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{{Short description|Interacting galaxy in the constellation Corvus}} {{Short description|Interacting galaxies in the constellation Corvus}}
{{Infobox Galaxy {{Infobox Galaxy
| name = Antennae Galaxies | name = Antennae Galaxies
| image = Antennae Galaxies reloaded.jpg | image = Antennae Galaxies reloaded.jpg
| image_size = 300px
|caption = ] image of NGC 4038 (top) and NGC 4039 (bottom) |caption = ] image of NGC 4038 (top) and NGC 4039 (bottom)
| constellation name = ]<ref name="sinnott">{{cite book | constellation name = ]<ref name="sinnott">{{cite book
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| z = 1642 ± 12 / 1641 ± 9 km/]<ref name="ned" /> | z = 1642 ± 12 / 1641 ± 9 km/]<ref name="ned" />
| appmag_v = 11.2 / 11.1<ref name="ned" /> | appmag_v = 11.2 / 11.1<ref name="ned" />
| size_v = 5&prime;.2 × 3&prime;.1 / 3&prime;.1 × 1&prime;.6<ref name="ned" /> | size_v = 5.2{{prime}} × 3.1{{prime}} / 3.1{{prime}} × 1.6{{prime}}<ref name="ned" />
| size = {{convert|500,000|ly|kpc|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Astronomy Picture of the Day Archive|url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap170428.html|date=28 April 2017|title=Exploring the Antennae|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref>{{efn|The quoted size is based on an assumed distance around 60 million ly although a more recent study gives a less remote distance of 45 million ly, giving consequently smaller values for the size.}} | size = {{convert|500,000|ly|kpc|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Astronomy Picture of the Day Archive|url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap170428.html|date=28 April 2017|title=Exploring the Antennae|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref>{{efn|The quoted size is based on an assumed distance around 60 million ly although a more recent study gives a less remote distance of 45 million ly, giving consequently smaller values for the size.}}
| notes = ] | notes = ]
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==General information== ==General information==
]]]
⚫ The Antennae Galaxies are undergoing a galactic collision. Located in the ] with five other galaxies, these two galaxies are known as the Antennae Galaxies because the two long tails of ]s, ] ejected from the galaxies as a result of the collision resemble an ] ].


] showing the clouds of dense cold gas from which new stars form (red, pink and yellow)]]
⚫ The ] of the two galaxies are joining to become one giant ]. Most galaxies probably undergo at least one significant collision in their lifetimes. This is likely the future of our ] when it ] with the ]. This collision and merger sequence (the ]) for galaxy evolution was developed in part by successfully modeling the Antennae Galaxies’ “antennae” in particular.
]


⚫ The Antennae Galaxies are undergoing a galactic collision. Located in the ] with five other galaxies, these two galaxies are known as the Antennae Galaxies because the two long tails of ]s, ] ejected from the galaxies as a result of the collision resemble an ] ].
Five supernovae have been discovered in NGC 4038: ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web

| title= List of Supernovae
⚫ The ] of the two galaxies are joining to become one giant ]. Most galaxies probably undergo at least one significant collision in their lifetimes. This is likely the future of our ] when it ] with the ]. This collision and merger sequence (the ]) for galaxy evolution was developed in part by successfully modeling the Antennae Galaxies' "antennae" in particular.
| work= IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| url= http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/Supernovae.html
| access-date= 2015-08-22}}</ref>


A recent study finds that these interacting galaxies are less remote from the Milky Way than previously thought—at 45 million light-years instead of 65 million light-years.<ref>{{cite web A recent study finds that these interacting galaxies are less remote from the Milky Way than previously thought—at 45 million light-years instead of 65 million light-years.<ref>{{cite web
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The Antennae galaxies also contain a relatively young collection of massive globular clusters that were possibly formed as a result of the collision between the two galaxies.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=van den Bergh, How Did Globular Clusters Form?|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=559|issue=2|pages=L113–L114|doi=10.1086/323754|arxiv=astro-ph/0108298|year=2001|last1=Van Den Bergh|first1=Sidney|bibcode=2001ApJ...559L.113V|s2cid=44060272}}</ref> The young age of these clusters is in contrast to the average age of most known globular clusters (which are around 12 billion years old), with the formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters. The Antennae galaxies also contain a relatively young collection of massive globular clusters that were possibly formed as a result of the collision between the two galaxies.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=van den Bergh, How Did Globular Clusters Form?|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=559|issue=2|pages=L113–L114|doi=10.1086/323754|arxiv=astro-ph/0108298|year=2001|last1=Van Den Bergh|first1=Sidney|bibcode=2001ApJ...559L.113V|s2cid=44060272}}</ref> The young age of these clusters is in contrast to the average age of most known globular clusters (which are around 12 billion years old), with the formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters.

NGC 4038 has a lot of ], around 53 of them.<ref> {{Cite simbad|title=NGC 4038|access-date=10 December 2024}} </ref>

==Supernovae==
Four ]e have been observed in NGC 4038.

* SN 1974E (type unknown, mag. 14)<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN 1974E | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1974E |publisher = ] | access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref> was discovered by ] on 21 March 1974.
* ] (], mag. 14.9)<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN 2004gt | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2004gt | publisher = ] | access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref> was discovered by Berto Monard on 12 December 2004.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2004IAUC.8454....1M | title=Supernovae 2004gt, 2004gu, 2004gv | last1=Monard | first1=L. A. G. | last2=Quimby | first2=R. | last3=Gerardy| first3=C.| last4=Hoeflich| first4=P. | last5=Wheeler | first5=J. C. | last6=Chen | first6=Y. -T.| last7=Smith | first7=H. J. | last8=Bauer | first8=A. | journal=International Astronomical Union Circular | date=2004 | issue=8454 | page=1}}</ref>
* ] (], mag. 12.9) was discovered by the ] on 18 December 2007.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN 2007sr | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2007sr |publisher = ] | access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2007CBET.1172....1D | title=Supernova 2007sr in NGC 4038 | last1=Drake | first1=A. J. | last2=Djorgovski | first2=S. G. | last3=Williams | first3=R. | last4=Mahabal | first4=A. | last5=Graham | first5=M. J. | last6=Christensen | first6=E. | last7=Beshore | first7=E. C.| last8=Larson | first8=S. M. | journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams | date=2007 | volume=1172 | page=1}}</ref>
* SN 2013dk (type Ic, mag. 15.8)<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN 2013dk | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2013dk |publisher = ] | access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref> was discovered by the CHASE Project (CHilean Automatic Supernovas sEarch) on 22 June 2013.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 2013CBET.3565....1C| title = Supernova 2013dk in NGC 4038 = PSN J12015272-1852183| last1 = Carrasco| first1 = F.| last2 = Hamuy| first2 = M.| last3 = Antezana| first3 = R.| last4 = Gonzalez| first4 = L.| last5 = Cartier| first5 = R.| last6 = Forster| first6 = F.| last7 = Silva| first7 = S.| last8 = Ramirez| first8 = R.| last9 = Pignata| first9 = G.| last10 = Apostolovski| first10 = Y.| last11 = Paillas| first11 = E.| last12 = Varela| first12 = S.| last13 = Aros| first13 = F.| last14 = Conuel| first14 = B.| last15 = Folatelli| first15 = G.| last16 = Reichart| first16 = D. E.| last17 = Haislip| first17 = J. B.| last18 = Moore| first18 = J. P.| last19 = Lacluyze| first19 = A. P.| last20 = Vinko| first20 = J.| last21 = Marion| first21 = G. H.| last22 = Silverman| first22 = J. M.| last23 = Wheeler| first23 = J. C.| last24 = Szalai| first24 = T.| last25 = Quimby| first25 = R.| journal = Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams| date = 2013| volume = 3565| page = 1}}</ref>
One ] has been found in NGC 4039.
* SN 1921A (type unknown, mag. 16)<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN 1921A | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1921A |publisher = ] | access-date=17 August 2024}} {{Cite simbad|title=SN 1921A|access-date=10 December 2024}} </ref> was discovered by ] and ] in March 1921.


==Timeline== ==Timeline==
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| pages=705–742 | pages=705–742
| bibcode=1992ARA&A..30..705B | doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.003421 | bibcode=1992ARA&A..30..705B | doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.003421
}}</ref> NGC 4038 was a ] and NGC 4039 was a ]. Before the galaxies collided, NGC 4039 was larger than NGC 4038.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} 900 million years ago, the Antennae began to approach one another, looking similar to ]. 600 million years ago, the Antennae passed through each other, looking like the ]. 300 million years ago, the Antennae's stars began to be released from both galaxies. Today the two streamers of ejected stars extend far beyond the original galaxies, resulting in the antennae shape.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} }}</ref> NGC 4038 was a ] and NGC 4039 was a ]. 900 million years ago, the Antennae began to approach one another, looking similar to ]. 600 million years ago, the Antennae passed through each other, looking like the ]. 300 million years ago, the Antennae's stars began to be released from both galaxies. Today the two streamers of ejected stars extend far beyond the original galaxies, resulting in the antennae shape.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nasa.gov/feature/goddard/caldwell-60-61|title=Caldwell 60/61|last=Henderson|first=Edward|date=2019-12-18|work=NASA|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>


Within 400 million years, the Antennae's nuclei will collide and become a single core with stars, gas, and dust around it.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Observations and simulations of colliding galaxies (e.g., by ]) suggest that the Antennae Galaxies will eventually form an ].<ref name="barneshernquist1992"/>{{page number needed|date=October 2020}} Within 400 million years, the Antennae's nuclei will collide and become a single core with stars, gas, and dust around it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/antennae-galaxies-are-slowly-colliding-in-beautiful-cha-5605407|title=Antennae Galaxies are slowly colliding in beautiful chaos of black holes|last=Wilkins|first=Alasdair|date=2010-08-05|work=Gizmodo|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> Observations and simulations of colliding galaxies (e.g., by ]) suggest that the Antennae Galaxies will eventually form an ].<ref name="barneshernquist1992"/>{{page number needed|date=October 2020}}


==X-ray source== ==X-ray source==
Areas containing large amounts of neon, magnesium, and silicon were found when the ] analyzed the Antennae Galaxies. Heavy elements such as these are necessary in order for planets that may contain life (as we know it) to form. The clouds imaged contain 16 times as much magnesium and 24 times as much silicon as the ]. Areas containing large amounts of ] (Ne), ] (Mg), and ] (Si) were found when the ] analyzed the Antennae Galaxies. ] such as these are necessary in order for planets that may contain ] (as we know it) to form. The clouds imaged contain 16 times as much magnesium and 24 times as much silicon as the ].

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:VLT Observes the Antennae Galaxies.jpg|]'s ] observes the Antennae Galaxies.
File:Antennae Galaxies composite of ALMA and Hubble observations.jpg|Antennae Galaxies composite of ] and Hubble observations
File:NGC4038 Large 01.jpg|NGC 4038, the Antennae Galaxies. LRGBHa image by W4SM with 17" PlaneWave CDK
File:Antennae_galaxies.png|Antennae galaxies as imaged by the ]. Unrelated objects have been edited out.
</gallery>


==See also== ==See also==
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{{Ngc45}} {{Ngc45}}
{{Corvus (constellation)}} {{Corvus (constellation)}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System}} {{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}


] ]
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] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 03:30, 11 December 2024

Interacting galaxies in the constellation Corvus
Antennae Galaxies
Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 4038 (top) and NGC 4039 (bottom)
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationCorvus
Right ascension12 01 53.0 / 12 01 53.6
Declination−18° 52′ 10″ / −18° 53′ 11″
Redshift1642 ± 12 / 1641 ± 9 km/s
Distance45 Mly / 65 Mly
Apparent magnitude (V)11.2 / 11.1
Characteristics
TypeSB(s)m pec / SA(s)m pec
Size500,000 ly (150 kpc)
Apparent size (V)5.2′ × 3.1′ / 3.1′ × 1.6′
Notable featuresInteracting galaxies
Other designations
Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 / 4039,
PGC 37967 / 37969, Arp 244, Caldwell 60/61, UGCA 264/265

The Antennae Galaxies (also known as NGC 4038/NGC 4039 or Caldwell 60/Caldwell 61) are a pair of interacting galaxies in the constellation Corvus. They are currently going through a starburst phase, in which the collision of clouds of gas and dust, with entangled magnetic fields, causes rapid star formation. They were discovered by William Herschel in 1785.

General information

Visible light Hubble image (blue) showing newly formed young stars overlaid with a radio image from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array showing the clouds of dense cold gas from which new stars form (red, pink and yellow)
Streams of stars and dust, resembling insect antennae, being ejected from both galaxies. The name Antennae Galaxies comes from this resemblance.

The Antennae Galaxies are undergoing a galactic collision. Located in the NGC 4038 group with five other galaxies, these two galaxies are known as the Antennae Galaxies because the two long tails of stars, gas and dust ejected from the galaxies as a result of the collision resemble an insect's antennae.

The nuclei of the two galaxies are joining to become one giant galaxy. Most galaxies probably undergo at least one significant collision in their lifetimes. This is likely the future of our Milky Way when it collides with the Andromeda Galaxy. This collision and merger sequence (the Toomre sequence) for galaxy evolution was developed in part by successfully modeling the Antennae Galaxies' "antennae" in particular.

A recent study finds that these interacting galaxies are less remote from the Milky Way than previously thought—at 45 million light-years instead of 65 million light-years.

They are located 0.25° north of 31 Crateris and 3.25° southwest of Gamma Corvi.

The Antennae galaxies also contain a relatively young collection of massive globular clusters that were possibly formed as a result of the collision between the two galaxies. The young age of these clusters is in contrast to the average age of most known globular clusters (which are around 12 billion years old), with the formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters.

NGC 4038 has a lot of Cepheid Variables, around 53 of them.

Supernovae

Four supernovae have been observed in NGC 4038.

  • SN 1974E (type unknown, mag. 14) was discovered by Miklós Lovas on 21 March 1974.
  • SN 2004gt (type Ic, mag. 14.9) was discovered by Berto Monard on 12 December 2004.
  • SN 2007sr (type Ia, mag. 12.9) was discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey on 18 December 2007.
  • SN 2013dk (type Ic, mag. 15.8) was discovered by the CHASE Project (CHilean Automatic Supernovas sEarch) on 22 June 2013.

One supernova has been found in NGC 4039.

Timeline

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About 1.2 billion years ago, the Antennae were two separate galaxies. NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. 900 million years ago, the Antennae began to approach one another, looking similar to NGC 2207 and IC 2163. 600 million years ago, the Antennae passed through each other, looking like the Mice Galaxies. 300 million years ago, the Antennae's stars began to be released from both galaxies. Today the two streamers of ejected stars extend far beyond the original galaxies, resulting in the antennae shape.

Within 400 million years, the Antennae's nuclei will collide and become a single core with stars, gas, and dust around it. Observations and simulations of colliding galaxies (e.g., by Alar Toomre) suggest that the Antennae Galaxies will eventually form an elliptical galaxy.

X-ray source

Areas containing large amounts of neon (Ne), magnesium (Mg), and silicon (Si) were found when the Chandra X-ray Observatory analyzed the Antennae Galaxies. Heavy elements such as these are necessary in order for planets that may contain life (as we know it) to form. The clouds imaged contain 16 times as much magnesium and 24 times as much silicon as the Sun.

See also

References

  1. R. W. Sinnott, ed. (1988). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer. Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2.
  2. ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4038 / 4039. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  3. Astronomy Picture of the Day Archive (28 April 2017). "Exploring the Antennae". Retrieved 2018-05-01.
  4. "Corvus". Universe Today. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
  5. "The Antennae Galaxies Found To Be Closer To Us". Space Daily. 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  6. O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–43. ISBN 978-0-521-82796-6.
  7. Van Den Bergh, Sidney (2001). "van den Bergh, How Did Globular Clusters Form?". The Astrophysical Journal. 559 (2): L113–L114. arXiv:astro-ph/0108298. Bibcode:2001ApJ...559L.113V. doi:10.1086/323754. S2CID 44060272.
  8. "NGC 4038". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  9. "SN 1974E". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  10. "SN 2004gt". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  11. Monard, L. A. G.; Quimby, R.; Gerardy, C.; Hoeflich, P.; Wheeler, J. C.; Chen, Y. -T.; Smith, H. J.; Bauer, A. (2004). "Supernovae 2004gt, 2004gu, 2004gv". International Astronomical Union Circular (8454): 1. Bibcode:2004IAUC.8454....1M.
  12. "SN 2007sr". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  13. Drake, A. J.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Williams, R.; Mahabal, A.; Graham, M. J.; Christensen, E.; Beshore, E. C.; Larson, S. M. (2007). "Supernova 2007sr in NGC 4038". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. 1172: 1. Bibcode:2007CBET.1172....1D.
  14. "SN 2013dk". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  15. Carrasco, F.; Hamuy, M.; Antezana, R.; Gonzalez, L.; Cartier, R.; Forster, F.; Silva, S.; Ramirez, R.; Pignata, G.; Apostolovski, Y.; Paillas, E.; Varela, S.; Aros, F.; Conuel, B.; Folatelli, G.; Reichart, D. E.; Haislip, J. B.; Moore, J. P.; Lacluyze, A. P.; Vinko, J.; Marion, G. H.; Silverman, J. M.; Wheeler, J. C.; Szalai, T.; Quimby, R. (2013). "Supernova 2013dk in NGC 4038 = PSN J12015272-1852183". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. 3565: 1. Bibcode:2013CBET.3565....1C.
  16. "SN 1921A". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 17 August 2024. "SN 1921A". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  17. ^ J. E. Barnes; L. Hernquist (1992). "Dynamics of interacting galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 30 (1): 705–742. Bibcode:1992ARA&A..30..705B. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.003421.
  18. Henderson, Edward (2019-12-18). "Caldwell 60/61". NASA. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  19. Wilkins, Alasdair (2010-08-05). "Antennae Galaxies are slowly colliding in beautiful chaos of black holes". Gizmodo. Retrieved 9 November 2021.

Notes

  1. The quoted size is based on an assumed distance around 60 million ly although a more recent study gives a less remote distance of 45 million ly, giving consequently smaller values for the size.

External links


Caldwell catalogue
List
See also
New General Catalogue 4000 to 4499
Constellation of Corvus
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