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{{Short description|Named after Leonard Cutler Sanford}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Sanford's Sea Eagle | name = Sanford's sea eagle
| status = VU | status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = {{sfn|IUCN redlist}} | status_ref = {{sfn|IUCN Red List|2012}}
| regnum = ]ia | status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| phylum = ]
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| classis = ]
| genus = Icthyophaga
| ordo = ]<br />(or ], q.v.)
⚫ | species = sanfordi
| familia = ]
⚫ | authority = (], 1935)<ref name=desc>{{cite journal|journal=American Museum Novitates | issue=828|year=1936|title=Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 31, Descriptions of twenty-five species and subspecies |pages=1–20| hdl= 2246/3965 |author=Mayr, E}}</ref>
| genus = '']''
⚫ | species = '''''H. sanfordi'''''
⚫ | binomial = ''Haliaeetus sanfordi''
⚫ | binomial_authority = ], 1935<ref name=desc>{{cite journal|journal=American Museum Novitates | issue=828|year=1936|title=Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 31, Descriptions of twenty-five species and subspecies |pages=1–20| id= {{hdl|2246/3965}} |author=Mayr, E}}</ref>
}} }}


The '''Sanford's Sea Eagle''' (''Haliaeetus sanfordi''), sometimes listed as '''Sanford's Fish Eagle''' or '''Solomon Eagle''', is a ] ] to the ]. The "sea eagle" name is to be preferred, to distinguish the ] of '']'' from the closely related '']'' true fish eagles.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2011}} The species was described in 1935 by ] who noticed that earlier observers had overlooked it, thinking it was a juvenile of the ].<ref name=desc/> '''Sanford's sea eagle''' ('''''Icthyophaga sanfordi'''''), also known as '''Sanford's fish eagle''' or the '''Solomon eagle''', is a ] ] to the ].

==Taxonomy==
⚫ Sanford's sea eagle was discovered by and named after ], a trustee for the ]. The first description was by ] in 1935. The "sea eagle" name is used to distinguish the ] of the genus '']'' from the closely related '']'' true fish eagles.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=121}} The species was described in 1935 by ] who noticed that earlier observers had overlooked it, thinking it was a juvenile of the ].<ref name=desc/> It forms a ] with the ]. As in other sea eagle species pairs, the other ] is white-headed. These two are ]ally very close, it seems; their lineages separated not longer than 1 million years ago, probably only in the ], a few 100,000 years ago.{{sfn|Wink|Heidrich|Fentzloff|1996|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2011}}<ref name="reservation-Wink" /> Both share a dark ], ], and eyes with the other ]n sea eagles.


== Description == == Description ==
The Sanford's Sea Eagle was discovered by and named after ], a trustee for the ]. The first description was by ] in 1935. It can reach a length between {{convert|70|–|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a weight between {{convert|1.1|–|2.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The wingspan is between {{convert|165|–|185|cm|ft|abbr=on}}. It is the only large ] on the Solomon Islands. The eagles inhabits coastal forests and lakes up to an altitude of about 1500 m asl.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2011}} It can reach a length of {{convert|70|–|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a weight between {{convert|1.1|and|2.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Its wingspan is {{convert|165|–|185|cm|ft|abbr=on}}. It is the only large ] on the Solomon Islands. The eagles inhabit coastal forests and lakes up to an altitude of about 1500 m above sea level.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=121}}


The ] is whitish brown to bright brown on the head and the neck. The underparts are brown to reddish brown and dark brown. The upperparts are darkish brown to gray-black. The eyes are bright brown. Uniquely among sea eagles, this species has an entirely dark tail throughout its life. Their ] is whitish brown to bright brown on the head and the neck. The underparts are brown to reddish brown and dark brown. The upperparts are darkish brown to gray-black. The eyes are bright brown. Uniquely among sea eagles, this species has an entirely dark tail throughout its life.


==Breeding==
The breeding season is from August to October. The nest consists of two ]. The breeding season is from August to October. The nest consists of two ].


==Diet==
The diet consists of mainly of tideline carrion, fish, ]s, ]s, ], and ]s, and more rarely birds and ]s snatched from the ] ].{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2011}} It has also been reported to feed opportunistically on the ].{{sfn|Heinsohn|2000|pp=245–246}} The diet consists of mainly of tideline carrion, fish, ]s, ]s, ], and ]s, and more rarely birds and ]s snatched from the ] ].{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=121}}<ref>Mikula, P., Morelli, F., Lučan, R. K., Jones, D. N., & Tryjanowski, P. (2016). Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective. Mammal Review.</ref> It has also been reported to feed opportunistically on the ].{{sfn|Heinsohn|2000|pp=245–246}}

⚫ It forms a ] with the ]. As in other sea eagle species pairs, the other ] is white-headed. These two are ]ally very close, it seems; their lineages separated not longer ago than 1 ], probably only in the ], a few 100,000 years ago.{{sfn|Wink|Heidrich|Fentzloff|1996|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2011}}<ref name="reservation-Wink" /> Both share a dark ], ], and eyes with the other ]n sea eagles.


This eagle is often illustrated on postage stamps of the Solomon Islands. ]
==In culture==
The eagle is often illustrated on postage stamps of the Solomon Islands.


== Footnotes == == Footnotes ==
{{Commons category|Haliaeetus sanfordi}}
{{reflist
⚫ {{Wikispecies|Haliaeetus sanfordi}}
{{Reflist
| refs = | refs =


{{#tag:ref|Note that ]'s reservation about the high rate of molecular evolution have proven well justified; the 2% per 4 million years seem if anything an overestimate. In addition, as the provenance of specimens is not noted, genetic ] due to ] cannot be excluded, as the species' ranges touch. This is unlikely due to marked differences in behavior and habitat preferences however.|name=reservation-Wink}} {{#tag:ref|Note that ]'s reservation about the high rate of molecular evolution have proven well justified; the 2% per 4 million years seem if anything an overestimate. In addition, as the provenance of specimens is not noted, genetic ] due to ] cannot be excluded, as the species' ranges touch. This is unlikely due to marked differences in behavior and habitat preferences however.|name=reservation-Wink}}


}} }}
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; References ; References


* {{IUCN|id=106003360 |title=''Haliaeetus sanfordi'' |assessors=] |version=2013.1 |year=2012 |accessdate=18 November 2013} * {{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22695105/0 |title=''Haliaeetus sanfordi'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013
| ref = {{harvid|IUCN redlist}} | ref = {{harvid|IUCN Red List|2012}}
}} }}
* {{cite web * {{cite web
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| work = birdlife.org | work = birdlife.org
| url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3360 | url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3360
| accessdate = 2011-05-25 | access-date = 2011-05-25
| ref = {{harvid|BirdLife}} | ref = {{harvid|BirdLife}}
}} }}
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| location = Barcelona | location = Barcelona
| isbn = 84-87334-15-6 | isbn = 84-87334-15-6
| ref = harv
}} }}
* {{cite journal| last = Heinsohn| first = Tom| year = 2000| title = Predation by the White-breasted Sea Eagle ''Haliaeetus leucogaster'' on phalangerid possums in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea| journal = Emu| volume = 100| issue = 3| pages = 245–46| doi = 10.1071/MU00913| bibcode = 2000EmuAO.100..245H}}
* {{cite doi | 10.1071/MU00913 }}
* {{cite journal| last1 = Wink | first1 = M.| last2 = Heidrich | first2 = P.| last3 = Fentzloff | first3 = C.| year = 1996| doi = 10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X| title = A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus ''Haliaeetus'') based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome ''b'' gene| journal = Biochemical Systematics and Ecology| volume = 24| issue = 7–8| pages = 783–791| bibcode = 1996BioSE..24..783W| url = http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1996/20_1996.pdf}}
* {{cite doi | 10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X }}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q936424}}
{{Buteoninae}}


]
⚫ ]
]
⚫ ]
] ]
]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 03:18, 18 December 2024

Named after Leonard Cutler Sanford

Sanford's sea eagle
Conservation status

Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Icthyophaga
Species: I. sanfordi
Binomial name
Icthyophaga sanfordi
(Mayr, 1935)

Sanford's sea eagle (Icthyophaga sanfordi), also known as Sanford's fish eagle or the Solomon eagle, is a sea eagle endemic to the Solomon Islands archipelago.

Taxonomy

Sanford's sea eagle was discovered by and named after Dr Leonard C. Sanford, a trustee for the American Museum of Natural History. The first description was by Ernst Mayr in 1935. The "sea eagle" name is used to distinguish the species of the genus Haliaeetus from the closely related Ichthyophaga true fish eagles. The species was described in 1935 by Ernst Mayr who noticed that earlier observers had overlooked it, thinking it was a juvenile of the white-bellied sea eagle. It forms a superspecies with the white-bellied sea eagle. As in other sea eagle species pairs, the other taxon is white-headed. These two are genetically very close, it seems; their lineages separated not longer than 1 million years ago, probably only in the Middle Pleistocene, a few 100,000 years ago. Both share a dark bill, talons, and eyes with the other Gondwanan sea eagles.

Description

It can reach a length of 70–90 cm (28–35 in) and a weight between 1.1 and 2.7 kg (2.4 and 6.0 lb). Its wingspan is 165–185 cm (5.41–6.07 ft). It is the only large predator on the Solomon Islands. The eagles inhabit coastal forests and lakes up to an altitude of about 1500 m above sea level.

Their plumage is whitish brown to bright brown on the head and the neck. The underparts are brown to reddish brown and dark brown. The upperparts are darkish brown to gray-black. The eyes are bright brown. Uniquely among sea eagles, this species has an entirely dark tail throughout its life.

Breeding

The breeding season is from August to October. The nest consists of two eggs.

Diet

The diet consists of mainly of tideline carrion, fish, molluscs, crabs, tortoises, and sea snakes, and more rarely birds and megabats snatched from the rainforest canopy. It has also been reported to feed opportunistically on the northern common cuscus.

Sanford's eagle on a stamp of the British Solomon Islands (1965).

In culture

The eagle is often illustrated on postage stamps of the Solomon Islands.

Footnotes

  1. IUCN Red List 2012.
  2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Mayr, E (1936). "Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. 31, Descriptions of twenty-five species and subspecies". American Museum Novitates (828): 1–20. hdl:2246/3965.
  4. ^ del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994, p. 121.
  5. Wink, Heidrich & Fentzloff 1996.
  6. Note that Wink et al.'s reservation about the high rate of molecular evolution have proven well justified; the 2% per 4 million years seem if anything an overestimate. In addition, as the provenance of specimens is not noted, genetic introgression due to hybridzation cannot be excluded, as the species' ranges touch. This is unlikely due to marked differences in behavior and habitat preferences however.
  7. Mikula, P., Morelli, F., Lučan, R. K., Jones, D. N., & Tryjanowski, P. (2016). Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective. Mammal Review.
  8. Heinsohn 2000, pp. 245–246.
References
Cited works
Taxon identifiers
Haliaeetus sanfordi
Categories: