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| {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}} | ||
| {{Year dab|1100}} | {{Year dab|1100}} | ||
| {{Year nav|1100}} | {{Year nav|1100}} | ||
| {{C11 year in topic}}[[File:East-Hem 1100ad.jpg|thumb|The |
{{C11 year in topic}}[[File:East-Hem 1100ad.jpg|thumb|The Eastern Hemisphere in | ||
| 1100]] | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Year '''1100''' (''']''') was a ] (link will display the full calendar) in the ], the 1100th year of the ] (CE) and '']'' (AD) designations, the 100th year of the ], the 100th and last year of the ], and the 1st year of the ]. In the ], it was a ] (like ]). | ||
| == Events == | == Events == | ||
| Line 12: | Line 14: | ||
| ==== Levant ==== | ==== Levant ==== | ||
| * ] |
* ] – The Seljuk ruler ] is expelled from ] by his brother ], but Mahmud manages to retake the city, during his spring offensive.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maalouf|first=Amid|title=La Croisade vue par les Arabes|year=1983|publisher=Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7096-0547-2|page=74}}</ref> | ||
| * ] or ] |
* ] or ] – ] (Saint-Gilles) sails to ] to obtain the support of Emperor ] (Komnenos), in his attempt to seize ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hill|first=John Hugh|title=Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles, 1041 (ou 1042)-1105|year=1959|publisher=Privat|author2=Hill, Laurita Lyttleton}}</ref> | ||
| * ] |
* ] – A ] fleet leaves ], to support the ]rs' efforts to conquer the coastal cities; the ships reach ] on ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hagenmeyer|first=Hendrich|title=Chronologie de la première croisade, 1094–1100|year=1973|publisher=Olms|isbn=978-3-487-04756-0}}</ref> | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ]: ] is captured by the ], leaving ] as regent of the ] for two years. | ||
| * ] |
* ] – With the ] of a ] fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred capture the coastal city of ]. | ||
| * ] |
* ] – French Crusader ] is crowned first ] at the ] in ], by ], the new ], following the death of the previous ruler, Baldwin's brother ], on ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_baldwini.htm|title=Baldwin I of Edessa|access-date=2010-08-05|archive-date=9 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509212911/http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_baldwini.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| * After a success over the Armenians of ] and the Emirate of ], ] becomes ], with the support of Daimbert. | * After a success over the Armenians of ] and the Emirate of ], ] becomes ], with the support of Daimbert. | ||
| * ], ] and ] gain trading privileges from the ], in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities. | * ], ] and ] gain trading privileges from the ], in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities. | ||
| ==== Europe ==== | ==== Europe ==== | ||
| * ] |
] during a hunt, killed by an arrow of ].]] | ||
| * ] – King ] (or William Rufus) dies in a ] accident in the ]. Sir ] is accused of having shot the arrow, but flees the country to avoid a trial. ] claims the throne. | |||
| * ] |
* ] – Henry I is crowned ], at ]. The power of the new monarch is ill-assured, and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the ], one of the first examples of a written ] in ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vi.uh.edu/pages/bob/elhone/comcrts.html |title=Communal Courts |access-date=2010-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623154402/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/bob/elhone/comcrts.html |archive-date=23 June 2010 }}</ref> | ||
| * ] |
* ] – After the failure of the ] in ], the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in ]; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them. ] becomes the first Grand Prince. | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ]: The Almoravid army defeats the Castellan troops.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buresi|first=Pascal|title=La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique|year=2004|publisher=Publibook|isbn=978-2-7483-0644-6}}</ref> | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], archbishop of ] returns from ], at the invitation of Henry I. | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ] conquers ] (modern ]) from the hands of the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sénac|first=Philippe|title=La frontière et les hommes, VIIIe-XIIe siècle|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve et Larose|isbn=978-2-7068-1421-1}}</ref><ref name=victor>{{Cite book|last=Catlos|first=Brian A.|title=The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050–1300|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-82234-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rEC&q=christian+mercenaries+maghrib|page=13}}</ref> | ||
| * ] |
* ] – Henry I marries ], the daughter of King ] and a direct descendant of the Saxon king ]. | ||
| ⚫ | * ] – The Council of ] opens, but is soon forcibly closed by ], duke of ], as the bishops are about to excommunicate King ] once more.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Patrice-John|title=Histoire complète de Bordeaux, Volume 1, Parties 1 à 2|year=1857|publisher=Delmas}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | * Henry I grants the ownership of ] on the ] to ], a Norman nobleman. | ||
| ⚫ | * ] – Philip I elevates his son ] as co-ruler to the government of the realm. | ||
| ⚫ | * ] |
||
| ⚫ | * Philip I conquers the ] area, and adds the city of ] and the province of ] to his estate.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoefer|first=Jean|title=Nouvelle biographie générale|year=1862|publisher=Firmin Didot frères}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | * ] |
||
| * In ], the ] decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date). | * In ], the ] decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date). | ||
| * Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: |
* Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: ] (]) and ] (]) are chartered; The cities of ] (southern ]) and Nakléřov in ] are created. The castle of ] is built in central Germany. | ||
| ⚫ | * Henry I grants the ownership of ] on the ] to ], a Norman nobleman. | ||
| ⚫ | * Philip I conquers the ] area, and adds the city of ] and the province of ] to his estate.<ref>{{ |
||
| ==== Africa ==== | ==== Africa ==== | ||
| * ] |
* A collective of ] trading clans decide to permanently settle the city of ] (modern ]) north of ] along the ]. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The ], ] and ] mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date). | ||
| ==== China ==== | ==== China ==== | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ] dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother ] as ruler of the ]. At about this date, the Chinese population reaches around 100 million and in ], his capital, the number of registered citizens within the walls is about 1,050,000 with the army stationed here boosting the overall populace to some 1.4 million people. | ||
| ⚫ | * The ] crushes the ], a tribute state of the ], and takes their '']'' prisoner. | ||
| * In ], capital of the Song Dynasty, is the number of registered citizens within the walls about 1,050,000. The army stationed there boosts the overall populace to some 1.4 million people. | |||
| ⚫ | * The ] crushes the ], a tribute state of the ], and takes their '']'' prisoner. | ||
| * The Chinese population reaches about 100 million during the Song Dynasty (approximate date). | |||
| ==== Americas ==== | ==== Americas ==== | ||
| * ], a ] village in ], becomes the oldest populated settlement in modern-day ] (]). | * ], a ] village in ], becomes the oldest populated settlement in modern-day ] (modern-day ]). | ||
| * The ] culture, located in the modern-day ] (United States), rises (approximate date). | * The ] culture, located in the modern-day ] (United States), rises (approximate date). | ||
| * The city of ] (modern ]) is founded (approximate date). | * The city of ] (modern ]) is founded (approximate date). | ||
| Line 53: | Line 54: | ||
| ==== Religion ==== | ==== Religion ==== | ||
| * ] |
* ] – Antipope ] dies at ] after a 20-year reign in opposition to the legitimate popes ], ] and ]. Supporters of Emperor ] in ] choose ] as his successor. | ||
| * November – The council of Poitiers decrees that the followers of ] have to settle down and live under a rule, leading to the foundation of ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Annalena |title=From the Cloister to the State: Fontevraud and the Making of Bourbon France, 1642-1100 |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000436297 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zk85EAAAQBAJ |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref> | |||
| * ] becomes archbishop of ], and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein. | * ] becomes archbishop of ], and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein. | ||
| * The ] Abbey is founded near ] (modern ]). | * The ] Abbey is founded near ] (modern ]). | ||
| * The Diocese of ] is founded (approximate date). | * The Diocese of ] is founded (approximate date). | ||
| ==== |
==== Sports and games ==== | ||
| * ] is invented (approximate date).<ref>{{ |
* ] is invented (approximate date).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.essortment.com/hobbies/historycheckers_smap.htm |title=The history of checkers |access-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222144719/http://www.essortment.com/hobbies/historycheckers_smap.htm |archive-date=22 February 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref></onlyinclude> | ||
| </onlyinclude> | |||
| ] during a hunt, killed by an arrow of ].]] | |||
| == Births == | == Births == | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], duchess of ] (d. ]) | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], Chinese emperor (d. ]) | ||
| * ], Norman bishop (d. ]) | * ], Norman bishop (d. ]) | ||
| * ], pope of the ] (d. ]) | * ], pope of the ] (d. ]) | ||
| Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
| * ], archbishop of Cologne (d. ]) | * ], archbishop of Cologne (d. ]) | ||
| * ], English ] (d. ]) | * ], English ] (d. ]) | ||
| * ], queen of ] (approximate date) | * ], queen consort of ] (approximate date) | ||
| * ], ] (d. ]) | * ], ] (d. ]) | ||
| * ], French ] and scholar (d. ]) | * ] d'Argenteuil, French ] and scholar (d. ]) | ||
| * ], German astronomer (d. ]) | * ], German astronomer (d. ]) | ||
| * ], archbishop of ] (d. ]) | * ], archbishop of ] (d. ]) | ||
| Line 82: | Line 82: | ||
| * ], Italian monk and ] (d. 1159) | * ], Italian monk and ] (d. 1159) | ||
| * ], Almoravid ] (d. ]) | * ], Almoravid ] (d. ]) | ||
| * ], king of ] (approximate date) | * ], Welsh king of ] (approximate date) | ||
| * ], French Jewish ] (d. 1171) | * ], French Jewish ] (d. 1171) | ||
| * ], ] (d. ]) | * ], ] (d. ]) | ||
| Line 91: | Line 91: | ||
| == Deaths == | == Deaths == | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], Chinese emperor (b. ]) | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], bishop of ] | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], German ] | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], French nobleman (b. ]) | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], French nobleman | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ] (or William Rufus), king of ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peberdy |first1=Robert |last2=Waller |first2=Philip |title=A Dictionary of British and Irish History |date=23 November 2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-631-20155-7 |page=673 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKwEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA673 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], antipope of ] | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], German chronicler | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ] (or Wido), French nobleman | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], archbishop of ] | ||
| * ] |
* ] – ], duke of ] | ||
| * ], Hanafi-Maturidi scholar (b. ]) | * ], Hanafi-Maturidi scholar (b. ]) | ||
| * ], Swedish nobleman (approximate date) | * ], Swedish nobleman (approximate date) | ||
| * ], ] | * ], Norman ] of London | ||
| * ], Italo-Norman nobleman | * ] ("the elder"), Italo-Norman nobleman | ||
| * ], Indian ruler of the ] (b. ]) | * ], Indian ruler of the ] Kingdom (b. ]) | ||
| * ], Chinese ] and writer (approximate date) | * ], Chinese ] and writer (approximate date) | ||
| * ], ruler ('']'') of the ] | * ], ruler ('']'') of the ] | ||
| * ], Norman nobleman (approximate date) | * ], Anglo-Norman nobleman (approximate date) | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 22:34, 16 December 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
This article is about the year 1100. For other uses, see 1100 (disambiguation). Calendar year
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1100 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Gregorian calendar | 1100 MC |
| Ab urbe condita | 1853 |
| Armenian calendar | 549 ԹՎ ՇԽԹ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5850 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1021–1022 |
| Bengali calendar | 507 |
| Berber calendar | 2050 |
| English Regnal year | 13 Will. 2 – 1 Hen. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1644 |
| Burmese calendar | 462 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6608–6609 |
| Chinese calendar | 己卯年 (Earth Rabbit) 3797 or 3590 — to — 庚辰年 (Metal Dragon) 3798 or 3591 |
| Coptic calendar | 816–817 |
| Discordian calendar | 2266 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1092–1093 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4860–4861 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1156–1157 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1021–1022 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4200–4201 |
| Holocene calendar | 11100 |
| Igbo calendar | 100–101 |
| Iranian calendar | 478–479 |
| Islamic calendar | 493–494 |
| Japanese calendar | Kōwa 2 (康和２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1005–1006 |
| Julian calendar | 1100 MC |
| Korean calendar | 3433 |
| Minguo calendar | 812 before ROC 民前812年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −368 |
| Seleucid era | 1411/1412 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 1642–1643 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴土兔年 (female Earth-Rabbit) 1226 or 845 or 73 — to — 阳金龙年 (male Iron-Dragon) 1227 or 846 or 74 |
Year 1100 (MC) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, the 1100th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 100th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 11th century, and the 1st year of the 1100s decade. In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a non-leap century year starting on Monday (like 1900).
Events
By place
Levant
- January – The Seljuk ruler Mahmud I is expelled from Baghdad by his brother Barkiyaruq, but Mahmud manages to retake the city, during his spring offensive.
- May or June – Raymond IV (Saint-Gilles) sails to Constantinople to obtain the support of Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos), in his attempt to seize Tripoli.
- August 1 – A Genoese fleet leaves Italy, to support the Crusaders' efforts to conquer the coastal cities; the ships reach Latakia on September 25.
- August – Battle of Melitene: Bohemond I is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch for two years.
- August 20 – With the support of a Venetian fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred capture the coastal city of Haifa.
- December 25 – French Crusader Baldwin I is crowned first King of Jerusalem at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, by Daimbert, the new Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, following the death of the previous ruler, Baldwin's brother Godfrey of Bouillon, on July 18.
- After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the Emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa, with the support of Daimbert.
- Genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states, in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities.
Europe
- August 2 – King William II (or William Rufus) dies in a hunting accident in the New Forest. Sir Walter Tirel is accused of having shot the arrow, but flees the country to avoid a trial. Henry I claims the throne.
- August 5 – Henry I is crowned King of England, at Westminster Abbey. The power of the new monarch is ill-assured, and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a written constitution in Europe.
- August 30 – After the failure of the Council of Liubech in 1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in Kievan Rus; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them. Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.
- September 16 – Battle of Malagon: The Almoravid army defeats the Castellan troops.
- September 23 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury returns from exile, at the invitation of Henry I.
- October 18 – Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro (modern Spain) from the hands of the Almoravids.
- November 11 – Henry I marries Matilda of Scotland, the daughter of King Malcolm III and a direct descendant of the Saxon king Edmund Ironside.
- November 18 – The Council of Poitiers opens, but is soon forcibly closed by William IX, duke of Aquitaine, as the bishops are about to excommunicate King Philip I once more.
- December 25 – Philip I elevates his son Louis VI as co-ruler to the government of the realm.
- Philip I conquers the Vexin area, and adds the city of Bourges and the province of Berry to his estate.
- In Iceland, the Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date).
- Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: Kalmar (Kungälv) and Varberg (Sweden) are chartered; The cities of Aach (southern Germany) and Nakléřov in Bohemia are created. The castle of Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.
- Henry I grants the ownership of Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight to Richard de Redvers, a Norman nobleman.
Africa
- A collective of Tuareg trading clans decide to permanently settle the city of Timbuktu (modern Mali) north of Djenné along the Niger River. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The Sankore, Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date).
China
- February 23 – Emperor Zhezong dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother Huizong as ruler of the Song dynasty. At about this date, the Chinese population reaches around 100 million and in Kaifeng, his capital, the number of registered citizens within the walls is about 1,050,000 with the army stationed here boosting the overall populace to some 1.4 million people.
- The Liao dynasty crushes the Zubu, a tribute state of the Khitan Empire, and takes their khan prisoner.
Americas
- Oraibi, a Hopi village in Navajo County, becomes the oldest populated settlement in modern-day Arizona (modern-day United States).
- The Ancestral Puebloans culture, located in the modern-day Four Corners (United States), rises (approximate date).
- The city of Cusco (modern Peru) is founded (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- September 8 – Antipope Clement III dies at Civita Castellana after a 20-year reign in opposition to the legitimate popes Gregory VII, Victor III and Urban II. Supporters of Emperor Henry IV in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor.
- November – The council of Poitiers decrees that the followers of Robert of Arbrissel have to settle down and live under a rule, leading to the foundation of Fontevraud Abbey.
- Frederick I becomes archbishop of Cologne, and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein.
- The Stift St. Georgen Abbey is founded near Sankt Georgen am Längsee (modern Austria).
- The Diocese of Faroe is founded (approximate date).
Sports and games
- Checkers is invented (approximate date).
Births
- May 19 – Judith of Bavaria, duchess of Swabia (d. 1130)
- May 23 – Qin Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1161)
- Achard of Saint Victor, Norman bishop (d. 1171)
- Adrian IV, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1159)
- Albert I (the Bear), margrave of Brandenburg (d. 1170)
- Alexander III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1181)
- Anselm of Havelberg, German bishop (approximate date)
- Arnold I, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)
- Bruno II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1137)
- Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst, English conjoined twins (d. 1134)
- Elvira of Castile, queen consort of Sicily (approximate date)
- Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (d. 1148)
- Héloïse d'Argenteuil, French abbess and scholar (d. 1162)
- Herman of Carinthia, German astronomer (d. 1160)
- Hillin of Falmagne, archbishop of Trier (d. 1169)
- Jabir ibn Aflah, Arab astronomer and mathematician (d. 1150)
- John of Meda, Italian monk and abbot (d. 1159)
- Muhammad al-Idrisi, Almoravid geographer (d. 1165)
- Owain Gwynedd, Welsh king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
- Jacob ben Meir Tam, French Jewish rabbi (d. 1171)
- Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl Leicester (d. 1168)
- Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby (d. 1162)
- Robert of Melun, bishop of Hereford (d. 1167)
- Robert of Newminster, English abbot (d. 1159)
- Teobaldo Roggeri, Italian shoemaker (d. 1150)
Deaths
- February 23 – Zhezong, Chinese emperor (b. 1077)
- February 25 – Gerland, bishop of Agrigento
- March 28 – Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, German noblewoman
- July 18 – Godfrey of Bouillon, French nobleman (b. 1060)
- July 23 – Warner of Grez, French nobleman
- August 2 – William II (or William Rufus), king of England
- September 8 – Clement III, antipope of Rome
- September 16 – Bernold of Constance, German chronicler
- October 13 – Guy I, Count of Ponthieu (or Wido), French nobleman
- November 18 – Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York
- December 22 – Bretislav II, duke of Bohemia
- Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi, Hanafi-Maturidi scholar (b. 1030)
- Azzo of Gobatsburg, Swedish nobleman (approximate date)
- Geoffrey de Mandeville, Norman Constable of the Tower of London
- Geoffrey, Count of Conversano ("the elder"), Italo-Norman nobleman
- Jaya Pala, Indian ruler of the Kamarupa Kingdom (b. 1075)
- Qin Guan, Chinese poet and writer (approximate date)
- Qutb al-din Hasan, ruler (malik) of the Ghurid dynasty
- Robert de Stafford, Anglo-Norman nobleman (approximate date)
References
- Maalouf, Amid (1983). La Croisade vue par les Arabes. Paris: Lattès. p. 74. ISBN 978-2-7096-0547-2.
- Hill, John Hugh; Hill, Laurita Lyttleton (1959). Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles, 1041 (ou 1042)-1105. Privat.
- Hagenmeyer, Hendrich (1973). Chronologie de la première croisade, 1094–1100. Olms. ISBN 978-3-487-04756-0.
- "Baldwin I of Edessa". Archived from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
- "Communal Courts". Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
- Buresi, Pascal (2004). La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique. Publibook. ISBN 978-2-7483-0644-6.
- Sénac, Philippe (2000). La frontière et les hommes, VIIIe-XIIe siècle. Maisonneuve et Larose. ISBN 978-2-7068-1421-1.
- Catlos, Brian A. (2004). The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050–1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-521-82234-3.
- O'Reilly, Patrice-John (1857). Histoire complète de Bordeaux, Volume 1, Parties 1 à 2. Delmas.
- Hoefer, Jean (1862). Nouvelle biographie générale. Firmin Didot frères.
- Müller, Annalena (2021). From the Cloister to the State: Fontevraud and the Making of Bourbon France, 1642-1100. Routledge. ISBN 9781000436297. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
- "The history of checkers". Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
- Peberdy, Robert; Waller, Philip (23 November 2020). A Dictionary of British and Irish History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 673. ISBN 978-0-631-20155-7.