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{{For|the fish|Stockfish}}
{{short description|Free and open-source chess engine}} {{short description|Free and open-source chess engine}}
{{Infobox software {{Infobox software
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'''Stockfish''' is a ] ], available for various desktop and mobile platforms. It can be used in ] through the ]. '''Stockfish''' is a ] ], available for various desktop and mobile platforms. It can be used in ] through the ].


Stockfish has been one of the best chess engines in the world for several years;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strogatz |first=Steven |date=2018-12-26 |title=One Giant Step for a Chess-Playing Machine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/science/chess-artificial-intelligence.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104004951/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/science/chess-artificial-intelligence.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Samuel |date=2017-12-07 |title=AlphaZero AI beats champion chess program after teaching itself in four hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/07/alphazero-google-deepmind-ai-beats-champion-program-teaching-itself-to-play-four-hours |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207132020/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/07/alphazero-google-deepmind-ai-beats-champion-program-teaching-itself-to-play-four-hours |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perez-Rey |first=Lisandro |date=2023-08-12 |title=Why AI Chess Bots Are Virtually Unbeatable (ft. GothamChess) |url=https://www.wired.com/video/watch/wired-news-and-science-wi-currents-chess-bots/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=2024-02-08 |archive-date=2024-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195142/https://www.wired.com/video/watch/wired-news-and-science-wi-currents-chess-bots |url-status=live }}</ref> it has won all main events of the ] (TCEC) and the ] (CCC) since 2020 and, {{as of|2024|09|lc=y}}, is the strongest CPU chess engine in the world with an estimated ] rating of 3642, in a time control of 40/15 (15 minutes to make 40 moves), according to CCRL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCRL 40/15 - Index |url=https://computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=computerchess.org.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718171110/https://computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404/ |archive-date=2024-07-18 }}</ref> Stockfish has been one of the best chess engines in the world for several years;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strogatz |first=Steven |date=2018-12-26 |title=One Giant Step for a Chess-Playing Machine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/science/chess-artificial-intelligence.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104004951/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/science/chess-artificial-intelligence.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Samuel |date=2017-12-07 |title=AlphaZero AI beats champion chess program after teaching itself in four hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/07/alphazero-google-deepmind-ai-beats-champion-program-teaching-itself-to-play-four-hours |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207132020/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/07/alphazero-google-deepmind-ai-beats-champion-program-teaching-itself-to-play-four-hours |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perez-Rey |first=Lisandro |date=2023-08-12 |title=Why AI Chess Bots Are Virtually Unbeatable (ft. GothamChess) |url=https://www.wired.com/video/watch/wired-news-and-science-wi-currents-chess-bots/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=2024-02-08 |archive-date=2024-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195142/https://www.wired.com/video/watch/wired-news-and-science-wi-currents-chess-bots |url-status=live }}</ref> it has won all main events of the ] (TCEC) and the ] (CCC) since 2020 and, {{as of|2024|11|16|lc=y}}, is the strongest CPU chess engine in the world with an estimated ] rating of 3642, in a time control of 40/15 (15 minutes to make 40 moves), according to CCRL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCRL 40/15 - Index |url=https://computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/4040/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=computerchess.org.uk}}</ref>


The Stockfish engine was developed by Tord Romstad, Marco Costalba, and Joona Kiiski, and was derived from Glaurung, an open-source engine by Tord Romstad released in 2004. It is now being developed and maintained by the Stockfish community.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Engine authors|url=https://stockfishchess.org/about/#engine-authors|access-date=3 July 2023|website=Stockfish|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217100421/http://stockfishchess.org/about/#engine-authors|url-status=live}}</ref> The Stockfish engine was developed by Tord Romstad, Marco Costalba, and Joona Kiiski, and was derived from Glaurung, an open-source engine by Tord Romstad released in 2004. It is now being developed and maintained by the Stockfish community.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Engine authors|url=https://stockfishchess.org/about/#engine-authors|access-date=3 July 2023|website=Stockfish|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217100421/http://stockfishchess.org/about/#engine-authors|url-status=live}}</ref>
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== Features == == Features ==
Stockfish can use up to 1024 ]s in ] systems. The maximal size of its ] is 32 TB. Stockfish implements an advanced ] and uses ]s. Compared to other engines, it is characterized by its great search depth, due in part to more aggressive ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?start=0&t=50220|title=Stockfish depth vs. others; challenge|date=24 November 2013|last=Kaufman|first=Larry|author-link=Larry Kaufman|work=TalkChess.com|access-date=8 March 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522103707/http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?start=0&t=50220|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|09}}, Stockfish 17 (4-threaded) achieved an ] of 3642 Stockfish can use up to 1024 ]s in ] systems. The maximal size of its ] is 32 TB. Stockfish implements an advanced ] and uses ]s. Compared to other engines, it is characterized by its great search depth, due in part to more aggressive ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?start=0&t=50220|title=Stockfish depth vs. others; challenge|date=24 November 2013|last=Kaufman|first=Larry|author-link=Larry Kaufman|work=TalkChess.com|access-date=8 March 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522103707/http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?start=0&t=50220|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|09}}, Stockfish 17 (4-threaded) achieved an ] of 3642
{{+-|16|16}} on the CCRL 40/15 benchmark.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCRL 40/15 - Index |url=https://www.computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/4040/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=computerchess.org.uk }}</ref> {{+-|14|14}} on the CCRL 40/15 benchmark.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCRL 40/15 - Index |url=https://www.computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/4040/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=computerchess.org.uk }}</ref>


Stockfish supports ], which is one feature that was inherited from Glaurung.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Computer Engines – Chess960.net |url=https://chess960.net/engines/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |language=en-AU |archive-date=2020-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723231506/https://chess960.net/engines/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] ] support, previously available in a ] maintained by Ronald de Man, was integrated into Stockfish in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://abrok.eu/stockfish_syzygy/ | title=Stockfish development versions | work=abrok.eu | access-date=1 February 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111094041/http://abrok.eu/stockfish_syzygy/ | archive-date=11 November 2014 }}</ref> In 2018 support for the 7-man Syzygy was added, shortly after becoming available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7-piece Syzygy tablebases are complete |url=https://lichess.org/blog/W3WeMyQAACQAdfAL/7-piece-syzygy-tablebases-are-complete |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=lichess.org |date=19 August 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819204359/https://lichess.org/blog/W3WeMyQAACQAdfAL/7-piece-syzygy-tablebases-are-complete |url-status=live }}</ref> Stockfish supports ], which is one feature that was inherited from Glaurung.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Computer Engines – Chess960.net |url=https://chess960.net/engines/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |language=en-AU |archive-date=2020-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723231506/https://chess960.net/engines/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] ] support, previously available in a ] maintained by Ronald de Man, was integrated into Stockfish in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://abrok.eu/stockfish_syzygy/ | title=Stockfish development versions | work=abrok.eu | access-date=1 February 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111094041/http://abrok.eu/stockfish_syzygy/ | archive-date=11 November 2014 }}</ref> In 2018 support for the 7-man Syzygy was added, shortly after becoming available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7-piece Syzygy tablebases are complete |url=https://lichess.org/blog/W3WeMyQAACQAdfAL/7-piece-syzygy-tablebases-are-complete |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=lichess.org |date=19 August 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819204359/https://lichess.org/blog/W3WeMyQAACQAdfAL/7-piece-syzygy-tablebases-are-complete |url-status=live }}</ref>
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== Architecture == == Architecture ==
The Stockfish engine essentially consists of three parts: ], ], and board evaluation. Board representation is about coding a chess board state efficiently so that it can be efficiently stored and searched over. Heuristic tree search approximates ] tree search, which would be too slow to perform. Board evaluation takes in a board representation and gives it a score for how "good" the board is (i.e. the estimated chances of winning).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockfish - Chessprogramming wiki |url=https://www.chessprogramming.org/Stockfish |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.chessprogramming.org |archive-date=2023-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522021128/https://www.chessprogramming.org/Stockfish |url-status=live }}</ref> The Stockfish engine essentially consists of three parts: ], ], and board evaluation. Board representation is about coding a chess board state efficiently so that it can be efficiently stored and searched over. Heuristic tree search approximates ] tree search, which would be too slow to perform. Board evaluation takes in a board representation and gives it a score for how "good" the board is (i.e. the estimated chances of winning).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockfish Chessprogramming wiki |url=https://www.chessprogramming.org/Stockfish |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=chessprogramming.org |archive-date=2023-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522021128/https://www.chessprogramming.org/Stockfish |url-status=live }}</ref>


Starting with Stockfish 12 (2020), a neural network board evaluation function was incorporated. In Stockfish 16.1 (2024), the classical board evaluation functions were removed, leaving just the neural network.<ref name="Stockfish 16.1">{{cite web |title=Stockfish 16.1 |url=https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2024/stockfish-16-1/ |website=Stockfish |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224201650/https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2024/stockfish-16-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Starting with Stockfish 12 (2020), a neural network board evaluation function was incorporated. In Stockfish 16.1 (2024), the classical board evaluation functions were removed, leaving just the neural network.<ref name="Stockfish 16.1">{{cite web |title=Stockfish 16.1 |url=https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2024/stockfish-16-1/ |website=Stockfish |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224201650/https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2024/stockfish-16-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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{{Cite web |title=CCRL Rating List |url=http://computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404/cgi/compare_engines.cgi?family=Stockfish&print=Rating+list&print=Results+table&print=LOS+table&print=Ponder+hit+table&print=Eval+difference+table&print=Comopp+gamenum+table&print=Overlap+table&print=Score+with+common+opponents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140530173724/http://computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404/cgi/compare_engines.cgi?family=Stockfish&print=Rating+list&print=Results+table&print=LOS+table&print=Ponder+hit+table&print=Eval+difference+table&print=Comopp+gamenum+table&print=Overlap+table&print=Score+with+common+opponents |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> In Stockfish 7, Fishtest author Gary Linscott was added to the official list of authors in acknowledgement of his contribution to Stockfish's strength. {{Cite web |title=CCRL Rating List |url=http://computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404/cgi/compare_engines.cgi?family=Stockfish&print=Rating+list&print=Results+table&print=LOS+table&print=Ponder+hit+table&print=Eval+difference+table&print=Comopp+gamenum+table&print=Overlap+table&print=Score+with+common+opponents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140530173724/http://computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404/cgi/compare_engines.cgi?family=Stockfish&print=Rating+list&print=Results+table&print=LOS+table&print=Ponder+hit+table&print=Eval+difference+table&print=Comopp+gamenum+table&print=Overlap+table&print=Score+with+common+opponents |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> In Stockfish 7, Fishtest author Gary Linscott was added to the official list of authors in acknowledgement of his contribution to Stockfish's strength.


{{as of|2024|09}}, the framework has used a total of more than 15,400 years of CPU time to play over 8.3 billion chess games.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top CPU contributors.txt |url=https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/Top%20CPU%20Contributors.txt |website=github.com}}</ref> {{as of|2024|12}}, the framework has used a total of more than 15,700 years of CPU time to play over 8.4 billion chess games.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top CPU contributors.txt |url=https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/Top%20CPU%20Contributors.txt |website=github.com}}</ref>


=== NNUE === === NNUE ===
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{{blockquote|quote="The NNUE branch maintained by @nodchip has demonstrated strong results and offers great potential, and we will proceed to merge ... This merge will introduce machine learning based coding to the engine, thus enlarging the community of developers, bringing in new skills. We are eager to keep everybody on board, including all developers and users of diverse hardware, aiming to be an inclusive community ...the precise steps needed will become clearer as we proceed, I look forward to working with the community to make this happen!"|author = Joost VandeVondele |source = 25 July 2020<ref name="NNUEmerge"/>}} {{blockquote|quote="The NNUE branch maintained by @nodchip has demonstrated strong results and offers great potential, and we will proceed to merge ... This merge will introduce machine learning based coding to the engine, thus enlarging the community of developers, bringing in new skills. We are eager to keep everybody on board, including all developers and users of diverse hardware, aiming to be an inclusive community ...the precise steps needed will become clearer as we proceed, I look forward to working with the community to make this happen!"|author = Joost VandeVondele |source = 25 July 2020<ref name="NNUEmerge"/>}}


On 2 September 2020, the twelfth version of Stockfish was released, incorporating the aforementioned neural network improvement. According to the blog announcement, this new version "plays significantly stronger than any of its predecessors", typically winning ten times more game pairs than it loses when matched against version eleven.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2020/stockfish-12/|title=Stockfish 12 - Stockfish - Open Source Chess Engine|website=stockfishchess.org|access-date=2022-10-09|archive-date=2021-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223151114/https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2020/stockfish-12/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stockfish 12 vs Stockfish 11 Raw statistics|url=https://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/stats/5f4faef2ba100690c5cc5e79|access-date=11 January 2022|website=Stockfish Testing Framework - Stockfish 12 vs Stockfish 11|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111172639/https://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/stats/5f4faef2ba100690c5cc5e79|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, classical evaluation was completely removed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/pull/4674|title=Remove classical evaluation #4674}}</ref> On 2 September 2020, the twelfth version of Stockfish was released, incorporating the aforementioned neural network improvement. According to the blog announcement, this new version "plays significantly stronger than any of its predecessors", typically winning ten times more game pairs than it loses when matched against version eleven.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2020/stockfish-12/|title=Stockfish 12 - Stockfish - Open Source Chess Engine|website=stockfishchess.org|access-date=2022-10-09|archive-date=2021-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223151114/https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2020/stockfish-12/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stockfish 12 vs Stockfish 11 Raw statistics|url=https://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/stats/5f4faef2ba100690c5cc5e79|access-date=11 January 2022|website=Stockfish Testing Framework - Stockfish 12 vs Stockfish 11|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111172639/https://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/stats/5f4faef2ba100690c5cc5e79|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, classical evaluation was completely removed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/pull/4674|title=Remove classical evaluation #4674|website=] }}</ref>


== Competition results == == Competition results ==
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=== Chess.com Computer Chess Championship === === Chess.com Computer Chess Championship ===
Ever since ] hosted its first ] in 2018, Stockfish has been the most successful engine. It dominated the earlier championships, winning six consecutive titles before finishing second in CCC7. Since then, its dominance has come under threat from the neural-network engines Leelenstein and ], but it has continued to perform well, reaching at least the superfinal in every edition up to CCC11. CCC12 had for the first time a knockout format, with seeding placing CCC11 finalists Stockfish and Leela in the same half. Leela eliminated Stockfish in the semi-finals. However, a post-tournament match against the loser of the final, Leelenstein, saw Stockfish winning in the same format as the main event. After finishing second again to Leela in CCC13, and an uncharacteristic fourth in CCC14, Stockfish went on a long winning streak, taking first place in every championship since. Ever since ] hosted its first ] in 2018, Stockfish has been the most successful engine. It dominated the earlier championships, winning six consecutive titles before finishing second in CCC7. Since then, its dominance has come under threat from the neural-network engines Leelenstein and ], but it has continued to perform well, reaching at least the superfinal in every edition up to CCC11. CCC12 had for the first time a knockout format, with seeding placing CCC11 finalists Stockfish and Leela in the same half. Leela eliminated Stockfish in the semi-finals. However, a post-tournament match against the loser of the final, Leelenstein, saw Stockfish winning in the same format as the main event. After finishing second again to Leela in CCC13, and an uncharacteristic fourth in CCC14, Stockfish went on a long winning streak, taking first place in every championship since.


<div style=display:inline-table> <div style=display:inline-table>
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|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCC 23: Blitz Finals |url=https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=ccc23-blitz-finals |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=] |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102011121/https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=ccc23-blitz-finals |url-status=live }}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCC 23: Blitz Finals |url=https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=ccc23-blitz-finals |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=] |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102011121/https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=ccc23-blitz-finals |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|CCC 23: Rapid
|2024
|10+3
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCC 23: Rapid Finals |url=https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=ccc23-rapid-finals |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=] }}</ref>
|-
|CCC 23: Bullet
|2024
|1+1
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCC 23: Bullet Finals |url=https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=ccc23-bullet-finals |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=] }}</ref>
|} |}
</div> </div>
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|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classical Cup #2: Match 14 |url=https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=classical-cup-2-match-14 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=] |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102011121/https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=classical-cup-2-match-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classical Cup #2: Match 14 |url=https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=classical-cup-2-match-14 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=] |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102011121/https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=classical-cup-2-match-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Classical Cup #3
|2024
|30+5
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classical Cup #3: Match 14 |url=https://www.chess.com/computer-chess-championship#event=classical-cup-3-match-14 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=] }}</ref>
|} |}
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In December 2017, Stockfish 8 was used as a benchmark to test ] division ]'s ], with each engine supported by different hardware. AlphaZero was trained through self-play for a total of nine hours, and reached Stockfish's level after just four.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeepMind |date=6 December 2018 |title=AlphaZero: Shedding new light on chess, shogi, and Go |url=https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphazero-shedding-new-light-grand-games-chess-shogi-and-go |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=deepmind.com |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809103431/https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphazero-shedding-new-light-grand-games-chess-shogi-and-go |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news |last1=Knapton |first1=Sarah |last2=Watson |first2=Leon |date=6 December 2017 |title=Entire human chess knowledge learned and surpassed by DeepMind's AlphaZero in four hours |language=en-GB |publisher=] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire-human-chess-knowledge-learned-surpassed-deepminds-alphazero/ |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202114556/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire-human-chess-knowledge-learned-surpassed-deepminds-alphazero/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vincent |first=James |date=6 December 2017 |title=DeepMind's AI became a superhuman chess player in a few hours, just for fun |publisher=] |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/6/16741106/deepmind-ai-chess-alphazero-shogi-go |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202111249/https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/6/16741106/deepmind-ai-chess-alphazero-shogi-go |url-status=live }}</ref> In 100 games from the normal starting position, AlphaZero won 25 games as White, won 3 as Black, and drew the remaining 72, with 0 losses.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |date=6 December 2017 |title='Superhuman' Google AI claims chess crown |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42251535 |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202173750/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42251535 |url-status=live }}</ref> AlphaZero also played twelve 100-game matches against Stockfish starting from twelve popular openings for a final score of 290 wins, 886 draws and 24 losses, for a point score of 733:467.<ref name="crushes">{{cite web |date=6 December 2017 |title=DeepMind's AlphaZero crushes chess |url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/deepmind-s-alphazero-crushes-chess |access-date=13 December 2017 |publisher=] |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212141942/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/deepmind-s-alphazero-crushes-chess |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The academic paper on this sequence of games does not provide the computer resources allocated to each engine.<ref name=preprint>{{Cite arXiv|author-link1=David Silver (programmer)|first1=David|last1= Silver|first2=Thomas|last2= Hubert|first3= Julian|last3=Schrittwieser|first4= Ioannis|last4=Antonoglou |first5= Matthew|last5= Lai|first6= Arthur|last6= Guez|first7= Marc|last7= Lanctot|first8= Laurent|last8= Sifre|first9= Dharshan|last9= Kumaran|first10= Thore|last10= Graepel|first11= Timothy|last11= Lillicrap|first12= Karen|last12= Simonyan|first13=Demis |last13=Hassabis|author-link13=Demis Hassabis |eprint=1712.01815|title=Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm|class=cs.AI|date=5 December 2017}}</ref>}} In December 2017, Stockfish 8 was used as a benchmark to test ] division ]'s ], with each engine supported by different hardware. AlphaZero was trained through self-play for a total of nine hours, and reached Stockfish's level after just four.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeepMind |date=6 December 2018 |title=AlphaZero: Shedding new light on chess, shogi, and Go |url=https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphazero-shedding-new-light-grand-games-chess-shogi-and-go |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=deepmind.com |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809103431/https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphazero-shedding-new-light-grand-games-chess-shogi-and-go |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news |last1=Knapton |first1=Sarah |last2=Watson |first2=Leon |date=6 December 2017 |title=Entire human chess knowledge learned and surpassed by DeepMind's AlphaZero in four hours |language=en-GB |publisher=] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire-human-chess-knowledge-learned-surpassed-deepminds-alphazero/ |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202114556/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire-human-chess-knowledge-learned-surpassed-deepminds-alphazero/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vincent |first=James |date=6 December 2017 |title=DeepMind's AI became a superhuman chess player in a few hours, just for fun |publisher=] |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/6/16741106/deepmind-ai-chess-alphazero-shogi-go |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202111249/https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/6/16741106/deepmind-ai-chess-alphazero-shogi-go |url-status=live }}</ref> In 100 games from the normal starting position, AlphaZero won 25 games as White, won 3 as Black, and drew the remaining 72, with 0 losses.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |date=6 December 2017 |title='Superhuman' Google AI claims chess crown |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42251535 |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202173750/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42251535 |url-status=live }}</ref> AlphaZero also played twelve 100-game matches against Stockfish starting from twelve popular openings for a final score of 290 wins, 886 draws and 24 losses, for a point score of 733:467.<ref name="crushes">{{cite web |date=6 December 2017 |title=DeepMind's AlphaZero crushes chess |url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/deepmind-s-alphazero-crushes-chess |access-date=13 December 2017 |publisher=] |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212141942/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/deepmind-s-alphazero-crushes-chess |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The academic paper on this sequence of games does not provide the computer resources allocated to each engine.<ref name=preprint>{{Cite arXiv|author-link1=David Silver (programmer)|first1=David|last1= Silver|first2=Thomas|last2= Hubert|first3= Julian|last3=Schrittwieser|first4= Ioannis|last4=Antonoglou |first5= Matthew|last5= Lai|first6= Arthur|last6= Guez|first7= Marc|last7= Lanctot|first8= Laurent|last8= Sifre|first9= Dharshan|last9= Kumaran|first10= Thore|last10= Graepel|first11= Timothy|last11= Lillicrap|first12= Karen|last12= Simonyan|first13=Demis |last13=Hassabis|author-link13=Demis Hassabis |eprint=1712.01815|title=Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm|class=cs.AI|date=5 December 2017}}</ref>}}


AlphaZero's victory over Stockfish sparked a flurry of activity in the computer chess community, leading to a new open-source engine aimed at replicating AlphaZero, known as ]. By January 2019, Leela was able to defeat the version of Stockfish that played AlphaZero (Stockfish 8) in a 100-game match. An updated version of Stockfish narrowly defeated Leela Chess Zero in the superfinal of the ], 50.5–49.5 (+10 =81 −9),<ref name="TCEC archive" /> but lost the superfinal of the ] to Leela 53.5–46.5 (+14 =79 -7).<ref name="TCEC archive" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=crem |title=Lc0 won TCEC 15 |url=http://blog.lczero.org/2019/05/lc0-won-tcec-15.html |access-date=20 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528132815/http://blog.lczero.org/2019/05/lc0-won-tcec-15.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The two engines remain very close in strength to each other even as they continue to improve: Leela defeated Stockfish in the superfinal of ], but Stockfish has won every TCEC season since. AlphaZero's victory over Stockfish sparked a flurry of activity in the computer chess community, leading to a new open-source engine aimed at replicating AlphaZero, known as ]. By January 2019, Leela was able to defeat the version of Stockfish that played AlphaZero (Stockfish 8) in a 100-game match. An updated version of Stockfish narrowly defeated Leela Chess Zero in the superfinal of the ], 50.5–49.5 (+10 =81 −9),<ref name="TCEC archive" /> but lost the superfinal of the ] to Leela 53.5–46.5 (+14 =79 -7).<ref name="TCEC archive" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=crem |title=Lc0 won TCEC 15 |url=http://blog.lczero.org/2019/05/lc0-won-tcec-15.html |access-date=20 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528132815/http://blog.lczero.org/2019/05/lc0-won-tcec-15.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The two engines remain close in strength to each other even as they continue to improve: Leela defeated Stockfish in the superfinal of ], but Stockfish has won every TCEC season since.


== Derivatives == == Derivatives ==

Revision as of 22:14, 15 December 2024

For the fish, see Stockfish. Free and open-source chess engine
Stockfish
Developer(s)The Stockfish developers
Initial releaseNovember 2, 2008; 16 years ago (2008-11-02)
Stable release17 / September 6, 2024; 3 months ago (2024-09-06)
Repository
Written inC++
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows
macOS
Linux
iOS
Android
TypeChess engine
LicenseGPL-3.0-or-later
Websitestockfishchess.org Edit this on Wikidata
This article is part of the series on
Chess programming
Board representations
Evaluation functions
Graph and tree search algorithms
Chess computers
Chess engines

Stockfish is a free and open-source chess engine, available for various desktop and mobile platforms. It can be used in chess software through the Universal Chess Interface.

Stockfish has been one of the best chess engines in the world for several years; it has won all main events of the Top Chess Engine Championship (TCEC) and the Chess.com Computer Chess Championship (CCC) since 2020 and, as of 16 November 2024, is the strongest CPU chess engine in the world with an estimated Elo rating of 3642, in a time control of 40/15 (15 minutes to make 40 moves), according to CCRL.

The Stockfish engine was developed by Tord Romstad, Marco Costalba, and Joona Kiiski, and was derived from Glaurung, an open-source engine by Tord Romstad released in 2004. It is now being developed and maintained by the Stockfish community.

Stockfish historically used only a classical hand-crafted function to evaluate board positions, but with the introduction of the efficiently updatable neural network (NNUE) in August 2020, it adopted a hybrid evaluation system that primarily used the neural network and occasionally relied on the hand-crafted evaluation. In July 2023, Stockfish removed the hand-crafted evaluation and transitioned to a fully neural network-based approach.

Features

Stockfish can use up to 1024 CPU threads in multiprocessor systems. The maximal size of its transposition table is 32 TB. Stockfish implements an advanced alpha–beta search and uses bitboards. Compared to other engines, it is characterized by its great search depth, due in part to more aggressive pruning and late move reductions. As of September 2024, Stockfish 17 (4-threaded) achieved an Elo rating of 3642
−14 on the CCRL 40/15 benchmark.

Stockfish supports Chess960, which is one feature that was inherited from Glaurung. The Syzygy tablebase support, previously available in a fork maintained by Ronald de Man, was integrated into Stockfish in 2014. In 2018 support for the 7-man Syzygy was added, shortly after becoming available.

Stockfish has been a very popular engine on various platforms. On desktop, it is the default chess engine bundled with the Internet Chess Club interface programs BlitzIn and Dasher. On mobile, it has been bundled with the Stockfish app, SmallFish and Droidfish. Other Stockfish-compatible graphical user interfaces (GUIs) include Fritz, Arena, Stockfish for Mac, and PyChess. Stockfish can be compiled to WebAssembly or JavaScript, allowing it to run in the browser. Both Chess.com and Lichess provide Stockfish in this form in addition to a server-side program. Release versions and development versions are available as C++ source code and as precompiled versions for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux 32-bit/64-bit and Android.

Architecture

The Stockfish engine essentially consists of three parts: board representation, heuristic tree search, and board evaluation. Board representation is about coding a chess board state efficiently so that it can be efficiently stored and searched over. Heuristic tree search approximates minimax tree search, which would be too slow to perform. Board evaluation takes in a board representation and gives it a score for how "good" the board is (i.e. the estimated chances of winning).

Starting with Stockfish 12 (2020), a neural network board evaluation function was incorporated. In Stockfish 16.1 (2024), the classical board evaluation functions were removed, leaving just the neural network.

History

The program originated from Glaurung, an open-source chess engine created by Romstad and first released in 2004. Four years later, Costalba, inspired by the strong open-source engine, decided to fork the project. He named it Stockfish because it was "produced in Norway and cooked in Italy" (Romstad is Norwegian, Costalba is Italian). The first version, Stockfish 1.0, was released in November 2008. For a while, new ideas and code changes were transferred between the two programs in both directions, until Romstad decided to discontinue Glaurung in favor of Stockfish, which was the more advanced engine at the time. The last Glaurung version (2.2) was released in December 2008.

Around 2011, Romstad decided to abandon his involvement with Stockfish in order to spend more time on his new iOS chess app. On 18 June 2014 Marco Costalba announced that he had "decided to step down as Stockfish maintainer" and asked that the community create a fork of the current version and continue its development. An official repository, managed by a volunteer group of core Stockfish developers, was created soon after and currently manages the development of the project.

Fishtest

Since 2013, Stockfish has been developed using a distributed testing framework named Fishtest, where volunteers can donate CPU time for testing improvements to the program.

Changes to game-playing code are accepted or rejected based on results of playing of tens of thousands of games on the framework against an older "reference" version of the program, using sequential probability ratio testing. Tests on the framework are verified using the chi-squared test, and only if the results are statistically significant are they deemed reliable and used to revise the software code.

After the inception of Fishtest, Stockfish experienced an explosive growth of 120 Elo points in just 12 months, propelling it to the top of all major rating lists. In Stockfish 7, Fishtest author Gary Linscott was added to the official list of authors in acknowledgement of his contribution to Stockfish's strength.

As of December 2024, the framework has used a total of more than 15,700 years of CPU time to play over 8.4 billion chess games.

NNUE

Stockfish's NNUE visualized

In June 2020, an efficiently updatable neural network (NNUE) fork introduced by computer shogi programmers called Stockfish NNUE was discussed by developers. In July 2020 chess news reported that Stockfish NNUE had "broken new ground in computer chess by incorporating a neural network into the already incredibly powerful Stockfish chess engine." A NNUE merge into Stockfish was then announced and development builds became available.

"The NNUE branch maintained by @nodchip has demonstrated strong results and offers great potential, and we will proceed to merge ... This merge will introduce machine learning based coding to the engine, thus enlarging the community of developers, bringing in new skills. We are eager to keep everybody on board, including all developers and users of diverse hardware, aiming to be an inclusive community ...the precise steps needed will become clearer as we proceed, I look forward to working with the community to make this happen!"

— Joost VandeVondele, 25 July 2020

On 2 September 2020, the twelfth version of Stockfish was released, incorporating the aforementioned neural network improvement. According to the blog announcement, this new version "plays significantly stronger than any of its predecessors", typically winning ten times more game pairs than it loses when matched against version eleven. In July 2023, classical evaluation was completely removed.

Competition results

Top Chess Engine Championship

Main article: Top Chess Engine Championship § Tournament results

Stockfish is a TCEC multiple-time champion and the current leader in trophy count. Ever since TCEC restarted in 2013, Stockfish has finished first or second in every season except one. In TCEC Season 4 and 5, Stockfish finished runner-up, with Superfinal scores of 23–25 first against Houdini 3 and later against Komodo 1142. Season 5 was notable for the winning Komodo team as they accepted the award posthumously for the program's creator Don Dailey, who succumbed to an illness during the final stage of the event. In his honor, the version of Stockfish that was released shortly after that season was named "Stockfish DD".

On 30 May 2014, Stockfish 170514 (a development version of Stockfish 5 with tablebase support) convincingly won TCEC Season 6, scoring 35.5–28.5 against Komodo 7x in the Superfinal. Stockfish 5 was released the following day. In TCEC Season 7, Stockfish again made the Superfinal, but lost to Komodo with the score of 30.5–33.5. In TCEC Season 8, despite losses on time caused by buggy code, Stockfish nevertheless qualified once more for the Superfinal, but lost the ensuing 100-game match 46.5–53.5 to Komodo. In Season 9, Stockfish defeated Houdini 5 with a score of 54.5 versus 45.5.

Stockfish finished third during season 10 of TCEC, the only season since 2013 in which Stockfish had failed to qualify for the superfinal. It did not lose a game but was still eliminated because it was unable to score enough wins against lower-rated engines. After this technical elimination, Stockfish went on a long winning streak, winning seasons 11 (59 vs. 41 against Houdini 6.03), 12 (60 vs. 40 against Komodo 12.1.1), and 13 (55 vs. 45 against Komodo 2155.00) convincingly. In Season 14, Stockfish faced a new challenger in Leela Chess Zero, but managed to eke out a win by one game (50.5–49.5). Its winning streak was finally ended in season 15, when Leela qualified again and won 53.5–46.5, but Stockfish promptly won season 16, defeating AllieStein 54.5–45.5, after Leela failed to qualify for the superfinal. In season 17, Stockfish faced Leela again in the superfinal, losing 52.5–47.5. However, Stockfish has won every superfinal since: beating Leela 53.5–46.5 in season 18, 54.5–45.5 in season 19, 53–47 in season 20, and 56–44 in season 21. In Season 22, Komodo Dragon beat out Leela to qualify for the superfinal, but was crushed by Stockfish 59.5-40.5. Stockfish did not lose an opening pair in this match. Leela made the superfinal in Seasons 23 and 24, but was crushed by Stockfish both times (58.5-41.5 and 58-42). In Season 25, Stockfish once again defeated Leela, but this time by a narrower margin of 52-48.

Stockfish also took part in the TCEC cup, winning the first edition, but was surprisingly upset by Houdini in the semifinals of the second edition. Stockfish recovered to beat Komodo in the third-place playoff. In the third edition, Stockfish made it to the finals, but was defeated by Leela Chess Zero after blundering in a 7-man endgame tablebase draw. It turned this result around in the fourth edition, defeating Leela in the final 4.5–3.5. In TCEC Cup 6, Stockfish finished third after losing to AllieStein in the semifinals, the first time it had failed to make the finals. Since then, Stockfish has consistently won the tournament, with the exception of the 11th edition which Leela won 8.5-7.5.

Main league
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
Season 1 2010 100+10 3rd
Season 2 2011 150+30 5th
Season 4 2013 150+60 2nd
Season 5 2013 120+30 2nd
Season 6 2014 120+30 1st
Season 7 2014 120+30 2nd
Season 8 2015 180+30 2nd
Season 9 2016 180+15 1st
Season 10 2017 90+10 2nd
Season 11 2018 120+15 1st
Season 12 2018 120+15 1st
Season 13 2018 120+15 1st
Season 14 2018 120+15 1st
Season 15 2019 120+10 2nd
Season 16 2019 120+10 1st
Season 17 2020 90+5 2nd
Season 18 2020 90+10 1st
Season 19 2020 120+10 1st
Season 20 2020 120+10 1st
Season 21 2021 120+10 1st
Season 22 2022 120+12 1st
Season 23 2022 120+12 1st
Season 24 2023 120+12 1st
Season 25 2023 120+12 1st
Season 26 2024 120+12 1st
Cup
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
Cup 1 2018 30+10 1st
Cup 2 2019 30+5 2nd
Cup 3 2019 30+5 2nd
Cup 4 2019 30+5 1st
Cup 5 2020 30+5 1st
Cup 6 2020 30+5 3rd
Cup 7 2020 30+5 1st
Cup 8 2021 30+5 1st
Cup 9 2021 30+5 1st
Cup 10 2022 30+3 1st
Cup 11 2023 30+3 2nd
Cup 12 2023 30+3 1st
Cup 13 2024 30+3 1st
Fischer random chess (FRC)
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
FRC 1 2019 30+5 1st
FRC 2 2020 30+5 1st
FRC 3 2021 30+5 2nd
FRC 4 2022 30+5 1st
FRC 5 2022 30+3 1st
FRC 6 2023 30+3 1st
Swiss
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
Swiss 1 2021 45+7 2nd
Swiss 2 2021 45+7 2nd
Swiss 3 2022 45+4.5 1st
Swiss 4 2023 30+3 1st
Swiss 5 2023 30+3 1st
Double fischer random chess (DFRC)
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
DFRC 1 2022 30+3 1st
DFRC 2 2023 30+3 1st
Fischer random double (FRD)
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
FRD 1 2023 30+3 1st

Chess.com Computer Chess Championship

Ever since Chess.com hosted its first Chess.com Computer Chess Championship in 2018, Stockfish has been the most successful engine. It dominated the earlier championships, winning six consecutive titles before finishing second in CCC7. Since then, its dominance has come under threat from the neural-network engines Leelenstein and Leela Chess Zero, but it has continued to perform well, reaching at least the superfinal in every edition up to CCC11. CCC12 had for the first time a knockout format, with seeding placing CCC11 finalists Stockfish and Leela in the same half. Leela eliminated Stockfish in the semi-finals. However, a post-tournament match against the loser of the final, Leelenstein, saw Stockfish winning in the same format as the main event. After finishing second again to Leela in CCC13, and an uncharacteristic fourth in CCC14, Stockfish went on a long winning streak, taking first place in every championship since.

Main events
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
CCC 2017 15+2 1st
CCC 1: Rapid Rumble 2018 15+5 1st
CCC 2: Blitz Battle 2018 5+2 1st
CCC 3: Rapid Redux 2019 30+5 1st
CCC 4: Bullet Brawl 2019 1+2 1st
CCC 5: Escalation 2019 10+5 1st
CCC 6: Winter Classic 2019 10+10 1st
CCC 7: Blitz Bonanza 2019 5+2 2nd
CCC 8: Deep Dive 2019 15+5 1st
CCC 9: The Gauntlet 2019 5+2, 10+5 1st
CCC 10: Double Digits 2019 10+3 2nd
CCC 11 2019 30+5 2nd
CCC 12: Bullet Madness! 2020 1+1 3rd
CCC 13: Heptagonal 2020 5+5 2nd
CCC 14 2020 15+5, 5+2, 1+1 4th
CCC Blitz 2020 2020 5+5 1st
CCC Rapid 2021 2021 15+3 1st
CCC Blitz 2021 2021 5+5 1st
CCC Chess 960 Blitz 2021 5+5 1st
CCC 16: Rapid 2021 15+3 1st
CCC 16: Bullet 2021 2+1 1st
CCC 16: Blitz 2022 5+5 1st
CCC 17: Rapid 2022 15+3 1st
CCC 17: Bullet 2022 2+1 1st
CCC 17: Blitz 2022 5+5 1st
CCC 18: Rapid 2022 15+3 1st
CCC 19: Blitz 2022 5+5 1st
CCC 19: Rapid 2022 15+3 1st
CCC 19: Bullet 2023 1+1 1st
CCC 20: Blitz 2023 3+2 1st
CCC 20: Rapid 2023 10+3 1st
CCC 20: Bullet 2023 1+1 1st
CCC 21: Blitz 2023 3+2 1st
CCC 21: Rapid 2023 10+3 1st
CCC 21: Bullet 2023 1+1 1st
CCC 22: Blitz 2024 3+2 1st
CCC 22: Rapid 2024 10+3 1st
CCC 22: Bullet 2024 1+1 1st
CCC 23: Blitz 2024 3+2 1st
CCC 23: Rapid 2024 10+3 1st
CCC 23: Bullet 2024 1+1 1st
Bonus
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
CPU Blitz Madness 2020 3+2 1st
Trillion-Node Throwdown III 2020 150+5 1st
No-Castle II 2020 5+2 1st
Bullet Chess is Fun 2020 2+1 1st
Checkmate in 4 2020 3+2 1st
Odds Ladder 2020 3+2 1st
Merry Queen Sac 2020 2+1 1st
Budapest Bullet 2020 2+1 2nd
King Gambit Madness 2021 5+5 1st
Drawkiller Update Party 2021 2+1 1st
To Castle Or Not To Castle II 2021 3+2 1st
Eco Mega-Match 2 (part 1) 2021 1+1 1st
Eco Mega-Match 2 (part 2) 2021 1+1 1st
Caro-Kann Special 2021 5+2 1st
King's Indian Defense Special 2021 10+2 2nd
Dutch Defense Special 2021 10+2 1st
Evans Gambit Madness 2021 10+2 2nd
Sicilian Najdorf Special 2021 10+2 1st
Belgian Stew 2021 2+1 1st
Saragossa 2021 2+1 2nd
Double Bongcloud, Rapid 2021 10+2 2nd
The Hillbilly Attack 2021 10+2 3rd
Romantic Openings: Danish Gambit Accepted 2021 3+2 1st
Romantic Openings: Evans Gambit Accepted 2021 3+2 1st
Romantic Openings: Urusov Gambit Accepted 2021 5+2 1st
Romantic Openings: Blackmar-Diemer Gambit 2021 5+2 1st
Romantic Openings: Stafford Gambit 2021 1+2 2nd
Romantic Openings: Calabrese Countergambit 2021 5+2 1st
Romantic Openings: Traxler Counterattack 2021 5+2 2nd
No Black Castling 2022 5+5 1st
Draw Killer Bonus 2022 15+5 1st
Romantic Openings: Wing Gambit 2022 5+2 1st
Chess 324 Bonus 2022 5+2 1st
Classical Cup #1 2023 30+5 1st
Rating Brawl: Fall 2023 2023 1+1 1st
Classical Cup #2 2024 30+5 1st
Classical Cup #3 2024 30+5 1st

Other matches

Stockfish 5 versus Nakamura

Stockfish's strength relative to the best human chess players was most apparent in a handicap match with grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura (2798-rated) in August 2014. In the first two games of the match, Nakamura had the assistance of an older version of Rybka, and in the next two games, he received White with pawn odds but no assistance. Nakamura was the world's fifth-best human chess player at the time of the match, while Stockfish 5 was denied use of its opening book and endgame tablebase. Stockfish won each half of the match 1.5–0.5. Both of Stockfish's wins arose from positions in which Nakamura, as is typical for his playing style, pressed for a win instead of acquiescing to a draw.

Stockfish 8 versus AlphaZero

Main article: AlphaZero

In December 2017, Stockfish 8 was used as a benchmark to test Google division DeepMind's AlphaZero, with each engine supported by different hardware. AlphaZero was trained through self-play for a total of nine hours, and reached Stockfish's level after just four. In 100 games from the normal starting position, AlphaZero won 25 games as White, won 3 as Black, and drew the remaining 72, with 0 losses. AlphaZero also played twelve 100-game matches against Stockfish starting from twelve popular openings for a final score of 290 wins, 886 draws and 24 losses, for a point score of 733:467.

AlphaZero's victory over Stockfish sparked a flurry of activity in the computer chess community, leading to a new open-source engine aimed at replicating AlphaZero, known as Leela Chess Zero. By January 2019, Leela was able to defeat the version of Stockfish that played AlphaZero (Stockfish 8) in a 100-game match. An updated version of Stockfish narrowly defeated Leela Chess Zero in the superfinal of the 14th TCEC season, 50.5–49.5 (+10 =81 −9), but lost the superfinal of the next season to Leela 53.5–46.5 (+14 =79 -7). The two engines remain close in strength to each other even as they continue to improve: Leela defeated Stockfish in the superfinal of TCEC Season 17, but Stockfish has won every TCEC season since.

Derivatives

  • YaneuraOu, a strong shogi engine and the origin of NNUE. Speaks USI, a variant of UCI for shogi.
  • Fairy Stockfish, a version modified to play fairy chess. Runs with regional variants (chess, shogi, makruk, etc.) as well as other variants like antichess.
  • Lichess Stockfish, a version for playing variants without fairy pieces.
  • Crystal, which seeks to address common issues with chess engines such as positional or tactical blindness due to over reductions or over pruning, draw blindness due to the move horizon and displayed principal variation reliability.
  • Brainfish, which contains a reduced version of Cerebellum, a chess opening library.
  • BrainLearn, a derivative of Brainfish but with a persisted learning algorithm.
  • ShashChess, a derivative with the goal to apply Alexander Shashin theory from the book Best Play: a New Method for Discovering the Strongest Move.
  • Pikafish, a free, open source, and strong UCI Xiangqi engine derived from Stockfish that analyzes xiangqi positions and computes the optimal moves.
  • Houdini 6, a Stockfish derivative that did not comply with the terms of the GPL license.
  • Fat Fritz 2, a Stockfish derivative that did not comply with the terms of the GPL license.

Notes

  1. ^ This result takes into account the disqualification of Houdini 6 from TCEC.
  2. The academic paper on this sequence of games does not provide the computer resources allocated to each engine.

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