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{{short description|Species of evergreen coniferous tree}} {{Short description|Species of evergreen coniferous tree}}
{{Speciesbox {{Speciesbox
|image=Thuja occidentalis.jpg |image=Thuja occidentalis.jpg
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'''''Thuja occidentalis''''', also known as '''northern white-cedar''',{{r|iucn}} '''eastern white-cedar''',{{r|vascan}} or '''arborvitae''',{{r|vascan|GRIN}} is an ] ] ], in the cypress family ], which is ] to eastern Canada and much of the north-central and northeastern United States.<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN|id=36584|name=Thuja occidentalis}}</ref><ref name=GD /> It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is not to be confused with '']'' (Eastern red cedar). '''''Thuja occidentalis''''', also known as '''northern white-cedar''',{{r|iucn}} '''eastern white-cedar''',{{r|vascan}} or '''arborvitae''',{{r|vascan|GRIN}} is an ] ] ], in the cypress family ], which is ] to eastern Canada and much of the north-central and northeastern United States.<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN|id=36584|name=Thuja occidentalis}}</ref><ref name=GD /> It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is not to be confused with '']'' (eastern red cedar).


== Common names == == Common names ==
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|Thuja occidentalis trunk.jpg|Trunk |Thuja occidentalis trunk.jpg|Trunk
|Thuja occidentalis foliage Wisconsin.jpg|Foliage |Thuja occidentalis foliage Wisconsin.jpg|Foliage
|Eastern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) - Algonquin Provincial Park 2019-09-20.jpg|Cones |Northern Whitecedar (Thuja occidentalis) - Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario 2019-09-20.jpg|Cones
}} }}


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==Ecology== ==Ecology==
] in November with white cedars (left) and other trees and shrubs]] ] in November with smattering of evergreen white cedars (left) and other trees and shrubs]]

Northern white cedar grows naturally in wet forests, being particularly abundant in ]s, where other larger and faster-growing trees cannot compete successfully. It also occurs on other sites with reduced tree competition, such as ]. Although not currently listed as endangered, wild white cedar populations are threatened in many areas by high ] numbers; deer find the soft evergreen foliage a very attractive winter food and strip it rapidly. The largest known specimen is {{convert|34|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and {{convert|175|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter, on ] within ].{{cn|date=October 2020}} Northern white cedar grows naturally in wet forests, being particularly abundant in ]s, where other larger and faster-growing trees cannot compete successfully. It also occurs on other sites with reduced tree competition, such as ]. Although not currently listed as endangered, wild white cedar populations are threatened in many areas by high ] numbers; deer find the soft evergreen foliage a very attractive winter food and strip it rapidly. The largest known specimen is {{convert|34|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and {{convert|175|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter, on ] within ].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
Northern white cedars can be very long-lived trees in certain conditions, with notably old specimens growing on cliffs where they are inaccessible to deer and ]. As of 2008, the oldest known living specimen was 1,141 years old,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~adk/oldlisteast/Spp/THOC.html |title=Eastern OLDLIST. ''Thuja occidentalis'' |year=2008 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Inc. & Eastern Kentucky University |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> but a dead specimen with 1,653 growth rings has been found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm |year=2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |title=Eastern OLDLIST a database of ancient trees and their ages |publisher=Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Inc. & Eastern Kentucky University}}</ref> Despite their age, these very old trees are small and stunted due to the difficult growing conditions. These individuals' long lifespans have been attributed to their slow growth and their ability to survive when different sections of the tree are damaged or killed.<ref name="Larson2001">{{cite journal|last1=Larson|first1=D.W.|title=The paradox of great longevity in a short-lived tree species|journal=Experimental Gerontology|volume=36|issue=4–6|year=2001|pages=651–673|issn=0531-5565|doi=10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00233-3|pmid=11295506|s2cid=24297929}}</ref> The ], a ''T. occidentalis'' growing out of a cliff face on ] in ], was described by the ] explorer ] as being a mature tree in 1731; it is still alive today. Northern white cedars can be very long-lived trees in certain conditions, with notably old specimens growing on cliffs where they are inaccessible to deer and ]. As of 2008, the oldest known living specimen was 1,141 years old,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~adk/oldlisteast/Spp/THOC.html |title=Eastern OLDLIST. ''Thuja occidentalis'' |year=2008 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Inc. & Eastern Kentucky University |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> but a dead specimen with 1,653 growth rings has been found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm |year=2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |title=Eastern OLDLIST a database of ancient trees and their ages |publisher=Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Inc. & Eastern Kentucky University}}</ref> Despite their age, these very old trees are small and stunted due to the difficult growing conditions. These individuals' long lifespans have been attributed to their slow growth and their ability to survive when different sections of the tree are damaged or killed.<ref name="Larson2001">{{cite journal|last1=Larson|first1=D.W.|title=The paradox of great longevity in a short-lived tree species|journal=Experimental Gerontology|volume=36|issue=4–6|year=2001|pages=651–673|issn=0531-5565|doi=10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00233-3|pmid=11295506|s2cid=24297929}}</ref> The ], a ''T. occidentalis'' growing out of a cliff face on ] in ], was described by the ] explorer ] as being a mature tree in 1731; it is still alive today.


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The essential oil within the plant has been used for ]s, ]s, hair preparations, ]s, ], room sprays, and soft soaps. The Ojibwa reportedly made a soup from the inner bark of the soft twigs. Others have used the twigs to make teas to relieve ] and ].<ref name="usda">{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_thoc2.pdf|title=USDA/NRCS Plant Guide: Northern White Cedar, ''Thuja occidentalis'' L.|publisher=]|access-date=2008-02-15}}</ref> The essential oil within the plant has been used for ]s, ]s, hair preparations, ]s, ], room sprays, and soft soaps. The Ojibwa reportedly made a soup from the inner bark of the soft twigs. Others have used the twigs to make teas to relieve ] and ].<ref name="usda">{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_thoc2.pdf|title=USDA/NRCS Plant Guide: Northern White Cedar, ''Thuja occidentalis'' L.|publisher=]|access-date=2008-02-15}}</ref>


Eastern white cedar - ] - is a popular ] used in both residential and commercial landscapes. Eastern white cedar – ] – is a popular ] used in both residential and commercial landscapes.


''Thuja occidentalis'' has important uses in traditional ] culture. Honoured with the name '''Nookomis Giizhik''' (Grandmother Cedar), the tree is the subject of sacred legends and is considered a gift to humanity for its myriad of uses, among them crafts, construction, and medicine.<ref>Geniusz, Wendy Makoons (2009). ''Our Knowledge is not Primitive''. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press</ref> It is one of the four plants of the Ojibwe ], associated with the north. The foliage is rich in ] and is believed to be the ], which cured the ] of ] and his party in the winter of 1535–1536.<ref name="silvics">{{Silvics |volume=1 |genus=Thuja |species=occidentalis |first=William F. |last=Johnston}}</ref> Due to the presence of the neurotoxic compound ], internal use can be harmful if used for prolonged periods or while pregnant.{{cn|date=October 2020}} ''Thuja occidentalis'' has important uses in traditional ] culture. Honoured with the name '''Nookomis Giizhik''' (Grandmother Cedar), the tree is the subject of sacred legends and is considered a gift to humanity for its myriad of uses, among them crafts, construction, and medicine.<ref>Geniusz, Wendy Makoons (2009). ''Our Knowledge is not Primitive''. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press</ref> It is one of the four plants of the Ojibwe ], associated with the north. The foliage is rich in ] and is believed to be the ], which cured the ] of ] and his party in the winter of 1535–1536.<ref name="silvics">{{Silvics |volume=1 |genus=Thuja |species=occidentalis |first=William F. |last=Johnston}}</ref> Due to the presence of the neurotoxic compound ], internal use can be harmful if used for prolonged periods or while pregnant.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}


==Cultivation== ==Cultivation==
], ]]] ], ]]]
''T. occidentalis'' is widely used as an ], particularly for screens and ], in gardens, parks, and cemeteries. Over 300 ]s exist, showing great variation in colour, shape, and size, with some of the more common ones being 'Degroot's Spire', 'Ellwangeriana', 'Hetz Wintergreen', 'Lutea', 'Rheingold', 'Smaragd' (or 'Emerald Green'), 'Techny', and 'Wareana'. It was introduced into ] as early as 1540.{{cn|date=October 2020}} ''T. occidentalis'' is widely used as an ], particularly for screens and ], in gardens, parks, and cemeteries. Over 300 ]s exist, showing great variation in colour, shape, and size, with some of the more common ones being 'Degroot's Spire', 'Ellwangeriana', 'Hetz Wintergreen', 'Lutea', 'Rheingold', 'Smaragd' (or 'Emerald Green'), 'Techny', and 'Wareana'. It was introduced into ] as early as 1540.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
These cultivars have gained the ]'s ]: These cultivars have gained the ]'s ]:
{{div col|colwidth=15em}} {{div col|colwidth=15em}}
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*'Smaragd'.<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Thuja occidentalis'' 'Smaragd'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/75683/Thuja-occidentalis-Smaragd/Details | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref> *'Smaragd'.<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Thuja occidentalis'' 'Smaragd'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/75683/Thuja-occidentalis-Smaragd/Details | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref>
{{div col end}} {{div col end}}

==See also==
* '']''
* ]


==References== ==References==
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<ref name=vascan>{{cite web |author=Brouillet L. ''et al.'' 2010+ |title=''Thuja occidentalis'' Linnaeus |url=https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/4711 |website=data.canadensys.net |publisher=Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> <ref name=vascan>{{cite web |author=Brouillet L. ''et al.'' 2010+ |title=''Thuja occidentalis'' Linnaeus |url=https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/4711 |website=data.canadensys.net |publisher=Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
}} }}

==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons}} {{Commons}}
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{{Cupressaceae}} {{Cupressaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q147468}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q147468}}
{{Authority control}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 21:02, 11 December 2024

Species of evergreen coniferous tree

Thuja occidentalis
Leaves and immature cones
Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Cupressales
Family: Cupressaceae
Genus: Thuja
Species: T. occidentalis
Binomial name
Thuja occidentalis
L.
Natural range

Thuja occidentalis, also known as northern white-cedar, eastern white-cedar, or arborvitae, is an evergreen coniferous tree, in the cypress family Cupressaceae, which is native to eastern Canada and much of the north-central and northeastern United States. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is not to be confused with Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar).

Common names

Its additional common names include swamp cedar, American arborvitae, and eastern arborvitae. The name arborvitae is particularly used in the horticultural trade in the United States; it is Latin for 'tree of life' – due to the supposed medicinal properties of the sap, bark, and twigs. It is sometimes called white-cedar (hyphenated) or whitecedar (one word) to distinguish it from Cedrus, the true cedars.

Description

Unlike the closely related western red cedar (Thuja plicata), northern white cedar is only a small or medium-sized tree, growing to a height of 15 m (49 ft) tall with a 0.9 m (3.0 ft) trunk diameter, exceptionally to 38 metres (125 ft) tall and 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) diameter. The tree is often stunted or prostrate in less favorable locations. The bark is red-brown, furrowed and peels in narrow, longitudinal strips. Northern white cedar has fan-like branches and scaly leaves. The foliage forms in flat sprays with scale-like leaves 3–5 millimetres (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) long.

The seed cones are slender, yellow-green, ripening to brown, 9–14 millimetres (3⁄8–9⁄16 in) long and 4–5 millimetres (5⁄32–3⁄16 in) broad, with six to eight overlapping scales. They contain about eight seeds each. The branches may take root if the tree falls.

  • Trunk Trunk
  • Foliage Foliage
  • Cones Cones

Taxonomy

The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Over 30 synonyms are listed in Kew's Plants of the World Online database.

Distribution

Northern white cedar is native to an area in the southern part of eastern Canada and the adjacent part of the northern United States. It extends from southeastern Manitoba east throughout the Great Lakes region and into Ontario, Québec, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Isolated populations occur in west-central Manitoba, and to the south in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, and Illinois and in the Appalachian Mountains of Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. In Canada, its range reaches the Arctic treeline and the southern tip of Hudson Bay. It grows mainly in places with cooler summers, with a typical temperature of 16 to 22 °C (61 to 72 °F) in July, and a shorter growing season, from 90 to 180 days.

Ecology

A swamp along the Superior Hiking Trail in November with smattering of evergreen white cedars (left) and other trees and shrubs

Northern white cedar grows naturally in wet forests, being particularly abundant in coniferous swamps, where other larger and faster-growing trees cannot compete successfully. It also occurs on other sites with reduced tree competition, such as cliffs. Although not currently listed as endangered, wild white cedar populations are threatened in many areas by high deer numbers; deer find the soft evergreen foliage a very attractive winter food and strip it rapidly. The largest known specimen is 34 m (112 ft) tall and 175 cm (69 in) diameter, on South Manitou Island within Leelanau County, Michigan. Northern white cedars can be very long-lived trees in certain conditions, with notably old specimens growing on cliffs where they are inaccessible to deer and wildfire. As of 2008, the oldest known living specimen was 1,141 years old, but a dead specimen with 1,653 growth rings has been found. Despite their age, these very old trees are small and stunted due to the difficult growing conditions. These individuals' long lifespans have been attributed to their slow growth and their ability to survive when different sections of the tree are damaged or killed. The Witch Tree, a T. occidentalis growing out of a cliff face on Lake Superior in Minnesota, was described by the French explorer Sieur de la Verendrye as being a mature tree in 1731; it is still alive today.

Old trees growing on a rock ledge in Potawatomi State Park, Wisconsin

Specimens found growing on cliff faces in southern Ontario are the oldest trees in Eastern North America and all of Canada, having achieved ages in excess of 1,653 years.

Uses

Thuja occidentalis is commercially used for rustic fencing and posts, lumber, poles, shingles, and in the construction of log cabins. It is the preferred wood for the structural elements, such as ribs and planking, of birchbark canoes and the planking of wooden canoes.

The essential oil within the plant has been used for cleansers, disinfectants, hair preparations, insecticides, liniment, room sprays, and soft soaps. The Ojibwa reportedly made a soup from the inner bark of the soft twigs. Others have used the twigs to make teas to relieve constipation and headache.

Eastern white cedar – as arborvitae – is a popular ornamental plant used in both residential and commercial landscapes.

Thuja occidentalis has important uses in traditional Ojibwe culture. Honoured with the name Nookomis Giizhik (Grandmother Cedar), the tree is the subject of sacred legends and is considered a gift to humanity for its myriad of uses, among them crafts, construction, and medicine. It is one of the four plants of the Ojibwe medicine wheel, associated with the north. The foliage is rich in vitamin C and is believed to be the annedda, which cured the scurvy of Jacques Cartier and his party in the winter of 1535–1536. Due to the presence of the neurotoxic compound thujone, internal use can be harmful if used for prolonged periods or while pregnant.

Cultivation

A grove of a columnar ornamental variety in Powsin Botanical Garden, Warsaw, Poland

T. occidentalis is widely used as an ornamental tree, particularly for screens and hedges, in gardens, parks, and cemeteries. Over 300 cultivars exist, showing great variation in colour, shape, and size, with some of the more common ones being 'Degroot's Spire', 'Ellwangeriana', 'Hetz Wintergreen', 'Lutea', 'Rheingold', 'Smaragd' (or 'Emerald Green'), 'Techny', and 'Wareana'. It was introduced into Europe as early as 1540. These cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • 'Danica',
  • 'Golden Tuffet'
  • 'Holmstrup',
  • 'Rheingold',
  • 'Smaragd'.

See also

References

  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Thuja occidentalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42262A2967995. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42262A2967995.en.
  2. ^ Brouillet L. et al. 2010+. "Thuja occidentalis Linnaeus". data.canadensys.net. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 3 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Thuja occidentalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  4. ^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Thuja occidentalis". The Gymnosperm Database.
  5. Thuja, American Cancer Society, last revised 6/19/2007. available online
  6. "The Cedars" (PDF). 2004.
  7. ^ Chambers, Kenton L. (1993). "Thuja occidentalis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 September 2016 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  8. "Thuja occidentalis L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  9. ^ Johnston, William F. (1990). "Thuja occidentalis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
  10. "Eastern OLDLIST. Thuja occidentalis". Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Inc. & Eastern Kentucky University. 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  11. "Eastern OLDLIST a database of ancient trees and their ages". Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Inc. & Eastern Kentucky University. 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  12. Larson, D.W. (2001). "The paradox of great longevity in a short-lived tree species". Experimental Gerontology. 36 (4–6): 651–673. doi:10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00233-3. ISSN 0531-5565. PMID 11295506. S2CID 24297929.
  13. ^ "USDA/NRCS Plant Guide: Northern White Cedar, Thuja occidentalis L." (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  14. Geniusz, Wendy Makoons (2009). Our Knowledge is not Primitive. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press
  15. "RHS Plant Selector – Thuja occidentalis 'Danica'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  16. "Thuja occidentalis 'Golden Tuffet'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  17. "RHS Plant Selector – Thuja occidentalis 'Holmstrup'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  18. "RHS Plant Selector – Thuja occidentalis 'Rheingold'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  19. "RHS Plant Selector – Thuja occidentalis 'Smaragd'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

External links

Extant Cupressaceae species
Subfamily Athrotaxidoideae
Athrotaxis
Subfamily Callitroideae
Actinostrobus
Austrocedrus
Callitris
Diselma
Fitzroya
Libocedrus
Neocallitropsis
Papuacedrus
Pilgerodendron
Widdringtonia
Subfamily Cunninghamioideae
Cunninghamia
Subfamily Cupressoideae
Callitropsis
Calocedrus
Chamaecyparis
Cupressus
Hesperocyparis
Fokienia
Juniperus
Section Juniperus
Section SabinaOld World Species:

New World Species:

Microbiota
  • M. decussata
    • Platycladus
    Tetraclinis
    Thuja
    Thujopsis
    Xanthocyparis
    Subfamily Sequoioideae
    Metasequoia
    Sequoia
    Sequoiadendron
    Subfamily Taiwanioideae
    Taiwania
    Subfamily Taxodioideae
    Cryptomeria
    Glyptostrobus
    Taxodium
    Taxon identifiers
    Thuja occidentalis
    Categories: