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| ⚫ | '''Organizational Committees''' (French: ''Comités d'organisation'') were entities established by the ] to regulate and control the ] during the ] in ]. Initially intended to protect French economic interests, these committees soon became tools of ] with Nazi Germany. | ||
| {{About|the organizational committees established during Vichy France|other uses|Comité d'organisation}} | |||
| ⚫ | == Creation and functioning == | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The Organizational Committees were created by the law of August 16, 1940, to oversee industrial production following the armistice with Germany. They operated under the higher authority of the ] (''Office central de répartition des produits industriels'', OCRPI), established by the law of September 10, 1940. The OCRPI was attached to the Secretariat of State for Allocation within the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.{{sfn|Le Crom|1995|p=173}} | ||
| ⚫ | == Creation and |
||
| ⚫ | The Organizational Committees were created by the law of August 16, 1940, to oversee industrial production following the armistice with Germany. They operated under the higher authority of the ] (''Office central de répartition des produits industriels'', OCRPI), established by the law of September 10, 1940. The OCRPI was attached to the Secretariat of State for Allocation within the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. |
||
| The Organizational Committees (CO) were responsible for the "secondary allocation" of resources among the enterprises under their jurisdiction, while the OCRPI managed the "primary allocation." Over time, these allocations increasingly prioritized the needs of German industry.<ref name="margairaz">{{Cite book |last=Margairaz |first=Michel |title=L'État, les finances et l'économie: Histoire d'une conversion 1932–1952 |publisher=Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique |year=1991 |chapter=Chapter XVI |isbn=978-2-8218-2848-3 |url=http://books.openedition.org/igpde/2311?lang=en }}</ref> | The Organizational Committees (CO) were responsible for the "secondary allocation" of resources among the enterprises under their jurisdiction, while the OCRPI managed the "primary allocation." Over time, these allocations increasingly prioritized the needs of German industry.<ref name="margairaz">{{Cite book |last=Margairaz |first=Michel |title=L'État, les finances et l'économie: Histoire d'une conversion 1932–1952 |publisher=Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique |year=1991 |chapter=Chapter XVI |isbn=978-2-8218-2848-3 |url=http://books.openedition.org/igpde/2311?lang=en }}</ref> | ||
| == |
== Committee structure == | ||
| The number of Organizational Committees grew significantly during the occupation, from 15 in late 1940 to over 200 by the spring of 1944. |
The number of Organizational Committees grew significantly during the occupation, from 15 in late 1940 to over 200 by the spring of 1944.{{sfn|Broder|1998|p=90}} | ||
| ===Committees related to music=== | |||
| Between 1941 and 1943, three committees were created to control musical professions under the Vichy government. These committees implemented strict German directives, including the decree of June 6, 1942, which banned Jewish individuals from holding artistic positions in performances, films, and concerts.<ref>Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Berlin.</ref> | Between 1941 and 1943, three committees were created to control musical professions under the Vichy government. These committees implemented strict German directives, including the decree of June 6, 1942, which banned Jewish individuals from holding artistic positions in performances, films, and concerts.<ref>Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Berlin.</ref> | ||
| ===Committee for the Music Industry and Trade=== | |||
| Established by decree on March 16, 1941, this committee was chaired by ], who oversaw music publishing and production. | Established by decree on March 16, 1941, this committee was chaired by ], who oversaw music publishing and production. | ||
| ===Professional Committee for Dramatic Authors, Composers, and Music Publishers=== | |||
| Directed by composer and conductor ], this state-affiliated committee managed ] and reorganized the ]. It systematically seized royalties deemed to be "enemy property," including those belonging to Jewish artists, as well as English, American, and French exiles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Sacem et les droits des auteurs et compositeurs juifs sous l'occupation |url=http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/var/storage/rapports-publics/004001437.pdf |publisher=La Documentation française |year=2000 }}</ref> | Directed by composer and conductor ], this state-affiliated committee managed ] and reorganized the ]. It systematically seized royalties deemed to be "enemy property," including those belonging to Jewish artists, as well as English, American, and French exiles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Sacem et les droits des auteurs et compositeurs juifs sous l'occupation |url=http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/var/storage/rapports-publics/004001437.pdf |publisher=La Documentation française |year=2000 }}</ref> | ||
| ===Committee for Professional Music Organizations=== | |||
| Initially established in 1941, it was later renamed the "Committee for Musical Art and Free Music Education" in 1943. Both iterations were chaired by French pianist ] and enforced bans on performances by Jewish artists, their works, and "degenerate art" (''Entartete Kunst''). | Initially established in 1941, it was later renamed the "Committee for Musical Art and Free Music Education" in 1943. Both iterations were chaired by French pianist ] and enforced bans on performances by Jewish artists, their works, and "degenerate art" (''Entartete Kunst''). | ||
| ===Committee for the Entertainment Industry (COES)=== | |||
| The COES was created by the decree of August 16, 1940, to regulate theatrical activity. It primarily excluded Jewish personnel, managed funding for performance venues, and coordinated with the German occupiers, including ] and the ].<ref>{{ |
The COES was created by the decree of August 16, 1940, to regulate theatrical activity. It primarily excluded Jewish personnel, managed funding for performance venues, and coordinated with the German occupiers, including ] and the ].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/chan/chan/series/pdf/F21-2010.pdf |title=État général des fonds des Archives nationales, F21 |publisher=Archives Nationales |date=2010 }}</ref> | ||
| ===Committee for the Film Industry (COIC)=== | |||
| The '']'' (COIC) was tasked with normalizing and controlling film production under Vichy. Established by the August 16, 1940 law, it operated under the Ministry of Information.{{sfn|Broder|1998|p=90}} | |||
| The COIC was tasked with normalizing and controlling film production under Vichy. Established by the August 16, 1940 law, it operated under the Ministry of Information.<ref name="Broder" /> | |||
| ===Committee for the Book Industry=== | |||
| Created on May 3, 1941, the Committee for Industries, Arts, and Book Trade oversaw the allocation of paper and censorship of publications. Its members included notable resistance figures such as ].<ref>Jean-Pierre Rioux (ed.), ''La Vie culturelle sous Vichy'', Éditions Complexe, 1990.</ref> | Created on May 3, 1941, the Committee for Industries, Arts, and Book Trade oversaw the allocation of paper and censorship of publications. Its members included notable resistance figures such as ].<ref>Jean-Pierre Rioux (ed.), ''La Vie culturelle sous Vichy'', Éditions Complexe, 1990.</ref> | ||
| ===Other committees=== | |||
| ====Textile Industry Committee==== | |||
| Managed Franco-German textile agreements.<ref name="veyret">{{Cite book |last=Veyret |first=Patrick |title=Lyon 1939–1949: From Industrial Collaboration to Economic Purge |publisher=La Taillanderie |year=2008 |pages=45–58 |isbn=978-2-87629-398-4 }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ====Aeronautical Industry Committee==== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Directed by General ], this committee facilitated German demands for aircraft production. | ||
| ====Automobile Industry Committee==== | |||
| ⚫ | Led by ], it coordinated French automobile production with the German ''Generalbevollmächtigte für das Kraftfahrwesen'' (GBK).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loubet |first=Jean-Louis |chapter=Work in the French Automobile Industry Under Occupation |series=Les Cahiers de la MSHE Ledoux |title=Working in Businesses Under Occupation |publisher=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté |year=2008 |pages=177–186 |isbn=978-2-84867-815-3 |chapter-url=http://books.openedition.org/pufc/26214 }}</ref> | ||
| == Operational |
== Operational mode == | ||
| The Organizational Committees relayed Vichy government instructions to businesses. For example, on July 2, 1942, ] ordered them to improve labor efficiency in industries supporting the ].<ref name="veyret" /> | The Organizational Committees relayed Vichy government instructions to businesses. For example, on July 2, 1942, ] ordered them to improve labor efficiency in industries supporting the ].<ref name="veyret" /> | ||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
| {{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
| == Further |
== Further reading == | ||
| * {{Cite book |last= |
* {{Cite book |last=Broder |first=Albert |title=Histoire économique de la France au XXe siècle: 1914–1997 |publisher=Éditions Ophrys |year=1998 |pages=90 |isbn=9782708008533|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWtn6XHSjmUC&pg=PA90 }} | ||
| * {{Cite book |last=Le Crom |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Syndicats, nous voilà! Vichy et le corporatisme |publisher=Éditions de l'Atelier |year=1995 | |
* {{Cite book |last=Le Crom |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Syndicats, nous voilà! Vichy et le corporatisme |publisher=Éditions de l'Atelier |year=1995 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Syndicats_nous_voil%C3%A0/-g4sAhtVp4YC?hl=en&gbpv=1|isbn=9782708231238}} | ||
| * {{Cite book |last=Rioux |first=Jean-Pierre|title=La Vie culturelle sous Vichy |publisher=Éditions Complexe |year=1990 |isbn=978-2-87027-359-3 }} | |||
| {{Portal|France|World War II|Economy}} | {{Portal|France|World War II|Economy}} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:14, 17 December 2024
Organizational Committees (French: Comités d'organisation) were entities established by the Vichy regime to regulate and control the French economy during the German occupation of France in World War II. Initially intended to protect French economic interests, these committees soon became tools of economic collaboration with Nazi Germany.
Creation and functioning
The Organizational Committees were created by the law of August 16, 1940, to oversee industrial production following the armistice with Germany. They operated under the higher authority of the Central Office for the Allocation of Industrial Products (Office central de répartition des produits industriels, OCRPI), established by the law of September 10, 1940. The OCRPI was attached to the Secretariat of State for Allocation within the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
The Organizational Committees (CO) were responsible for the "secondary allocation" of resources among the enterprises under their jurisdiction, while the OCRPI managed the "primary allocation." Over time, these allocations increasingly prioritized the needs of German industry.
Committee structure
The number of Organizational Committees grew significantly during the occupation, from 15 in late 1940 to over 200 by the spring of 1944.
Committees related to music
Between 1941 and 1943, three committees were created to control musical professions under the Vichy government. These committees implemented strict German directives, including the decree of June 6, 1942, which banned Jewish individuals from holding artistic positions in performances, films, and concerts.
Committee for the Music Industry and Trade
Established by decree on March 16, 1941, this committee was chaired by René Dommange, who oversaw music publishing and production.
Professional Committee for Dramatic Authors, Composers, and Music Publishers
Directed by composer and conductor Henri Rabaud, this state-affiliated committee managed royalties and reorganized the SACEM. It systematically seized royalties deemed to be "enemy property," including those belonging to Jewish artists, as well as English, American, and French exiles.
Committee for Professional Music Organizations
Initially established in 1941, it was later renamed the "Committee for Musical Art and Free Music Education" in 1943. Both iterations were chaired by French pianist Alfred Cortot and enforced bans on performances by Jewish artists, their works, and "degenerate art" (Entartete Kunst).
Committee for the Entertainment Industry (COES)
The COES was created by the decree of August 16, 1940, to regulate theatrical activity. It primarily excluded Jewish personnel, managed funding for performance venues, and coordinated with the German occupiers, including Otto Abetz and the Goethe-Institut.
Committee for the Film Industry (COIC)
The Comité d'organisation de l'industrie cinématographique (COIC) was tasked with normalizing and controlling film production under Vichy. Established by the August 16, 1940 law, it operated under the Ministry of Information.
Committee for the Book Industry
Created on May 3, 1941, the Committee for Industries, Arts, and Book Trade oversaw the allocation of paper and censorship of publications. Its members included notable resistance figures such as Marguerite Duras.
Other committees
Textile Industry Committee
Managed Franco-German textile agreements.
Aeronautical Industry Committee
Directed by General Jean Bergeret, this committee facilitated German demands for aircraft production.
Automobile Industry Committee
Led by François Lehideux, it coordinated French automobile production with the German Generalbevollmächtigte für das Kraftfahrwesen (GBK).
Operational mode
The Organizational Committees relayed Vichy government instructions to businesses. For example, on July 2, 1942, Pierre Laval ordered them to improve labor efficiency in industries supporting the forced labor program.
References
- Le Crom 1995, p. 173.
- Margairaz, Michel (1991). "Chapter XVI". L'État, les finances et l'économie: Histoire d'une conversion 1932–1952. Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique. ISBN 978-2-8218-2848-3.
- ^ Broder 1998, p. 90.
- Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Berlin.
- "La Sacem et les droits des auteurs et compositeurs juifs sous l'occupation" (PDF). La Documentation française. 2000.
- État général des fonds des Archives nationales, F21 (PDF), Archives Nationales, 2010
- Jean-Pierre Rioux (ed.), La Vie culturelle sous Vichy, Éditions Complexe, 1990.
- ^ Veyret, Patrick (2008). Lyon 1939–1949: From Industrial Collaboration to Economic Purge. La Taillanderie. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-2-87629-398-4.
- Loubet, Jean-Louis (2008). "Work in the French Automobile Industry Under Occupation". Working in Businesses Under Occupation. Les Cahiers de la MSHE Ledoux. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. pp. 177–186. ISBN 978-2-84867-815-3.
Further reading
- Broder, Albert (1998). Histoire économique de la France au XXe siècle: 1914–1997. Éditions Ophrys. p. 90. ISBN 9782708008533.
- Le Crom, Jean-Pierre (1995). Syndicats, nous voilà! Vichy et le corporatisme. Éditions de l'Atelier. ISBN 9782708231238.
- Rioux, Jean-Pierre (1990). La Vie culturelle sous Vichy. Éditions Complexe. ISBN 978-2-87027-359-3.
