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|mapsize = |mapsize =
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|12|10|N|44|46|01|E|dim:3km|display=inline,title}} |coordinates = {{Coord|38|12|10|N|44|46|01|E|dim:3km|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=38.202778&mlon=44.766944&zoom=14#map=14/38.2028/44.7669 |website=] |title=Salmas, Salmas County |date=16 February 2024 |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref> |coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=38.202778&mlon=44.766944&zoom=14#map=14/38.20278/44.76694|website=] |title=Salmas, Salmas County|date=27 September 2024|access-date=27 September 2024|lang=fa}}</ref>
|subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = ] |subdivision_name = ]
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<!-- population --> <!-- population -->
| population_rank = TBA, ] | population_rank = TBA, ]
|population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 census"/> |population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 West Azerbaijan Province"/>
|population_as_of = 2016 |population_as_of = 2016
|population_total = 92811 |population_total = 92811
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}} }}


'''Salmas''' ({{lang-fa|سلماس}}; {{Lang-hy|Սալմաստ}}; {{Lang-az|سلماس}}; {{Lang-ku|سەڵماس}}; and {{lang-syr|ܣܵܠܵܡܵܣ|Salamas}})<ref>{{cite web |title=List of all entries |url=http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/list.php?initial=s |website=Assyrian Languages |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> is a city in the ] of ], ] province, ], serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="West Azerbaijan Structure">{{cite web |title = Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the country divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia |language = fa |website = Lamtakam |url = https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113037 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231220192713/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113037 |publisher = Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers |last = Habibi |first = Hassan |date = 7 July 1369 |archive-date = 20 December 2023 |access-date = 20 December 2023}}</ref> It is northwest of ], near ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bosworth|first=C. E.|date=2012|title=Salmās|journal=]|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6560}}</ref> '''Salmas''' ({{langx|fa|سلماس}}){{efn|Also ]d as '''Salamas''' and '''Salmās'''; formerly '''Dīlmagān''', '''Dīlman''', '''Shahpoor''', '''Shāhpūr''', and '''Shapur''';<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3082081}}</ref> also {{langx|hy|Սալմաստ or Դիլման}}; {{langx|az|سلماس|italic=no}}; {{langx|ku|سەڵماس}}; and {{langx|syr|ܣܵܠܵܡܵܣ}}, romanized as '''Salamas'''<ref>{{cite web |title=List of all entries |url=http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/list.php?initial=s |website=Assyrian Languages |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>}} is a city in the ] of ], ] province, ], serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="West Azerbaijan Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia|language=fa|website=lamtakam.com|via=Lam ta Kam|url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113037|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220192713/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113037|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=c. 2023|id=Notification 82808/T137|archive-date=20 December 2023|access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref> It is northwest of ], near ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bosworth|first=C. E.|date=2012|title=Salmās|journal=]|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6560}}</ref>

At the 2006 census, its population was 79,560 in 19,806 households.<ref name="2006 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) | page = 04 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls | access-date = 25 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094953/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls | format = Excel | archive-date = 20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 88,196 people in 23,751 households.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) | page = 04 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = Syracuse University | url = https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230120205939/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls |archive-date = 20 January 2023| access-date = 19 December 2022 | format = Excel}}</ref> The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 92,811 people in 27,115 households.<ref name="2016 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) | page = 04 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx | access-date = 19 December 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220830042935/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx | format = Excel | archive-date = 30 August 2022}}</ref> According to the 2019 census, the city's population is 127,864.<ref name="Statistical Center of Iran">{{cite web |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english |publisher=Statistical Center of Iran |access-date=20 May 2017 |title=2016 Population and Housing Census}}</ref> The majority of the population is composed of ] and ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://salmas.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4626&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR |title=..:: شهرداری سلماس :: |access-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226214507/http://salmas.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4626&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR |archive-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with some ], ], and ].<ref>http://thegraduatesocietyla.org/images/author-padia-others.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>


== Etymology == == Etymology ==
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Two archeological sites showing inhabitation during the Sasanian era has been found near Salmas. One of them is known as Haftan Tepe, which contains Sasanian-era pottery akin to those found in ]. The other is called Qazun Basi, located to the south of Salmas. They were likely used as military and administrative hubs.{{sfn|Ghodrat-Dizaji|2007|p=90}} The 9th-century Muslim historian ] reported that the taxes of Salmas had been long given to ], suggesting that during the ] it was Arab armies from ] that conquered Salmas. During the reign of ] ({{reign|941/42|957}}) of the Daylamite ], Salmas became subjugated to his rule. In 943/44, Marzuban ibn Muhammad repelled an attack on Salmas by the ], and in 955/56, it was attacked by the ] military leader ].{{sfn|Bosworth|1995}} By 975, Salmas was seemingly under the rule of the Kurdish ], who after 983/84 ruled all of Azerbaijan.{{sfn|Peacock|2017}} Two archeological sites showing inhabitation during the Sasanian era has been found near Salmas. One of them is known as Haftan Tepe, which contains Sasanian-era pottery akin to those found in ]. The other is called Qazun Basi, located to the south of Salmas. They were likely used as military and administrative hubs.{{sfn|Ghodrat-Dizaji|2007|p=90}} The 9th-century Muslim historian ] reported that the taxes of Salmas had been long given to ], suggesting that during the ] it was Arab armies from ] that conquered Salmas. During the reign of ] ({{reign|941/42|957}}) of the Daylamite ], Salmas became subjugated to his rule. In 943/44, Marzuban ibn Muhammad repelled an attack on Salmas by the ], and in 955/56, it was attacked by the ] military leader ].{{sfn|Bosworth|1995}} By 975, Salmas was seemingly under the rule of the Kurdish ], who after 983/84 ruled all of Azerbaijan.{{sfn|Peacock|2017}}


Salmas is described by the 10th-century Islamic geographers ] and ] as a tiny town in Azerbaijan with a sturdy wall in a fertile location. Another 10th-century Islamic geographer, ], considers the town to have been part of the administration of Armenia and inhabited by Kurds, which according to the modern scholar and orientalist ] must had been part of the ].{{sfn|Bosworth|1995}} In 1054/55, the ] imposed their rule on the Rawwadids, and in 1070 removed them from power.{{sfn|Peacock|2017}} In 1064, the Seljuk sultan ] ({{reign|1063|1072}}) made a military campaign against the ], Armenians and Georgians, in which the people of Salmas took part.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995}} Salmas is described by the 10th-century Islamic geographers ] and ] as a tiny town in Azerbaijan with a sturdy wall in a fertile location. Another 10th-century Islamic geographer, ], considers the town to have been part of the administration of Armenia and inhabited by Kurds, which according to the modern scholar and orientalist ] must had been part of the ].{{sfn|Bosworth|1995}} In 1054/55, the ] imposed their rule on the ], and in 1070 removed them from power resulting in Salmas being captured by the ].{{sfn|Peacock|2017}} In 1064, the Seljuk sultan ] ({{reign|1063|1072}}) made a military campaign against the ], Armenians and Georgians, in which the Kurds of Salmas took part.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995}}


Salmas was in ruins during the lifetime of the Muslim scholar ] (died 1229), but according to the geographer ] (died after 1339/40), it was once again thriving in the middle of the 14th-century. The ] Khwaja Taj al-Din Ali Shah Tabrizi had rebuilt the town's 8,000-steps long wall during the reign of ] ruler ] ({{reign|1295|1304}}), and Salmas's revenues—presumably those of the entire district—amounted to 39,000 ]s, a large amount.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995}} Salmas was in ruins during the lifetime of the Muslim scholar ] (died 1229), but according to the geographer ] (died after 1339/40), it was once again thriving in the middle of the 14th-century. The ] Khwaja Taj al-Din Ali Shah Tabrizi had rebuilt the town's 8,000-steps long wall during the reign of ] ruler ] ({{reign|1295|1304}}), and Salmas's revenues—presumably those of the entire district—amounted to 39,000 ]s, a large amount.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995}}
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In the Battle of Salmas on 17–18 September 1429, the ] were defeated by ] who was consolidating ] holdings west of ].<ref>Houtsma, M. Th. ''et al''. (1993 reprint) "Tabrīz" ''E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936'' Volume 4, E.J. Brill, New York, , {{ISBN|90-04-09796-1}}</ref> However, the area was retaken by the Kara Koyunlu in 1447 after the death of Shah Rukh. In the Battle of Salmas on 17–18 September 1429, the ] were defeated by ] who was consolidating ] holdings west of ].<ref>Houtsma, M. Th. ''et al''. (1993 reprint) "Tabrīz" ''E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936'' Volume 4, E.J. Brill, New York, , {{ISBN|90-04-09796-1}}</ref> However, the area was retaken by the Kara Koyunlu in 1447 after the death of Shah Rukh.


The ] tribe settled in the Salmas area at the end of the 16th century. It seems that at the time, the governor of Lak and Salmas was interchangeable. Today, there remains a possible final trace of the tribe in the form of a ] area of the tribe which post-] lived dispersed across the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Naṣīrī |first1=ʻAlī Naqī |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/183928765 |title=Titles & emoluments in Safavid Iran: a third manual of Safavid administration |last2=Floor |first2=Willem M. |date=2008 |publisher=Mage Publishers |isbn=978-1-933823-23-2 |location=Washington, DC |pages=270–71 |oclc=183928765}}</ref>
In March 1915 ] ordered 800 ] of Salmas to be killed.''<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Yuhanon |first=B. Beth |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463239961-013/pdf |title=Sayfo 1915 |pages=183 |chapter=The Methods of Killing in the Assyrian Genocide|doi=10.31826/9781463239961-013 |s2cid=198820452 }}</ref>'' ], the Patriarch of the ] was murdered by the ] chieftain ] in Salmas in March 1918.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brill |first=E. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP_hVmik-QYC&pg=PA290 |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. S - Ṭaiba |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09793-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>O'Shea, Maria T. (2004) "Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan'' Routledge, New York, page 100, {{ISBN|0-415-94766-9}}</ref><ref>Nisan, Mordechai (2002) ''Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression'' (2nd edition) McFarland, Jefferson, North Carolina, page 187, {{ISBN|0-7864-1375-1}}</ref>

In March 1915 ] ordered 800 ] of Salmas to be killed.''<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Yuhanon |first=B. Beth |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463239961-013/pdf |title=Sayfo 1915 |pages=183 |chapter=The Methods of Killing in the Assyrian Genocide|date=30 April 2018 |publisher=Gorgias Press |doi=10.31826/9781463239961-013 |isbn=978-1-4632-3996-1 |s2cid=198820452 }}</ref>'' ], the Patriarch of the ] was murdered by the ] chieftain ] in Salmas in March 1918.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brill |first=E. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP_hVmik-QYC&pg=PA290 |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. S - Ṭaiba |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09793-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>O'Shea, Maria T. (2004) "Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan'' Routledge, New York, page 100, {{ISBN|0-415-94766-9}}</ref><ref>Nisan, Mordechai (2002) ''Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression'' (2nd edition) McFarland, Jefferson, North Carolina, page 187, {{ISBN|0-7864-1375-1}}</ref>


Around the advent of the 1910s, ] started to station infantry and ] in Salmas.{{sfn|Atabaki|2006|page=70}} The Russians retreated at the time of ]'s offensive in the Iran-Caucasus region, but returned in early 1916, and stayed up to the wake of the ].{{sfn|Atabaki|2006|page=70}} Around the advent of the 1910s, ] started to station infantry and ] in Salmas.{{sfn|Atabaki|2006|page=70}} The Russians retreated at the time of ]'s offensive in the Iran-Caucasus region, but returned in early 1916, and stayed up to the wake of the ].{{sfn|Atabaki|2006|page=70}}

==Demographics==
===Language and ethnicity===
The majority of the population is composed of ] and ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://salmas.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4626&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR |title=..:: شهرداری سلماس :: |access-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226214507/http://salmas.ir/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4626&Site=DouranPortal&Lang=fa-IR |archive-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with some ], ], and ].<ref>http://thegraduatesocietyla.org/images/author-padia-others.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812101544/http://thegraduatesocietyla.org/images/author-padia-others.pdf |date=12 August 2017 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

===Population===
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 79,560 in 19,806 households.<ref name="2006 West Azerbaijan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): West Azerbaijan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094953/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 88,196 people in 23,751 households.<ref name="2011 West Azerbaijan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): West Azerbaijan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120205939/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls|archive-date=20 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 92,811 people in 27,115 households.<ref name="2016 West Azerbaijan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): West Azerbaijan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830042935/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> According to the 2019 census, the city's population is 127,864.<ref name="Statistical Center of Iran">{{cite web |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english |publisher=Statistical Center of Iran |access-date=20 May 2017 |title=2016 Population and Housing Census}}</ref>


==Geography== ==Geography==
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> <gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Salmas in Circa1700-Circa1720 Homann Map of "Persian Empire" - Jomann Imperium Periscum.jpg|Salmas in 1724<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7620.ct001334/|title = Imperii Persici in omnes suas provincias nova tabula geographica|website = ]}}</ref> ] Map of "]" at the Time of ] • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri File:Salmas in Circa1700-Circa1720 Homann Map of "Persian Empire" - Jomann Imperium Periscum.jpg|Salmas in 1724<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7620.ct001334/|title = Imperii Persici in omnes suas provincias nova tabula geographica|website = ]| date=January 1724 }}</ref> ] Map of "]" at the Time of ] • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri
File:Salmas in 1730 Ottens Map of the "Persian Empire" - Geographicus; RegnumPersicum - Ottens 1730.jpg|Salmas in 1730 ] and ] Map of the "]" at the Time of ] • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri File:Salmas in 1730 Ottens Map of the "Persian Empire" - Geographicus; RegnumPersicum - Ottens 1730.jpg|Salmas in 1730 ] and ] Map of the "]" at the Time of ] • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri
File:Salmas in 1747 Emanuel Bowen Map of the "Persian Empire at the Time of Afsharid Dynasty".jpg|Salmas in 1747 ] Map of the "]" at the Time of ] • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri File:Salmas in 1747 Emanuel Bowen Map of the "Persian Empire at the Time of Afsharid Dynasty".jpg|Salmas in 1747 ] Map of the "]" at the Time of ] • Modified by Hassan Jahangiri
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===Climate=== ===Climate===
Under the ], using the {{convert|0|°C|0}} isotherm, Salmas features a ] (''Dsa''), and is thus one of the few cities in the ] and one of the 6 in the country with this categorization. Under the ], Salmas features a ] (''BSk''), typical of northwestern Iran.


{{Weather box |width=auto {{Weather box |width=auto
|metric first = yes
| single line = Yes | single line = Yes
| location = Salmas (Weather Station Located in ] Airport) | location = Salmas (2001-2010 normals)


| temperature colour =

<!-- Record high temperatures -->
| Jan record high F = 49
| Feb record high F = 61
| Mar record high F = 73
| Apr record high F = 90
| May record high F = 92
| Jun record high F = 99
| Jul record high F = 106
| Aug record high F = 109
| Sep record high F = 102
| Oct record high F = 93
| Nov record high F = 74
| Dec record high F = 67
| year record high F = 109


<!-- Average high temperatures --> <!-- Average high temperatures -->
| Jan high C = -0.8 | Jan high C = 2.0
| Feb high C = 1.1 | Feb high C = 5.6
| Mar high C = 7.4 | Mar high C = 12.1
| Apr high C = 14.5 | Apr high C = 16.6
| May high C = 20.2 | May high C = 22.0
| Jun high C = 25.8 | Jun high C = 28.2
| Jul high C = 30.5 | Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 30.2 | Aug high C = 31.5
| Sep high C = 26.1 | Sep high C = 26.9
| Oct high C = 18.2 | Oct high C = 20.6
| Nov high C = 10.5 | Nov high C = 11.5
| Dec high C = 2.8 | Dec high C = 4.8
| year high C = | year high C =


<!-- Mean daily temperature --> <!-- Mean daily temperature -->
| Jan mean C = -5.8 | Jan mean C = -2.7
| Feb mean C = -4.1 | Feb mean C = 0.5
| Mar mean C = 2.3 | Mar mean C = 6.2
| Apr mean C = 8.9 | Apr mean C = 10.7
| May mean C = 13.8 | May mean C = 15.3
| Jun mean C = 18.4 | Jun mean C = 20.6
| Jul mean C = 22.8 | Jul mean C = 24.0
| Aug mean C = 22.3 | Aug mean C = 24.0
| Sep mean C = 18.1 | Sep mean C = 19.3
| Oct mean C = 11.5 | Oct mean C = 13.8
| Nov mean C = 4.8 | Nov mean C = 5.9
| Dec mean C = -2.0 | Dec mean C = -0.1
| year mean C = | year mean C =


<!-- Average low temperatures --> <!-- Average low temperatures -->
| Jan low C = -10.7 | Jan low C = -7.5
| Feb low C = -9.5 | Feb low C = -4.6
| Mar low C = -3.0 | Mar low C = 0.3
| Apr low C = 3.0 | Apr low C = 4.8
| May low C = 7.1 | May low C = 8.5
| Jun low C = 10.6 | Jun low C = 13.1
| Jul low C = 14.8 | Jul low C = 16.7
| Aug low C = 14.2 | Aug low C = 16.5
| Sep low C = 9.5 | Sep low C = 11.7
| Oct low C = 4.6 | Oct low C = 7.0
| Nov low C = -0.9 | Nov low C = 0.3
| Dec low C = -6.6 | Dec low C = -5.0
| year low C = | year low C =


| precipitation colour = green
<!-- Record low temperatures -->
| Jan record low F = -18 | Jan precipitation mm =10.3
| Feb record low F = -21 | Feb precipitation mm =16.8
| Mar record low F = -17 | Mar precipitation mm =29.9
| Apr record low F = -8 | Apr precipitation mm =43.9
| May record low F = 13 | May precipitation mm =46.0
| Jun record low F = 40 | Jun precipitation mm =20.7
| Jul record low F = 52 | Jul precipitation mm =8.0
| Aug record low F = 47 | Aug precipitation mm =8.1
| Sep record low F = 37 | Sep precipitation mm =9.9
| Oct record low F = 20 | Oct precipitation mm =22.6
| Nov record low F = -7 | Nov precipitation mm =21.5
| Dec record low F = -17 | Dec precipitation mm =9.8
| year record low F = | year precipitation mm =

<!-- Rainfall -->
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain inch = 1.22
| Feb rain inch = 1.45
| Mar rain inch = 2.07
| Apr rain inch = 3.54
| May rain inch = 6.47
| Jun rain inch = 4.84
| Jul rain inch = 2.44
| Aug rain inch = 1.71
| Sep rain inch = 2.13
| Oct rain inch = 2.2
| Nov rain inch = 1.54
| Dec rain inch = 1.22
| year rain inch =

<!-- Snowfall -->
<!-- IMPORTANT: Do NOT use snow depth information in the snowfall area! These are 2 different kinds of data! -->
| snow colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green snowfall colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue colouring. -->
| Jan snow inch = 3.45
| Feb snow inch = 2.35
| Mar snow inch = 2.32
| Apr snow inch = 0
| May snow inch = 0
| Jun snow inch = 0
| Jul snow inch = 0
| Aug snow inch = 0
| Sep snow inch = 0
| Oct snow inch = 0
| Nov snow inch = 0
| Dec snow inch = 1.96
| year snow inch =

<!-- Average number of precipitation days -->
| unit precipitation days = <!-- If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.1 in, 0.01 in. -->
| precip days colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green colours, "pastel" for pastel colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue colouring. Affects rain and snow days as well -->
| Jan precipitation days =
| Feb precipitation days =
| Mar precipitation days =
| Apr precipitation days =
| May precipitation days =
| Jun precipitation days =
| Jul precipitation days =
| Aug precipitation days =
| Sep precipitation days =
| Oct precipitation days =
| Nov precipitation days =
| Dec precipitation days =
| year precipitation days =

<!-- Average number of rainy days -->
| unit rain days = <!-- If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.1 in, 0.01 in. -->
| Jan rain days = 7.9
| Feb rain days = 9.1
| Mar rain days = 11.8
| Apr rain days = 12
| May rain days = 13.1
| Jun rain days = 8.4
| Jul rain days = 3.9
| Aug rain days = 3.3
| Sep rain days = 5.3
| Oct rain days = 5.9
| Nov rain days = 6.5
| Dec rain days = 7.3
| year rain days =

<!-- Average number of snowy days -->
| unit snow days = <!-- If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.1 in, 0.01 in. -->
| Jan snow days = 2.75
| Feb snow days = 2.25
| Mar snow days = 1.75
| Apr snow days = 0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0
| Dec snow days = 2.25
| year snow days =


<!-- Average daily % humidity --> <!-- Average daily % humidity -->
Line 279: Line 189:
| time day = <!-- The time of day the humidity was measured at. Affects afternoon % humidity as well --> | time day = <!-- The time of day the humidity was measured at. Affects afternoon % humidity as well -->
| daily = <!-- Enter "Y" if the humidity is for the entire day. Affects afternoon % humidity as well --> | daily = <!-- Enter "Y" if the humidity is for the entire day. Affects afternoon % humidity as well -->
| Jan humidity = 75.0 | Jan humidity = 76
| Feb humidity = 64.3 | Feb humidity = 69
| Mar humidity = 55.8 | Mar humidity = 58
| Apr humidity = 48.6 | Apr humidity = 56
| May humidity = 43.3 | May humidity = 58
| Jun humidity = 38.4 | Jun humidity = 45
| Jul humidity = 37.0 | Jul humidity = 43
| Aug humidity = 36.0 | Aug humidity = 40
| Sep humidity = 39.8 | Sep humidity = 42
| Oct humidity = 47.0 | Oct humidity = 52
| Nov humidity = 52.9 | Nov humidity = 68
| Dec humidity = 66.4 | Dec humidity = 76
| year humidity = | year humidity =
| Jan dew point C =-5.8

| Feb dew point C =-5.0
| Mar dew point C =-2.6
| Apr dew point C =1.5
| May dew point C =6.2
| Jun dew point C =8.0
| Jul dew point C =10.9
| Aug dew point C =10.1
| Sep dew point C =5.8
| Oct dew point C =3.7
| Nov dew point C =0.0
| Dec dew point C =-4.8
<!-- Average monthly sunshine hours, monthly totals are preferred, and will produce colours, but percentages are accepted. Use either the monthly or daily sunshine (depending on the source) but not both. --> <!-- Average monthly sunshine hours, monthly totals are preferred, and will produce colours, but percentages are accepted. Use either the monthly or daily sunshine (depending on the source) but not both. -->
| Jan sun = 147.6 | Jan sun = 139.0
| Feb sun = 202.8 | Feb sun = 168.4
| Mar sun = 239.8 | Mar sun = 214.7
| Apr sun = 311.2 | Apr sun = 214.0
| May sun = 352.6 | May sun = 245.3
| Jun sun = 343.4 | Jun sun = 347.4
| Jul sun = 356.3 | Jul sun = 354.4
| Aug sun = 355.6 | Aug sun = 348.4
| Sep sun = 276.9 | Sep sun = 305.8
| Oct sun = 202.6 | Oct sun = 240.0
| Nov sun = 150.8 | Nov sun = 174.3
| Dec sun = 153.2 | Dec sun = 137.8
| year sun = | year sun =


<!-- Mandatory fields, source --> <!-- Mandatory fields, source -->
| source = Iran Meteorological Organization(temperatures<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/5.asp |title=Form 5: AVERAGE OF MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE IN C. Station: Salmas(40722) |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122205857/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/5.asp |archive-date=22 November 2014 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}}
| source = {{cite web |url=https://www.weathertrends360.com/ |title=Weather Trends 360}}<ref name="Weather Trends">{{cite web |url=https://www.weathertrends360.com/ |title=Weather Trends 360 |publisher=], Inc.|access-date=26 February 2017 }}</ref> Weatherbase<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=602721&cityname=Salmas-Azarbayjan-e-Gharbi-Iran&units=metric |title=Salmas, Iran |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=6 December 2020 }}</ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/ |title=World Weather Online}}<ref name="WorldWeatherOnline.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/ |title=World Weather Online |publisher=Data provided by WorldWeatherOnline.com |access-date=6 June 2017 }}</ref>
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/2.asp |title=Form 2: AVERAGE OF MINIMUM TEMPERATURE IN C. Station: Salmas(40722) |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511000741/http://chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/2.asp |archive-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/3.asp |title=Form 3: AVERAGE OF MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN C. Station: Salmas(40722) |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510233214/http://chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/3.asp |archive-date=10 May 2015 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}}</ref>), (precipitaion<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/25.asp |title=Form 25: Monthly total of precipitation in mm. Station: Salmas(40722) |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114190956/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/25.asp |archive-date=14 November 2014 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}}</ref>), (humidity, dew point and sun 2001-2005<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/14.asp |title=Form 14: AVERAGE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PERCENT Station: Salmas(40722) |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606074525/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/14.asp |archive-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/10.asp |title=Form 10: AVERAGE OF DEW POINT TEMPERATURE IN C. Station: Salmas(40722) |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507013454/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/10.asp |archive-date=7 May 2013 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/42.asp |title=Form 42: Monthly total of sunshine hours Station: Salmas(40722) |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606055417/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/azg/SALMAS/42.asp |archive-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}}</ref>)
}} }}


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*] *]


{{Commons category}} {{Commons category-inline}}


{{Portal|Iran}} {{Portal-inline|Iran}}
{{clear}} {{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
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{{Salmas County|state=collapsed}} {{Salmas County|state=collapsed}}


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Latest revision as of 02:42, 14 December 2024

City in West Azerbaijan province, Iran For the administrative division of West Azerbaijan province, see Salmas County.

City in West Azerbaijan, Iran
Salmas سلماس
City
Salmas
Salmas is located in IranSalmasSalmas
Coordinates: 38°12′10″N 44°46′01″E / 38.20278°N 44.76694°E / 38.20278; 44.76694
CountryIran
ProvinceWest Azerbaijan
CountySalmas
DistrictCentral
Earliest Recognition224–242 AD
Rebuilt1930
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodySalmas
 • MayorN/A
Area
 • Total9.26 sq mi (24.0 km)
 • Land9.26 sq mi (24.0 km)
 • Water0 sq mi (0 km)
 • Metro4.75 sq mi (12.3 km)
Elevation4,532 ft (1,381 m)
Population
 • Total92,811
 • RankTBA, Iran
 • Density10,000/sq mi (3,900/km)
Demonym(s)Salmasi, Salmassi
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
ZIP code58811 ≤ 58XXX ≤ 58991
Area code44

Salmas (Persian: سلماس) is a city in the Central District of Salmas County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is northwest of Lake Urmia, near Turkey.

Etymology

The original name of Salmas was Dilman, which is probably related to the Daylamites who sometimes controlled the region. In the 20th-century, it was known as Shapur.

History

The rock relief in the Khan-Takhti village near Salmas, constructed during the reign of the Sasanian monarch Ardashir I (r. 224–242)

Salmas is located in the historic Azerbaijan region. Its archaeological relics, which date as far back as the Urartian kingdom (860 BC–590 BC), attest to its long human habitation. Salmas was part of the Armenian province of Nor Shirakan (also known as Persarmenia), which was inhabited by Armenians. A rock relief erected during the reign of the Sasanian monarch Ardashir I (r. 224–242) is located in the Khan-Takhti village near Salmas. This rock relief illustrates two akin scenarios in which a standing man receives a ring from a man riding a horse.

The standing men's names are subject to interpretation, but the horsemen are typically considered to be Ardashir I and his son and heir, Shapur I. The German orientalist Ferdinand Justi (died 1907) theorized that the relief is meant to show the Armenians' gratitude to Ardashir I and Shapur I, something which some later scholars supported. The Iranologist Ehsan Shavarebi considers this theory to be "logical" but stresses that "we need more investigations on the event depicted on the relief." He suggests that the rock relief is meant to illustrate the probable peace made between Ardashir I and the Kingdom of Armenia. When the Arsacid house of Armenia was abolished and the country was made a Sasanian province in 428, Nor Shirakan and Paytakaran were incorporated into the Sasanian province of Adurbadagan.

Two archeological sites showing inhabitation during the Sasanian era has been found near Salmas. One of them is known as Haftan Tepe, which contains Sasanian-era pottery akin to those found in Takht-e Soleyman. The other is called Qazun Basi, located to the south of Salmas. They were likely used as military and administrative hubs. The 9th-century Muslim historian al-Baladhuri reported that the taxes of Salmas had been long given to Mosul, suggesting that during the Arab conquest of Iran it was Arab armies from Diyar Rabi'a that conquered Salmas. During the reign of Marzuban ibn Muhammad (r. 941/42–957) of the Daylamite Sallarid dynasty, Salmas became subjugated to his rule. In 943/44, Marzuban ibn Muhammad repelled an attack on Salmas by the Hamdanid dynasty, and in 955/56, it was attacked by the Kurdish military leader Daysam. By 975, Salmas was seemingly under the rule of the Kurdish Rawadid dynasty, who after 983/84 ruled all of Azerbaijan.

Salmas is described by the 10th-century Islamic geographers Ibn Hawkal and al-Istakhri as a tiny town in Azerbaijan with a sturdy wall in a fertile location. Another 10th-century Islamic geographer, al-Maqdisi, considers the town to have been part of the administration of Armenia and inhabited by Kurds, which according to the modern scholar and orientalist Clifford Edmund Bosworth must had been part of the Hadhabani tribe. In 1054/55, the Seljuk Empire imposed their rule on the Rawwadids, and in 1070 removed them from power resulting in Salmas being captured by the Seljuks. In 1064, the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan (r. 1063–1072) made a military campaign against the Byzantines, Armenians and Georgians, in which the Kurds of Salmas took part.

Salmas was in ruins during the lifetime of the Muslim scholar Yaqut al-Hamawi (died 1229), but according to the geographer Hamdallah Mustawfi (died after 1339/40), it was once again thriving in the middle of the 14th-century. The vizier Khwaja Taj al-Din Ali Shah Tabrizi had rebuilt the town's 8,000-steps long wall during the reign of Ilkhanate ruler Ghazan (r. 1295–1304), and Salmas's revenues—presumably those of the entire district—amounted to 39,000 dinars, a large amount.

Another mention of the city was made in 1281, when its Assyrian bishop made the trip to the consecration of the Assyrian Church of the East patriarch Yaballaha in Baghdad.

In the Battle of Salmas on 17–18 September 1429, the Kara Koyunlu were defeated by Shah Rukh who was consolidating Timurid holdings west of Lake Urmia. However, the area was retaken by the Kara Koyunlu in 1447 after the death of Shah Rukh.

The Lak tribe settled in the Salmas area at the end of the 16th century. It seems that at the time, the governor of Lak and Salmas was interchangeable. Today, there remains a possible final trace of the tribe in the form of a Lakestan area of the tribe which post-Safavids lived dispersed across the country.

In March 1915 Cevdet Bey ordered 800 Assyrians of Salmas to be killed. Mar Shimun, the Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East was murdered by the Kurdish chieftain Simko Shikak in Salmas in March 1918.

Around the advent of the 1910s, Imperial Russia started to station infantry and Cossacks in Salmas. The Russians retreated at the time of Enver Pasha's offensive in the Iran-Caucasus region, but returned in early 1916, and stayed up to the wake of the Russian Revolution.

Demographics

Language and ethnicity

The majority of the population is composed of Azerbaijanis and Kurds with some Armenians, Assyrians, and Jews.

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 79,560 in 19,806 households. The following census in 2011 counted 88,196 people in 23,751 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 92,811 people in 27,115 households. According to the 2019 census, the city's population is 127,864.

Geography

Salmas in early atlases

The atlases below are some of the earliest maps to have been ever sketched to show the territory and originality of the name of Salmas and are some of the strongest documents providing proofs to some basic facts about the city including its existence and identity.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Salmas features a cold semi-arid climate (BSk), typical of northwestern Iran.

Climate data for Salmas (2001-2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6) 		5.6
(42.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		28.2
(82.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		26.9
(80.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		17.8
(64.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.7
(27.1) 		0.5
(32.9) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.3
(59.5) 		20.6
(69.1) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.0
(75.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		5.9
(42.6) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		11.5
(52.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.5
(18.5) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		13.1
(55.6) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.0
(44.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		5.1
(41.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 10.3
(0.41) 		16.8
(0.66) 		29.9
(1.18) 		43.9
(1.73) 		46.0
(1.81) 		20.7
(0.81) 		8.0
(0.31) 		8.1
(0.32) 		9.9
(0.39) 		22.6
(0.89) 		21.5
(0.85) 		9.8
(0.39) 		247.5
(9.75)
Average relative humidity (%) 76 69 58 56 58 45 43 40 42 52 68 76 57
Average dew point °C (°F) −5.8
(21.6) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		1.5
(34.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.8
(42.4) 		3.7
(38.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		2.3
(36.2)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 139.0 168.4 214.7 214.0 245.3 347.4 354.4 348.4 305.8 240.0 174.3 137.8 2,889.5
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization(temperatures), (precipitaion), (humidity, dew point and sun 2001-2005)
Salmas Historical Population
YearPopulation±%
1930 ~8000—    
1934 ~7000—    
1956 13,161—    
1966 21,703+64.9%
1976 27,638+27.3%
1986 50,573+83.0%
1996 65,416+29.3%
2006 89,617+37.0%
2011 97,060+8.3%
2016 101,441+4.5%
2021 N/A—    
Note: The data presented of 1976 and earlier (1956–1976) are from the censuses before Iranian Revolution and the data of 1986 and later (1986–2016) are from the censuses after it. The data for the years 1920 and 1924 are not of any censuses. Sources: "Population and Housing Census". Statistical Center of Iran. (used for censuses of 2006 and later), "An Analysis to the Urban System of West Azerbaijan Province During the Years 1956 till 2006". Urban Ecology Researches. (used for censuses of 1996 and earlier; the amounts are obtained from the data given in "Real Population" columns!), "Location and Geography of the City". Salmas County Municipality. (used for data of the years 1920 and 1924)

Notable people

Gallery

  • Overall View of Imam St. and Shahrdari Sq. Overall View of Imam St. and Shahrdari Sq.
  • Islamic Republic Blvd., Near Panahi Technical School Islamic Republic Blvd., Near Panahi Technical School
  • Khan Takhti-Rd near Salmas Khan Takhti-Rd near Salmas
  • The Haftvan Church The Haftvan Church
  • Chaldean Catholic Church in Salmas Chaldean Catholic Church in Salmas
  • Salmas Salmas
  • An angled front view of Salmas Imam Khomeini Prayer House, 2017 An angled front view of Salmas Imam Khomeini Prayer House, 2017
  • A view of Nation Park in a Winter night, 2016 A view of Nation Park in a Winter night, 2016

See also

Media related to Salmas at Wikimedia Commons

flag Iran portal

Notes

  1. Also romanized as Salamas and Salmās; formerly Dīlmagān, Dīlman, Shahpoor, Shāhpūr, and Shapur; also Armenian: Սալմաստ or Դիլման; Azerbaijani: سلماس; Kurdish: سەڵماس; and Syriac: ܣܵܠܵܡܵܣ, romanized as Salamas

References

  1. OpenStreetMap contributors (27 September 2024). "Salmas, Salmas County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  2. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): West Azerbaijan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. Salmas can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3082081" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  4. "List of all entries". Assyrian Languages. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  5. Habibi, Hassan (c. 2023) . Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia. lamtakam.com (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Notification 82808/T137. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023 – via Lam ta Kam.
  6. Bosworth, C. E. (2012). "Salmās". Encyclopedia of Islam. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6560.
  7. ^ Bosworth 1995.
  8. ^ Ghodrat-Dizaji 2010, p. 75.
  9. ^ Shavarebi 2014, p. 115.
  10. Shahinyan 2016, pp. 194–195.
  11. Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007, p. 90.
  12. ^ Peacock 2017.
  13. Houtsma, M. Th. et al. (1993 reprint) "Salmas" E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 Volume 4, E.J. Brill, New York, page 118, ISBN 90-04-09796-1
  14. Houtsma, M. Th. et al. (1993 reprint) "Tabrīz" E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 Volume 4, E.J. Brill, New York, page 588, ISBN 90-04-09796-1
  15. Naṣīrī, ʻAlī Naqī; Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles & emoluments in Safavid Iran: a third manual of Safavid administration. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. pp. 270–71. ISBN 978-1-933823-23-2. OCLC 183928765.
  16. Yuhanon, B. Beth (30 April 2018). "The Methods of Killing in the Assyrian Genocide". Sayfo 1915. Gorgias Press. p. 183. doi:10.31826/9781463239961-013. ISBN 978-1-4632-3996-1. S2CID 198820452.
  17. Brill, E. J. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. S - Ṭaiba. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09793-3.
  18. O'Shea, Maria T. (2004) "Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan Routledge, New York, page 100, ISBN 0-415-94766-9
  19. Nisan, Mordechai (2002) Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression (2nd edition) McFarland, Jefferson, North Carolina, page 187, ISBN 0-7864-1375-1
  20. ^ Atabaki 2006, p. 70.
  21. "..:: شهرداری سلماس ::". Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  22. http://thegraduatesocietyla.org/images/author-padia-others.pdf Archived 12 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  23. Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): West Azerbaijan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  24. Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): West Azerbaijan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
  25. "2016 Population and Housing Census". Statistical Center of Iran. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  26. "Imperii Persici in omnes suas provincias nova tabula geographica". Library of Congress. January 1724.
  27. "Form 5: AVERAGE OF MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE IN C. Station: Salmas(40722)". Chaharmahalmet. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. "Form 25: Monthly total of precipitation in mm. Station: Salmas(40722)". Chaharmahalmet. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  29. "Form 14: AVERAGE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN PERCENT Station: Salmas(40722)". Chaharmahalmet. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. "Form 42: Monthly total of sunshine hours Station: Salmas(40722)". Chaharmahalmet. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

Sources

External links


West Azerbaijan province, Iran
List of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan Province
Capital
Counties
and cities
Tourism
PlacesList of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan Province
Iran Salmas County
Capital
Districts
Central
Cities
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and villages
Kenarporuzh
Koreh Soni
Lakestan
Zulachay
Kuhsar
Cities
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Rural Districts
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Chahriq
Shenetal
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