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| === Origins === | === Origins === | ||
| The Shanghai clique |
The Shanghai clique originated in June 1989, when Jiang Zemin, then Party secretary of Shanghai, was elevated as General Secretary of Communist Party after ]. However, in the first few years, Jiang was under heavy influence of party elders such as ] and ]. During this time, Jiang only elevated ], then Deputy Party secretary of Shanghai, into Beijing to become Deputy Director of ]. After the 14th Party Congress in 1992, some of Jiang's close associates such as ] and ] were able to earn a seat in the Politburo. In the following years, some of the Jiang's close associates were placed in important positions. Wu Bangguo became Vice Premier in 1994, and ] became Party Secretary of Shanghai as well as entered Politburo in the same year. ], another close associate with Jiang Zemin, became Party secretary of ] in 1993. Zeng Qinghong also took over the ] in 1993, when he took over the position of director of the office from ]. Some of Jiang's political opponent was removed from the key position. ], then Party secretary of Beijing and a member of Politburo, was arrested due to the corruption charge in 1995, but many thought that Chen's downfall was mainly due to his bad relationship with Jiang Zemin and opposing some of Jiang's policy. Shanghai Clique became the dominant force in Chinese politics after the death of Deng Xiaoping in 1997, where some of Jiang's close associates such as Li Lanqing gained a seat in the powerful ] and others like ], ], ], and ] all entered politburo. ], the main political rival to Jiang Zemin, was retired in the same year after the Shanghai clique used Qiao's age as the reason to ask him to step down. However, Jiang could not choose his successor since Deng Xiaoping already handpicked ] as Jiang's successor in 1992. | ||
| Outside mainland China, after ] became general secretary of the CCP Central Committee in 2002, there have been many commentary books on the relationship between the Shanghai Gang and the central government headed by Hu at that time. It is still taboo to talk about within the mainland. In the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee elected by the 16th and 17th CCP National Congresses, the "Shanghai Gang" occupied several positions on the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee. Jiang Zemin himself also continued to serve as the chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission after Hu Jintao became the general secretary of the CCP Central Committee. In 2004, he resigned as |
Outside mainland China, after ] became general secretary of the CCP Central Committee in 2002, there have been many commentary books on the relationship between the Shanghai Gang and the central government headed by Hu at that time. It is still taboo to talk about within the mainland. In the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee elected by the 16th and 17th CCP National Congresses, the "Shanghai Gang" occupied several positions on the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee. Jiang Zemin himself also continued to serve as the chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission after Hu Jintao became the general secretary of the CCP Central Committee. In 2004, he resigned as chairman of the Military Commission at the fourth plenary session of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on September 19, 2004, but still retained his office of the Chairman of the Military Commission until the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=分析：习近平欲清盘"上海帮"？ |url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2014/09/140923_shanghai_gang}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91/123316/%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E5%8D%81%E9%A4%98%E5%B9%B4-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B9%AB-%E5%B7%B2%E6%88%90%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E9%BB%83%E8%8A%B1|title=江澤民退休十餘年 「上海幫」已成明日黃花？|date=1 October 2017|website=香港01|accessdate=2 December 2023}}</ref> | ||
| === Jiang's retirement === | === Jiang's retirement === | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
| Upon Jiang's retirement in 2004, it was widely believed that he stuffed the Politburo Standing Committee with his 'own men', and was making it difficult for ] and ] to carry out their own policies. Evidence for this theory included the 5th ] of ], when Hu's efforts to reshuffle the ] was blocked by members of the Shanghai Clique. Wen's ] measures aimed at slowing down infrastructure growth and nationwide overheating in the property sector received great resistance from alleged members of this clique until the fall of ] in September 2006. | Upon Jiang's retirement in 2004, it was widely believed that he stuffed the Politburo Standing Committee with his 'own men', and was making it difficult for ] and ] to carry out their own policies. Evidence for this theory included the 5th ] of ], when Hu's efforts to reshuffle the ] was blocked by members of the Shanghai Clique. Wen's ] measures aimed at slowing down infrastructure growth and nationwide overheating in the property sector received great resistance from alleged members of this clique until the fall of ] in September 2006. | ||
| However, as Jiang had retired from all of his positions at the 4th Plenary Meeting of 16th ] of the CCP, ] became the legitimate Paramount leader. There were signs of important members of the Shanghai Clique defecting to Hu's camp, thereby strengthening Hu's position. In addition, in a bold move in September 2006, Hu acted to purge prominent rival ], former ] and ], for alleged corruption, thus strengthening his position both within the ] and in China.<ref> article ''Top China leader fired for graft'' published 25 September 2006</ref> Follow the death of ] and retirement of ] in 2007, the Shanghai clique was no longer as powerful as before after the 17th Party Congress. Hu Jintao also blocked ], then mayor of Shanghai and a former deputy of Chen Liangyu, to become the Party Secretary of Shanghai and earn a seat in the Politburo. Instead, Hu transferred then Party Secretary of Hubei ] to take over the Party Secretary of Shanghai position from ]. However, the clique still held key positions in Beijing. ], who has been seen as a member of the Shanghai clique and close associate with Jiang Zemin, entered the Politburo Standing Committee in 2007 and became secretary of ], giving him the authority to command China's courts, law enforcement, prosecution agencies, paramilitary forces, and domestic intelligence agencies. Other close associates of Jiang Zemin such as ], ], and ] still remain in the PSC. But with members of ] such as ], ], and ] entering Politburo, the power is more balanced between Jiang and Hu faction. | However, as Jiang had retired from all of his positions at the 4th Plenary Meeting of 16th ] of the CCP, ] became the legitimate Paramount leader. There were signs of important members of the Shanghai Clique defecting to Hu's camp, thereby strengthening Hu's position. In addition, in a bold move in September 2006, Hu acted to purge prominent rival ], former ] and ], for alleged corruption, thus strengthening his position both within the ] and in China.<ref> article ''Top China leader fired for graft'' published 25 September 2006</ref> Following Chen Liangyu's downfall, Hu Jintao also removed some other officials appointed during Jiang Zemin's time in office. ], then commander of PLA navy who was named by Jiang Zemin in 2003, was removed from office in August 2006 and replaced by ]. ], then director of ] named by Jiang Zemin in 1994 and also a close associate of Jiang Zemin, was removed by Hu Jintao in September 2007 and replaced by ]. Follow the death of ] and retirement of ] in 2007, the Shanghai clique was no longer as powerful as before after the 17th Party Congress. Hu Jintao also blocked ], then mayor of Shanghai and a former deputy of Chen Liangyu, to become the Party Secretary of Shanghai and earn a seat in the Politburo. Instead, Hu transferred then Party Secretary of Hubei ] to take over the Party Secretary of Shanghai position from ]. However, the clique still held key positions in Beijing. ], who has been seen as a member of the Shanghai clique and close associate with Jiang Zemin, entered the Politburo Standing Committee in 2007 and became secretary of ], giving him the authority to command China's courts, law enforcement, prosecution agencies, paramilitary forces, and domestic intelligence agencies. Other close associates of Jiang Zemin such as ], ], and ] still remain in the PSC. But with members of ] such as ], ], and ] entering Politburo, the power is more balanced between Jiang and Hu faction. In the issue of choosing Hu Jintao's successor, however, the Shanghai clique successfully blocked Li Keqiang, a core member of Tuanpai and protege of Hu Jintao, from being selected as Hu's successor. Instead, Xi Jinping, who has connections with both Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, are being selected as Hu's successor. | ||
| After ], Hu Jintao successfully removed ] from the position of Party secretary of Xinjiang, where he served since 1994 and was appointed Jiang Zemin. ], a member of Tuanpai, was transferred from Hunan to Xinjiang to take over the position. | |||
| After Hu left office in 2012, the influence of the Shanghai clique was no longer a visible feature of the Chinese political landscape. Some of the inner members of Shanghai clique including ] and ] were being prosecuted under the anti-corruption started after the 18th Party Congress leading by ] and ]. China Leadership Monitor, which calls the group the "Shanghai Gang", has identified ] and ] (who both joined the Politburo Standing Committee in 2017) as members. | After Hu left office in 2012, the influence of the Shanghai clique was no longer a visible feature of the Chinese political landscape. Some of the inner members of Shanghai clique including ] and ] were being prosecuted under the anti-corruption started after the 18th Party Congress leading by ] and ]. China Leadership Monitor, which calls the group the "Shanghai Gang", has identified ] and ] (who both joined the Politburo Standing Committee in 2017) as members. | ||
Latest revision as of 23:28, 13 December 2024
Political faction in China | This History and Membership sections of this article may need to be rewritten to comply with Misplaced Pages's quality standards, as it lacks appropriate sourcing, citations, and may not comply with WP:MOS. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (July 2022) |
| Shanghai clique | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Jiang Zemin |
| Members | Wu Bangguo Huang Ju Zeng Qinghong Jia Qinglin Chen Liangyu Chen Zhili Jia Ting'an |
| Founded | 1989 |
| Dissolved | 2022 |
| Headquarters | Shanghai and Beijing |
| Ideology | Socialism with Chinese characteristics |
The Shanghai clique (simplified Chinese: 上海帮; traditional Chinese: 上海幫; pinyin: Shànghǎi bāng), also referred to as the Shanghai gang, Jiang clique, or Jiang faction, refers to an informal group of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials who rose to prominence under former CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin while he served as the party chief and mayor of Shanghai.
Chinese politics have long been defined by the competition between intra-party factions' ability to place key members and allies in positions of power within the CCP and Chinese government. In the 1990s when Jiang Zemin was the CCP General Secretary, Chinese politics was dominated by the Shanghai gang as Jiang attempted to place cultivated ideological followers in senior positions within the government. Under Hu Jintao, the Shanghai gang balanced Hu's Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL) faction in government and under Xi Jinping, the Shanghai gang continues to contend with Xi's faction wherein both factions attempt to obtain the political upper-hand through the nomination of chosen officials to senior roles.
History
Origins
The Shanghai clique originated in June 1989, when Jiang Zemin, then Party secretary of Shanghai, was elevated as General Secretary of Communist Party after Tiananmen Square protests. However, in the first few years, Jiang was under heavy influence of party elders such as Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun. During this time, Jiang only elevated Zeng Qinghong, then Deputy Party secretary of Shanghai, into Beijing to become Deputy Director of Central Office. After the 14th Party Congress in 1992, some of Jiang's close associates such as Li Lanqing and Wu Bangguo were able to earn a seat in the Politburo. In the following years, some of the Jiang's close associates were placed in important positions. Wu Bangguo became Vice Premier in 1994, and Huang Ju became Party Secretary of Shanghai as well as entered Politburo in the same year. Jia Qinglin, another close associate with Jiang Zemin, became Party secretary of Fujian in 1993. Zeng Qinghong also took over the Central Office in 1993, when he took over the position of director of the office from Wen Jiabao. Some of Jiang's political opponent was removed from the key position. Chen Xitong, then Party secretary of Beijing and a member of Politburo, was arrested due to the corruption charge in 1995, but many thought that Chen's downfall was mainly due to his bad relationship with Jiang Zemin and opposing some of Jiang's policy. Shanghai Clique became the dominant force in Chinese politics after the death of Deng Xiaoping in 1997, where some of Jiang's close associates such as Li Lanqing gained a seat in the powerful Politburo Standing Committee and others like Huang Ju, Zeng Qinghong, Li Changchun, and Jia Qinglin all entered politburo. Qiao Shi, the main political rival to Jiang Zemin, was retired in the same year after the Shanghai clique used Qiao's age as the reason to ask him to step down. However, Jiang could not choose his successor since Deng Xiaoping already handpicked Hu Jintao as Jiang's successor in 1992.
Outside mainland China, after Hu Jintao became general secretary of the CCP Central Committee in 2002, there have been many commentary books on the relationship between the Shanghai Gang and the central government headed by Hu at that time. It is still taboo to talk about within the mainland. In the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee elected by the 16th and 17th CCP National Congresses, the "Shanghai Gang" occupied several positions on the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee. Jiang Zemin himself also continued to serve as the chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission after Hu Jintao became the general secretary of the CCP Central Committee. In 2004, he resigned as chairman of the Military Commission at the fourth plenary session of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on September 19, 2004, but still retained his office of the Chairman of the Military Commission until the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012.
Jiang's retirement
 | This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Upon Jiang's retirement in 2004, it was widely believed that he stuffed the Politburo Standing Committee with his 'own men', and was making it difficult for Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao to carry out their own policies. Evidence for this theory included the 5th Plenary Meeting of 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, when Hu's efforts to reshuffle the Politburo was blocked by members of the Shanghai Clique. Wen's macro-economic measures aimed at slowing down infrastructure growth and nationwide overheating in the property sector received great resistance from alleged members of this clique until the fall of Chen Liangyu in September 2006.
However, as Jiang had retired from all of his positions at the 4th Plenary Meeting of 16th National Congress of the CCP, Hu Jintao became the legitimate Paramount leader. There were signs of important members of the Shanghai Clique defecting to Hu's camp, thereby strengthening Hu's position. In addition, in a bold move in September 2006, Hu acted to purge prominent rival Chen Liangyu, former Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary and Mayor of Shanghai, for alleged corruption, thus strengthening his position both within the party and in China. Following Chen Liangyu's downfall, Hu Jintao also removed some other officials appointed during Jiang Zemin's time in office. Zhang Dingfa, then commander of PLA navy who was named by Jiang Zemin in 2003, was removed from office in August 2006 and replaced by Wu Shengli. You Xigui, then director of Central Guard Bureau named by Jiang Zemin in 1994 and also a close associate of Jiang Zemin, was removed by Hu Jintao in September 2007 and replaced by Cao Qing. Follow the death of Huang Ju and retirement of Zeng Qinghong in 2007, the Shanghai clique was no longer as powerful as before after the 17th Party Congress. Hu Jintao also blocked Han Zheng, then mayor of Shanghai and a former deputy of Chen Liangyu, to become the Party Secretary of Shanghai and earn a seat in the Politburo. Instead, Hu transferred then Party Secretary of Hubei Yu Zhengsheng to take over the Party Secretary of Shanghai position from Xi Jinping. However, the clique still held key positions in Beijing. Zhou Yongkang, who has been seen as a member of the Shanghai clique and close associate with Jiang Zemin, entered the Politburo Standing Committee in 2007 and became secretary of Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, giving him the authority to command China's courts, law enforcement, prosecution agencies, paramilitary forces, and domestic intelligence agencies. Other close associates of Jiang Zemin such as Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, and Li Changchun still remain in the PSC. But with members of Tuanpai such as Li Keqiang, Li Yuanchao, and Wang Yang entering Politburo, the power is more balanced between Jiang and Hu faction. In the issue of choosing Hu Jintao's successor, however, the Shanghai clique successfully blocked Li Keqiang, a core member of Tuanpai and protege of Hu Jintao, from being selected as Hu's successor. Instead, Xi Jinping, who has connections with both Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, are being selected as Hu's successor.
After July 2009 Ürümqi riots, Hu Jintao successfully removed Wang Lequan from the position of Party secretary of Xinjiang, where he served since 1994 and was appointed Jiang Zemin. Zhang Chunxian, a member of Tuanpai, was transferred from Hunan to Xinjiang to take over the position.
After Hu left office in 2012, the influence of the Shanghai clique was no longer a visible feature of the Chinese political landscape. Some of the inner members of Shanghai clique including Zhou Yongkang and Guo Boxiong were being prosecuted under the anti-corruption started after the 18th Party Congress leading by Xi Jinping and Wang Qishan. China Leadership Monitor, which calls the group the "Shanghai Gang", has identified Han Zheng and Wang Huning (who both joined the Politburo Standing Committee in 2017) as members.
Under Hu Jintao
On September 24, 2006, Chen Liangyu, secretary of the CCP Shanghai Municipal Committee, who was an important member of the Shanghai Gang, was dismissed for his involvement in the Shanghai Social Security Fund case; overseas media pointed out that this was the "(Communist Youth) Youth League, headed by Hu Jintao, then General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee. Faction's campaign against the Shanghai Gang in the name of anti-corruption led to the resignation of Chen Liangyu. After Chen Liangyu stepped down, Xi Jinping, then secretary of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007 to serve as the secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, becoming the first municipal Party secretary to be parachuted from other places since 1985.
On June 2, 2007, Huang Ju, then a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee and Vice Premier of the State Council, passed away, which was another important blow to the Shanghai Gang. Faguang quoted Taiwan's Central News Agency as saying that Huang Ju was an important member of the Shanghai Gang, whose "disappearance" was full of political connotations, and was regarded as an important indicator to observe the current CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao and his predecessor Jiang Zemin's strength. Huang Ju's wife, Yu Huiwen, was accused of illegally using billions of yuan in Shanghai social security funds. Less than two months after Huang Ju's death, Wang Weigong, deputy general manager of Shanghai Shenergy Group, who had served as Huang Ju's secretary, was also arrested for his involvement in the Shanghai Social Security Fund case.
On October 15, 2007, the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held. After that, Zeng Qinghong, who was considered to be the core figure of the Shanghai Gang, retired, and Li Keqiang, the former first secretary of the Communist Youth League Central Committee, joined the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, marking the beginning of the Youth League faction.
In 2011, Commonwealth magazine stated that the power struggle between the central government of the Chinese Communist Party controlled by Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao and the local forces in Shanghai led by Jiang Zemin had worsened because the Shanghai Gang advocated that economic development in coastal areas should not be affected by overemphasizing the development of rural areas.
Under Xi Jinping
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In November 2012, Xi Jinping took over as General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee, and Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun and Zhou Yongkang, who were regarded as important members of the Shanghai Gang among the 17th Central Political Bureau Standing Committee, retired after the 18th CCP National Congress. Among the newly elected members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the 18th Central Committee, the Jiang faction is still considered to have the majority. However, after Xi Jinping and Wang Qishan launched an anti-corruption campaign after the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, many Jiang faction officials were sacked in this anti-corruption campaign, including Zhou Yongkang, the former secretary of the Political and Legal Committee of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Guo Boxiong and Guo Boxiong, the former vice chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party. Xu Caihou and others.
2014 Investigations in Shanghai
According to a BBC report, on July 29, 2014, after Zhou Yongkang was announced to be under investigation, the Central Inspection Team was stationed in Shanghai. Zhou Yongkang, a former member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, is regarded as Jiang Zemin's confidant, and Shanghai is Jiang Zemin's base. After the central inspection team arrived in Shanghai, Wang Zongnan, the former chairman of Shanghai Bright Food Group, was put on file. Wang Zongnan was one of Jiang Zemin's confidants. Zhou Yongkang is the target of Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign. On August 1, 2014, the Liberty Times quoted the Financial Times as saying that Jiang Zemin, who was 87 years old at the time, had stepped down as General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee after the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2002 and resigned from the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee. The gang" still retains huge influence within the party. Four or five of the seven standing members of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee are members of the Jiang faction. The current general secretary Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign will turn to Jiang Zemin's stronghold, the Shanghai Gang. The inspection team of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection was stationed in Shanghai, and people with knowledge of the matter told the Financial Times that Jiang Zemin's influence in the party and the military had angered Xi, and the anti-corruption investigation had targeted many of Jiang Zemin's associates, including Xu Caihou, the former vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, who served as Wang Zongnan, chairman of Bright Food Group, was also investigated on suspicion of embezzling public funds and accepting bribes. On October 29, 2014, Zhang Wenyue, head of the second inspection team of the Central Committee, reported to Han Zheng, Secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the problems existing in Shanghai's officialdom, and handed over some leading cadres' clues to the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Central Organization Department and other departments.
19th National Congress
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In October 2017, the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held. Among the members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 18th Central Committee, Zhang Dejiang, Liu Yunshan, Zhang Gaoli, who were regarded as members of the Jiang faction, and Yu Zhengsheng, a former secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, and Guo Boxiong, who were regarded as important members of the Jiang faction. Fan Changlong, the vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, all retired after the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. Han Zheng, who was the last member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 19th CCP Central Committee, was regarded by some as a member of the Shanghai Gang. Li Qiang and Ying Yong, Xi Jinping's former ministries in Zhejiang, broke the convention that since 1991, all the mayors of Shanghai have been local officials.
2020 Investigations in Shanghai
From October to December 2020, the sixth round of inspections of the 19th Central Committee was officially launched, and the fourth inspection team of the Central Committee will visit Shanghai again after a lapse of six years. On February 3, 2021, Zhao Fengtong, the leader of the Fourth Inspection Team of the Central Committee, reported to Li Qiang, Secretary of the CCP Shanghai Municipal Committee, the problems existing in Shanghai's officialdom, and handed over the clues of some leading cadres to the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Central Organization Department.
Membership
Important people who have been identified as belonging to the clique include incumbent standing members of the powerful Politburo of the CCP Central Committee. Members of the Shanghai clique are marked by their tendency to represent urban business interests of the coastal regions, many of them princelings, the children of revolutionary veterans, and their expertise in commercial affairs.
Inner circle
The following individuals owe part of their career advancement to personal support from Jiang. They are listed in rough order of how often they are associated as being part of Jiang's inner circle:
- Li Changchun
- Zhou Yongkang
- Zhang Dejiang
- Liu Yunshan
- Zhang Gaoli
- Yang Xiong
- Han Zheng
- Zeng Peiyan
- Hui Liangyu
- Liu Qi
- Hua Jianmin
- Wu Guanzheng
Clique
These people have been commonly identified as members of the Shanghai clique:
- Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Communist Party
- Wu Bangguo
- Huang Ju
- Zeng Qinghong
- Jia Qinglin
- Chen Liangyu
- Chen Zhili
- Jia Ting'an
Meng Jianzhu, successor of Zhou Yongkang, also served in prominent positions in Shanghai, however they are not closely associated with Jiang and thus are usually not named as part of the Shanghai clique. Likewise, Premier Zhu Rongji, while having climbed through the ranks in Shanghai, was not necessarily associated with Jiang personally.
See also
References
- ^ David M. Finkelstein; Maryanne Kivlehan (2015). China's Leadership in the Twenty-First Century: The Rise of the Fourth Generation. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-317-47492-0.
- Li, Cheng (30 April 2002). The "Shanghai Gang": Force for Stability or Cause for Conflict?* (Report). Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- Shukla, Srijan (14 February 2021). "This is how Xi Jinping gang sidelined CCP deep factions". ThePrint. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ^ "分析：习近平欲清盘"上海帮"？". 23 September 2014.
- "江澤民退休十餘年 「上海幫」已成明日黃花？". 香港01. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- BBC article Top China leader fired for graft published 25 September 2006
- ^ "RFI - 中国国务院副总理黄菊病逝，上海帮势力消长引人关注". www1.rfi.fr. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- "上海申能副总王维工被捕_国内财经_新浪财经_新浪网". finance.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- "胡錦濤鞏固權力，持續對決江澤民的「上海幫」｜天下雜誌". Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ "江澤民上海幫 習近平獵物 - 國際". August 2014.
- ^ "中央第四巡视组巡视上海市工作动员会召开————要闻——中央纪委国家监委网站". www.ccdi.gov.cn. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- Lai, Alexis. "One party, two coalitions - China's factional politics". CNN.
- "Shanghai mayor Han Zheng at the crossroads". South China Morning Post. 22 September 2012.
Han is part of the Shanghai clique, drawing power and possibly protection from former leader Jiang Zemin .
