the most spectacular, with 250 peaks over {{convert|1900|m}} high, including two of the highest in northern Europe – (Galdhøpiggen and Glittertind),”<ref name=":0" />
]


==Human presence== ==Human presence==
The ] was discovered in August 2006. Archaeologists estimate that the leather shoe was made between 1800 and 1100 BCE/BC,<ref>* </ref> making it the oldest article of clothing discovered in Scandinavia. It was discovered along with several arrows and a wooden spade, leading archaeologists to conclude that they had unearthed an important hunting ground. The ] was discovered in August 2006. Archaeologists estimate that the leather shoe was made between 1800 and 1100 BC,<ref>* </ref> making it the oldest article of clothing discovered in Scandinavia. It was discovered along with several arrows and a wooden spade, leading archaeologists to conclude that they had unearthed an important hunting ground.


In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead dating back to the Germanic Iron age and locked in a glacier in southern ] caused by the climate change in the Jotunheimen Mountains. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is 17 cm long and weighs just 28 grams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/arrowhead-0013394|title=Huge 1,500-Year-Old Arrowhead Released From Melting Glacier|last=cowie|first=ashley|website=www.ancient-origins.net|language=en|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/world/climate-change-threatens-archaeology-intl/index.html|title=Climate change reveals, and threatens, thawing relics|last=CNN|first=Stephanie Bailey, for|website=CNN|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glacierhub.org/2020/03/06/photo-friday-norwegian-glacial-ice-preserves-ancient-viking-artifacts/|title=Photo Friday: Norwegian Glacial Ice Preserves Ancient Viking Artifacts|last=March 2020|first=Audrey Ramming6|date=2020-03-06|website=GlacierHub|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://curiosmos.com/1500-year-old-viking-arrowhead-found-after-glacier-melts-in-norway/|title=1,500-Year-Old Viking Arrowhead Found After Glacier Melts in Norway|date=2020-03-09|website=Curiosmos|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref> In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead dating back to the Germanic Iron Age and locked in a glacier in southern ] caused by the climate change in the Jotunheimen Mountains. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is {{convert|17|cm}} long and weighs just {{convert|28|g|oz|1}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Stephanie |title=Climate change reveals, and threatens, thawing relics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/world/climate-change-threatens-archaeology-intl/index.html |access-date=2020-03-25 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramming |first=Audrey |date=2020-03-06 |title=Photo Friday: Norwegian Glacial Ice Preserves Ancient Viking Artifacts |url=https://glacierhub.org/2020/03/06/photo-friday-norwegian-glacial-ice-preserves-ancient-viking-artifacts/ |access-date=2020-03-25 |website=GlacierHub |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-09 |title=1,500-Year-Old Viking Arrowhead Found After Glacier Melts in Norway |url=https://curiosmos.com/1500-year-old-viking-arrowhead-found-after-glacier-melts-in-norway/ |access-date=2020-03-25 |website=Curiosmos |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325043710/https://curiosmos.com/1500-year-old-viking-arrowhead-found-after-glacier-melts-in-norway/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Traffic==
Despite the large area of Jotunheimen, there are few roads for car traffic. Between Jotunheimen and ], the plateau is crossed by the ]. To the west, the road continues further from Skjolden via ], ] and ] to the ]. In the east, the road leads to ]. A few small dirt roads lead to different parts of the edge of Jotunheimen National Park, although the area of the national park itself is practically roadless. A small exception, however, is a blind road in the ] to ], whose head is inside the national park area near the ].


== See also== == See also==
⚫ *]
*] *]
⚫ *]
*]
*] *]
*] *]
⚫ *]
⚫ *]
*] *]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


== External links == == External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Jotunheimen}} {{Wikivoyage|Jotunheimen}}
{{commons category|Jotunheimen}} {{Commons category|Jotunheimen}}
* *
* *
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* *
* *

{{Authority control}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 05:29, 10 December 2024

Mountain range in Norway Not to be confused with the mythological Jotunheim.
Jotunheimen
View from Galdhøpiggen
Highest point
PeakGaldhøpiggen, Lom Municipality
Elevation2,469 m (8,100 ft)
Prominence2,436 m (7,992 ft)
Coordinates61°38′11″N 8°18′45″E / 61.63644°N 8.31248°E / 61.63644; 8.31248
Geography
Map of the locationMap of the locationJotunheimenLocation of the mountainShow map of InnlandetMap of the locationMap of the locationJotunheimenJotunheimen (Vestland)Show map of VestlandMap of the locationMap of the locationJotunheimenJotunheimen (Norway)Show map of Norway
LocationInnlandet, Norway
Range coordinates61°36′18″N 8°28′39″E / 61.605°N 8.4775°E / 61.605; 8.4775
Parent rangeScandinavian Mountains
Geology
OrogenyCaledonian orogeny

Jotunheimen (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈjôːtʉnˌhæɪmn̩]; "the home of the Jötunn") is a mountainous area of roughly 3,500 square kilometres (1,400 sq mi) in southern Norway and is part of the long range known as the Scandinavian Mountains. The 29 highest mountains in Norway are all located in the Jotunheimen mountains, including the 2,469-metre (8,100 ft) tall mountain Galdhøpiggen (the highest point in Norway and Northern Europe). The Jotunheimen mountains straddle the border between Innlandet and Vestland counties (historically part of the old Oppland and Sogn og Fjordane counties).

Hiking, mountaineering and skiing

Jotunheimen is very popular with hikers and climbers. The Norwegian Mountain Touring Association maintains a number of mountain lodges in the area, as well as marked trails that run between the lodges and others that run up to some of the peaks. The area has more than 50 marked trails, ranging from shorter hikes to multi day trails.

Pioneering female mountaineer Therese Bertheau, who participated on several expeditions with mountaineers such as Harold Raeburn, Howard Priestman, Kristian Tandberg and George Paus

Mountaineering in Jotunheimen was pioneered in the late 19th century and early 20th century by British mountaineers William Cecil Slingsby, Harold Raeburn, and Howard Priestman, as well as Norwegian mountaineers such as Kristian Tandberg, George Paus and Therese Bertheau. Slingsby's 1904 book Norway, the Northern Playground contributed greatly to popularizing mountaineering in Jotunheimen among the international mountaineering community.

The image from Gjende shows a cliff trailing down into the lake. At its base there is a popular guest house called Memurubu. The picture is taken from Gjendesheim, a starting point for hiking into the mountain range. There is a very popular trail along Besseggen that follows the edge of the mountainous range to the right, which it is named after.

At Memurubu, looking over Lake Gjende towards Gjendebu

There is a National Tourist Route, the Sognefjell Road, from Skjolden to Lom, as well as another road, the RV 51, from Gol to Vågå through the special area of Valdresflya.

View from Knutshøi towards central Jotunheimen

Etymology

Originally there was no common name for this large mountainous area. However, in 1820, the Norwegian geologist and mountaineer, Baltazar Mathias Keilhau proposed the name Jotunfjeldene "the mountains of the Jotnar" (inspired by the German name Riesengebirge). This was later changed to Jotunheimen by the poet Aasmund Olavsson Vinje in 1862 – this name/form was directly inspired by the name Jötunheimr in Norse mythology.

Geology

Jotunheimen is a residual mountain area, which is a mass of rock that has remained in place as the surrounding relief has been eroded. The tops of Dovrefjell and Jotunheimen and other parts of southern Norway are the few remnants of a formerly flat surface that existed in Norway prior to uplift. This surface is now largely eroded and warped. The said erosion formed a series of steps and it is from the highest of these steps that Jotunheimen rise.

Geomorphology

The characteristic mountain landforms in Jotunheimen have been sculptured by glacial geomorphology during the Pleistocene, especially during its last glacial period. Whereas the Scandinavian Ice Sheet covered most of Fennoscandia, some mountain peaks of Jotunheimen were not covered by glaciers and remained as Nunatak. Galdhopiggen, Glittertinden or Store Lauvhøi are examples. Towards the west, the Scandinavian Ice Sheet disintegrated in several glacier tongues and caused the formation of the Norwegian Fiords.

Climate, glaciers and permafrost

Topographic map of the Jotunheimen and Dovre Rondane areas. Widespread alpine permafrost may be expected at the altitude of the -3.5°C MAAT (red). The glaciation limit (blue) shows the opposite trend.

Jotunheimen lays in the transition zone from a maritime climate in the west and a more continental climate towards the east. The high mean annual precipitation in the west leads to a low glaciation limit of less than 1500 meters, the altitude where glaciers can be formed. In the east of Jotunheimen, glaciers are rare and the glaciation limit rises to an altitude of more than 2100 meters. The opposite trend may be registered for the mean annual air temperatures (MAAT). It drops about 600 meters for any given value of a MAAT, The MAAT of -3.5 °C indicates areas with occurrences of widespread mountain permafrost. Thus, permafrost existis in large parts of Jotunheimen due its more continental climate.

Since the 1980s, the Jotunheimen area has got increased scientific interest from geologists and geomorphologists due to its climate creating periglacial landforms and widespread and often thick permafrost occurrences. A first comprehensive study on mountain permafrost in Scandinavia was published in 1982. Today, these findings are confirmed at various places, and Juvvasshøi, Juvasshytta and Galdhøi are preferred areas for scientific periglacial research due to yearround good logistic conditions compared with arctic areas.

Jotunheimen National Park

Jotunheimen contains Jotunheimen National Park, which was established in 1980 and covers an area of 1,151 square kilometres (444 sq mi). The Hurrungane mountain range is also inside the national park with the sharpest peaks in Jotunheimen. Adjacent to the national park border is Utladalen Nature Reserve which covers the Utladalen valley and the mountain Falketind, amongst others.

According to the anthropologist Shoshi Parks, “Three national parks converge in this region of Norway, but Jotunheimen is by far the most spectacular, with 250 peaks over 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) high, including two of the highest in northern Europe – (Galdhøpiggen and Glittertind),”

View of the Urdadalen valley

Human presence

The Jotunheimen shoe was discovered in August 2006. Archaeologists estimate that the leather shoe was made between 1800 and 1100 BC, making it the oldest article of clothing discovered in Scandinavia. It was discovered along with several arrows and a wooden spade, leading archaeologists to conclude that they had unearthed an important hunting ground.

In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead dating back to the Germanic Iron Age and locked in a glacier in southern Norway caused by the climate change in the Jotunheimen Mountains. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is 17 centimetres (6.7 in) long and weighs just 28 grams (1.0 oz).

Traffic

Despite the large area of Jotunheimen, there are few roads for car traffic. Between Jotunheimen and Breheimen, the plateau is crossed by the Norwegian County Road 55. To the west, the road continues further from Skjolden via Sogndalsfjøra, Balestrand and Høyanger to the European route E39. In the east, the road leads to Lom. A few small dirt roads lead to different parts of the edge of Jotunheimen National Park, although the area of the national park itself is practically roadless. A small exception, however, is a blind road in the Veodalen to Glitterheim, whose head is inside the national park area near the Glittertind.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Galdhøpiggen". PeakVisor.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  2. "Jotunheimen, Luster" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  3. ^ Thorsnæs, Geir, ed. (2021-05-19). "Jotunheimen". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  4. "Jotunheimen National Park Travel Guide (Hiking Tips + Trails) - The Norway Guide". thenorwayguide.com. 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  5. Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Ollier, C.D.; Sulebak, J.R. (2000). "Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway". Global and Planetary Change. 24 (3–4): 211–231. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6.
  6. King, Lorenz (1983). "High Mountain Permafrost in Scandinavia". Permafrost: Fourth International Conference, Proceedings: 612–617.
  7. King, Lorenz (1984). "Permafrost in Skandinavien - Untersuchungsergebnisse aus Lappland, Jotunheimen und Dovre/Rondane". Heidelberger Geographische Arbeiten (in German). 76: 174 pages.
  8. Harris, Charles; Haeberli, Wilfried; Vonder Mühll, Daniel; King, Lorenz (2001). "Permafrost Monitoring in the High Mountains of Europe: the PACE Project in its Global Context". Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 12 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1002/ppp.377.
  9. http://www.dirnat.no/attachment.ap?id=7074
  10. ^ "1,500-Year-Old Viking Arrowhead Found After Glacier Melts in Norway". Curiosmos. 2020-03-09. Archived from the original on 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  11. * "Old Shoe- Even Older." The Norway Post, 2 May 2007.
  12. Bailey, Stephanie. "Climate change reveals, and threatens, thawing relics". CNN. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  13. Ramming, Audrey (2020-03-06). "Photo Friday: Norwegian Glacial Ice Preserves Ancient Viking Artifacts". GlacierHub. Retrieved 2020-03-25.

External links

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