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{{Short description|Named after Leonard Cutler Sanford}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Sanford's Sea-eagle | name = Sanford's sea eagle
⚫ | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1
| trend = down | status = VU
⚫ | status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = ]ia
| status_ref = {{sfn|IUCN Red List|2012}}
| phylum = ]
| status2 = CITES_A2
| classis = ]
| status2_system = CITES
| ordo = ]
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| familia = ]
| genus = '']'' | genus = Icthyophaga
| species = '''''H. sanfordi''''' | species = sanfordi
| authority = (], 1935)<ref name=desc>{{cite journal|journal=American Museum Novitates | issue=828|year=1936|title=Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 31, Descriptions of twenty-five species and subspecies |pages=1–20| hdl= 2246/3965 |author=Mayr, E}}</ref>
⚫ | binomial = ''Haliaeetus sanfordi''
| binomial_authority = ], ]
}} }}


The '''Sanford's Sea-eagle''' (''Haliaeetus sanfordi'') sometimes listed as '''Sanford's Fish-eagle''', or '''Solomon Eagle''' is a ] endemic to the ]. The "sea-eagle" terminology is to be preferred, to distinguish the species of '']'' from the closely related '']'' true fish eagles.<ref name=hbw>del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'' Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona ISBN 84-87334-15-6.</ref> '''Sanford's sea eagle''' ('''''Icthyophaga sanfordi'''''), also known as '''Sanford's fish eagle''' or the '''Solomon eagle''', is a ] ] to the ].


==Description== ==Taxonomy==
The Sanford's Sea-eagle was discovered by and named after Dr. Leonard C. Sanford, a trustee for the ]. The first description was by Professor Ernst Mayr in 1935. It can reach a length between 70–90 cm and a weight between 2.3–2.7 kg. The wingspan is between 165 and 185 cm. It is the only large predator on the Solomon Islands. The eagles inhabits coastal forests and lakes up to an altitude of about 1500 m asl.<ref name=hbw/> Sanford's sea eagle was discovered by and named after ], a trustee for the ]. The first description was by ] in 1935. The "sea eagle" name is used to distinguish the ] of the genus '']'' from the closely related '']'' true fish eagles.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=121}} The species was described in 1935 by ] who noticed that earlier observers had overlooked it, thinking it was a juvenile of the ].<ref name=desc/> It forms a ] with the ]. As in other sea eagle species pairs, the other ] is white-headed. These two are ]ally very close, it seems; their lineages separated not longer than 1 million years ago, probably only in the ], a few 100,000 years ago.{{sfn|Wink|Heidrich|Fentzloff|1996|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2011}}<ref name="reservation-Wink" /> Both share a dark ], ], and eyes with the other ]n sea eagles.


== Description ==
⚫ The plumage is whitish brown to bright brown on the head and the neck. The underparts are tinged from brown to reddish brown and dark brown. The upperparts are coloured from darkish brown to gray black. The eyes are bright brown. Uniquely among sea-eagles, this species has an entirely dark tail throughout its life.
It can reach a length of {{convert|70|–|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a weight between {{convert|1.1|and|2.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Its wingspan is {{convert|165|–|185|cm|ft|abbr=on}}. It is the only large ] on the Solomon Islands. The eagles inhabit coastal forests and lakes up to an altitude of about 1500 m above sea level.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=121}}


⚫ Their ] is whitish brown to bright brown on the head and the neck. The underparts are brown to reddish brown and dark brown. The upperparts are darkish brown to gray-black. The eyes are bright brown. Uniquely among sea eagles, this species has an entirely dark tail throughout its life.
⚫ The breeding season is from August to October. The nest consists of two eggs.


==Breeding==
The diet consists of mainly of tideline carrion, fish, molluscs, crabs, tortoises, and sea snakes, and more rarely birds and fruit-bats snatched from the rainforest canopy.<ref name=hbw/>
⚫ The breeding season is from August to October. The nest consists of two ].


==Diet==
It forms a ] with the ]. Like in other sea eagle species pairs, the other ] is white-headed. These two are ]ally very close it seems; their lineages separated not longer ago than 1 ], probably only in the ], a few 100.000 years ago (Wink ''et al.'', 1996<ref>
The diet consists of mainly of tideline carrion, fish, ]s, ]s, ], and ]s, and more rarely birds and ]s snatched from the ] ].{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=121}}<ref>Mikula, P., Morelli, F., Lučan, R. K., Jones, D. N., & Tryjanowski, P. (2016). Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective. Mammal Review.</ref> It has also been reported to feed opportunistically on the ].{{sfn|Heinsohn|2000|pp=245–246}}
⚫ Note that the author's reservation about the fast rate of molecular evolution have proven well justified; the 2% per 4 million years seem if anything an overestimate. In addition, as the provenance of specimens is not noted, genetic ] due to ] cannot be excluded, as the species' ranges touch. This is unlikely due to marked differences in behavior and habitat preferences however.</ref>).
Both share the dark bill, talons, and eyes with the other ]n sea-eagles.


This eagle is often illustrated on postage stamps of the Solomon Islands. ]
==In culture==
The eagle is often illustrated on postage stamps of the Solomon Islands.


⚫ == Footnotes ==
==References==<!-- Auk118:472 -->
⚫ {{Commons category|Haliaeetus sanfordi}}
* {{IUCN2006|assessors='''BirdLife International'''|year=2004|id=9651|title=Haliaeetus sanfordi|downloaded=06 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is vulnerable
⚫ {{Wikispecies|Haliaeetus sanfordi}}
*
{{Reflist
⚫ * '''Wink''', M.; Heidrich, P. & Fentzloff, C. (1996): A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus ''Haliaeetus'') based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome ''b'' gene. ''Biochemical Systematics and Ecology'' '''24''': 783-791. {{DOI|10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X}}
| refs =


⚫ {{#tag:ref|Note that ]'s reservation about the high rate of molecular evolution have proven well justified; the 2% per 4 million years seem if anything an overestimate. In addition, as the provenance of specimens is not noted, genetic ] due to ] cannot be excluded, as the species' ranges touch. This is unlikely due to marked differences in behavior and habitat preferences however.|name=reservation-Wink}}
⚫ ===Footnotes===
<references/>


}}
⚫ ]
]


; References
]

⚫ ]
* {{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22695105/0 |title=''Haliaeetus sanfordi'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013
]
| ref = {{harvid|IUCN Red List|2012}}
]
}}
]
* {{cite web
| title = Species factsheet: Sanford's Sea-eagle ''Haliaeetus sanfordi''
| year = 2011
| publisher = ]
| work = birdlife.org
| url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3360
| access-date = 2011-05-25
| ref = {{harvid|BirdLife}}
}}
; Cited works <!-- Auk118:472. FieldianaZool31:31. -->

* {{cite book
| editor-last = del Hoyo
| editor-first = J.
| editor2-last = Elliott
| editor2-first = A.
| editor3-last = Sargatal
| editor3-first = J.
| year = 1994
| title = ]
| volume = 2
| publisher = Lynx Edicions
| location = Barcelona
| isbn = 84-87334-15-6
}}
* {{cite journal| last = Heinsohn| first = Tom| year = 2000| title = Predation by the White-breasted Sea Eagle ''Haliaeetus leucogaster'' on phalangerid possums in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea| journal = Emu| volume = 100| issue = 3| pages = 245–46| doi = 10.1071/MU00913| bibcode = 2000EmuAO.100..245H}}
⚫ * {{cite journal| last1 = Wink | first1 = M.| last2 = Heidrich | first2 = P.| last3 = Fentzloff | first3 = C.| year = 1996| doi = 10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X| title = A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus ''Haliaeetus'') based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome ''b'' gene| journal = Biochemical Systematics and Ecology| volume = 24| issue = 7–8| pages = 783–791| bibcode = 1996BioSE..24..783W| url = http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1996/20_1996.pdf}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q936424}}

]
]
]
]
⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 03:18, 18 December 2024

Named after Leonard Cutler Sanford

Sanford's sea eagle
Conservation status

Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Icthyophaga
Species: I. sanfordi
Binomial name
Icthyophaga sanfordi
(Mayr, 1935)

Sanford's sea eagle (Icthyophaga sanfordi), also known as Sanford's fish eagle or the Solomon eagle, is a sea eagle endemic to the Solomon Islands archipelago.

Taxonomy

Sanford's sea eagle was discovered by and named after Dr Leonard C. Sanford, a trustee for the American Museum of Natural History. The first description was by Ernst Mayr in 1935. The "sea eagle" name is used to distinguish the species of the genus Haliaeetus from the closely related Ichthyophaga true fish eagles. The species was described in 1935 by Ernst Mayr who noticed that earlier observers had overlooked it, thinking it was a juvenile of the white-bellied sea eagle. It forms a superspecies with the white-bellied sea eagle. As in other sea eagle species pairs, the other taxon is white-headed. These two are genetically very close, it seems; their lineages separated not longer than 1 million years ago, probably only in the Middle Pleistocene, a few 100,000 years ago. Both share a dark bill, talons, and eyes with the other Gondwanan sea eagles.

Description

It can reach a length of 70–90 cm (28–35 in) and a weight between 1.1 and 2.7 kg (2.4 and 6.0 lb). Its wingspan is 165–185 cm (5.41–6.07 ft). It is the only large predator on the Solomon Islands. The eagles inhabit coastal forests and lakes up to an altitude of about 1500 m above sea level.

Their plumage is whitish brown to bright brown on the head and the neck. The underparts are brown to reddish brown and dark brown. The upperparts are darkish brown to gray-black. The eyes are bright brown. Uniquely among sea eagles, this species has an entirely dark tail throughout its life.

Breeding

The breeding season is from August to October. The nest consists of two eggs.

Diet

The diet consists of mainly of tideline carrion, fish, molluscs, crabs, tortoises, and sea snakes, and more rarely birds and megabats snatched from the rainforest canopy. It has also been reported to feed opportunistically on the northern common cuscus.

Sanford's eagle on a stamp of the British Solomon Islands (1965).

In culture

The eagle is often illustrated on postage stamps of the Solomon Islands.

Footnotes

  1. IUCN Red List 2012.
  2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Mayr, E (1936). "Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 31, Descriptions of twenty-five species and subspecies". American Museum Novitates (828): 1–20. hdl:2246/3965.
  4. ^ del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994, p. 121.
  5. Wink, Heidrich & Fentzloff 1996.
  6. Note that Wink et al.'s reservation about the high rate of molecular evolution have proven well justified; the 2% per 4 million years seem if anything an overestimate. In addition, as the provenance of specimens is not noted, genetic introgression due to hybridzation cannot be excluded, as the species' ranges touch. This is unlikely due to marked differences in behavior and habitat preferences however.
  7. Mikula, P., Morelli, F., Lučan, R. K., Jones, D. N., & Tryjanowski, P. (2016). Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective. Mammal Review.
  8. Heinsohn 2000, pp. 245–246.
References
Cited works
Taxon identifiers
Haliaeetus sanfordi
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