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| {{Short description|Mosque in Egypt}} | {{Short description|Mosque in Cairo, Egypt}} | ||
| {{more citations needed|date=December 2020}} | |||
| {{Infobox religious building | {{Infobox religious building | ||
| |image = مسجد الرفاعي.jpg | | image = File:مسجد الرفاعي.jpg | ||
| |image_upright = 1.2 | | image_upright = 1.2 | ||
| |caption = |
| caption = | ||
| |map_type = Egypt | | map_type = Egypt | ||
| |map_size = | | map_size = | ||
| |map_caption = | | map_caption = | ||
| |location = ] | | location = ] | ||
| |coordinates |
| coordinates = {{coord|30|9|16.43|N|31|18|37.46|E|format=dms|region:EG_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | ||
| |religious_affiliation = ] | | religious_affiliation = ] | ||
| |status = | | status = | ||
| |functional_status = | | functional_status = | ||
| |heritage_designation = | | heritage_designation = | ||
| |leadership = | | leadership = | ||
| |website = | | website = | ||
| |architecture = yes | | architecture = yes | ||
| |architect = ] |
| architect = ] | ||
| |architecture_type = mosque | | architecture_type = mosque | ||
| |architecture_style = |
| architecture_style = ] | ||
| |capacity = 10,000 | | capacity = 10,000 | ||
| |length = | | length = | ||
| |width = | | width = | ||
| |dome_quantity = | | dome_quantity = | ||
| |dome_height_outer = | | dome_height_outer = | ||
| |dome_dia_inner = | | dome_dia_inner = | ||
| |general_contractor = | | general_contractor = | ||
| |facade_direction = | | facade_direction = | ||
| |groundbreaking = | | groundbreaking = | ||
| |year_completed = 1912 | | year_completed = 1912 | ||
| |minaret_quantity = | | minaret_quantity = | ||
| |minaret_height = | | minaret_height = | ||
| |spire_quantity = | | spire_quantity = | ||
| |spire_height = | | spire_height = | ||
| |materials = | | materials = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Al-Rifa'i Mosque''' ({{ |
'''Al-Rifa'i Mosque''' ({{langx|ar|مسجد الرفاعي}}, transliterated also as ''Al-Rifai'', '''Al-Refai''', '''Al-Refa'i''', locally known as '''El-Refa'i''', and in ]: the '''Refaai Mosque''') is located in ], adjacent to the ]. Its name is derived from the Ali Abu Shubbak who is buried in the mosque. Now, it is also the royal ] of ]'s family. The building is located opposite the ],<ref name=salwa>{{cite news|last=Samir|first=Salwa|title=Meeting a royal family at Al-Rifa'i|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Meeting+a+royal+family+at+Al-Rifa'i.-a0304450554|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=The Egyptian Gazette|date=4 October 2012}}</ref> which dates from around 1361, and was architecturally conceived as a complement to the older structure as part of a vast campaign by the 19th century rulers of Egypt to both associate themselves with the perceived glory of earlier periods in Egypt's Islamic history and modernize the city. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| The original structure on the site was a small 12th century ]-era mosque, known as the Al-Dakhirah Mosque.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://egymonuments.gov.eg/monuments/al-rifa-i-mosque/ | title=Al-Rifa'i Mosque }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Encyclopedia of Egypt’s Mosques and their Righteous Saints, by Suʻād Māhir Muḥammad</ref> But later, the grandson of ], ], was buried within it, and the place was converted into a ] for the ] tariqah.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://egymonuments.gov.eg/monuments/al-rifa-i-mosque/ | title=Al-Rifa'i Mosque }}</ref> This Zawiya became known as the Al-Bayda Zawiya, and it not only contained the tomb of Ali Abu Shubbak, but also included the tomb of another Sufi mystic, Yahya al-Ansari.<ref>Abdulwahhab, Hassan (1946). تاريخ المساجد الأثرية (1946 edition ed) volume 2</ref> | |||
| The Al-Rifa'i Mosque was constructed in two phases over the period between 1869 and 1912 when it was finally completed.<ref name=salwa/> It was originally commissioned for ], the mother of the 19th century ] ] to expand and replace the preexisting ] (shrine) of the medieval Islamic saint ]. The zawiya was a pilgrimage site for locals who believed that the tomb had mystical healing properties. Hoshiyar envisioned a dual purpose for the new structure as a house for local traditional ] relics and also a ] for the royal family of Egypt. Over the course of its construction the architects, design, and purpose were changed. | |||
| The |
The present structure of the Al-Rifa'i Mosque was constructed in two phases over the period between 1869 and 1912 when it was finally completed.<ref name="salwa" /> It was originally commissioned for ], the mother of the 19th century ] ] to expand and replace the old Zawiya. Hoshiyar ordered an extensive renovation of the zawiya, and so the original structure save for the graves of Ali Abu Shubbak and Yahya al-Ansari was demolished. The new structure was also intended to contain the burial place of the Khedive family.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ||
| The original architect was Hussein Fahmi Pasha, a distant cousin in the dynasty founded by ] in 1803,<ref name="salwa" /> but he died during the first phase of construction, and work was halted after the abdication of ] ] in 1880. Hoshiyar Qadin herself died in 1885, and work was not resumed until 1905 when the new Khedive, ], ordered its completion. Construction work was supervised by the ] architect ], head of the ].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | |||
| ==Style== | |||
| The building itself is a melange of styles taken primarily from the ] period of ], including its ] and ], and ]ian style pillars. The building contains a large prayer hall as well as the shrines of ] and two other local saints, Ali Abi-Shubbak and Yahya al-Ansari. Because of the time taken to built the mosque, it represents historical and political revolution in Egypt. The entrance is lined with marble columns. | |||
| ==Architecture== | |||
| ] the last ] is buried there, thanks to the ] ]]] | |||
| The mosque was designed in a ], which was fashionable in Cairo at the time and which referenced historic ].<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFy5Drdpp8kC&pg=PA40 |title=Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-century Egypt |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |year=2008 |isbn=9789774160950 |pages=39–41}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Avcıoğlu |first1=Nebahat |title=A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture |last2=Volait |first2=Mercedes |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |year=2017 |isbn=9781119068570 |editor-last=Necipoğlu |editor-first=Gülru |pages=1140–1142 |chapter="Jeux de miroir": Architecture of Istanbul and Cairo from Empire to Modernism |editor-last2=Barry Flood |editor-first2=Finbarr |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1140}}</ref> When developing its design, the architects of Al-Rifai Mosque tried to match the Sultan Hassan Mosque next to it in grandeur and height<ref name="Abdulwahhab, Hassan 1946">Abdulwahhab, Hassan (1946). تاريخ المساجد الأثرية (1946 edition ed) volume 1</ref> even though they faced some difficulties that were criticized by archaeologists and which was remedied under the supervision of Max Herz.<ref name="Abdulwahhab, Hassan 1946"/> | |||
| The interior area of the mosque is 6,500 square metres, the part designated for prayer is 1,767 square metres, and the rest of the space is allocated for the zawiya shrine and the royal mausoleum. The mosque has two minarets built on circular bases, like the minarets of the Sultan Hassan Mosque. As for the entrances, they are towering and surrounded by stone and marble columns with Arabic capitals. Their lintels are decorated with marble, and their tops also covered with polished and gilded arches.<ref name="Abdulwahhab, Hassan 1946"/> | |||
| In the middle of the western side is the entrance to the royal mausoleum, which is surrounded by stone columns with ornate marble bases. To the right of the interior of this mausoleum is the tomb of ] in the western front corner of the mosque. It is covered with colored marble, and adjacent to it is the tomb of his mother, ]. At the end of the room, there is a door, which leads to another room that contains the tomb of Sheikh Ali Abu Shubbak Al-Rifa'i. This room is topped by a dome. The grave is covered by a wooden ] built around it. Between the two front doors is a smaller entrance leading to a room which holds the grave of Yahya Al-Ansari.<ref name="Abdulwahhab, Hassan 1946"/> | |||
| ] | |||
| ==Usage== | ==Usage== | ||
| The mosque is the resting place of Ali Abu Shubbak, an important saint of the ] order who is also regarded as one of the ], hence it is a very important place for pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mazaratmisr.org/ahl-ul-bayt/sayyidina-ali-abu-shubbak-al-rifai/ | title=Sayyidina 'Ali Abu Shubbak Al-Rifa'i | Mazarat Misr }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | It also contains the royal mausoleum of the Khedive family, where Hoshiyar Qadim and her son Ismail Pasha, as well as other members of Egypt's royal family, including ], ], and ], are buried. ] and ], however, are buried in ], a mausoleum built in 1894 in Cairo's ], together with other late members of the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | The mosque served briefly as the resting place of ] of ], who died in exile in the ] in 1944, and was returned to Iran after ].<ref name=Historical_Iranian_Sites_and_People>. 12 December 2010</ref> Part of the burial chamber is also occupied by Reza Shah's son ], who died in Cairo in July 1980. He was buried in Cairo following the ] of 1979. | ||
| == Burials == | |||
| '''Sufi mystics''' | |||
| - ], mystic of the Rifa'i order and grandson of Ahmad al-Rifa'i. | |||
| - ], patron saint of Cairo. | |||
| '''Royal Family of Egypt''' | |||
| - ], Walida Pasha | |||
| - ], Khedive | |||
| - ], wife of Khedive Ismail | |||
| - ], wife of Khedive Ismail | |||
| - ], wife of Khedive Ismail | |||
| - Prince Ali Jamal al-Din, son of Khedive Ismail | |||
| - Princess Zainab Hanim, daughter of Khedive Ismail | |||
| - ], Sultan | |||
| - ], King | |||
| - ], King | |||
| - ], Daughter of ] | |||
| '''Pahlavi dynasty family''' | |||
| - ], last ] of Iran | |||
| '''Temporary burials''' | |||
| - ], founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. His body was removed in 1950 and reburied in Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eugene Register-Guard - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tx01AAAAIBAJ&pg=3478,6124426&dq=pahlavi&hl=en |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=news.google.com}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | The mosque served briefly as the resting place of ] of ], who died in exile in the ] in 1944, and was returned to Iran after ]. |
||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *], |
*], royal mosque of the ] founded in 1318 in the Citadel of Cairo by the Sultan ]. | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| Line 69: | Line 115: | ||
| ==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
| *al-Asad, Mohammad. The Mosque of Rifa'i in Cairo. 1993. In Muqarnas X: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Margaret B. Sevcenko (ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. | *al-Asad, Mohammad. The Mosque of Rifa'i in Cairo. 1993. In Muqarnas X: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Margaret B. Sevcenko (ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. | ||
| *Jones, Dalu. "Va Pensiero... Italian Architects in Egypt at the Time of the Khedive.” In Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, |
*Jones, Dalu. "Va Pensiero... Italian Architects in Egypt at the Time of the Khedive.” In Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 86–93. Rome: Carucci Editore, 1990. | ||
| *Arnaud, Jean-Luc. "Maps of Cairo and the Development of the City at the End of the 19th Century.” In Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre |
*Arnaud, Jean-Luc. "Maps of Cairo and the Development of the City at the End of the 19th Century.” In Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre 1–2, edited by Attilo Petruccioli, 82–91. Rome: Dell’oca Editore, 1993. | ||
| *Noweir, Sawsan and Philippe Panerai. "Cairo: The Old Town.” In Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre |
*Noweir, Sawsan and Philippe Panerai. "Cairo: The Old Town.” In Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre 1–2, edited by Attilo Petruccioli, 60–67. Rome: Carucci Editore, 1989. | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| Line 87: | Line 133: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 23:53, 10 December 2024
Mosque in Cairo, Egypt| Al-Rifa'i Mosque | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Sunni Islam |
| Location | |
| Location | Cairo, Egypt |
  Shown within Egypt | |
| Geographic coordinates | 30°9′16.43″N 31°18′37.46″E / 30.1545639°N 31.3104056°E / 30.1545639; 31.3104056 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Max Herz |
| Type | mosque |
| Style | Neo-Mamluk |
| Completed | 1912 |
| Capacity | 10,000 |
Al-Rifa'i Mosque (Arabic: مسجد الرفاعي, transliterated also as Al-Rifai, Al-Refai, Al-Refa'i, locally known as El-Refa'i, and in English: the Refaai Mosque) is located in Citadel Square, adjacent to the Cairo Citadel. Its name is derived from the Ali Abu Shubbak who is buried in the mosque. Now, it is also the royal mausoleum of Muhammad Ali's family. The building is located opposite the Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan, which dates from around 1361, and was architecturally conceived as a complement to the older structure as part of a vast campaign by the 19th century rulers of Egypt to both associate themselves with the perceived glory of earlier periods in Egypt's Islamic history and modernize the city.
History
The original structure on the site was a small 12th century Fatimid-era mosque, known as the Al-Dakhirah Mosque. But later, the grandson of Ahmad al-Rifa'i, Ali Abu Shubbak al-Rifa'i, was buried within it, and the place was converted into a Zawiya for the Rifa'i tariqah. This Zawiya became known as the Al-Bayda Zawiya, and it not only contained the tomb of Ali Abu Shubbak, but also included the tomb of another Sufi mystic, Yahya al-Ansari.
The present structure of the Al-Rifa'i Mosque was constructed in two phases over the period between 1869 and 1912 when it was finally completed. It was originally commissioned for Hoshiyar Qadin, the mother of the 19th century Khedive Isma'il Pasha to expand and replace the old Zawiya. Hoshiyar ordered an extensive renovation of the zawiya, and so the original structure save for the graves of Ali Abu Shubbak and Yahya al-Ansari was demolished. The new structure was also intended to contain the burial place of the Khedive family.
The original architect was Hussein Fahmi Pasha, a distant cousin in the dynasty founded by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1803, but he died during the first phase of construction, and work was halted after the abdication of Khedive Isma'il Pasha in 1880. Hoshiyar Qadin herself died in 1885, and work was not resumed until 1905 when the new Khedive, Abbas II of Egypt, ordered its completion. Construction work was supervised by the Hungarian architect Max Herz, head of the Committee for the Conservation of the Monuments of Cairo.
Architecture
The mosque was designed in a Neo-Mamluk style, which was fashionable in Cairo at the time and which referenced historic Mamluk architecture. When developing its design, the architects of Al-Rifai Mosque tried to match the Sultan Hassan Mosque next to it in grandeur and height even though they faced some difficulties that were criticized by archaeologists and which was remedied under the supervision of Max Herz.
The interior area of the mosque is 6,500 square metres, the part designated for prayer is 1,767 square metres, and the rest of the space is allocated for the zawiya shrine and the royal mausoleum. The mosque has two minarets built on circular bases, like the minarets of the Sultan Hassan Mosque. As for the entrances, they are towering and surrounded by stone and marble columns with Arabic capitals. Their lintels are decorated with marble, and their tops also covered with polished and gilded arches.
In the middle of the western side is the entrance to the royal mausoleum, which is surrounded by stone columns with ornate marble bases. To the right of the interior of this mausoleum is the tomb of Fuad I of Egypt in the western front corner of the mosque. It is covered with colored marble, and adjacent to it is the tomb of his mother, Ferial Qadin. At the end of the room, there is a door, which leads to another room that contains the tomb of Sheikh Ali Abu Shubbak Al-Rifa'i. This room is topped by a dome. The grave is covered by a wooden zarih built around it. Between the two front doors is a smaller entrance leading to a room which holds the grave of Yahya Al-Ansari.
Usage
The mosque is the resting place of Ali Abu Shubbak, an important saint of the Rifa'i order who is also regarded as one of the Ahl al-Bayt, hence it is a very important place for pilgrimage.
It also contains the royal mausoleum of the Khedive family, where Hoshiyar Qadim and her son Ismail Pasha, as well as other members of Egypt's royal family, including Sultan Hussein Kamel, Sultan and King Fuad I, and King Farouk, are buried. Khedive Tewfik and Khedive Abbas II Hilmi, however, are buried in Qubbat Afandina, a mausoleum built in 1894 in Cairo's Eastern Cemetery, together with other late members of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty.
The mosque served briefly as the resting place of Reza Shah of Iran, who died in exile in the Union of South Africa in 1944, and was returned to Iran after World War II. Part of the burial chamber is also occupied by Reza Shah's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who died in Cairo in July 1980. He was buried in Cairo following the Iranian Revolution of 1979.
Burials
Sufi mystics
- Ali Abu Shubbak al-Rifa'i, mystic of the Rifa'i order and grandson of Ahmad al-Rifa'i.
- Yahya al-Ansari, patron saint of Cairo.
Royal Family of Egypt
- Hoshiyar Qadin, Walida Pasha
- Ismail Pasha of Egypt, Khedive
- Jeshm Afet Hanim, wife of Khedive Ismail
- Shehret Feza Hanim, wife of Khedive Ismail
- Jananiyar Hanim, wife of Khedive Ismail
- Prince Ali Jamal al-Din, son of Khedive Ismail
- Princess Zainab Hanim, daughter of Khedive Ismail
- Hussein Kamel of Egypt, Sultan
- Fuad I of Egypt, King
- Farouk of Egypt, King
- Fawzia of Egypt, Daughter of Fuad I
Pahlavi dynasty family
- Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, last Shah of Iran
Temporary burials
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. His body was removed in 1950 and reburied in Iran.
See also
- Muhammad Ali Dynasty family tree
- Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque, royal mosque of the Mamluk Sultanate founded in 1318 in the Citadel of Cairo by the Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad.
- Timeline of Islamic history
- Islamic architecture
- Islamic art
- Lists of mosques
- List of mosques in Africa
- List of mosques in Egypt
- List of mausolea
References
- ^ Samir, Salwa (4 October 2012). "Meeting a royal family at Al-Rifa'i". The Egyptian Gazette. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- "Al-Rifa'i Mosque".
- ^ Encyclopedia of Egypt’s Mosques and their Righteous Saints, by Suʻād Māhir Muḥammad
- "Al-Rifa'i Mosque".
- Abdulwahhab, Hassan (1946). تاريخ المساجد الأثرية (1946 edition ed) volume 2
- Sanders, Paula (2008). Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-century Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 39–41. ISBN 9789774160950.
- Avcıoğlu, Nebahat; Volait, Mercedes (2017). ""Jeux de miroir": Architecture of Istanbul and Cairo from Empire to Modernism". In Necipoğlu, Gülru; Barry Flood, Finbarr (eds.). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 1140–1142. ISBN 9781119068570.
- ^ Abdulwahhab, Hassan (1946). تاريخ المساجد الأثرية (1946 edition ed) volume 1
- "Sayyidina 'Ali Abu Shubbak Al-Rifa'i | Mazarat Misr".
- Historical Iranian Sites and People. 12 December 2010
- "Eugene Register-Guard - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
Further reading
- al-Asad, Mohammad. The Mosque of Rifa'i in Cairo. 1993. In Muqarnas X: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Margaret B. Sevcenko (ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill.
- Jones, Dalu. "Va Pensiero... Italian Architects in Egypt at the Time of the Khedive.” In Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 86–93. Rome: Carucci Editore, 1990.
- Arnaud, Jean-Luc. "Maps of Cairo and the Development of the City at the End of the 19th Century.” In Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre 1–2, edited by Attilo Petruccioli, 82–91. Rome: Dell’oca Editore, 1993.
- Noweir, Sawsan and Philippe Panerai. "Cairo: The Old Town.” In Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre 1–2, edited by Attilo Petruccioli, 60–67. Rome: Carucci Editore, 1989.
External links
- Al-Rifa'i Mosque
- The Royal Mosque - Al Rifai (Archived 24 October 2009)
