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{{TotallyDisputed}}
] within ''Al-]'' (the holiest site) during '']'' in the holy city of ], ]<ref name="Trofimov2008"/>]]


The ] in ] are located in the ].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.almrsal.com/post/899502|title=اهمية المقدسات الاسلامية|website=almrsal.com}}</ref> While the significance of most places typically varies depending on the ], there is a consensus across all mainstream branches of the religion that affirms two cities as having the highest degree of holiness, in descending order: ], and ]. Mecca's ] (including the ]), ] in Medina are all revered by ] as sites of great importance.<ref name="Trofimov2008">{{Citation|last=Trofimov|first=Yaroslav|title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine|year=2008|page=79|place=New York|language=en|isbn=978-0-307-47290-8}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns">{{cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Michigan C 1986">{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Dads: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|9|25|e=129|s=ns">{{cite quran|9|25|e=129|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns">{{cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns}}</ref>
While the ] is by and large considered the third holiest site by Muslims, this view is not universal{{fact}}. Other Muslim sites put forward as the "third holiest" include:


Within the Levant, both the ] in the city of ] and the ] in the city of ] have held interchangeable significance as the third and fourth-holiest Islamic sites for Sunni Muslims.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dumper |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121 |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 |language=en}}</ref>
====], Iraq====
It is commonly reported in the worlds media that the ] in ], ], is the third holiest site for the estimated 130 million followers of the ] branch of ] worldwide – approximately 10 percent of total ]. It is estimated that only ] and ] receive more Muslim pilgrims.


After the consensus on the first two sites as well as further sites associated with the ], there is a divergence between ] and ] on the designation of additional holy sites. For Sunnis, sites associated with the ], other ], and ] prophets hold a high level of significance (see ]). For Shias, sites associated with the ] hold a high level of significance (see ]).<ref name="Sardeg2"><nowiki>{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=</nowiki>http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html%7Curl-status=unfit{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html%7Carchive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |location=Central Asia / Russia |publisher=] |quote=according to a famous hadith (saying)... ‘our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places that we respect very much. The third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf.'}</ref> As part of the ], the majority of Muslims also visit the sites of ], ], and ], in addition to the Kaaba.<ref>Geomatika Advanced Solutions (6 June 2016). ''Atlas of MAKKAH, Dr. Osama bin Fadl Al-Bahar: Makkah City''. Bukupedia. pp. 104–. GGKEY:YLPLD6B31C2.</ref>
] described Najaf, as ''the third holiest place of Shi'ite Muslims''
The ] reports “for the world's nearly 120 million Muslim Shiites, Najaf is the ''third holiest city'', behind Mecca and Medina in ].
The ] website states: “the Shiite the city of Najaf, ''Islam's third holiest city'' after Mecca and Medina and home to the Tomb of Imam Ali, cousin of the Prophet ] and father of ]'s ]”.
Referring to ], describes it as “the place is the burial site of Islam’s second most important figure and ''third holiest shrine''”


==Hejaz==
based in ] states: “The world's 120 million Shiites regard ] - a center of scientific, literary and theological studies - as their ''third holiest site, behind ] and ]''”.
{{Main|Hejaz}}


Hejaz is the region in the ] where Mecca and Medina are located. It is where the ] ] was born and raised.<ref name="MWGD2001">{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |page=479 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA479 |year=2001 |isbn=0-87779-546-0 |access-date=2013-03-17 |last=Hopkins |first=Daniel J. |author2=편집부|publisher=Merriam-Webster }}</ref>
, based in ], reports that “Because ] is home to the ], ] Muslims regard Najaf as the ''third holiest city after ] and ]''”.


The two holy cities of Islam, Mecca and Medina, are traditionally known as the ''Ḥaramayn'', which is the dual form of '']'', thus meaning "The Two Sanctuaries".<ref name=MP> at MadainProject.com. Accessed 19 Nov. 2022.</ref> They should not be confused with Jerusalem and Hebron, which were also called ''Haramain'' during the ].<ref name=MP/> Another appellation of the Two Noble Sanctuaries is ''Ḥaramayn Ṭayyibayn''.
reports about ] being the second holiest city in ]. In an attempt to impress the importance of the ] located in ], the article quotes the following famous ]: "Our sixth imam, Imam Sardeg, says that we have five definitive holy places that we respect very much. The first is ], which belongs to God. The second is ], which belongs to the Holy Prophet ], the messenger of God. ''The third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in ]''. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in ]. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in ]. Pilgrims and those who visit her holy shrine, I promise to these men and women that God will open all the doors of Heaven to them."


===Mecca===
On the website of The Virtual Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Islamic World, a division of the ], under Miscellaneous Relevant Links, it cites a link to a news story “about Iraqi troops using the ] in ] and about the instructions given to American troops not to damage the shrine, which, ''after ] and ], is the holiest city for Shiites''.” And “American authorities have not taken an active public role in the mosque investigation because of Iraqi sensitivity to any US presence at the ]. The mosque is the most sacred ] shrine in ] and ''the third holiest in the world after ] and ]''” (last section on page)
{{Main|Mecca|Kaaba}}
] in ]]]


Mecca is considered the holiest city in Islam, as it is home to Islam's holiest site ] in '']'' (The Sacred ]).<ref name="Trofimov2008" /><ref name="Michigan C 1986"/> Only Muslims are allowed to enter this place.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2008|p=673}}
goes further and bypasses ] stating “], home to the ], the cousin of the Prophet ], is Muslim Shiites ''second holiest site after ] in ]''”.


====], Iraq==== ==== Kaaba ====
The ] or ] in ], is the most sacred holy place of Islam and a ] of the Muslims, contains ''al-Bayt ul-Ma'mur'' spiritually above the Kaaba, contains the ], ], and the ] which belonged in ] to ] (Adam and Hawa). According to the Islamic tradition it was first built by the first prophet ], after ] the ] of the prophet ] (]), it was then rebuilt by ] (ʾIbrāhīm) and his son ] (Ismāʿīl), it has been rebuilt several times.


The area of Mecca, which includes ],<ref name="Cite quran|2|124|e=217|s=ns">{{cite quran|2|124|e=217|s=ns}}</ref> ] and ], is important for the '']'' (']'). As one of the ],{{sfn|Musharraf|2012|p=195}} every adult ] who is capable must perform the Hajj at least once in their lifetime.{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=22}} Hajj is one of the largest annual Muslim gatherings in the world, second only to ] to the mosques of ] and ] in ], ], with attendance reaching three million in 2012.{{sfn|Blatt|2015|p=27}}
] portrays Karbala as follows: “…For Shiites, his tomb is ''the holiest site outside of Mecca and Medina'', and many make the pilgrimage there -- up to a million pilgrims visit the city to observe Ashura, the anniversary of Husayn's death”.


===Medina===
states: “The holy city of Karbala, situated 100 km south of Baghdad, derives its name from the ancient Babylonian meaning "sacred place of God" from the two shrines it houses of the Prophet Muhammad's grandson Husayn and his brother 'Abbas. Shia Muslims consider this to be one of the holiest places in the world ''second only to Mecca and Najaf''.
{{Main|Medina}}
] in Medina]]


] is located in Medina, making the city the second-holiest site in Islam, after Mecca. Medina is the final place-of-residence of ], and where his ''qabr'' (]) is located.<ref name="Trofimov2008"/> In addition to the Prophet's Mosque, the city has the mosques of ]<ref name="Archnet2009"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108234435/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=731 |date=January 8, 2009}}</ref> and '']'' ("The Two ]hs").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/060.sbt.html#006.060.018 |title=CRCC: Center For Muslim-Jewish Engagement: Resources: Religious Texts |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=2011-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107134650/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/060.sbt.html |archive-date=2011-01-07 }}</ref>
====], Iraq====


==== Masjid an-Nabawi ====
reported at the time of the ] that “al-Askari one of Shiite Islam's holiest sites, exceeded in veneration ''only by the shrines of Najaf and Karbala''. Even Samarra's Sunnis hold al-Askari in high esteem. The expression 'to swear by the shrine' is routinely used by both communities".
] or ''The Prophet's Mosque'' in ], contains the grave of ]. The two companions ] and ] are also buried with Muhammad, the grave of ] in located in ] cemetery located to the southeast of the Prophet's Mosque, while the grave of ] is in ]. The grave of ] is also in al-Baqi', while ] is buried in Karbala.


== Sunni Islam ==
====], Afghanistan====
{{Main|Holiest sites in Sunni Islam}}


In ], all sites which have been mentioned in the Hadith are holy to Sunni Muslims. The ] is the holiest site, followed by the al-Masjid an-Nabawi (''The Prophet's Mosque''), al-Aqsa Mosque compound, and other sites mentioned in the Hadith, as well Umayyad Mosque, Ibrahimi Mosque.
Situated in ], ], ], also known as The ], is believed by a minority of Muslims, mainly Afghans, to be the resting place of ], son-in-law of the Prophet ]. It is described by the ] as ''third holiest site in Islam''.


====], Cyprus==== === Masjid al-Aqsa ===
]'s ], called ''Masjid al-Aqṣā'', was the first '']'' of the Muslims before the Kaaba. According to tradition, Muhammad on the occasion of ] led all the prophets and angels at the site, the site of the mosque built by ], son of Dāwūd and king of the ].


=== Others ===
According to the ], ]’s ''third sacred holy site'' after the ] in ] and the ] in ], is ''Hala Sultan Tekke'', or Umm Haram in ], which has long been the destination of ] pilgrims.


==== Levant ====
A certain Professor Bowen completed an assessment of the environmental and cultural assets of Cyprus as a senior ] scholar. He stated: “In the south is the city of Lamaka … Just outside the city is the location of the Hala Sultan Tekke ], the ''third holiest place for Muslims'' in the world.
{{Main|Syria (region)}}


'']''<ref name="Abu Sway">{{cite news |author=Mustafa Abu Sway |title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source |publisher=] |url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> or the ]<ref>{{citation|url=https://terminologyenc.com/en/browse/term/75918|title=Shaam}}</ref> is a historical region that includes the cities of Jerusalem and Damascus.<ref name="Abu Sway"/><ref name="Bosworth1997">{{cite encyclopedia|year=1997|title=AL-SHĀM|encyclopedia=]|last=Bosworth|first=C. E.|author-link=C.E. Bosworth|volume=9|page=261}}</ref><ref name="Salibi2003">{{cite book|author=Salibi, K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_amYLJq4SQC|title=A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2003|isbn=978-1-86064-912-7|pages=61–62|quote=To the ], this same territory, which the Romans considered Arabian, formed part of what they called ], which was their own name for ]. From the classical perspective however Syria, including Palestine, formed no more than the western fringes of what was reckoned to be Arabia between the first line of cities and the coast. Since there is no clear dividing line between what are called today the ] and ]s, which actually form one stretch of arid tableland, the classical concept of what actually constituted Syria had more to its credit geographically than the vaguer Arab concept of Syria as ]. Under the Romans, there was actually a province of Syria, with its capital at ], which carried the name of the territory. Otherwise, down the centuries, Syria like Arabia and ] was no more than a geographic expression. In Islamic times, the Arab geographers used the name arabicized as ], to denote one special region of Bilad al-Sham, which was the middle section of the valley of the ], in the vicinity of the towns of ] and ]. They also noted that it was an old name for the whole of Bilad al-Sham which had gone out of use. As a geographic expression, however, the name Syria survived in its original classical sense in ] and Western European usage, and also in the ] literature of some of the ] churches, from which it occasionally found its way into ] Arabic usage. It was only in the nineteenth century that the use of the name was revived in its modern Arabic form, frequently as Suriyya rather than the older Suriyah, to denote the whole of Bilad al-Sham: first of all in the Christian Arabic literature of the period, and under the influence of ]. By the end of that century it had already replaced the name of Bilad al-Sham even in Muslim Arabic usage.|author-link=Kamal Salibi}}</ref>
There are also a number of ] websites which state: “Cyprus is also home to the highly venerated Hala Sultan Tekke shrine - many consider it the ''third holiest shrine of Islam''. Like the shrine in Mecca, it too has a black rock, said to have fallen as a meteorite as part of the tritholon over the shrine. The shrine is also to a woman named Umm Haram, the alleged foster mother of the prophet”, while IslamDefenders.com states: "Umm Haram's shrine was claimed to be the ''third most important'' pilgrimage site in the Muslim world, especially after 1787, when a tekke, an informal Ottoman monastery, was established close to the tomb" and “She was buried in that spot... Her shrine, the ''third holiest in the Moslem world'' after Mecca and Medina...”


==== Jerusalem ====
Many Cypriot holiday and property websites also name Hala Sultan Tekke as the third holiest site in the Muslim world.
{{See also|Islamization of Jerusalem}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = The Masjid Al-Aqsa (also known as the Haram Al-Sharif or Temple Mount) includes the Dome of the Rock (left) and Al-Aqsa Mosque/Jami'a Al-Aqsa (right).
}}
The ] (''Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa'') in Jerusalem is the third holiest site in Islam. The compound is held in esteem by the entire Muslim community, due to its history as a place of worship by many prophets such as ] (]),<ref name="Michigan C 1986"/> ] (]), ] (]), ] (]) and ] (]). The mosque has the capacity to accommodate in the region of 400,000 worshippers.<ref name=NG>{{cite book | author=National Geographic Society (U.S.) | last2=de Blij | first2=H.J. | last3=Downs | first3=R. | author4=John Wiley & Sons | title=Wiley/National Geographic College Atlas of the World | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-471-74117-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPQ5AQAAIAAJ | access-date=2022-06-15 | page=49|quote=Al 'Aqsa is the second oldest mosque in Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and is third in holiness after the mosques in Mecca and Medina. It holds up to 400,000 worshippers at one time.}}</ref> According to Islamic tradition, the Temple Mount served as the first '']h'' (direction of prayer) for Muhammad and his '']'', before the Kaaba in Mecca. Muslims believe that Muhammad was taken from ] in Mecca, to visit Masjid al-Aqsa, where he led the prayer among the prophets, and was then taken to the heavens from the ]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nasser Rabbat |title = The meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock | journal = Muqarnas | volume = 6 | year = 1989 | pages = 12–21|doi = 10.2307/1602276 |jstor = 1602276 }}</ref> (today part of the ]) in a ] in the year 620.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=2006 |edition=New ed. 2006 |volume=7 |pages=97–105}}</ref>


The Qur'an mentions the Al-Aqsa Mosque only once in verse 1 of chapter no. 17<ref>{{cite web |title=Surah Al-Isra - 1 |url=https://quran.com/17/1 |website=quran.com |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> (Surah ]'),<ref name="Cite quran|17|1|e=7|s=ns">{{cite quran|17|1|e=7|s=ns}}</ref> as "the Farthest Mosque". Islamic scholars generally agree that this description refers to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, although Jerusalem is not mentioned in the Qur'an by name.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sway |first1=Mustafa Abu |title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Sources |journal=Central Conference of American Rabbis |date=2011 |volume=28 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/41586804/The_Holy_Land__Jerusalem__and_Al-Aqsa_Mosque.pdf |access-date=18 October 2023 |ref=SwayHolyLand}}</ref>
====Al Juwana Mosque, ]====


==== Damascus ====
According to the faculty handbook of the ] , the site of the second Friday prayer performed by ] at the Jawatha (Al Juwana) Mosque, is ''the third holiest site after Mecca and Medina''. (pg. 19)
{{Main|Damascus|Umayyad Mosque}}
{{multiple image
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| image2 = Minaret of Jesus, Omayyad Mosque.jpg
| footer = Umayyad Mosque (left) and its Minaret of Isa (right)
}}


The Umayyad Mosque in ] is often considered the fourth holiest site in Islam.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Birke |first=Sarah |title=Damascus: What's Left {{!}} Sarah Birke |url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/08/02/damascus-whats-left/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=The New York Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> The head of ], revered in Islam as the prophet ], is believed to be in a shrine inside the mosque, which also houses one of only four authorized original copies of the Quran. The Umayyad Mosque is also the place where Muslims believe the prophet ] (Jesus) will return at the end of times, atop the "Minaret of Isa" of the mosque, during the time of a Fajr prayer. It is believed that prayers in the Umayyad mosque are considered to be equal to those offered in Jerusalem.<ref name="DumperStanley2007-Damascus">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=] |editor-last1=Dumper |editor-first1=Michael R. T. |pages=119–126 |isbn=978-1-5760-7919-5 |editor-last2=Stanley |editor-first2=Bruce E. |author=Janet L. Abu-Lughod |chapter=Damascus |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=damascus+%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121}}</ref>
====], Iran====


The mosque also holds special importance to Shia Muslims since it contains shrines commemorating Husayn ibn Ali and the ], made to walk there from ], after the Battle of Karbala.<ref>{{cite book |last=Qummi |first=Shaykh Abbas |title=Nafasul Mahmoom |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |year=2005 |location=Qum |page=362}}</ref> Furthermore, it was the place where they were imprisoned for 60 days.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nafasul Mahmoom |page=368}}</ref>
A tenuous claim by certain travel websites state that “for Central Asian Muslims ] is ''the third most sacred place after Mecca and Medina''. At the summit an ancient mosque built by Bobur in 1510 still operates”. (Day 23)


====Dargah Sharief, ]==== ==== Hebron ====
]]]


In Islamic belief, ] was where ] (]) settled. Within the city lies the ], the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs, and the Ibrahimi Mosque, built on top of the tomb to honor Abraham, is also often considered to be the fourth holiest in Islam.<ref name="vitullo2003">{{cite journal|last=Vitullo|first=Anita|year=2003|title=People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=33|pages=68–83|doi=10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68}} quote: From earliest Islam, the sanctuaries of Hebron and Jerusalem were holy places outranked only by Mecca and Medina; the Ibrahimi Mosque was originally regarded by some Muslims as Islam's fourth holiest site. Muslims believe that the Hebron sanctuary was visited by the Prophet Muhammad on his mystical nocturnal journey from Mecca to Jerusalem.🗿🗿🗿🗿</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Aksan|Goffman|2007|p=97}}: 'Suleyman considered himself the ruler of the four holy cities of Islam, and, along with Mecca and Medina, included Hebron and Jerusalem in his rather lengthy list of official titles.'</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Honigmann|1993|p=886}}</ref> Muslims believe that Muhammad visited Hebron on his ] from ] to Jerusalem to stop by the tomb and pay his respects.<ref name="vitullo2003" /> In the mosque in a small niche there is a left footprint, believed to be from Muhammad.<ref name="DumperStanley2007-Hebron">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Hebron+holy+for+Muslims |editor-last1=Dumper |editor-first1=Michael R. T. |pages=166–167 |isbn=978-1-5760-7919-5 |editor-last2=Stanley |editor-first2=Bruce E. |author=Janet L. Abu-Lughod |chapter=Damascus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/hebron-the-city-of-abraham-the-beloved/|title=Hebron: The city of Abraham, the Beloved|date=2005-04-26}}</ref>
Another interesting mention of a seemingly holier site than the Al Aqsa compound is Dargah Sharief in ] by a tourist website which states that the tomb of the ] saint Khwaja Moin-ud-din-Chisti (1140-1235), is the most famous Muslim pilgrimage center in India. ''It is considered the second holiest pilgrim site after ]'' - it is believed that seven pilgrimages to Ajmer equal one to Mecca.


====], Tunisia==== ==== Sinai Peninsula ====
{{See also|Sinai Peninsula|Mount Sinai (Bible)}}
] on top of ], in the ]n part of present-day ]]]


The ] is associated with the prophets ] (]) and ] (]).<ref name=JE>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> In particular, numerous references to ] exist in the Quran,<ref name="SharifHerklots1832">{{cite book |author1=Sharīf, J. |author2=Herklots, G. A. |title=Qanoon-e-Islam: Or, The Customs of the Moosulmans of India; Comprising a Full and Exact Account of Their Various Rites and Ceremonies, from the Moment of Birth Till the Hour of Death |publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company |url=https://archive.org/details/b29338050 |quote=koh-e-toor. |year=1832}}</ref><ref name="Abbas1984">{{cite book |author=Abbas, K. A. |title=The World is My Village: A Novel with an Index |publisher=Ajanta Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejkFAAAAMAAJ&q=koh-e-toor |year=1984}}</ref> where it is called ''Ṭūr Saināʾ'',<ref name="Cite quran|23|20|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|23|20|t=y|s=ns}}</ref> ''Ṭūr Sīnīn'',<ref name="Cite quran|95|2|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|95|2|t=y|s=ns}}</ref> and ''aṭ-Ṭūr''<ref name="Cite quran|2|63|e=93|s=ns">{{cite quran|2|63|e=93|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns">{{cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns}}</ref> and ''al-Jabal'' (both meaning "the Mount").<ref name="Cite quran|7|103|e=156|s=ns">{{cite quran|7|103|e=156|s=ns}}</ref> As for the adjacent ''] Ṭuwā'' (] of Tuwa), it is considered as being ''muqaddas''<ref name="Cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns">{{cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|79|15|e=25|s=ns">{{cite quran|79|15|e=25|s=ns}}</ref> (]),<ref name="IbnKathir Al-Ahmad">{{cite book |last=Ibn Kathir |author-link=Ibn Kathir |editor=Dr Mohammad Hilmi Al-Ahmad |title=Stories of the Prophets: [قصص الأنبياء [انكليزي |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah ({{langx|ar|دَار الْـكُـتُـب الْـعِـلْـمِـيَّـة}}) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zx9LDwAAQBAJ |date=2013-01-01 |isbn=978-2745151360}}</ref><ref name="Elhadary2016">{{cite book |last=Elhadary |first=Osman |title=Moses in the Holy Scriptures of Judaism, Christianity and Islam: A Call for Peace |publisher=BookBaby |chapter=11, 15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-ReDQAAQBAJ |date=2016-02-08 |isbn=978-1483563039 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and a part of it is called ''Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah'' ("The Blessed Place").<ref name="Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns"/>
By 670, the Arabs had taken ], and by 675, they had completed construction of ], the city that would become the Arab base in North Africa. Kairouan would also become ''the third holiest city in Islam'' in the medieval period, after Mecca and Medina, because of its importance as the centre of the Islamic faith in the Maghrib.


Various other cites and mosques across the Islamic world are claimed to be fourth holiest site in Islam or among the holiest.
]
* The ] is considered by some to be the fourth holiest site in Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Toueir |first=Kassem |title=The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond: Essays in Memory of James A. Sauer |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-36980-1 |editor-last=Stager |editor-first=Lawrence E. |pages=501 |language=en |chapter=Muhammad as Prophet and Mayor: City Planning from the Perspective of the Qur'an, Hadith, and Islamic Law Case Study: Damascus |editor-last2=Greene |editor-first2=Joseph A. |editor-last3=Coogan |editor-first3=Michael D. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=st6mDwAAQBAJ&dq=fourth+holiest+city+in+Islam+damascus&pg=PA501}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Darrow |first=William R. |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7614-9964-0 |pages=180–182 |language=en |chapter=Holy Places |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&dq=fourth+holiest+city+in+Islam&pg=PA182}}</ref>
]
* The city of ] in ], which contains the ], is also considered by some to be the fourth holiest site in Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lecoquierre |first=Marion |title=Contested Holy Cities: The Urban Dimension of Religious Conflicts |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-429-67384-9 |editor-last=Dumper |editor-first=Michael |language=en |chapter=Hebron: A nested division of sacred spaces |quote=Hebron is often presented as the fourth holy city of Islam after Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3X6YDwAAQBAJ&dq=fourth+holiest+city+in+Islam&pg=PT141}}</ref>
]
* The city of ], Tunisia, is considered by some to be the fourth holiest city in Islam after Mecca, ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brockman |first=Norbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC&dq=fourth+holiest+city+in+Islam+kairouan&pg=PA267 |title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59884-654-6 |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dodds |first=Jerrilynn D. |author-link=Jerrilynn Dodds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdXQnaME1gMC&dq=fourth+holiest+city+in+Islam+kairouan&pg=PA104 |title=The Art of Medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8109-6433-4 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMBAwAAQBAJ&dq=fourth+holiest+city+qayrawan&pg=PA388 |title=Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places |last2=Watson |first2=Noelle |last3=Schellinger |first3=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-134-25993-9 |pages=388 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Prah |first=Kwesi |title=Towards a Strategic Geopolitic Vision of Afro-Arab Relations |date=11–12 May 2004 |url=http://www.hollerafrica.com/showArticle.php?artId=164&catId=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105940/http://www.hollerafrica.com/showArticle.php?artId=164&catId=1 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |location=AU Headquarters, ], ] |quote=By 670, the Arabs had taken Tunisia, and by 675, they had completed construction of Kairouan, the city that would become the premier Arab base in North Africa. Kairouan was later to become the third holiest city in Islam in the medieval period, after Mecca and Medina, because of its importance as the centre of the Islamic faith in the Maghrib. |author-link=Kwesi Prah}}</ref> Local tradition holds that seven pilgrimages to the ] equals one pilgrimage to ].<ref name="Limited2003">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pP315Mw3S9EC&pg=PA150 |title=The Middle East and North Africa |publisher=] Limited |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85743-184-1 |page=150}}</ref><ref name="HarrisKoser2004">{{cite book |author1=Dr. Ray Harris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6xyAAAAMAAJ |title=Continuity and change in the Tunisian sahel |author2=Khalid Koser |publisher=] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7546-3373-0 |page=108}}</ref><ref name="Kaplan2004">{{cite book |author=Robert D. Kaplan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfwLAQAAMAAJ |title=Mediterranean Winter: The Pleasures of History and Landscape in Tunisia, Sicily, Dalmatia, and Greece |publisher=Random House |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-375-50804-2 |page=66 |quote=With eighty nine mosques it is the fourth holiest city in Sunni Islam, after Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem. A tradition holds that seven pilgrimages to Kairouan exempt the faithful from having to journey to Mecca}}</ref>
]
* The city of ] in ] (which is associated with Imam ]) is considered as a holy city,<ref>Jones, Kevin. "Slavs and Tatars: Language arts." ArtAsiaPacific 91 (2014): 141.</ref><ref>Sultanova, Razia. From Shamanism to Sufism: Women, Islam and Culture in Central Asia. Vol. 3. IB Tauris, 2011.</ref> also claimed by some to be the fourth holiest city in Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darrow |first=William R. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7614-9964-0 |pages=180–182 |language=en |chapter=Holy Places}}</ref>
]
* The city of ] in Ethiopia is considered by some to be the fourth holiest city in Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Santelli |first=Serge |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY2DqJNPmioC&dq=fourth+holiest+city+in+Islam&pg=PA625 |title=The City in the Islamic World |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-04-16240-2 |editor-last=Jayyusi |editor-first=Salma K. |pages=631 |language=en |chapter=Harar: The Fourth Holy City of Islam |quote=Harar, which is known as being the fourth Holy city of Islam (...) |editor-last2=Holod |editor-first2=Renata |editor-last3=Petruccioli |editor-first3=Attilio |editor-last4=Raymond |editor-first4=André}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Polk |first=William Roe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA453 |title=Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-22290-6 |pages=453 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shinn |first1=David H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&pg=PA207 |title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia |last2=Ofcansky |first2=Thomas P. |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8108-7457-2 |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref>
]
* The town of ] in Mauritania, whose libraries contain many ancient manuscripts, is claimed by some to be the seventh holiest city in Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lea |first1=David |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC&pg=PA284 |title=A Political Chronology of Africa |last2=Rowe |first2=Annamarie |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85743-116-2 |pages=284 |language=en |chapter=Mauritania}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wiafe-Amoako |first=Francis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nttJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chinguetti+holiest+city+islam&pg=PA119 |title=Africa 2020-2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-4758-5650-7 |pages=119 |language=en |chapter=Mauritania}}</ref>
]

]
== Shia Islam ==
{{Main|Holiest sites in Shia Islam}}], ]]]

=== Overlap with other sects in Islam ===

Similar to Sunni Islam and other sects, the Holiest sites in Shia Islam are Mecca, followed by Medina and then Al Aqsa.<ref>Kamil al Ziarat, Abul Qasim Jafar Bin Muhammad Bin Jafar Bin Musa Bin Quluya Al Qummi. Chapter 1, Hadith Number 1.</ref>

After these two sites, most importance is put upon the following sites according to Shia:

=== Imam Ali Mosque ===
] in Najaf, Iraq, is the holiest site for Shia Muslims after the Holy Sites in Mecca and Medina. It holds the tomb of the first Shia Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. According to Shia belief, the tomb also contains the remains of the prophets Adam and Noah.<ref>Kamil al-Ziarat, Chapter 10, Hadith number 2</ref>

The shrine's significance in Shia Islam is profound. Imam Ali is revered by all Muslims but by Shia in particular as a paragon of justice, knowledge, and piety. His burial site has thus become a symbol of Shia identity and faith. Every year, the shrine is visited by millions of pilgrims, with numbers peaking during the annual Arbaeen event, where estimates suggest over 20 million visitors.<ref>Al-Monitor, 2019. "Why the Arbaeen pilgrimage is bigger than the Hajj".</ref>

==== Historical Background ====
The Imam Ali Mosque has a rich history that dates back to the 7th century. Ali was buried in Najaf following his assassination in 661 AD. However, the location of his grave remained a closely guarded secret for many years due to political tensions. It wasn't until the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid reportedly discovered the grave during a hunting expedition in the 8th century that a shrine was built at the site.<ref>Al-Serat, The Imams: Biographies of the Twelve, Ansarian Publications.</ref>

Over the centuries, the shrine has undergone numerous renovations and expansions. The Buyid dynasty, in the 10th century, made significant contributions by building a large dome over the grave and adding other structures.<ref>Heinz Halm, Shia Islam: From Religion to Revolution, Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997.</ref> The Safavid dynasty in the 16th century also played a crucial role in further developing the site, adding ornate decorations, and expanding the mosque complex.<ref>Roger Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, Cambridge University Press, 2007.</ref>

==== Architecture and Structure ====
The Imam Ali Mosque is an architectural masterpiece. The shrine is distinguished by its golden dome and minarets, which are covered with approximately 7,777 tiles of gold. The complex also includes courtyards, prayer halls, and a museum. The central hall, where the tomb is located, is adorned with intricate mirror work, mosaics, and calligraphy.<ref>UNESCO, "Heritage of Iraq: Imam Ali Mosque".</ref>

The mosque features a large courtyard, known as the Sahan, which is surrounded by arched colonnades. The main entrance, Bab al-Qibla, is an impressive gateway that leads directly to the inner sanctum. The interior is lavishly decorated with Persian carpets, chandeliers, and intricate stucco work, reflecting the rich artistic heritage of the region.<ref name="George Michell 2000">George Michell, Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning, Thames & Hudson, 2000.</ref>

==== Burials at the Shrine ====
In addition to Imam Ali, the shrine complex is the final resting place for several notable figures. Among them are many revered Shia scholars, jurists, and theologians. Some of the prominent figures buried here include:
* ], a leading Shia jurist of the 19th century.<ref>Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism, Yale University Press, 1985.</ref>
* ], a renowned Iraqi Shia cleric and philosopher.<ref>Hamid Algar, Religion and State in Iran, 1785-1906: The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period, University of California Press, 1969.</ref>
* ], one of the most influential Shia marjas of the 20th century.<ref name="Juan Cole 2002">Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam, I.B. Tauris, 2002.</ref>

The shrine is also surrounded by a vast cemetery known as Wadi al-Salam, which is the largest cemetery in the world. It is believed that being buried near Imam Ali brings spiritual benefits, and many Shia Muslims request to be interred in this sacred ground.<ref>Robert Fisk, "The Largest Cemetery on Earth", The Independent, 2008.</ref>

==== Pilgrimage and Religious Significance ====
The Imam Ali Mosque is a focal point for Shia pilgrimage. Every year, millions of devotees travel to Najaf to pay their respects, particularly during significant religious occasions such as the anniversaries of Ali's birth and martyrdom, as well as the Arbaeen pilgrimage. The Arbaeen pilgrimage marks the end of the 40-day mourning period for Imam Hussein, Ali's son, who was martyred at the Battle of Karbala.<ref name="Yitzhak Nakash 2003">Yitzhak Nakash, The Shi'is of Iraq, Princeton University Press, 2003.</ref>

During Arbaeen, the number of visitors can exceed 20 million, making it one of the largest peaceful gatherings in the world. Pilgrims often travel on foot from various parts of Iraq and even from neighboring countries to participate in the commemorations.<ref name="BBC News 2017">BBC News, 2017. "Arbaeen: Millions of Shia Muslims gather in Iraq".</ref>

==== Modern Developments ====
In recent years, the Iraqi government and various Shia organizations have undertaken numerous projects to renovate and expand the shrine complex. These efforts aim to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims and to preserve the historical and religious heritage of the site. Enhancements include improved infrastructure, expanded facilities for pilgrims, and increased security measures to protect visitors.<ref>Al-Jazeera, 2020. "Iraq's holy city of Najaf sees major renovations".</ref>

The Imam Ali Mosque stands not only as a place of worship but also as a symbol of Shia resilience and devotion. Its history, architecture, and the immense reverence it commands make it a central pillar of Shia Islam and a testament to the enduring legacy of Imam Ali.

=== Imam Husayn Shrine ===
], Iraq]]
] in Karbala, Iraq, contains the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali. The mosque stands on the site of the grave of Husayn ibn Ali, where he was martyred during the ] in 680.<ref>Shimoni & Levine, 1974, p. 160.</ref><ref>Aghaie, 2004, pp. 10-11.</ref> Up to 20 million pilgrims visit the city for the anniversary of Hussein ibn Ali's death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/iran/map2.html|access-date=June 9, 2007|work=PBS|archive-date=September 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014051/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/iran/map2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are many Shia traditions which narrate the status of Karbala.

The Imam Husayn Shrine is a site of immense religious significance for Shia Muslims. It commemorates the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, who was killed in the Battle of Karbala on the 10th of Muharram in the year 680 AD. This event is one of the most tragic and pivotal moments in Islamic history, especially for Shia Muslims, as it symbolizes the struggle against tyranny and injustice.

==== Historical Background ====
The Battle of Karbala was a defining moment in Islamic history. Husayn ibn Ali, along with his family and companions, was martyred by the forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid I. The battle took place on the plains of Karbala, and Husayn’s stand against Yazid’s oppressive regime has since been revered as a symbol of resistance and martyrdom in Shia Islam.<ref name="Heinz Halm 2004">Heinz Halm, Shi'ism, Edinburgh University Press, 2004.</ref>

Following the martyrdom, the site of Husayn's grave became a place of pilgrimage. The first structure over his grave was constructed by the order of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi in the late 7th century.<ref>Najam Haider, The Origins of the Shia, Cambridge University Press, 2011.</ref> Throughout the centuries, the shrine has been destroyed and rebuilt several times. Major renovations were carried out by various Islamic dynasties, including the Abbasids, Buyids, and Safavids.<ref name="Juan Cole 2002"/>

==== Architecture and Structure ====
The Imam Husayn Shrine is renowned for its stunning architecture and intricate decorations. The shrine complex includes a golden dome, several minarets, and expansive courtyards. The central dome is adorned with gold-plated tiles, and the interior features elaborate mirror work, mosaics, and calligraphy that depict verses from the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad and the Imams.<ref>UNESCO, "Heritage of Iraq: Imam Husayn Shrine".</ref>

The main courtyard, known as the Sahan, is surrounded by arched porticos and is a place where pilgrims gather to offer prayers and recite elegies. The shrine also includes a museum that houses artifacts related to Husayn ibn Ali and the Battle of Karbala, as well as a library with a vast collection of Islamic manuscripts and texts.<ref name="George Michell 2000"/>

==== Pilgrimage and Religious Significance ====
The Imam Husayn Shrine is one of the most important pilgrimage sites in the world for Shia Muslims. The annual Arbaeen pilgrimage, which marks the end of the 40-day mourning period for Husayn ibn Ali, draws millions of visitors from around the world. During Arbaeen, pilgrims often walk long distances, sometimes covering hundreds of miles, to reach Karbala. This pilgrimage is considered an act of devotion and solidarity with the sacrifices made by Husayn and his companions.<ref name="Yitzhak Nakash 2003"/>

Besides Arbaeen, other significant occasions that draw large crowds to the shrine include Ashura, the day of Husayn's martyrdom, and the birthdays and martyrdom anniversaries of other Shia Imams. The shrine also plays a central role in the commemoration of various religious events and serves as a hub for religious learning and scholarship.<ref name="BBC News 2017"/>

==== Modern Developments ====
In recent years, the shrine has undergone extensive renovations and expansions to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims. These developments include the construction of new facilities for pilgrims, improved infrastructure, and enhanced security measures. Efforts have also been made to preserve the historical and architectural heritage of the shrine while ensuring that it can meet the needs of contemporary visitors.<ref name="Al-Jazeera 2020">Al-Jazeera, 2020. "Iraq's holy city of Karbala sees major renovations".</ref>

The Imam Husayn Shrine continues to be a beacon of faith, drawing millions of devotees who seek solace, inspiration, and a deeper connection to their religious heritage. It stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of Husayn ibn Ali and his unwavering stand for justice and righteousness.

=== Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine ===
The ] in ], Iraq, is the mausoleum of ], who was the half-brother of ] and a key figure in the ]. Abbas is revered for his loyalty and bravery, and his shrine is one of the holiest sites for Shia Muslims, attracting millions of pilgrims, especially during the annual commemoration of ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbas ibn Ali Shrine|url=https://www.al-islam.org|publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

==== Historical Background ====
Abbas ibn Ali, also known as Abu al-Fadl, was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and a respected warrior known for his unwavering support of his brother Husayn. He played a crucial role in the Battle of Karbala, where he met his martyrdom while attempting to fetch water for the thirsty children and companions of Husayn. His sacrifice is deeply commemorated in Shia tradition, and his shrine stands as a symbol of devotion and courage.<ref>Lesley Hazleton, After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam, Doubleday, 2009.</ref>

The construction of the shrine began in the early Islamic period, with significant contributions from various Islamic rulers. The earliest recorded construction was during the Abbasid Caliphate, with later renovations and expansions by the Safavid and Qajar dynasties.<ref name="Heinz Halm 2004"/> The shrine has been rebuilt and restored multiple times due to natural disasters and political upheavals.

==== Architecture and Structure ====
The Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine is an architectural marvel, featuring a grand golden dome and two towering minarets, which are visible from miles away. The shrine complex includes several courtyards, prayer halls, and a museum. The central hall, where the tomb is located, is lavishly decorated with intricate tile work, mirror mosaics, and Arabic calligraphy depicting verses from the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad and the Imams.<ref>UNESCO, "Heritage of Iraq: Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine".</ref>

The shrine is surrounded by spacious courtyards that can accommodate the influx of pilgrims during major religious events. The main entrance, known as Bab al-Qibla, is an ornate gateway that leads to the inner sanctum. Inside, the walls are adorned with elaborate stucco and mirror work, reflecting the rich artistic heritage of the region.<ref name="George Michell 2000"/>

==== Religious Significance ====
The Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine holds immense religious significance for Shia Muslims. Abbas ibn Ali is revered not only for his familial connection to Husayn but also for his virtues of loyalty, courage, and self-sacrifice. His shrine is a focal point of pilgrimage, particularly during the annual Arbaeen commemoration, which marks the end of the 40-day mourning period for Husayn ibn Ali.<ref name="Yitzhak Nakash 2003"/>

Pilgrims from around the world visit the shrine to pay their respects and seek intercession. The rituals performed at the shrine include recitations of elegies, lamentations, and the reenactment of the events of Karbala. These practices are deeply ingrained in Shia cultural and religious identity, symbolizing the eternal struggle against oppression and injustice.<ref>Hamid Dabashi, Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest, Harvard University Press, 2011.</ref>

==== Pilgrimage and Cultural Impact ====
The shrine is a major destination for millions of pilgrims, especially during the Arbaeen pilgrimage. This event is one of the largest annual religious gatherings in the world, where devotees often walk from Najaf to Karbala as a sign of their devotion and solidarity with Abbas ibn Ali and the other martyrs of Karbala. The pilgrimage is marked by a profound sense of community and spiritual renewal.<ref name="BBC News 2017"/>

Beyond its religious significance, the shrine has a considerable cultural impact. It serves as a center for religious education, charitable activities, and social services. The surrounding area of Karbala has developed significantly to support the influx of pilgrims, with numerous facilities, accommodations, and services dedicated to catering to the needs of visitors.<ref name="Al-Jazeera 2020"/>

==== Modern Developments ====
In recent years, the shrine has seen extensive renovations and expansions. These efforts aim to preserve the historical and architectural integrity of the site while accommodating the increasing number of pilgrims. Modern amenities, improved infrastructure, and enhanced security measures have been introduced to ensure the safety and comfort of visitors.<ref>The National, 2020. "Major renovation projects underway at Iraq's holy sites".</ref>

The Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine continues to be a beacon of faith and a testament to the enduring legacy of Abbas ibn Ali. It stands as a symbol of loyalty, bravery, and the eternal struggle for justice, drawing millions of devotees who seek solace and inspiration from his exemplary life.

=== Al-Askari Shrine ===
The ] in ], Iraq, contains the tombs of the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams, ] and ]. The shrine is a significant site for Shia pilgrimage and has faced several attacks, most notably in 2006 and 2007, causing extensive damage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Al-Askari Shrine|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Al-Askari-Shrine|publisher=Britannica|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

=== Kadhimayn Shrine ===
The ] in ], Iraq, houses the tombs of the seventh and ninth Shia Imams, ] and ] as well as multiple notable scholars from Shia History. It is an important pilgrimage site, and the surrounding area, Kadhimayn, is named after these Imams.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kadhimayn Shrine|url=https://www.al-islam.org|publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

=== Jannat al-Baqi ===
] in ], Saudi Arabia, is a cemetery that holds the graves of several family members and companions of the ]. Among them are the four Shia Imams: ], ], ], and ]. The cemetery is a revered site for Shia Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jannat al-Baqi|url=https://www.al-islam.org|publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

=== Imam Reza Shrine ===
], located in ], ], contains the tomb of ], the eighth ] of ]. It is the largest mosque in the world by area. The complex is a tourism center in Iran<ref name="Imam Reza">{{cite web |title=Sacred Sites: Mashhad, Iran |url=http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/iran/mashad.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127181619/http://sacredsites.com/middle_east/iran/mashad.htm |archive-date=2010-11-27 |access-date=2006-03-13 |publisher=sacredsites.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Tourism Potentials Rich |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2211/html/panorama.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612164512/http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2211/html/panorama.htm |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |access-date=2009-05-25 |work=Iran Daily}}</ref> with 25 million Shias visiting the shrine each year.<ref name="Higgins">{{Cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=2007-06-02 |title=Inside Iran's Holy Money Machine |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032806/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679 |archive-date=2016-04-24 |access-date=2017-10-24 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

=== Masjid al-Kufa ===
], located in ], Iraq, is one of the oldest and holiest mosques in the world. It holds great significance for Shia Muslims due to its historical and religious importance.

==== Historical Significance ====
Masjid al-Kufa is believed to have been built in the 7th century. It is one of the four major mosques that Shia Muslims consider to be significant, the others being the ], ], and the ]. According to Shia tradition, the mosque was constructed by ], with subsequent renovations by ], ], and ].

==== Religious Importance ====
Masjid al-Kufa holds immense religious significance for Shia Muslims. It was the place where ], the first Shia Imam, and the fourth caliph in Sunni Islam, used to lead prayers and deliver sermons. The mosque is also the site where he was struck with a fatal blow by Ibn Muljam during the month of Ramadan in 661 CE.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masjid al-Kufa|url=https://www.al-islam.org|publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

==== Key Locations Within the Mosque ====
* Mihrab of Imam Ali: The mihrab marks the spot where Imam Ali was fatally struck while praying.
* Maqam of Ibrahim: It is believed that this is the place where Prophet Ibrahim prayed.
* Maqam of Muslim ibn Aqil: This spot commemorates Muslim ibn Aqil, the cousin of Imam Husayn, who was sent to Kufa by Husayn as his emissary and was martyred here.
*Maqam of Mukhtar Al-Thaqafi : Supporter of imam Hussein who took revenge for the imam , avenging him and killing all his enemies.
* Maqam of Hani ibn Urwa: Hani ibn Urwa was a supporter of Muslim ibn Aqil and was martyred alongside him.
* House of Imam Ali: Adjacent to the mosque is the house of Imam Ali, which is now a site of pilgrimage.
*

==== Pilgrimage ====
The mosque is a significant pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims, especially during the anniversary of Imam Ali's death and other important Islamic events. Pilgrims visit the mosque to pay their respects, pray, and reflect on its historical and spiritual significance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kufa Mosque: A Symbol of Shia History and Identity|url=https://www.iqna.ir|publisher=IQNA|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Great Mosque of Kufa|url=https://www.britannica.com|publisher=Britannica|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

=== Others ===

==== Fatima Masumeh Shrine ====
] in ], ], is a complex which contains the mausoleum of ], the 8th ] in Shia Islam. 25 Million Shias visiting the shrine each year.<ref name="Higgins"/>]]
The city of ] in ] contains the ] of ] ] ], sister of the eighth ], ]. The shrine has attracted to itself dozens of seminaries and religious schools.

==== Masjid Sahla ====
] in ], Iraq, is an ancient mosque believed to have been built on the site where several prophets, including ], ], and ], prayed. It is also associated with the future return of the ] according to Shia belief.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masjid Sahla|url=https://www.al-islam.org|publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

==== Masjid Hanana ====
] in ], Iraq, is believed to be a site where the head of ] rested on its way to ] after the ]. It is a site of reverence and pilgrimage for Shia Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masjid Hanana|url=https://www.al-islam.org|publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

==== Balad ====
], Iraq, is home to the ], dedicated to ], the son of the tenth Shia Imam, ]. It is an important pilgrimage site, especially for those who visit the ] shrines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balad|url=https://www.al-islam.org|publisher=Al-Islam.org|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

==== Mada'in ====
], Iraq, is known for its historic significance and the tomb of ], a companion of the Prophet Muhammad and revered figure in Shia Islam. The site attracts many pilgrims annually.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mada'in|url=https://www.britannica.com|publisher=Britannica|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>

] in ], ], is a popular pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims.

] in ], ], houses the mausoleums of the two sons of ], the seventh ] in ] and a descendant of ].

] in ], ], contains the tomb of ], a descendant of ] and a companion of ].

== Sufi Islam ==
=== Mazar Ghous ===
] in ], Iraq]]

Mazar Ghous in Baghdad, Iraq is the one of the holiest site in Sufi Islam. It is dedicated to the founder of Qadiryya Sufi order, Abdul Qadir Gilani. The complex was built near the ] (ash-Sheikh Gate) in ].<ref>''Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din'' (''Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion''), parts one and two in Arabic, Al-Qadir, Abd and Al-Gilani. Dar Al-Hurya, Baghdad, Iraq, (1987).</ref><ref>''Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din'' (''Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion'') with introduction by Al-Kilani, Majid Irsan. Al-Kilani, Majid, al-Tariqat, 'Ursan, and al-Qadiriyah, Nash'at</ref><ref name="Qa">{{Cite web|title=The Qadirya Mausoleum|url=http://islamictourism.com/PDFs/Issue%2017/English/66-74%20al%20jilany.pdf}}</ref>

=== Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam ===
] in ], ]]]

The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam in ] is considered the third most holiest site in Sufi Islam. It is the ] of Multan's ] saint ]. It is one of the most impressive shrines in the world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Asghar|first1=Muhammad|title=The Sacred and the Secular: Aesthetics in Domestic Spaces of Pakistan/Punjab|date=2016|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783643908360}}</ref> The shrine attracts over 100,000 pilgrims to the annual Urs festival that commemorates his death.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam|Geography}}
* '']''
** ]
* ]
** ]
** ]
* ]
* ]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |title = The early modern Ottomans: remapping the Empire |last1=Aksan |first1=Virginia H. |last2=Goffman |first2=Daniel |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-81764-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eUW8DyaHuQC |access-date=13 October 2010 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Francis|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691026190}}
* {{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Hussain|title=The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity|date=2012|publisher=Kube Publishing|location=Leicestershire, UK|isbn=9781847740236}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blatt|first1=Amy|title=Health, Science, and Place: A New Model|date=2015|publisher=Springer|location=Cham, Switzerland|isbn=978-3319120027|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-12003-4|s2cid=183074116}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla|title=The encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict : a political, social, and military history|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1851098415}}
* {{Cite book |chapter = Hebron |title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |last=Honigmann |first=Ernst |editor-last=Houtsma |editor-first=M. T. |editor-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |publisher=] |year=1993 |orig-year=1927 |pages=886–888 |volume=IV |isbn=978-90-04-09790-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA886 }}

== External links ==
*
*
*

{{Islam topics}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}

]

Latest revision as of 23:05, 13 December 2024

Pilgrims circulating the Kaaba within Al-Masjid al-Haram (the holiest site) during Hajj in the holy city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia

The holiest sites in Islam are located in the Arabian Peninsula. While the significance of most places typically varies depending on the Islamic sect, there is a consensus across all mainstream branches of the religion that affirms two cities as having the highest degree of holiness, in descending order: Mecca, and Medina. Mecca's Al-Masjid al-Haram (including the Kaaba), Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina are all revered by Muslims as sites of great importance.

Within the Levant, both the Umayyad Mosque in the city of Damascus and the Ibrahimi Mosque in the city of Hebron have held interchangeable significance as the third and fourth-holiest Islamic sites for Sunni Muslims.

After the consensus on the first two sites as well as further sites associated with the family of Muhammad, there is a divergence between Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims on the designation of additional holy sites. For Sunnis, sites associated with the Rashidun, other Companions of Muhammad, and Biblical prophets hold a high level of significance (see holiest sites in Sunni Islam). For Shias, sites associated with the Imamah hold a high level of significance (see holiest sites in Shia Islam). As part of the Hajj, the majority of Muslims also visit the sites of Mina, Mount Arafat, and Muzdalifah, in addition to the Kaaba.

Hejaz

Main article: Hejaz

Hejaz is the region in the Arabian Peninsula where Mecca and Medina are located. It is where the Islamic prophet Muhammad was born and raised.

The two holy cities of Islam, Mecca and Medina, are traditionally known as the Ḥaramayn, which is the dual form of ḥaram, thus meaning "The Two Sanctuaries". They should not be confused with Jerusalem and Hebron, which were also called Haramain during the Mamluk period. Another appellation of the Two Noble Sanctuaries is Ḥaramayn Ṭayyibayn.

Mecca

Main articles: Mecca and Kaaba
The Sacred Mosque in Mecca

Mecca is considered the holiest city in Islam, as it is home to Islam's holiest site Kaaba in Al-Masjid Al-Ḥaram (The Sacred Mosque). Only Muslims are allowed to enter this place.

Kaaba

The Kaaba or Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, is the most sacred holy place of Islam and a Qibla of the Muslims, contains al-Bayt ul-Ma'mur spiritually above the Kaaba, contains the Maqam Ibrahim, Hateem, and the Al-Hajar-ul-Aswad which belonged in Jannah to Adam and Eve (Adam and Hawa). According to the Islamic tradition it was first built by the first prophet Adam, after Noah's Flood the flood of the prophet Nūḥ (Noah), it was then rebuilt by Abraham (ʾIbrāhīm) and his son Ishmael (Ismāʿīl), it has been rebuilt several times.

The area of Mecca, which includes Mount Arafah, Mina and Muzdalifah, is important for the Ḥajj ('Pilgrimage'). As one of the Five Pillars of Islam, every adult Muslim who is capable must perform the Hajj at least once in their lifetime. Hajj is one of the largest annual Muslim gatherings in the world, second only to pilgrimages to the mosques of Husayn ibn Ali and his half-brother Abbas in Karbala, Iraq, with attendance reaching three million in 2012.

Medina

Main article: Medina
The Prophet's Mosque in Medina

Al-Masjid an-Nabawi is located in Medina, making the city the second-holiest site in Islam, after Mecca. Medina is the final place-of-residence of Muhammad, and where his qabr (grave) is located. In addition to the Prophet's Mosque, the city has the mosques of Qubāʾ and Al-Qiblatayn ("The Two Qiblahs").

Masjid an-Nabawi

Masjid an-Nabawi or The Prophet's Mosque in Medina, contains the grave of Muhammad. The two companions Abu Bakr and Umar are also buried with Muhammad, the grave of Uthman in located in al-Baqi' cemetery located to the southeast of the Prophet's Mosque, while the grave of Ali is in Najaf. The grave of al-Hasan is also in al-Baqi', while al-Husayn is buried in Karbala.

Sunni Islam

Main article: Holiest sites in Sunni Islam

In Sunni Islam, all sites which have been mentioned in the Hadith are holy to Sunni Muslims. The Kaaba is the holiest site, followed by the al-Masjid an-Nabawi (The Prophet's Mosque), al-Aqsa Mosque compound, and other sites mentioned in the Hadith, as well Umayyad Mosque, Ibrahimi Mosque.

Masjid al-Aqsa

Jerusalem's Temple Mount, called Masjid al-Aqṣā, was the first qibla of the Muslims before the Kaaba. According to tradition, Muhammad on the occasion of Isra' and Mi'raj led all the prophets and angels at the site, the site of the mosque built by Sulaymān, son of Dāwūd and king of the Israelites.

Others

Levant

Main article: Syria (region)

Ash-Shaam or the Levant is a historical region that includes the cities of Jerusalem and Damascus.

Jerusalem

See also: Islamization of Jerusalem The Masjid Al-Aqsa (also known as the Haram Al-Sharif or Temple Mount) includes the Dome of the Rock (left) and Al-Aqsa Mosque/Jami'a Al-Aqsa (right).

The Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa) in Jerusalem is the third holiest site in Islam. The compound is held in esteem by the entire Muslim community, due to its history as a place of worship by many prophets such as Ibrahim (Abraham), Dawud (David), Sulayman (Solomon), Ilyas (Elijah) and Isa (Jesus). The mosque has the capacity to accommodate in the region of 400,000 worshippers. According to Islamic tradition, the Temple Mount served as the first qiblah (direction of prayer) for Muhammad and his Ummah, before the Kaaba in Mecca. Muslims believe that Muhammad was taken from Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, to visit Masjid al-Aqsa, where he led the prayer among the prophets, and was then taken to the heavens from the Foundation Stone (today part of the Dome of the Rock) in a single night in the year 620.

The Qur'an mentions the Al-Aqsa Mosque only once in verse 1 of chapter no. 17 (Surah Al-Isra'), as "the Farthest Mosque". Islamic scholars generally agree that this description refers to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, although Jerusalem is not mentioned in the Qur'an by name.

Damascus

Main articles: Damascus and Umayyad Mosque Umayyad Mosque (left) and its Minaret of Isa (right)

The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus is often considered the fourth holiest site in Islam. The head of John the Baptist, revered in Islam as the prophet Yahya, is believed to be in a shrine inside the mosque, which also houses one of only four authorized original copies of the Quran. The Umayyad Mosque is also the place where Muslims believe the prophet Isa (Jesus) will return at the end of times, atop the "Minaret of Isa" of the mosque, during the time of a Fajr prayer. It is believed that prayers in the Umayyad mosque are considered to be equal to those offered in Jerusalem.

The mosque also holds special importance to Shia Muslims since it contains shrines commemorating Husayn ibn Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt, made to walk there from Iraq, after the Battle of Karbala. Furthermore, it was the place where they were imprisoned for 60 days.

Hebron

The Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron

In Islamic belief, Hebron was where Ibrahim (Abraham) settled. Within the city lies the Sanctuary of Abraham, the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs, and the Ibrahimi Mosque, built on top of the tomb to honor Abraham, is also often considered to be the fourth holiest in Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad visited Hebron on his nocturnal journey from Mecca to Jerusalem to stop by the tomb and pay his respects. In the mosque in a small niche there is a left footprint, believed to be from Muhammad.

Sinai Peninsula

See also: Sinai Peninsula and Mount Sinai (Bible)
A mosque on top of Mount Sinai, in the Asian part of present-day Egypt

The Sinai Peninsula is associated with the prophets Harun (Aaron) and Musa (Moses). In particular, numerous references to Mount Sinai exist in the Quran, where it is called Ṭūr Saināʾ, Ṭūr Sīnīn, and aṭ-Ṭūr and al-Jabal (both meaning "the Mount"). As for the adjacent Wād Ṭuwā (Valley of Tuwa), it is considered as being muqaddas (sacred), and a part of it is called Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ("The Blessed Place").

Various other cites and mosques across the Islamic world are claimed to be fourth holiest site in Islam or among the holiest.

  • The Great Mosque of Damascus is considered by some to be the fourth holiest site in Islam.
  • The city of Hebron in Palestine, which contains the Ibrahimi Mosque, is also considered by some to be the fourth holiest site in Islam.
  • The city of Kairouan, Tunisia, is considered by some to be the fourth holiest city in Islam after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. Local tradition holds that seven pilgrimages to the Great Mosque of Kairouan equals one pilgrimage to Mecca.
  • The city of Bukhara in Uzbekistan (which is associated with Imam Al-Bukhari) is considered as a holy city, also claimed by some to be the fourth holiest city in Islam.
  • The city of Harar in Ethiopia is considered by some to be the fourth holiest city in Islam.
  • The town of Chinguetti in Mauritania, whose libraries contain many ancient manuscripts, is claimed by some to be the seventh holiest city in Islam.

Shia Islam

Main article: Holiest sites in Shia Islam
Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq

Overlap with other sects in Islam

Similar to Sunni Islam and other sects, the Holiest sites in Shia Islam are Mecca, followed by Medina and then Al Aqsa.

After these two sites, most importance is put upon the following sites according to Shia:

Imam Ali Mosque

Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq, is the holiest site for Shia Muslims after the Holy Sites in Mecca and Medina. It holds the tomb of the first Shia Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. According to Shia belief, the tomb also contains the remains of the prophets Adam and Noah.

The shrine's significance in Shia Islam is profound. Imam Ali is revered by all Muslims but by Shia in particular as a paragon of justice, knowledge, and piety. His burial site has thus become a symbol of Shia identity and faith. Every year, the shrine is visited by millions of pilgrims, with numbers peaking during the annual Arbaeen event, where estimates suggest over 20 million visitors.

Historical Background

The Imam Ali Mosque has a rich history that dates back to the 7th century. Ali was buried in Najaf following his assassination in 661 AD. However, the location of his grave remained a closely guarded secret for many years due to political tensions. It wasn't until the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid reportedly discovered the grave during a hunting expedition in the 8th century that a shrine was built at the site.

Over the centuries, the shrine has undergone numerous renovations and expansions. The Buyid dynasty, in the 10th century, made significant contributions by building a large dome over the grave and adding other structures. The Safavid dynasty in the 16th century also played a crucial role in further developing the site, adding ornate decorations, and expanding the mosque complex.

Architecture and Structure

The Imam Ali Mosque is an architectural masterpiece. The shrine is distinguished by its golden dome and minarets, which are covered with approximately 7,777 tiles of gold. The complex also includes courtyards, prayer halls, and a museum. The central hall, where the tomb is located, is adorned with intricate mirror work, mosaics, and calligraphy.

The mosque features a large courtyard, known as the Sahan, which is surrounded by arched colonnades. The main entrance, Bab al-Qibla, is an impressive gateway that leads directly to the inner sanctum. The interior is lavishly decorated with Persian carpets, chandeliers, and intricate stucco work, reflecting the rich artistic heritage of the region.

Burials at the Shrine

In addition to Imam Ali, the shrine complex is the final resting place for several notable figures. Among them are many revered Shia scholars, jurists, and theologians. Some of the prominent figures buried here include:

The shrine is also surrounded by a vast cemetery known as Wadi al-Salam, which is the largest cemetery in the world. It is believed that being buried near Imam Ali brings spiritual benefits, and many Shia Muslims request to be interred in this sacred ground.

Pilgrimage and Religious Significance

The Imam Ali Mosque is a focal point for Shia pilgrimage. Every year, millions of devotees travel to Najaf to pay their respects, particularly during significant religious occasions such as the anniversaries of Ali's birth and martyrdom, as well as the Arbaeen pilgrimage. The Arbaeen pilgrimage marks the end of the 40-day mourning period for Imam Hussein, Ali's son, who was martyred at the Battle of Karbala.

During Arbaeen, the number of visitors can exceed 20 million, making it one of the largest peaceful gatherings in the world. Pilgrims often travel on foot from various parts of Iraq and even from neighboring countries to participate in the commemorations.

Modern Developments

In recent years, the Iraqi government and various Shia organizations have undertaken numerous projects to renovate and expand the shrine complex. These efforts aim to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims and to preserve the historical and religious heritage of the site. Enhancements include improved infrastructure, expanded facilities for pilgrims, and increased security measures to protect visitors.

The Imam Ali Mosque stands not only as a place of worship but also as a symbol of Shia resilience and devotion. Its history, architecture, and the immense reverence it commands make it a central pillar of Shia Islam and a testament to the enduring legacy of Imam Ali.

Imam Husayn Shrine

Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq

Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq, contains the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali. The mosque stands on the site of the grave of Husayn ibn Ali, where he was martyred during the Battle of Karbala in 680. Up to 20 million pilgrims visit the city for the anniversary of Hussein ibn Ali's death. There are many Shia traditions which narrate the status of Karbala.

The Imam Husayn Shrine is a site of immense religious significance for Shia Muslims. It commemorates the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, who was killed in the Battle of Karbala on the 10th of Muharram in the year 680 AD. This event is one of the most tragic and pivotal moments in Islamic history, especially for Shia Muslims, as it symbolizes the struggle against tyranny and injustice.

Historical Background

The Battle of Karbala was a defining moment in Islamic history. Husayn ibn Ali, along with his family and companions, was martyred by the forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid I. The battle took place on the plains of Karbala, and Husayn’s stand against Yazid’s oppressive regime has since been revered as a symbol of resistance and martyrdom in Shia Islam.

Following the martyrdom, the site of Husayn's grave became a place of pilgrimage. The first structure over his grave was constructed by the order of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi in the late 7th century. Throughout the centuries, the shrine has been destroyed and rebuilt several times. Major renovations were carried out by various Islamic dynasties, including the Abbasids, Buyids, and Safavids.

Architecture and Structure

The Imam Husayn Shrine is renowned for its stunning architecture and intricate decorations. The shrine complex includes a golden dome, several minarets, and expansive courtyards. The central dome is adorned with gold-plated tiles, and the interior features elaborate mirror work, mosaics, and calligraphy that depict verses from the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad and the Imams.

The main courtyard, known as the Sahan, is surrounded by arched porticos and is a place where pilgrims gather to offer prayers and recite elegies. The shrine also includes a museum that houses artifacts related to Husayn ibn Ali and the Battle of Karbala, as well as a library with a vast collection of Islamic manuscripts and texts.

Pilgrimage and Religious Significance

The Imam Husayn Shrine is one of the most important pilgrimage sites in the world for Shia Muslims. The annual Arbaeen pilgrimage, which marks the end of the 40-day mourning period for Husayn ibn Ali, draws millions of visitors from around the world. During Arbaeen, pilgrims often walk long distances, sometimes covering hundreds of miles, to reach Karbala. This pilgrimage is considered an act of devotion and solidarity with the sacrifices made by Husayn and his companions.

Besides Arbaeen, other significant occasions that draw large crowds to the shrine include Ashura, the day of Husayn's martyrdom, and the birthdays and martyrdom anniversaries of other Shia Imams. The shrine also plays a central role in the commemoration of various religious events and serves as a hub for religious learning and scholarship.

Modern Developments

In recent years, the shrine has undergone extensive renovations and expansions to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims. These developments include the construction of new facilities for pilgrims, improved infrastructure, and enhanced security measures. Efforts have also been made to preserve the historical and architectural heritage of the shrine while ensuring that it can meet the needs of contemporary visitors.

The Imam Husayn Shrine continues to be a beacon of faith, drawing millions of devotees who seek solace, inspiration, and a deeper connection to their religious heritage. It stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of Husayn ibn Ali and his unwavering stand for justice and righteousness.

Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine

The Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine in Karbala, Iraq, is the mausoleum of Abbas ibn Ali, who was the half-brother of Husayn ibn Ali and a key figure in the Battle of Karbala. Abbas is revered for his loyalty and bravery, and his shrine is one of the holiest sites for Shia Muslims, attracting millions of pilgrims, especially during the annual commemoration of Arba'een.

Historical Background

Abbas ibn Ali, also known as Abu al-Fadl, was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and a respected warrior known for his unwavering support of his brother Husayn. He played a crucial role in the Battle of Karbala, where he met his martyrdom while attempting to fetch water for the thirsty children and companions of Husayn. His sacrifice is deeply commemorated in Shia tradition, and his shrine stands as a symbol of devotion and courage.

The construction of the shrine began in the early Islamic period, with significant contributions from various Islamic rulers. The earliest recorded construction was during the Abbasid Caliphate, with later renovations and expansions by the Safavid and Qajar dynasties. The shrine has been rebuilt and restored multiple times due to natural disasters and political upheavals.

Architecture and Structure

The Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine is an architectural marvel, featuring a grand golden dome and two towering minarets, which are visible from miles away. The shrine complex includes several courtyards, prayer halls, and a museum. The central hall, where the tomb is located, is lavishly decorated with intricate tile work, mirror mosaics, and Arabic calligraphy depicting verses from the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad and the Imams.

The shrine is surrounded by spacious courtyards that can accommodate the influx of pilgrims during major religious events. The main entrance, known as Bab al-Qibla, is an ornate gateway that leads to the inner sanctum. Inside, the walls are adorned with elaborate stucco and mirror work, reflecting the rich artistic heritage of the region.

Religious Significance

The Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine holds immense religious significance for Shia Muslims. Abbas ibn Ali is revered not only for his familial connection to Husayn but also for his virtues of loyalty, courage, and self-sacrifice. His shrine is a focal point of pilgrimage, particularly during the annual Arbaeen commemoration, which marks the end of the 40-day mourning period for Husayn ibn Ali.

Pilgrims from around the world visit the shrine to pay their respects and seek intercession. The rituals performed at the shrine include recitations of elegies, lamentations, and the reenactment of the events of Karbala. These practices are deeply ingrained in Shia cultural and religious identity, symbolizing the eternal struggle against oppression and injustice.

Pilgrimage and Cultural Impact

The shrine is a major destination for millions of pilgrims, especially during the Arbaeen pilgrimage. This event is one of the largest annual religious gatherings in the world, where devotees often walk from Najaf to Karbala as a sign of their devotion and solidarity with Abbas ibn Ali and the other martyrs of Karbala. The pilgrimage is marked by a profound sense of community and spiritual renewal.

Beyond its religious significance, the shrine has a considerable cultural impact. It serves as a center for religious education, charitable activities, and social services. The surrounding area of Karbala has developed significantly to support the influx of pilgrims, with numerous facilities, accommodations, and services dedicated to catering to the needs of visitors.

Modern Developments

In recent years, the shrine has seen extensive renovations and expansions. These efforts aim to preserve the historical and architectural integrity of the site while accommodating the increasing number of pilgrims. Modern amenities, improved infrastructure, and enhanced security measures have been introduced to ensure the safety and comfort of visitors.

The Abbas Ibn Ali Shrine continues to be a beacon of faith and a testament to the enduring legacy of Abbas ibn Ali. It stands as a symbol of loyalty, bravery, and the eternal struggle for justice, drawing millions of devotees who seek solace and inspiration from his exemplary life.

Al-Askari Shrine

The Al-Askari Shrine in Samarrah, Iraq, contains the tombs of the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams, Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari. The shrine is a significant site for Shia pilgrimage and has faced several attacks, most notably in 2006 and 2007, causing extensive damage.

Kadhimayn Shrine

The Kadhimayn Shrine in Baghdad, Iraq, houses the tombs of the seventh and ninth Shia Imams, Musa al-Kadhim and Muhammad al-Jawad as well as multiple notable scholars from Shia History. It is an important pilgrimage site, and the surrounding area, Kadhimayn, is named after these Imams.

Jannat al-Baqi

Jannat al-Baqi in Medina, Saudi Arabia, is a cemetery that holds the graves of several family members and companions of the Prophet Muhammad. Among them are the four Shia Imams: Hasan ibn Ali, Ali ibn Husayn, Muhammad al-Baqir, and Jafar al-Sadiq. The cemetery is a revered site for Shia Muslims.

Imam Reza Shrine

Imam Reza shrine, located in Mashhad, Iran, contains the tomb of Ali al-Rida, the eighth Imam of Shia Islam. It is the largest mosque in the world by area. The complex is a tourism center in Iran with 25 million Shias visiting the shrine each year.

Masjid al-Kufa

Masjid al-Kufa, located in Kufa, Iraq, is one of the oldest and holiest mosques in the world. It holds great significance for Shia Muslims due to its historical and religious importance.

Historical Significance

Masjid al-Kufa is believed to have been built in the 7th century. It is one of the four major mosques that Shia Muslims consider to be significant, the others being the Kaaba, Al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Great Mosque of Quba. According to Shia tradition, the mosque was constructed by Adam, with subsequent renovations by Nuh (Noah), Ibrahim (Abraham), and Ismail (Ishmael).

Religious Importance

Masjid al-Kufa holds immense religious significance for Shia Muslims. It was the place where Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia Imam, and the fourth caliph in Sunni Islam, used to lead prayers and deliver sermons. The mosque is also the site where he was struck with a fatal blow by Ibn Muljam during the month of Ramadan in 661 CE.

Key Locations Within the Mosque

  • Mihrab of Imam Ali: The mihrab marks the spot where Imam Ali was fatally struck while praying.
  • Maqam of Ibrahim: It is believed that this is the place where Prophet Ibrahim prayed.
  • Maqam of Muslim ibn Aqil: This spot commemorates Muslim ibn Aqil, the cousin of Imam Husayn, who was sent to Kufa by Husayn as his emissary and was martyred here.
  • Maqam of Mukhtar Al-Thaqafi : Supporter of imam Hussein who took revenge for the imam , avenging him and killing all his enemies.
  • Maqam of Hani ibn Urwa: Hani ibn Urwa was a supporter of Muslim ibn Aqil and was martyred alongside him.
  • House of Imam Ali: Adjacent to the mosque is the house of Imam Ali, which is now a site of pilgrimage.

Pilgrimage

The mosque is a significant pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims, especially during the anniversary of Imam Ali's death and other important Islamic events. Pilgrims visit the mosque to pay their respects, pray, and reflect on its historical and spiritual significance.

Others

Fatima Masumeh Shrine

Sanctuary of Imam Reza in Mashhad, Iran, is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Ali al-Rida, the 8th Imam in Shia Islam. 25 Million Shias visiting the shrine each year.

The city of Qom in Iran contains the tomb of Fātimah bint Mūsā, sister of the eighth Twelver Shi'ite Imam, Ali al-Rida. The shrine has attracted to itself dozens of seminaries and religious schools.

Masjid Sahla

Masjid Sahla in Kufa, Iraq, is an ancient mosque believed to have been built on the site where several prophets, including Idris (Enoch), Ibrahim (Abraham), and Khadir (al-Khidr), prayed. It is also associated with the future return of the Mahdi according to Shia belief.

Masjid Hanana

Masjid Hanana in Najaf, Iraq, is believed to be a site where the head of Husayn ibn Ali rested on its way to Kufa after the Battle of Karbala. It is a site of reverence and pilgrimage for Shia Muslims.

Balad

Balad, Iraq, is home to the Sayid Muhammad Shrine, dedicated to Sayid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi, the son of the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi. It is an important pilgrimage site, especially for those who visit the Samarrah shrines.

Mada'in

Mada'in, Iraq, is known for its historic significance and the tomb of Salman the Persian, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad and revered figure in Shia Islam. The site attracts many pilgrims annually.

Jamkaran Mosque in Qom, Iran, is a popular pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims.

Shāh Cherāgh in Shiraz, Iran, houses the mausoleums of the two sons of Musa al-Kazim, the seventh Imam in Twelver Shia Islam and a descendant of Muhammad.

S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm Shrine in Rey, Iran, contains the tomb of ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī, a descendant of Ḥasan ibn ‘Alī and a companion of Muhammad al-Taqī.

Sufi Islam

Mazar Ghous

Mazar Ghous in Baghdad, Iraq

Mazar Ghous in Baghdad, Iraq is the one of the holiest site in Sufi Islam. It is dedicated to the founder of Qadiryya Sufi order, Abdul Qadir Gilani. The complex was built near the Bab al-Sheikh (ash-Sheikh Gate) in al-Rusafa.

Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam

Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam in Multan, Pakistan

The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam in Multan is considered the third most holiest site in Sufi Islam. It is the mausoleum of Multan's Sufi saint Sheikh Rukn-ud-Din Abul Fateh. It is one of the most impressive shrines in the world. The shrine attracts over 100,000 pilgrims to the annual Urs festival that commemorates his death.

See also

References

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    • Sharāb (Drink)
    Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
    Category: