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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox {{speciesbox
| name = Pallas's fish eagle | name = Pallas's fish eagle
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| status = EN | status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Haliaeetus leucoryphus'' |author=BirdLife International |page=e.T22695130A119358956 |date=2017 |access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Haliaeetus leucoryphus'' |page=e.T22695130A131934599 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22695130A131934599.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Haliaeetus | genus = Haliaeetus
| species = leucoryphus | species = leucoryphus
Line 10: Line 14:
| synonyms = ''Aquila leucorypha'' Pallas, 1771 | synonyms = ''Aquila leucorypha'' Pallas, 1771
}} }}
⚫ '''Pallas's fish eagle''' ('''''Haliaeetus leucoryphus'''''), also known as '''Pallas's sea eagle''' or '''band-tailed fish eagle''', is a large, brownish ]. It breeds in the east ] in Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, China, ], ], ], ] and ]. It is listed as ] on the ].<ref name=iucn/> It is partially ], with ]n birds wintering among the southern Asian birds in northern India, and also further west to the ].{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=}}

⚫ '''Pallas's fish eagle''' (''Haliaeetus leucoryphus''), also known as '''Pallas's sea eagle''' or '''band-tailed fish eagle''', is a large, brownish ]. It breeds in the east ] in Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, China, ], ], ] and ]. It is listed as ] on the ].<ref name=iucn/> It is partially ], with ] birds wintering among the southern Asian birds in northern India, and also further west to the ].{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=}}


== Description == == Description ==
]]] ]]]
It has a light brown hood over a white face. The wings are dark brown and the back rufous, darker underneath. The tail is black with a wide, distinctive white stripe. Underwings have a white band. Juveniles are overall darker with no band on the tail. It measures {{convert|72|–|84|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length with a ] of {{convert|180|-|215|cm|in|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=}} Females weigh {{convert|2|–|3.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and are slightly larger than males at {{convert|4.4|-|7.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ferguson-Lees, J., Christie, D. A. |title=Raptors of the World |year=2001 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=Boston, New York |isbn=0-618-12762-3}}</ref> The Pallas's fish eagle has a light sandy-brown hood and a whitish face. The wings are darker brown and the back rufous. The long, slender wings (particularly slender for a sea eagle) are rather dark brown underneath. The tail is black with a wide, distinctive white stripe. Juveniles are overall darker, cooler brown with no band on the tail but with several pale areas on the wing, including the underwing coverts and inner primaries. This results in underwings that have a white band in young fish eagles. It takes until the 4th year or so to obtain adult plumage. Among related species,, it mainly overlaps in range with the quite dissimilar much shorter winged and slightly smaller ] and scarcely with the larger, bulkier and much broader winged ], which also seldom resembles the coloring of the Pallas's.<ref>Robson, C. (2000). ''A Field Guide to the Birds of South-east Asia''. New Holland, London, UK.</ref><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/> This fairly large species measures {{convert|72|to|85|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length with a ] of {{convert|180|-|215|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=}} Females are generally reported to weigh {{convert|2.1|to|3.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, with this sample of nine averaging {{convert|3.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and are slightly larger than males at {{convert|2.03|to|3.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, in ten that weighed an average of {{convert|2.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees>{{cite book |author=Ferguson-Lees, J., Christie, D. A. |title=Raptors of the World |year=2001 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=Boston, New York |isbn=0-618-12762-3}}</ref><ref>Brazil, M. (2019). ''Field Guide to the Birds of East Asia''. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref><ref>Dunning Jr, J. B. (2007). ''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition''. CRC Press.</ref> However, in some cases Pallas's fish eagles have been reported to weigh as much as {{convert|4|to|5.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and span as much as much as {{convert|240|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Steele>Steele, M. (2017). ''Where in the World are Pallas's Fish Eagles? Migration and Ecology of Haliaeetus leucoryphus in Asia''. University of Arkansas.</ref><ref>Paz, U. (1987). ''The birds of Israel''. Stephen Greene Press.</ref> Thus, their size falls just slightly under the large northern sea eagles (i.e. ], ] and ]) and broadly similar to slightly larger than the sea eagles of more tropical central distribution.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/>


== Behaviour and ecology ==
Its diet consists primarily of large freshwater fish. It also regularly predates water birds, including adult ], by assaulting them on the surface of the water and then flying off with the kill. Since this goose species is slightly heavier than the eagle, this is one of the greatest weight-lifting feats ever recorded for a flying bird. Another case of lifting a great load was recorded at the ] River in north-central India, where an eagle captured a huge ] and flew with the struggling fish very low over the water, before dropping it in response to gunfire. The carp was found to have weighed {{convert|6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} about twice the weight of the eagle carrying it.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wood, G. |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
===Diet===
Its diet consists primarily of large freshwater ]. However, Pallas's fish eagle seems to have a broadly opportunistic diet much like better known sea eagles.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/> They also regularly prey upon ]s, especially ]s. Other prey reportedly can include ]s, including ]s and ]s, ]s, ]s, including ]s and ]s, ]s (i.e. ] larvae) and ].<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= BOTW>Orta, J., D. A. Christie, G. M. Kirwan, and C.J. Sharpe (2020). ''Pallas's Fish-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus)'', version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.</ref> Their prey in ] were reported to consist of ], ], ], ], '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref name= BOTW/> Known water bird prey can include ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name= BOTW/> Pallas's fish eagles are known to attack quite large (i.e. about their own size or somewhat larger) adult water birds including ], ] and ] by assaulting them on the surface of the water and then flying off with the kill. Since the greylag goose species is slightly heavier than the eagle, this is one of the greatest weight-lifting feats ever recorded for a flying bird.<ref name= BOTW/> Another case of lifting a great load was recorded at the ] River in north-central India, where an eagle captured a huge ] and flew with the struggling fish very low over the water, before dropping it in response to gunfire. The carp was found to have weighed {{cvt|6.5|kg}}, which is probably roughly twice the weight of the eagle carrying it.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wood, G. |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |url-access=registration}}</ref> How they interact with other raptors is not well understood. However, observations of wintering Pallas's fish eagles in ] suggest they may dominate several other eagle species, select the highest perches and have the highest daily food intake, including over similarly sized eagles such as ]s and ]s.<ref>Prakash, V. (1988). ''The general ecology of raptors in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur'' (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis. Bombay University, Mumbai, India).</ref>


== Taxonomy== ==Taxonomy==
] ]
''Aquila leucorypha'' was the ] proposed by ] in 1771, who first ] a Pallas's fish eagle that he encountered during his travels in eastern ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pallas |first1=P. S. |year=1771 |title=Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs in einem ausführlichen Auszuge. Volume 2 |publisher=J. G. Fleischer |location=Frankfurt und Leipzig |chapter=''Aquila leucorypha'' |chapter-url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN329913735?tify={%22pages%22:,%22panX%22:0.497,%22panY%22:0.314,%22view%22:%22info%22,%22zoom%22:1} |pages=454–455}}</ref> In the 19th century, it was also placed in the genera '']'' and ''Haliaeetus'' by different authors.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bree, C. R. |author2=Fawcett, B. |name-list-style=amp |year=1859 |title=A history of the birds of Europe, not observed in the British Isles |location=London |publisher=Groombridge and Sons |volume=1 |pages=75–79 |chapter=Pallas's sea eagle |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofbirdso01bree/historyofbirdso01bree#page/75/mode/2up}}</ref>

This species is the hardest-to-place sea-eagle. Among the ] of its ], it has no close living relatives. ] ] ] data is unable to reliably suggest a ] place for it among the sea-eagles. However, some information can be drawn from the molecular data, and especially from ] and ]: This species is the hardest-to-place sea-eagle. Among the ] of its ], it has no close living relatives. ] ] ] data is unable to reliably suggest a ] place for it among the sea-eagles. However, some information can be drawn from the molecular data, and especially from ] and ]:


This species retains the ancestral dark eye, ], and ] of the first sea-eagles, shared with the older ] lineage. It is peculiar insofar as it has a black band at the end of the tail in adult birds, similar to juvenile ]s (which look like a smaller, darker version of this bird, but are not very closely related). Its distribution indicates that this species evolved fairly independently of other sea-eagle lineages, but the molecular data tentatively suggests it is possibly closer to the ] species. It diverged from its common ancestor with other species soon after the ] and the tropical lineages split. Dependent on the interpretation of a possible Early ] sea-eagle fossil from ], this happened either at the very start or the end of the Oligocene, somewhere between 34 and 25 ].<ref name=Wink1996>{{cite journal |last=Wink |first=M. |last2=Heidrich |first2= P. |last3=Fentzloff |first3=C. |year=1996 |title=A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus ''Haliaeetus'') based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome ''b'' gene |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X |volume=24 |issue=7–8 |pages=783–791 |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1996/20_1996.pdf |ref=harv}}</ref> This species retains the ancestral dark eye, ], and ] of the first sea-eagles, shared with the older ] lineage. It is peculiar insofar as it has a black band at the end of the tail in adult birds, similar to juvenile ]s (which look like a smaller, darker version of this bird, but are not very closely related). Its distribution indicates that this species evolved fairly independently of other sea-eagle lineages, but the molecular data tentatively suggests it is possibly closer to the ] species. It diverged from its common ancestor with other species soon after the ] and the tropical lineages split. Dependent on the interpretation of a possible Early ] sea-eagle fossil from ], this happened either at the very start or the end of the Oligocene, somewhere between 34 and 25 ].<ref name=Wink1996>{{cite journal |last1=Wink |first1=M. |last2=Heidrich |first2= P. |last3=Fentzloff |first3=C. |year=1996 |title=A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus ''Haliaeetus'') based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome ''b'' gene |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X |volume=24 |issue=7–8 |pages=783–791 |bibcode=1996BioSE..24..783W |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1996/20_1996.pdf }}</ref>


== Distribution and habitat == == Distribution and habitat ==
] ]
The Pallas's fish eagle occurs in Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name=iucn/>
Apparently, this species achieved its current, essentially land-locked distribution peculiar among sea-eagles due to the collision of ] with ].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
Although the exact timing is not well resolved, it is quite certain that Pallas's fish eagle is a descendant of those sea-eagles which inhabited the northwestern ] when it was a shallow straits separating mainland Asia from India, which still was an island at that time.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}


== Conservation status == == Conservation ==
⚫ The Pallas's fish eagle is listed as ] on the ]. The global population is estimated at less than 2,500 individuals. Besides direct persecution, humans contribute to the decline of this species through habitat degradation, ], and draining or ] ]s. In India, the spread of ] in lakes possibly makes finding ] difficult for the Pallas's fish eagle.<ref name=iucn/>
], Uttarakhand, India]]
⚫ Its large ] is deceptive, as Pallas's fish eagle is rare and isolated throughout its territory and may not breed in large areas of it.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=del Hoyo |editor-first=J. |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=J. |year=1994 |title=] |volume=2 |publisher=Lynx Ediciones |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-87334-15-6}}</ref>
⚫ The ] of Pallas's fish eagle is Endangered, and the global population is estimated at less than 2,500 individuals. Besides direct persecution, humans contribute to the decline of this species through habitat degradation, ], and draining or ] ]s. In India, the spread of ] in lakes possibly makes finding ] difficult for the Pallas's fish eagle.<ref name=iucn/>
⚫ The large ] is deceptive, as Pallas's fish eagle is rare and isolated throughout its territory and may not breed in large areas of it.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=del Hoyo | editor-first = J. |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=J. |year=1994 |title=] |volume=2 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-87334-15-6}}</ref>


== References == == References ==
Line 39: Line 44:


== External links == == External links ==
{{Commonscat|Haliaeetus leucoryphus}}
* ARKive:
{{Wikispecies|Haliaeetus leucoryphus}}
*
* {{cite web |title=Pallas's Fish-eagle ''Haliaeetus leucoryphus'' |website=BirdLife International |date=2020 |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/pallass-fish-eagle-haliaeetus-leucoryphus}}
* (very large and slow to load)
* {{cite web |website=ARKive |title=Pallas's Fish-eagle: images and movies |url=http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Haliaeetus_leucoryphus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422084534/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Haliaeetus_leucoryphus |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-04-22 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q271462}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q271462}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:eagle, fish, Pallas's}}
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Latest revision as of 03:05, 18 December 2024

Species of bird

Pallas's fish eagle
Conservation status

Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Haliaeetus
Species: H. leucoryphus
Binomial name
Haliaeetus leucoryphus
(Pallas, 1771)
Synonyms

Aquila leucorypha Pallas, 1771

Pallas's fish eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), also known as Pallas's sea eagle or band-tailed fish eagle, is a large, brownish sea eagle. It breeds in the east Palearctic in Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, China, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Bhutan. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is partially migratory, with Central Asian birds wintering among the southern Asian birds in northern India, and also further west to the Persian Gulf.

Description

Pallas's fish eagle in flight at Jim Corbett National Park

The Pallas's fish eagle has a light sandy-brown hood and a whitish face. The wings are darker brown and the back rufous. The long, slender wings (particularly slender for a sea eagle) are rather dark brown underneath. The tail is black with a wide, distinctive white stripe. Juveniles are overall darker, cooler brown with no band on the tail but with several pale areas on the wing, including the underwing coverts and inner primaries. This results in underwings that have a white band in young fish eagles. It takes until the 4th year or so to obtain adult plumage. Among related species,, it mainly overlaps in range with the quite dissimilar much shorter winged and slightly smaller grey-headed fish eagle and scarcely with the larger, bulkier and much broader winged white-tailed eagle, which also seldom resembles the coloring of the Pallas's. This fairly large species measures 72 to 85 cm (28 to 33 in) in length with a wingspan of 180–215 cm (5 ft 11 in – 7 ft 1 in). Females are generally reported to weigh 2.1 to 3.7 kg (4.6 to 8.2 lb), with this sample of nine averaging 3.2 kg (7.1 lb), and are slightly larger than males at 2.03 to 3.3 kg (4.5 to 7.3 lb), in ten that weighed an average of 2.6 kg (5.7 lb). However, in some cases Pallas's fish eagles have been reported to weigh as much as 4 to 5.5 kg (8.8 to 12.1 lb) and span as much as much as 240 cm (7 ft 10 in). Thus, their size falls just slightly under the large northern sea eagles (i.e. bald, white-tailed and Steller's) and broadly similar to slightly larger than the sea eagles of more tropical central distribution.

Behaviour and ecology

Diet

Its diet consists primarily of large freshwater fish. However, Pallas's fish eagle seems to have a broadly opportunistic diet much like better known sea eagles. They also regularly prey upon birds, especially water birds. Other prey reportedly can include mammals, including leporids and rodents, frogs, reptiles, including snakes and terrapins, insects (i.e. wasp larvae) and carrion. Their prey in Bangladesh were reported to consist of mrigal carp, rohu, catla, ilish, Chitala chitala, Mystus cavasius, Ompok bimaculatus and Wallago attu. Known water bird prey can include pheasant-tailed jacana, lesser whistling duck, ferruginous duck, common pochard and little grebe. Pallas's fish eagles are known to attack quite large (i.e. about their own size or somewhat larger) adult water birds including greylag geese, bar-headed geese and Demoiselle crane by assaulting them on the surface of the water and then flying off with the kill. Since the greylag goose species is slightly heavier than the eagle, this is one of the greatest weight-lifting feats ever recorded for a flying bird. Another case of lifting a great load was recorded at the Yamuna River in north-central India, where an eagle captured a huge carp and flew with the struggling fish very low over the water, before dropping it in response to gunfire. The carp was found to have weighed 6.5 kg (14 lb), which is probably roughly twice the weight of the eagle carrying it. How they interact with other raptors is not well understood. However, observations of wintering Pallas's fish eagles in Bharatpur suggest they may dominate several other eagle species, select the highest perches and have the highest daily food intake, including over similarly sized eagles such as eastern imperial eagles and steppe eagles.

Taxonomy

Pallas's fish eagle eggs

Aquila leucorypha was the scientific name proposed by Peter Simon Pallas in 1771, who first described a Pallas's fish eagle that he encountered during his travels in eastern Siberia. In the 19th century, it was also placed in the genera Falco and Haliaeetus by different authors.

This species is the hardest-to-place sea-eagle. Among the species of its genus, it has no close living relatives. mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data is unable to reliably suggest a phylogenetic place for it among the sea-eagles. However, some information can be drawn from the molecular data, and especially from morphology and biogeography:

This species retains the ancestral dark eye, bill, and talons of the first sea-eagles, shared with the older tropical lineage. It is peculiar insofar as it has a black band at the end of the tail in adult birds, similar to juvenile Madagascar fish eagles (which look like a smaller, darker version of this bird, but are not very closely related). Its distribution indicates that this species evolved fairly independently of other sea-eagle lineages, but the molecular data tentatively suggests it is possibly closer to the Holarctic species. It diverged from its common ancestor with other species soon after the Holarctic and the tropical lineages split. Dependent on the interpretation of a possible Early Oligocene sea-eagle fossil from Egypt, this happened either at the very start or the end of the Oligocene, somewhere between 34 and 25 mya.

Distribution and habitat

Juvenile Pallas's fish eagle in Bangladesh

The Pallas's fish eagle occurs in Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Bhutan.

Conservation

The Pallas's fish eagle is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The global population is estimated at less than 2,500 individuals. Besides direct persecution, humans contribute to the decline of this species through habitat degradation, pollution, and draining or overfishing lakes. In India, the spread of water hyacinth in lakes possibly makes finding prey difficult for the Pallas's fish eagle. Its large range is deceptive, as Pallas's fish eagle is rare and isolated throughout its territory and may not breed in large areas of it.

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Haliaeetus leucoryphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22695130A131934599. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22695130A131934599.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994.
  3. Robson, C. (2000). A Field Guide to the Birds of South-east Asia. New Holland, London, UK.
  4. ^ Ferguson-Lees, J., Christie, D. A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-12762-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Brazil, M. (2019). Field Guide to the Birds of East Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  6. Dunning Jr, J. B. (2007). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition. CRC Press.
  7. Steele, M. (2017). Where in the World are Pallas's Fish Eagles? Migration and Ecology of Haliaeetus leucoryphus in Asia. University of Arkansas.
  8. Paz, U. (1987). The birds of Israel. Stephen Greene Press.
  9. ^ Orta, J., D. A. Christie, G. M. Kirwan, and C.J. Sharpe (2020). Pallas's Fish-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
  10. Wood, G. (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  11. Prakash, V. (1988). The general ecology of raptors in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis. Bombay University, Mumbai, India).
  12. Pallas, P. S. (1771). "Aquila leucorypha". Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs in einem ausführlichen Auszuge. Volume 2. Frankfurt und Leipzig: J. G. Fleischer. pp. 454–455.
  13. Bree, C. R. & Fawcett, B. (1859). "Pallas's sea eagle". A history of the birds of Europe, not observed in the British Isles. Vol. 1. London: Groombridge and Sons. pp. 75–79.
  14. Wink, M.; Heidrich, P.; Fentzloff, C. (1996). "A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus Haliaeetus) based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene" (PDF). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 24 (7–8): 783–791. Bibcode:1996BioSE..24..783W. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X.
  15. del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones. ISBN 84-87334-15-6.

External links

Taxon identifiers
Haliaeetus leucoryphus
Categories: