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{{short description|Term used by various esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine}} {{short description|Term used in esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine}}
{{redirect|Subtle energy|the mystical concept of psychospiritual bodies overlaying the physical body|Subtle body}} {{redirect|Subtle energy|the mystical concept of psychospiritual bodies overlaying the physical body|Subtle body}}
{{redirect|Cosmic energy}} {{redirect|Cosmic energy}}{{Not to be confused|Energy}}
{{Paranormal}}
{{Alternative medicine sidebar |fringe}} {{Alternative medicine sidebar |fringe}}


Proponents and practitioners of various ] forms of ] and ] refer to a variety of claimed experiences and phenomena as being due to "'''energy'''" or "'''force'''" that defy measurement and thus are distinguished from the scientific form of ].<ref name="Stenger">{{cite journal |last=Stenger |first=Victor J |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508003317/http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Medicine/Biofield.html |url=http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Medicine/Biofield.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-05-08 |title=Bioenergetic Fields |journal=The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine |volume=3 |number=1 |date=Spring–Summer 1999 |access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Jonathan C. |title=Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit |date=2010 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-1405181228 |pages=268–274}}</ref> Proponents and practitioners of various ] forms of ] and ] refer to a variety of claimed experiences and phenomena as being due to "'''energy'''" or "'''force'''" that defy measurement or ], and thus are distinct from uses of the term "]" in science.<ref name="Stenger">{{cite journal |last=Stenger |first=Victor J |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508003317/http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Medicine/Biofield.html |url=http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Medicine/Biofield.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-05-08 |title=Bioenergetic Fields |journal=The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine |volume=3 |number=1 |date=Spring–Summer 1999 |access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Jonathan C. |title=Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit |date=2010 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-1405181228 |pages=268–274}}</ref>


Claims related to energy therapies are most often ], rather than being based on repeatable ] evidence.<ref name="energy">{{cite web |url=http://skepdic.com/energy.html |title=energy – (according to New Age thinking) |publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary |date=2011-12-19 |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref><ref name=Barrett>{{cite web |url=http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/reich.html |title=Some Notes on Wilhelm Reich, M.D |publisher=Quackwatch.org |date=2002-02-15 |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref><ref name="Jarvis">{{cite web |last1=Jarvis |first1=William T. |url=https://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/reiki.html |title=Reiki |publisher=National Council Against Health Fraud |date=2000-12-01 |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref> Claims related to energy therapies are most often ], rather than being based on repeatable ] evidence, thus not following the ].<ref name="energy">{{cite web |url=http://skepdic.com/energy.html |title=energy – (according to New Age thinking) |publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary |date=2011-12-19 |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref><ref name=Barrett>{{cite web |url=http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/reich.html |title=Some Notes on Wilhelm Reich, M.D |publisher=Quackwatch.org |date=2002-02-15 |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref><ref name="Jarvis">{{cite web |last1=Jarvis |first1=William T. |url=https://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/reiki.html |title=Reiki |publisher=National Council Against Health Fraud |date=2000-12-01 |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref>


There is no ] for the existence of such energy,<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Stenger"/> and physics educators criticize the use of the term "energy" to describe the ideas as potentially confusing.<ref name="arias">{{cite journal |last1=Arias |first1=A. G. |date=August 2012 |title=Use and misuse of the concept energy |journal=Latin American Journal of Physics Education |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=400 |citeseerx=10.1.1.669.3285}}</ref> There is no ] for the existence of such energy,<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Stenger"/> and physics educators criticize the use of the term "energy" to describe ideas in esotericism and spirituality as unavoidably confusing.<ref name="arias">{{cite journal |last1=Arias |first1=A. G. |date=August 2012 |title=Use and misuse of the concept energy |journal=Latin American Journal of Physics Education |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=400 |citeseerx=10.1.1.669.3285}}</ref>


==History== ==History==
Concepts such as "life force", "'']''" and "'']''" existed from antiquity and emerged from the debate over ] in the 18th and 19th centuries with Mesmer and the magnetism. They continued to be discussed in the 20th century by some thinkers and practitioners in the modern ] movement.<ref name="Stenger"/><ref name="Smith"/> Concepts such as "life force", "'']''" and "'']''" existed from antiquity. In the 18th century, ] ignited debate with his theory of ]. Attention to ] grew in the 18th and 19th centuries. Interest continued into the 20th century, largely fuelled by adherents of the ] movement.<ref name="Stenger"/><ref name="Smith"/>


As biologists studied ] and ], particularly before the discovery of genes, a variety of organisational forces were posited to account for their observations. German biologist ] (1867–1941), proposed ], an energy which he believed controlled organic processes.<ref name="Vitalism">{{cite web |last1=Bechtel |first1=William |last2=Richardson |first2=Robert C. |title=Vitalism |url=http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/~bill/teaching/philbio/vitalism.htm |website=William Bechtel's Web |publisher=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=2014-05-02 |date=1998}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|sure=yes |reason=Source appears to be a self-published site. |date=November 2017}} However such ideas are discredited and modern ] has all but abandoned the attempt to associate additional energetic properties with ].<ref name="Vitalism"/> As biologists studied ] and ], particularly before the discovery of genes, a variety of organisational forces were posited to account for their observations. German biologist ] (1867–1941), proposed ], an energy which he believed controlled organic processes.<ref name="Vitalism">{{cite book | last=Bechtel | first=William | last2=Richardson | first2=Robert C. |editor-last=Craig | editor-first=Edward | title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Taylor |chapter=Vitalism |chapter-url=http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/~bill/teaching/philbio/vitalism.htm|year=1998|volume=9: Sociology of Knowledge to Zoroastrianism|oclc=38096851|isbn=9780415187145|quote=Vitalism has fallen out of favour, though it had advocates even into the twentieth century. }}</ref> However such ideas are discredited and modern ] has all but abandoned the attempt to associate additional energetic properties with ].<ref name="Vitalism"/>


It is not the scientific concept of energy that is being referred to in the context of spirituality and alternative medicine. As ] writes: It is not the scientific concept of energy that is being referred to in the context of spirituality and alternative medicine. As ] writes:
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Despite the lack of scientific support, spiritual writers and thinkers have maintained ideas about energy and continue to promote them either as useful allegories or as fact.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jonas |first1=WB |last2=Crawford |first2=CC |title=Science and spiritual healing: a critical review of spiritual healing, "energy" medicine, and intentionality. |journal=Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |date=March 2003 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=56–61 |pmid=12652884}}</ref> The field of ] purports to manipulate energy, but there is no credible evidence to support this.<ref name="energy"/> Despite the lack of scientific support, spiritual writers and thinkers have maintained ideas about energy and continue to promote them either as useful allegories or as fact.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jonas |first1=WB |last2=Crawford |first2=CC |title=Science and spiritual healing: a critical review of spiritual healing, "energy" medicine, and intentionality. |journal=Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |date=March 2003 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=56–61 |pmid=12652884}}</ref> The field of ] purports to manipulate energy, but there is no credible evidence to support this.<ref name="energy"/>


The concept of "''qi''" (energy) appears throughout traditional ]n ], such as in the art of ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latham |first1=Kevin |title=Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1851095827 |page=285}}</ref> Qi philosophy also includes the notion of "negative qi", typically understood as introducing negative ] like outright ] or more moderate expressions like ] or ].<ref name="Norden2011">{{cite book |last1=Van Norden |first1=Bryan W. |title=Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtK5750bm30C&pg=PA98 |year= 2011 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1603846158 |page=98}}</ref> Deflecting this negative qi through ] is a preoccupation in ].<ref name="Leonard">{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=George J. |author-link=George Leonard |title=The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts |date=1999 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0203344590 |page=204}}</ref> The traditional explanation of ] states that it works by manipulating the circulation of qi through a network of ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson-Wood |first1=Denis |last2=Lawson-Wood |first2=Joyce |title=Acupuncture Handbook |date=1983 |publisher=Health Science Press |page=133 |isbn=0-8277-1427-0}}</ref> The concept of "''qi''" (energy) appears throughout traditional ]n ], such as in the art of ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latham |first1=Kevin |title=Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1851095827 |page=285}}</ref> Qi philosophy also includes the notion of "negative qi", typically understood as introducing negative ] like outright ] or more moderate expressions like ] or ].<ref name="Norden2011">{{cite book |last1=Van Norden |first1=Bryan W. |title=Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtK5750bm30C&pg=PA98 |year= 2011 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1603846158 |page=98}}</ref> Deflecting this negative qi through ] is a preoccupation in ].<ref name="Leonard">{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=George J. |author-link=George Leonard |title=The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts |date=1999 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0203344590 |page=204}}</ref> The traditional explanation of ] states that it works by manipulating the circulation of qi through a network of ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson-Wood |first1=Denis |last2=Lawson-Wood |first2=Joyce |title=Acupuncture Handbook |date=1983 |publisher=Health Science Press |page=133 |isbn=0-8277-1427-0}}</ref> Practitioners of ], a pseudoscientific healing modality, believe that ''qi'' is transmitted to the client via the palms of the practitioner’s hands. In ], the ancient Chinese martial art, participants aim to concentrate and balance the body's ''qi'', providing benefits to mental and physical health.<ref>{{Citation |title=Slow and Steady: The Health Benefits of Tai Chi |date=2023-09-05 |issue=Health essentials |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/the-health-benefits-of-tai-chi |publisher=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref>

In ], ], and ], '']'' ({{lang|sa|]}}, {{IAST|prāṇa}}; the ] word for breath, "life force” or "vital principle")<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prana|title=Prana |publisher=Dictionary.com |access-date=2015-04-22}}</ref> permeates reality on all levels including inanimate objects.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sacred journey: living purposefully and dying gracefully |last=Rama |first=Swami |date=2002|publisher=Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust|isbn=978-8188157006|location=India|oclc=61240413}}</ref> In Hindu literature, prāṇa is sometimes described as originating from the ] and connecting the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yogamag.net/archives/1982/emay82/prana582.shtml |title=Prana: the Universal Life Force |author=Swami Satyananda Saraswati |author-link=Satyananda Saraswati |publisher=Bihar School of Yoga |website=Yoga Magazine |date=September 1981 |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

In ], a series of popular science-fiction films, the natural flow of energy known as ] is believed to have originated from the concept of ''qi''.


==Locations== ==Locations==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]/] * ]/]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
{{div col end}} {{div col end}}


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] ]
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]

Latest revision as of 10:55, 15 December 2024

Term used in esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine "Subtle energy" redirects here. For the mystical concept of psychospiritual bodies overlaying the physical body, see Subtle body. "Cosmic energy" redirects here. For other uses, see Cosmic energy (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Energy.
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Proponents and practitioners of various esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine refer to a variety of claimed experiences and phenomena as being due to "energy" or "force" that defy measurement or experimentation, and thus are distinct from uses of the term "energy" in science.

Claims related to energy therapies are most often anecdotal, rather than being based on repeatable empirical evidence, thus not following the scientific method.

There is no scientific evidence for the existence of such energy, and physics educators criticize the use of the term "energy" to describe ideas in esotericism and spirituality as unavoidably confusing.

History

Concepts such as "life force", "qi" and "élan vital" existed from antiquity. In the 18th century, Franz Mesmer ignited debate with his theory of animal magnetism. Attention to vitalism grew in the 18th and 19th centuries. Interest continued into the 20th century, largely fuelled by adherents of the New Age movement.

As biologists studied embryology and developmental biology, particularly before the discovery of genes, a variety of organisational forces were posited to account for their observations. German biologist Hans Driesch (1867–1941), proposed entelechy, an energy which he believed controlled organic processes. However such ideas are discredited and modern science has all but abandoned the attempt to associate additional energetic properties with life.

It is not the scientific concept of energy that is being referred to in the context of spirituality and alternative medicine. As Brian Dunning writes:

That's all that energy is: a measurement of work capability. But in popular culture, 'energy' has somehow become a noun. "Energy" is often spoken of as if it is a thing unto itself, like a region of glowing power, that can be contained and used. Here's a good test. When you hear the word "energy" used, substitute the phrase "measurable work capability". Does the usage still make sense? Remember, energy itself is not the thing being measured: energy is the measurement of work performed or of potential... Thus, this New Age concept of the body having an "energy field" is fatally doomed. There is no such thing as an energy field; they are two unrelated concepts.

Despite the lack of scientific support, spiritual writers and thinkers have maintained ideas about energy and continue to promote them either as useful allegories or as fact. The field of energy medicine purports to manipulate energy, but there is no credible evidence to support this.

The concept of "qi" (energy) appears throughout traditional East Asian culture, such as in the art of feng shui and Chinese martial arts. Qi philosophy also includes the notion of "negative qi", typically understood as introducing negative moods like outright fear or more moderate expressions like social anxiety or awkwardness. Deflecting this negative qi through geomancy is a preoccupation in feng shui. The traditional explanation of acupuncture states that it works by manipulating the circulation of qi through a network of meridians. Practitioners of reiki, a pseudoscientific healing modality, believe that qi is transmitted to the client via the palms of the practitioner’s hands. In tai chi, the ancient Chinese martial art, participants aim to concentrate and balance the body's qi, providing benefits to mental and physical health.

In yoga, Ayurveda, and Indian martial arts, prana (प्राण, prāṇa; the Sanskrit word for breath, "life force” or "vital principle") permeates reality on all levels including inanimate objects. In Hindu literature, prāṇa is sometimes described as originating from the Sun and connecting the elements.

In popular culture

In Star Wars, a series of popular science-fiction films, the natural flow of energy known as the Force is believed to have originated from the concept of qi.

Locations

There are various sacred natural sites that people of various belief systems find numinous or having an "energy" with significance to humans. The idea that some kind of "negative energy" is responsible for creating or attracting ghosts or demons appears in contemporary paranormal culture and beliefs as exemplified in the TV shows Paranormal State and Ghost Hunters.

See also

References

  1. ^ Stenger, Victor J (Spring–Summer 1999). "Bioenergetic Fields". The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine. 3 (1). Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  2. ^ Smith, Jonathan C. (2010). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 268–274. ISBN 978-1405181228.
  3. ^ "energy – (according to New Age thinking)". The Skeptic's Dictionary. 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
  4. "Some Notes on Wilhelm Reich, M.D". Quackwatch.org. 2002-02-15. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
  5. Jarvis, William T. (2000-12-01). "Reiki". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
  6. Arias, A. G. (August 2012). "Use and misuse of the concept energy". Latin American Journal of Physics Education. 6 (1): 400. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.3285.
  7. ^ Bechtel, William; Richardson, Robert C. (1998). "Vitalism". In Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 9: Sociology of Knowledge to Zoroastrianism. Taylor. ISBN 9780415187145. OCLC 38096851. Vitalism has fallen out of favour, though it had advocates even into the twentieth century.
  8. Dunning, Brian (22 April 2014). "Skeptoid #411: Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields". Skeptoid.; Also see Dunning, Brian (11 October 2006). "Skeptoid #2: New Age Energy: An examination of energy, as new agers use the term". Skeptoid.
  9. Jonas, WB; Crawford, CC (March 2003). "Science and spiritual healing: a critical review of spiritual healing, "energy" medicine, and intentionality". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 9 (2): 56–61. PMID 12652884.
  10. Latham, Kevin (2007). Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 285. ISBN 978-1851095827.
  11. Van Norden, Bryan W. (2011). Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy. Hackett Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 978-1603846158.
  12. Leonard, George J. (1999). The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 204. ISBN 978-0203344590.
  13. Lawson-Wood, Denis; Lawson-Wood, Joyce (1983). Acupuncture Handbook. Health Science Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-8277-1427-0.
  14. Slow and Steady: The Health Benefits of Tai Chi, Cleveland Clinic, 2023-09-05
  15. "Prana". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
  16. Rama, Swami (2002). Sacred journey: living purposefully and dying gracefully. India: Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust. ISBN 978-8188157006. OCLC 61240413.
  17. Swami Satyananda Saraswati (September 1981). "Prana: the Universal Life Force". Yoga Magazine. Bihar School of Yoga. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  18. Ivakhiv, Adrian (24 February 2007). "Orchestrating Sacred Space: Beyond the 'Social Construction' of Nature" (PDF). Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture. 8 (1): 11–29. doi:10.1558/ecotheology.v8i1.1642. ISSN 1363-7320. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  19. Fahy, Thomas (2010). The Philosophy of Horror. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 77. ISBN 978-0813125732.

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