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| {{see also|Prabuty, Masovian Voivodeship}} | {{see also|Prabuty, Masovian Voivodeship}} | ||
| {{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| | name |
| name = Prabuty | ||
| | image_skyline |
| image_skyline = Prabuty market square (2).jpg | ||
| | image_caption |
| image_caption = ''Rynek'' (Market Square) in Prabuty | ||
| | image_shield |
| image_shield = POL Prabuty COA.svg | ||
| | image_flag |
| image_flag = POL Prabuty flag.svg | ||
| | pushpin_map |
| pushpin_map = Poland | ||
| | pushpin_label_position |
| pushpin_label_position = bottom | ||
| | subdivision_type |
| subdivision_type = ] | ||
| | subdivision_name |
| subdivision_name = {{POL}} | ||
| | subdivision_type1 |
| subdivision_type1 = ] | ||
| | subdivision_name1 |
| subdivision_name1 = ] | ||
| | subdivision_type2 |
| subdivision_type2 = ] | ||
| | subdivision_name2 |
| subdivision_name2 = ] | ||
| | subdivision_type3 |
| subdivision_type3 = ] | ||
| | subdivision_name3 |
| subdivision_name3 = ] | ||
| | leader_title |
| leader_title = Mayor | ||
| | leader_name |
| leader_name = Marek Szulc | ||
| | established_title = First mentioned | | established_title = First mentioned | ||
| | established_date = 1236 | | established_date = 1236 | ||
| | established_title3 |
| established_title3 = Town rights | ||
| | established_date3 |
| established_date3 = 1330 | ||
| | area_total_km2 |
| area_total_km2 = 7.92 | ||
| | population_as_of |
| population_as_of = 2006 | ||
| | population_total |
| population_total = 8488 | ||
| | population_density_km2 |
| population_density_km2 = auto | ||
| | timezone |
| timezone = ] | ||
| | utc_offset |
| utc_offset = +1 | ||
| | timezone_DST |
| timezone_DST = ] | ||
| | utc_offset_DST |
| utc_offset_DST = +2 | ||
| | coordinates |
| coordinates = {{coord|53|45|21|N|19|11|51|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}} | ||
| | elevation_m |
| elevation_m = 90 | ||
| | postal_code_type |
| postal_code_type = Postal code | ||
| | postal_code |
| postal_code = 82–550 | ||
| | area_code |
| area_code = +48 55 | ||
| | blank_name |
| blank_name = ] | ||
| | blank_info |
| blank_info = GKW | ||
| | blank_name_sec2 = ]s | |||
| ⚫ | | website |
||
| | blank_info_sec2 = ] ] ] | |||
| ⚫ | | website = http://www.prabuty.pl | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | '''Prabuty''' {{IPAc-pl|p|r|a|'|b|u|t|y}} ({{langx|de|Riesenburg}}) is a town in ] within the ] of northern ]. It is the seat of ]. | ||
| ⚫ | '''Prabuty''' {{IPAc-pl|p|r|a|'|b|u|t|y}} ({{ |
||
| == Geographical location == | == Geographical location == | ||
| Prabuty is located approximately 18 kilometers east of ], 100 kilometers southeast of ], 100 kilometers west of ], and 133 kilometers southwest of ]. | Prabuty is located between the Liwieniec and Sowica lakes, approximately 18 kilometers east of ], 100 kilometers southeast of ], 100 kilometers west of ], and 133 kilometers southwest of ]. | ||
| Prabuty is a rail junction on the ]–] railway. | Prabuty is a rail junction on the ]–] railway. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| In 1236, the ] under ], destroyed an ] fortress between the lakes Dzierzgoń and Liwieniec. The settlement was first mentioned in 1250 as ''Riesenburg''. The village grew around the castle and received ] city rights on 30 October 1330<ref name=his>{{cite web|url= http://www.prabuty.pl/prabuty/content/view/15/34/|title= History of Prabuty|access-date= 2009-01-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080430025051/http://www.prabuty.pl/prabuty/content/view/15/34/|archive-date= 2008-04-30|url-status= dead}}</ref> from bishop Rudolf of Pomerania (1322–1332). |
In 1236, the ] under ], destroyed an ] fortress between the lakes Dzierzgoń and Liwieniec. The settlement was first mentioned in 1250 as ''Riesenburg''. Albert, the ], founded the castle and town in 1270 and moved his seat there.<ref name=wiltsch>{{cite book |last1=Wiltsch |first1=J. E. T. |translator=John Leitch |title=Handbook of the Geography and Statistics of the Church |date=1868 |publisher=Thomas Bosworth |location=London |page=305 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Handbook_of_the_Geography_and_Statistics/_ogXAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=riesenburg%20became%20seat%20of%20pomesania%201270%201587&pg=PA305&printsec=frontcover |language=en |volume=2}}</ref> It would remain the primary seat of the Bishop of Pomesania until the diocese dissolved in 1587.<ref name=wiltsch /> The village grew around the castle and received ] city rights on 30 October 1330<ref name=his>{{cite web|url= http://www.prabuty.pl/prabuty/content/view/15/34/|title= History of Prabuty|access-date= 2009-01-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080430025051/http://www.prabuty.pl/prabuty/content/view/15/34/|archive-date= 2008-04-30|url-status= dead}}</ref> from bishop Rudolf of Pomerania (1322–1332). The town suffered a fire in August 1375.<ref name=hirsch>{{cite book |last1=Hirsch |first1=Theodor |last2=Töppen |first2=Max |last3=Ernst |first3=Strehlke |title=Scriptores rerum Prussicarum. Die Geschichtsquellen der preussischen Vorzeit bis zum Untergange der Ordensherrschaft |publisher=S. Hirzel |location=] |volume=3 |page=17 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Scriptores_rerum_Prussicarum/0hg_AAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Riesenburg&pg=PA17&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> The Lithuanian dukes ] and ] visited the town in 1379 and 1381 respectively.<ref name=his/><ref name=sgk>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom IX|year=1888|language=pl|location=Warsaw|page=10}}</ref><ref name=hirsch /> In 1410 and 1414 it was captured by the Poles.<ref name=sgk/> | ||
| Knights and ]s of the Prabuty district were co-founders of the anti-Teutonic ] in 1440.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl|page=10}}</ref> Since its establishment, part of the population wanted the town to join the organization.<ref name=his/> In 1451, the town council eventually joined the Prussian Confederation, but bishop Kaspar Linke expelled the councilors and confiscated their property. The town was accepted again by the organization in February 1454, and upon the request of the organization, in March 1454, Polish King ] incorporated the region and town to the ],<ref>Górski, pp. XXXVIII, 54</ref> and the ] broke out. The ] and canons of Pomesania also pledged allegiance to the Polish King.<ref>Górski, pp. 71–73</ref> Around that time, the town was mentioned in documents as ''Prabuth''.<ref>''Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom IX'', p. 9</ref> After the ], in which Polish forces were defeated, the town was forced to side with the Order again.<ref name=sgk/> After the war and the ], the town became a part of Poland as a ],<ref>Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215</ref> and Pomesanian bishops retained their rule over the area. In 1525 the town became part of ], a vassal state of Poland. In 1556, a ] was held in the town. | Knights and ]s of the Prabuty district were co-founders of the anti-Teutonic ] in 1440.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl|page=10}}</ref> Since its establishment, part of the population wanted the town to join the organization.<ref name=his/> In 1451, the town council eventually joined the Prussian Confederation, but bishop Kaspar Linke expelled the councilors and confiscated their property. The town was accepted again by the organization in February 1454, and upon the request of the organization, in March 1454, Polish King ] incorporated the region and town to the ],<ref>Górski, pp. XXXVIII, 54</ref> and the ] broke out. The ] and canons of Pomesania also pledged allegiance to the Polish King.<ref>Górski, pp. 71–73</ref> Around that time, the town was mentioned in documents as ''Prabuth''.<ref>''Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom IX'', p. 9</ref> After the ], in which Polish forces were defeated, the town was forced to side with the Order again.<ref name=sgk/> After the war and the ], the town became a part of Poland as a ],<ref>Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215</ref> and Pomesanian bishops retained their rule over the area. In 1523, the diocese of Pomesania became ].<ref name=kolb>{{cite book |last1=Kolb |first1=Robert |title=Luther's Wittenberg World: The Reformer's Family, Friends, Followers, and Foes |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-5064-4640-0 |page=303 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Luther_s_Wittenberg_World/r14-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1587+pomesania+secularized&pg=PA303&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> In 1525 the town became part of ], a vassal state of Poland. In 1556, a ] was held in the town. In 1587, with the secularization of the diocese of Pomesania,<ref name=kolb /> the town lost its status as the episcopal seat.<ref name=wiltsch /> | ||
| The town suffered during the 17th century ]. In 1628, half of it was burnt down, and in 1688 the remainder was burned.<ref name="JFG" /> In 1722, fire caused destruction once again.<ref name="JFG" /> | The town suffered during the 17th century ]. In 1628, half of it was burnt down, and in 1688 the remainder was burned.<ref name="JFG" /> In 1722, fire caused destruction once again.<ref name="JFG" /> | ||
| In 1701, as part of Ducal Prussia, the town became a part of the ] and part of the newly created province of ] in 1773. Despite this, as of 1789, Polish Protestant church services were still held in the town, and there was a Polish municipal school there.<ref name=sgk/> In 1871, the town became part of the ] in the framework of the Prussian-led ]. Until 1919, Riesenburg belonged to the administrative district of ] in the ]. | In 1701, as part of Ducal Prussia, the town became a part of the ] and part of the newly created province of ] in 1773. Despite this, as of 1789, Polish Protestant church services were still held in the town, and there was a Polish municipal school there.<ref name=sgk/> In October 1831, several Polish cavalry and infantry units and honor guards of the ] stopped in the town on the way to their internment places.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kasparek|first=Norbert|editor-last=Katafiasz|editor-first=Tomasz|year=2014|title=Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu|language=pl|location=Koszalin|publisher=Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie|page=138|chapter=Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację}}</ref> In 1871, the town became part of the ] in the framework of the Prussian-led ]. Until 1919, Riesenburg belonged to the administrative district of ] in the ]. | ||
| After ], ] was held concerning the future nationality of the town, which remained part of ]. From 1920 to 1939, Riesenburg belonged to the administrative district of ] in the ] and from 1939 until 1945 to the district of ] in the province of ]. | After ], ] was held concerning the future nationality of the town, which remained part of ]. From 1920 to 1939, Riesenburg belonged to the administrative district of ] in the ] and from 1939 until 1945 to the district of ] in the province of ]. | ||
| Line 61: | Line 62: | ||
| During ] Germany operated a ] in the town.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Daniluk|first=Jan|year=2012|title=Wykorzystanie siły roboczej jeńców wojennych w XX Okręgu Wojskowym w latach II wojny światowej (zarys problemu)|journal=Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny|location=Opole|language=pl|volume=35|page=22}}</ref> The town was captured by the ] ] in 1945 in the final months of the war. It then became again part of Poland. Most of the German inhabitants ] in accordance with the ] and the pre-war Polish population was joined by ] displaced from ]. | During ] Germany operated a ] in the town.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Daniluk|first=Jan|year=2012|title=Wykorzystanie siły roboczej jeńców wojennych w XX Okręgu Wojskowym w latach II wojny światowej (zarys problemu)|journal=Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny|location=Opole|language=pl|volume=35|page=22}}</ref> The town was captured by the ] ] in 1945 in the final months of the war. It then became again part of Poland. Most of the German inhabitants ] in accordance with the ] and the pre-war Polish population was joined by ] displaced from ]. | ||
| ] (1905–44), brother of ], is buried in |
] (1905–44), brother of ], is buried in the local military cemetery, according to the ]. | ||
| {{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=3 |total_width=440 |header=Historic churches in Prabuty | {{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=3 |total_width=440 |header=Historic churches in Prabuty | ||
| | image1= |
| image1 = Katedra św.Wojciecha.JPG | ||
| | image2=Prabuty, kościół św. Andrzeja (1).jpg | | image2 = Prabuty, kościół św. Andrzeja (1).jpg | ||
| | image3=Kościół Polski.JPG | | image3 = Kościół Polski.JPG | ||
| | caption1=St. Adalbert Co-cathedral | | caption1 = St. Adalbert Co-cathedral | ||
| | caption2=Saint Andrew church | | caption2 = Saint Andrew church | ||
| | caption3=Saint Mary chapel | | caption3 = Saint Mary chapel | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| Line 102: | Line 103: | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| <ref name="JFG">]: ''Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen''. Part II: ''Topographie von West-Preussen'', Marienwerder 1789, </ref><ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon|year=1909|volume=16|edition=6th|location=Leipzig|language=de|pages=925–926}}</ref><ref name="VWG" >Michael Rademacher: '''' (2006).</ref><ref name="AEP" >August Eduard Preuß: ''Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde''. |
<ref name="JFG">]: ''Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen''. Part II: ''Topographie von West-Preussen'', Marienwerder 1789, </ref><ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon|year=1909|volume=16|edition=6th|location=Leipzig|language=de|pages=925–926}}</ref><ref name="VWG" >Michael Rademacher: '''' (2006).</ref><ref name="AEP" >August Eduard Preuß: ''Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde''. Königsberg 1835, </ref> | ||
| ==Sports== | ==Sports== | ||
| Line 108: | Line 109: | ||
| == Notable residents == | == Notable residents == | ||
| * ] (1755–1829) the Regent of the Duchy of Oldenburg for his incapacitated cousin William I from 1785 |
* ] (1755–1829) the Regent of the Duchy of Oldenburg for his incapacitated cousin William I from 1785 to 1823 and then served himself as Duke from 1823 to 1829. | ||
| * Adolf Treichel (1869–1926), German politician, President of the ] (]) | * Adolf Treichel (1869–1926), German politician, President of the ] (]) | ||
| * {{ |
* {{interlanguage link|Jan Wittstock|pl}} (1886–1962), Polish activist | ||
| * ] (1897–1986) a German-British physician who worked as a psychotherapist and wrote on sexology and hand analysis. Her writings on lesbianism and bisexuality were influential early works in the field. | * ] (1897–1986) a German-British physician who worked as a psychotherapist and wrote on sexology and hand analysis. Her writings on lesbianism and bisexuality were influential early works in the field. | ||
| * {{ |
* {{interlanguage link|Stanisław Żyrek|pl}} (1936–2010), Polish sculptor | ||
| * {{ |
* {{interlanguage link|Jerzy Weinberger|pl}} (born 1940), Polish jurist, former member of the ] | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 124: | Line 125: | ||
| * {{in lang|pl}} | * {{in lang|pl}} | ||
| <br/> | |||
| {{Gmina Prabuty}} | {{Gmina Prabuty}} | ||
| Line 131: | Line 131: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 07:44, 12 December 2024
See also: Prabuty, Masovian Voivodeship Place in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland| Prabuty | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Rynek (Market Square) in Prabuty | |
 Flag Coat of arms | |
  Prabuty | |
| Coordinates: 53°45′21″N 19°11′51″E / 53.75583°N 19.19750°E / 53.75583; 19.19750 | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kwidzyn |
| Gmina | Prabuty |
| First mentioned | 1236 |
| Town rights | 1330 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Marek Szulc |
| Area | |
| • Total | 7.92 km (3.06 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 90 m (300 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 8,488 |
| • Density | 1,100/km (2,800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 82–550 |
| Area code | +48 55 |
| Car plates | GKW |
| Voivodeship roads |    |
| Website | http://www.prabuty.pl |
Prabuty (German: Riesenburg) is a town in Kwidzyn County within the Pomeranian Voivodeship of northern Poland. It is the seat of Gmina Prabuty.
Geographical location
Prabuty is located between the Liwieniec and Sowica lakes, approximately 18 kilometers east of Kwidzyn, 100 kilometers southeast of Gdańsk, 100 kilometers west of Olsztyn, and 133 kilometers southwest of Kaliningrad.
Prabuty is a rail junction on the Warsaw–Gdynia railway.
History
In 1236, the Teutonic Knights under Henry III, Margrave of Meissen, destroyed an Old Prussian fortress between the lakes Dzierzgoń and Liwieniec. The settlement was first mentioned in 1250 as Riesenburg. Albert, the Bishop of Pomesania, founded the castle and town in 1270 and moved his seat there. It would remain the primary seat of the Bishop of Pomesania until the diocese dissolved in 1587. The village grew around the castle and received Culm law city rights on 30 October 1330 from bishop Rudolf of Pomerania (1322–1332). The town suffered a fire in August 1375. The Lithuanian dukes Švitrigaila and Vaidutis visited the town in 1379 and 1381 respectively. In 1410 and 1414 it was captured by the Poles.
Knights and squires of the Prabuty district were co-founders of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation in 1440. Since its establishment, part of the population wanted the town to join the organization. In 1451, the town council eventually joined the Prussian Confederation, but bishop Kaspar Linke expelled the councilors and confiscated their property. The town was accepted again by the organization in February 1454, and upon the request of the organization, in March 1454, Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region and town to the Kingdom of Poland, and the Thirteen Years' War broke out. The Bishop and canons of Pomesania also pledged allegiance to the Polish King. Around that time, the town was mentioned in documents as Prabuth. After the Battle of Chojnice, in which Polish forces were defeated, the town was forced to side with the Order again. After the war and the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), the town became a part of Poland as a fief, and Pomesanian bishops retained their rule over the area. In 1523, the diocese of Pomesania became Lutheran. In 1525 the town became part of Ducal Prussia, a vassal state of Poland. In 1556, a synod was held in the town. In 1587, with the secularization of the diocese of Pomesania, the town lost its status as the episcopal seat.
The town suffered during the 17th century Polish-Swedish wars. In 1628, half of it was burnt down, and in 1688 the remainder was burned. In 1722, fire caused destruction once again.
In 1701, as part of Ducal Prussia, the town became a part of the Kingdom of Prussia and part of the newly created province of West Prussia in 1773. Despite this, as of 1789, Polish Protestant church services were still held in the town, and there was a Polish municipal school there. In October 1831, several Polish cavalry and infantry units and honor guards of the November Uprising stopped in the town on the way to their internment places. In 1871, the town became part of the German Empire in the framework of the Prussian-led unification of Germany. Until 1919, Riesenburg belonged to the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the Province of West Prussia.
After World War I, a referendum was held concerning the future nationality of the town, which remained part of Weimar Germany. From 1920 to 1939, Riesenburg belonged to the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen in the Province of East Prussia and from 1939 until 1945 to the district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia.
During World War II Germany operated a prisoner-of-war camp in the town. The town was captured by the Soviet Red Army in 1945 in the final months of the war. It then became again part of Poland. Most of the German inhabitants were expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and the pre-war Polish population was joined by Poles displaced from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union.
Heinz Heydrich (1905–44), brother of Reinhard Heydrich, is buried in the local military cemetery, according to the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt).
Historic churches in Prabuty
St. Adalbert Co-cathedral.jpg)
Saint Andrew church
Saint Mary chapel
Number of inhabitants by year
| Year | Number |
|---|---|
| 1777 | 1,797 |
| 1782 | 1,878 |
| 1831 | 2,722 |
| 1875 | 3,542 |
| 1880 | 3,718 |
| 1890 | 4,586 |
| 1900 | 5,032 |
| 1905 | 4,826 |
| 1925 | 5,340 |
| 1933 | 6,116 |
| 1939 | 8,093 |
| 2006 | 8,488 |
Sports
The local football club is Pogoń Prabuty. It competes in the lower leagues.
Notable residents
- Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (1755–1829) the Regent of the Duchy of Oldenburg for his incapacitated cousin William I from 1785 to 1823 and then served himself as Duke from 1823 to 1829.
- Adolf Treichel (1869–1926), German politician, President of the Volkstag (Free City of Danzig)
- Jan Wittstock [pl] (1886–1962), Polish activist
- Charlotte Wolff (1897–1986) a German-British physician who worked as a psychotherapist and wrote on sexology and hand analysis. Her writings on lesbianism and bisexuality were influential early works in the field.
- Stanisław Żyrek [pl] (1936–2010), Polish sculptor
- Jerzy Weinberger [pl] (born 1940), Polish jurist, former member of the State Tribunal of Poland
References
- ^ Wiltsch, J. E. T. (1868). Handbook of the Geography and Statistics of the Church. Vol. 2. Translated by John Leitch. London: Thomas Bosworth. p. 305.
- ^ "History of Prabuty". Archived from the original on 2008-04-30. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ Hirsch, Theodor; Töppen, Max; Ernst, Strehlke. Scriptores rerum Prussicarum. Die Geschichtsquellen der preussischen Vorzeit bis zum Untergange der Ordensherrschaft. Vol. 3. Leipzig: S. Hirzel. p. 17.
- ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom IX (in Polish). Warsaw. 1888. p. 10.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. 10.
- Górski, pp. XXXVIII, 54
- Górski, pp. 71–73
- Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom IX, p. 9
- Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215
- ^ Kolb, Robert (1 May 2018). Luther's Wittenberg World: The Reformer's Family, Friends, Followers, and Foes. Fortress Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-5064-4640-0.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck: Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen. Part II: Topographie von West-Preussen, Marienwerder 1789, p. 6, no 2.
- Kasparek, Norbert (2014). "Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację". In Katafiasz, Tomasz (ed.). Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu (in Polish). Koszalin: Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie. p. 138.
- Daniluk, Jan (2012). "Wykorzystanie siły roboczej jeńców wojennych w XX Okręgu Wojskowym w latach II wojny światowej (zarys problemu)". Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish). 35. Opole: 22.
- Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 16 (6th ed.). Leipzig. 1909. pp. 925–926.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Michael Rademacher: Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Westpreußen, Kreis Rosenberg (2006).
- August Eduard Preuß: Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde. Königsberg 1835, p. 441.
External links
- Municipal website (in Polish)
- Independent Municipal Website (in Polish)
- History and Forum City (in Polish)
- Futbol Team Website (in Polish)