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{{Tanakh OT|Nevi'im|prophetic}} {{Tanakh OT|Nevi'im|prophetic}}


The '''Book of Joel''' (]:'''ספר יוֹאֵל''') is a ] prophetic text containing a series of "divine announcements". The first line attributes authorship to "Joel the son of Pethuel".<ref>Keller, C. A., ''28. Joel'', in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 |date=2017-11-22 }}, p. 578</ref> It forms part of the Book of the ] or the ] ("Prophets") in the ], and is a book in its own right in the Christian ]. In the New Testament, his prophecy of the outpouring of God's Holy Spirit upon all people was notably quoted by ] in his ] sermon.
The '''Book of Joel''' is part of the ] and ], one of twelve prophetic books known as the ]. (The term indicates the short length of the text in relation to longer prophetic texts known as the ].)

== Surviving early manuscripts ==
{{hatnote|(This section uses English/Greek chapter numbering.)}}
] (1008 CE) contains the complete copy of Book of Joel in ].]]
The original text was written in Hebrew language.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this book in ] are of the ] tradition, which includes the ] (895 CE), ] (916), ] (10th century), ] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35–37}} Fragments containing parts of this book in Hebrew were found among the ], including 4Q78 (4QXII<sup>c</sup>; 75–50 BCE) with extant verses 1:10–20, 2:1, 2:8–23, and 3:6–21;{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=598}}<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh></ref>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=38}}<ref></ref> and 4Q82 (4QXII<sup>g</sup>; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1:12–14, 2:2–13, 3:4–9, 3:11–14, 3:17, 3:19–2;{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=598}}<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=39}}<ref></ref> Schøyen MS 4612/1 (DSS F.117; DSS F.Joel1; 50–68 CE) with extant verses 3:1–4);<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/><ref>. Schøyen Collection. Accessed February 5, 2020.</ref> and ] Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75–100 CE) with extant verses 2:20, 2:26–27, 2:28–32, and 3:1–16.<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|pp=140–141}}

Ancient manuscripts in ] containing this book are mainly of the ] version, including ] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), ] ('''S'''; ]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), ] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century) and ] ('''Q'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>Q</sup>; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73–74}}


== Content == == Content ==
After a superscription ascribing the prophecy to ] (son of Pethuel), the book may be broken down into the following sections: After the initial attribution, the book may be broken down into the following sections:
* Lament over a great ] plague and a severe drought (1:1–2:17). * Lament over a great ] plague and a severe drought (1:1–2:17).
** The effects of these events on agriculture, farmers, and on the supply of agricultural offerings for the ], interspersed with a call to national lament (1:1–20). ** The effects of these events on agriculture, farmers, and on the supply of agricultural offerings for the ], interspersed with a call to national lament (1:1–20).
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* Promise of future blessings (2:18–32 or 2:18–3:5). * Promise of future blessings (2:18–32 or 2:18–3:5).
** Banishment of the locusts and restoration of agricultural productivity as a divine response to national penitence (2:18–27). ** Banishment of the locusts and restoration of agricultural productivity as a divine response to national penitence (2:18–27).
** Future prophetic gifts to all God's people, and the safety of God's people in the face of cosmic cataclysm (2:28–32 or 3:1–5). ** Future prophetic gifts to all of God's people, and the safety of God's people in the face of cosmic cataclysm (2:28–32 or 3:1–5).
* Coming judgment on the ]'s enemies: the ], the ], and the ] (3:1–21 or 4:1–21). * Coming judgment on the ]'s enemies: the ], the ], and the ] (3:1–21 or 4:1–21).


==Chapters== ==Chapters==
{{further|Chapters and verses of the Bible}}
⚫ The Book of Joel's division into ] differs widely between editions of the Bible; some editions have three chapters, others four.<ref name="oyc">{{cite web |first=Christine |last=Hayes |author-link=Christine Hayes |year=2006 |url=http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/rlst-145/lecture-23 |website=] |publisher=] |title=Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) – Lecture 23 – Visions of the End: Daniel and Apocalyptic Literature}}</ref> Translations with four chapters include:
] translation in a French manuscript of the 13th century]]
*]'s version of the Hebrew Bible (1917) <ref></ref>
⚫ The Book of Joel's division into chapters and verses differs widely between editions of the Bible; some editions have three chapters, others four.<ref name="oyc">{{cite web |first=Christine |last=Hayes |author-link=Christine Hayes |year=2006 |url=http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/rlst-145/lecture-23 |website=] |publisher=] |title=Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) – Lecture 23 – Visions of the End: Daniel and Apocalyptic Literature}}</ref> Translations with four chapters include the ]'s version of the Hebrew Bible (1917),<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et1404.htm |title= Joel 4 – JPS Version| via= mechon-mamre.org| date= | access-date= }}</ref> the ] (1966), ] (Revised Edition, 1970), ] (1998), and ] (2015).<ref>{{cite web| website= ]| url= https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Joel%204:1 |title= Joel 4:1| publisher=Zondervan Corporation | date= | access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>
*] (1966)
*] (Revised Edition, 1970)
*] (1998)
*] (2015) <ref>], </ref>
⚫ In the 1611 ], the Book of Joel is formed by three chapters: the second one has 32 verses, and it is equivalent to the union of the chapter 2 (with 26 verses) and chapter 3 (with 5 verses) of other editions of the Bible.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ioel_2_1611/ | title = 1611 King James Bible. book of Joele | language = en | website = kingjamesbibleonline.org | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130209125407/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ioel_2_1611/ | archive-date = February 9, 2013 | url-status = live | access-date = February 23, 2019 }}</ref>


⚫ In the 1611 ], the Book of Joel is formed by three chapters: the second one has 32 verses, and it is equivalent to the union of the chapter 2 (with 26 verses) and chapter 3 (with 5 verses) of other editions of the Bible.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ioel_2_1611/ | title = 1611 King James Bible. book of Joel | language = en | website = King James Bible Online | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130209125407/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ioel_2_1611/ | archive-date = February 9, 2013 | url-status = live | access-date = February 23, 2019 }}</ref>
⚫ The differences of the division is as follows:<ref>{{cite book | title = The Cambridge Companion to the Bible | last1 = Kee |first1 = Howard Clark | first2 = Eric M. | last2 = Meyers| first3 = John |last3 = Rogerson | first4 = Amy-Jill |last4 = Levine | first5 = Anthony J. | last5 = Saldarini | editor-first = Bruce | editor-last= Chilton | edition=2, revised | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008

⚫ The differences of the divisions are as follows:<ref>{{cite book | title = The Cambridge Companion to the Bible | last1 = Kee |first1 = Howard Clark | first2 = Eric M. | last2 = Meyers| first3 = John |last3 = Rogerson | first4 = Amy-Jill |last4 = Levine | first5 = Anthony J. | last5 = Saldarini | editor-first = Bruce | editor-last= Chilton | edition=2, revised | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008
| isbn = 978-0521691406 | page = 217 }}</ref> | isbn = 978-0521691406 | page = 217 }}</ref>
{| class= "wikitable" {| class= "wikitable"
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|} |}


== Historical context == == Date ==
As there are no explicit references in the book to datable persons or events, scholars have assigned a wide range of dates to the book. The main positions are: As there are no explicit references in the book to datable persons or events, scholars have assigned a wide range of dates to the book. The main positions are:
* Ninth century BC, particularly in the reign of ] – a position especially popular among nineteenth-century scholars (making Joel one of the earliest ]) * Ninth century BC, particularly in the reign of ] – a position especially popular among nineteenth-century scholars (making Joel one of the earliest ]). The enemies mentioned – Philistines, Phoenicians, Egypt and Edom – are consistent with this date.<ref NAME="ZIBD"/> The lack of mention of the Assyrians or Babylonians, who were the main enemies of Judah during the eighth, seventh and sixth centuries, leads many conservative scholars to suggest the choice is between this date, and a fourth century date.<ref name="ZIBD">''Joel'', ] Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Revising Editor ], 2011</ref>
* Early eighth century BC, during the reign of ] (contemporary with ], ], and ])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Patterson|first1=Richard D.|title=The Expositor's Bible Commentary, vol. 7|publisher=Zondervan}}</ref> * Early eighth century BC, during the reign of ] (contemporary with ], ], and ])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Patterson|first1=Richard D.|title=The Expositor's Bible Commentary, vol. 7|publisher=Zondervan}}</ref>
* c. 630–587 BC, in the last decades of the kingdom of Judah (contemporary with ], ], ]) * c. 630–587 BC, in the last decades of the kingdom of Judah (contemporary with ], ], ])
* c. 520–500 BC, contemporary with the return of the exiles and the careers of ] and ]. * c. 520–500 BC, contemporary with the return of the exiles and the careers of ] and ].
* The decades around 400 BC, during the ] period (making him one of the latest writing prophets) * The decades around 400 BC, during the ] period (making him one of the latest writing prophets), or around 350 BC. This is supported by the apparent mention of the ] as a past event in 3:1 and 3:17, and the mention of ] in 3:6.<ref name="ZIBD"/>
* Some scholars argue that further additions to Joel took place during the ] period (c. 301-201 BCE) due to its use of earlier texts and what they perceive to be a "late" perspective on Yahweh and the nations.<ref>“Joel.” Hagedorn, Anselm C. The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Edited by Julia M. O'Brien. pp. 411–423. “The book's engagement with earlier texts ( especially those relating to the ‘Day of Yahweh’) attests to its late origin, and its ending reflects late theological thinking about the relationship between Israel and the nations, portraying Yahweh as the ruler of the whole world…These theological debates point to a very late origin of Joel 2:28-3:21 . The universal judgment of the nations probably belongs to discourse of the late Persian period (Steck 1996), while the vision of Joel 2:28-32 may best be understood during the relative peace of Ptolemaic times.”</ref>


Evidence produced for these positions includes allusions in the book to the wider world, similarities with other prophets, and linguistic details. Some commentators, such as ], attach no great importance to the precise dating. Evidence produced for these positions includes allusions in the book to the wider world, similarities with other prophets, and linguistic details. Some commentators, such as ], attach no great importance to the precise dating.

Joel 1 and 2 are preserved in the ], in fragmentary manuscripts 4Q78, 4Q82, and the Scroll ].<ref> - Dead Sea Scrolls Bible Translations</ref>


== History of interpretation == == History of interpretation ==
])]] ])]]
The ] places Joel between ] and ] (the order inherited by the Tanakh and Old Testament), while the ] order is Hosea–Amos–]–Joel–]–]. The Hebrew text of Joel seems to have suffered little from ], but is at a few points supplemented by the Septuagint, ], and ] versions, or by ].<ref>Allen 36</ref> While the book purports to describe a plague of locusts, some ancient Jewish opinion saw the locusts as ] interpretations of Israel's enemies.<ref>] at 2:25; also margin of ] manuscript Q, mid-6th century AD</ref> This allegorical interpretation was applied to the church by many ]. Calvin took a literal interpretation of chapter 1, but allegorical view of chapter 2, a position echoed by some modern interpreters. Most modern interpreters, however, see Joel speaking of a literal locust plague given a prophetic/ ] interpretation.<ref>See Allen 29–31</ref> The ] places Joel between ] and ] (the order inherited by the Tanakh and Old Testament), while the ] order is Hosea–Amos–]–Joel–]–]. The Hebrew text of Joel seems to have suffered little from ], but is at a few points supplemented by the Septuagint, ], and ] versions, or by ].<ref>Allen 36</ref> While the book purports to describe a plague of locusts, some ancient Jewish opinion saw the locusts as ] interpretations of Israel's enemies.<ref>] at 2:25; also margin of ] manuscript Q, mid-6th century AD</ref> This allegorical interpretation was applied to the church by many ]. Calvin took a literal interpretation of chapter 1, but allegorical view of chapter 2, a position echoed by some modern interpreters. Most modern interpreters, however, see Joel speaking of a literal locust plague given a prophetic or ] interpretation.<ref>See Allen 29–31</ref>


The traditional ascription of the whole book to the prophet Joel was challenged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by a theory of a three-stage process of composition: 1:1–2:27 were from the hand of Joel, and dealt with a contemporary issue; 2:28–3:21/3:1–4:21 were ascribed to a continuator with an apocalyptic outlook. Mentions in the first half of the book to the ] were also ascribed to this continuator. 3:4–8/4:4–8 could be seen as even later. Details of exact ascriptions differed between scholars. The traditional ascription of the whole book to the prophet Joel was challenged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by a theory of a three-stage process of composition: 1:1–2:27 were from the hand of Joel, and dealt with a contemporary issue; 2:28–3:21/3:1–4:21 were ascribed to a continuator with an apocalyptic outlook. Mentions in the first half of the book to the ] were also ascribed to this continuator. 3:4–8/4:4–8 could be seen as even later. Details of exact ascriptions differed between scholars.


This splitting of the book's composition began to be challenged in the mid-twentieth century, with scholars defending the unity of the book, the plausibility of the prophet combining a contemporary and apocalyptic outlook, and later additions by the prophet. The authenticity of 3:4–8 has presented more challenges, although a number of scholars still defend it.<ref>See Allen 25–29 for details and arguments.</ref> This splitting of the book's composition began to be challenged in the mid-twentieth century, with scholars defending the unity of the book, the plausibility of the prophet combining a contemporary and apocalyptic outlook, and later additions by the prophet. The authenticity of 3:4–8 has presented more challenges, although a number of scholars still defend it.<ref>See Allen 25–29 for details and arguments.</ref>


== Biblical quotes and allusions == == Biblical quotes and allusions ==
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In the ], his prophecy of the outpouring of God's ] upon all people was notably quoted by ] in his ] sermon.<ref>{{bibleref|Acts|2|NIV}}</ref> In the ], his prophecy of the outpouring of God's ] upon all people was notably quoted by ] in his ] sermon.<ref>{{bibleref|Acts|2|NIV}}</ref>


Joel 3:10 / 4:10 is a reversal of Isaiah 2:4 and Micah 4:3's, "They will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks."<ref>Isaiah 2:4</ref>, instead saying, "Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning hooks into spears."<ref>Joel 3:10</ref> Joel 3:10 / 4:10 is a variation of Isaiah 2:4 and Micah 4:3's prophecy, "They will beat their ] and their spears into pruning hooks",<ref>Isaiah 2:4</ref> instead commanding, "Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning hooks into spears."<ref>Joel 3:10</ref>


The table below represents some of the more explicit quotes and allusions between specific passages in Joel and passages from the Old and New Testaments. The table below represents some of the more explicit quotes and allusions between specific passages in Joel and passages from the Old and New Testaments.
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|} |}


==Liturgical usage==
==Other references==
] (''Lament like a virgin''), the third ], is loosely based on verses from the Book of Joel: the title comes from Joel 1:8.<ref>{{bibleverse||Joel|1:8|NKJV}}</ref> ] (''Lament like a virgin''), the third ], is loosely based on verses from the Book of Joel: the title comes from Joel 1:8.<ref>{{bibleverse||Joel|1:8|VULGATE}}: ] translation</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]

*]


== References == == References ==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite book |last=Fitzmyer |first=Joseph A. |author-link=Joseph Fitzmyer |title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC |year=2008 |isbn=978-0802862419 |location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{cite book |last=Keller |first=Carl-A. |chapter=28. Joel |title=The Oxford Bible Commentary |editor-first1=John |editor-last1=Barton |editor-first2=John |editor-last2=Muddiman |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=first (paperback) |date=2007 |pages=578–581 |isbn=978-0199277186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ |access-date=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Ulrich |editor-first=Eugene |editor-link=Eugene Ulrich |title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants |year=2010 |publisher=Brill |url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
* {{cite book |last=Würthwein |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Würthwein |title=The Text of the Old Testament |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids, MI |year=1995 |translator-first1=Erroll F. |translator-last1=Rhodes |isbn=0-8028-0788-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC |access-date=January 26, 2019}}


== Further reading == == Further reading ==
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* Roberts, Matis (ed). ''Trei asar : The Twelve Prophets: a New Translation with a Commentary Anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic, and Rabbinic Sources. Vol. 1: Hosea. Joel. Amos''. Obadiah. (Mesorah, 1995) * Roberts, Matis (ed). ''Trei asar : The Twelve Prophets: a New Translation with a Commentary Anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic, and Rabbinic Sources. Vol. 1: Hosea. Joel. Amos''. Obadiah. (Mesorah, 1995)
* Robertson, O. Palmer. ''Prophet of the Coming Day of the Lord: the Message of Joel''. Welwyn Commentary. (Evangelical Press, 1995) * Robertson, O. Palmer. ''Prophet of the Coming Day of the Lord: the Message of Joel''. Welwyn Commentary. (Evangelical Press, 1995)
* Simkins, Ronald. ''Yahweh's Activity in History and Nature in the Book of Joel''. Ancient Near Eastern Texts & Studies 10 (E. Mellen Press, 1991) * Simkins, Ronald. ''Yahweh's Activity in History and Nature in the Book of Joel''. Ancient Near Eastern Texts & Studies 10 (]: ], 1991)
* Simundson, Daniel J. ''Hosea–Micah''. Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries. (Abingdon, 2005) * Simundson, Daniel J. ''Hosea–Micah''. Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries. (Abingdon, 2005)
* Stuart, Douglas. ''Hosea–Jonah''. ] 31. (Word, 1987) * Stuart, Douglas. ''Hosea–Jonah''. ] 31. (Word, 1987)
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] ]
] ]
] ]

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The Book of Joel (Hebrew:ספר יוֹאֵל) is a Jewish prophetic text containing a series of "divine announcements". The first line attributes authorship to "Joel the son of Pethuel". It forms part of the Book of the twelve minor prophets or the Nevi'im ("Prophets") in the Hebrew Bible, and is a book in its own right in the Christian Old Testament. In the New Testament, his prophecy of the outpouring of God's Holy Spirit upon all people was notably quoted by Saint Peter in his Pentecost sermon.

Surviving early manuscripts

(This section uses English/Greek chapter numbering.)
Leningrad Codex (1008 CE) contains the complete copy of Book of Joel in Hebrew.

The original text was written in Hebrew language.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this book in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895 CE), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this book in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q78 (4QXII; 75–50 BCE) with extant verses 1:10–20, 2:1, 2:8–23, and 3:6–21; and 4Q82 (4QXII; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1:12–14, 2:2–13, 3:4–9, 3:11–14, 3:17, 3:19–2; Schøyen MS 4612/1 (DSS F.117; DSS F.Joel1; 50–68 CE) with extant verses 3:1–4); and Wadi Murabba'at Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75–100 CE) with extant verses 2:20, 2:26–27, 2:28–32, and 3:1–16.

Ancient manuscripts in Koine Greek containing this book are mainly of the Septuagint version, including Codex Vaticanus (B; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} ; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} ; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} ; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} ; 6th century).

Content

After the initial attribution, the book may be broken down into the following sections:

  • Lament over a great locust plague and a severe drought (1:1–2:17).
    • The effects of these events on agriculture, farmers, and on the supply of agricultural offerings for the Temple in Jerusalem, interspersed with a call to national lament (1:1–20).
    • A more apocalyptic passage comparing the locusts to an army, and revealing that they are God's army (2:1–11).
    • A call to national repentance in the face of God's judgment (2:12–17).
  • Promise of future blessings (2:18–32 or 2:18–3:5).
    • Banishment of the locusts and restoration of agricultural productivity as a divine response to national penitence (2:18–27).
    • Future prophetic gifts to all of God's people, and the safety of God's people in the face of cosmic cataclysm (2:28–32 or 3:1–5).
  • Coming judgment on the Kingdom of Judah's enemies: the Philistines, the Kingdom of Edom, and the Kingdom of Egypt (3:1–21 or 4:1–21).

Chapters

Further information: Chapters and verses of the Bible
Book of Joel in Latin translation in a French manuscript of the 13th century

The Book of Joel's division into chapters and verses differs widely between editions of the Bible; some editions have three chapters, others four. Translations with four chapters include the Jewish Publication Society's version of the Hebrew Bible (1917), the Jerusalem Bible (1966), New American Bible (Revised Edition, 1970), Complete Jewish Bible (1998), and Tree of Life Version (2015).

In the 1611 King James Bible, the Book of Joel is formed by three chapters: the second one has 32 verses, and it is equivalent to the union of the chapter 2 (with 26 verses) and chapter 3 (with 5 verses) of other editions of the Bible.

The differences of the divisions are as follows:

English/Greek Hebrew
Joel 1 Joel 1
Joel 2:1–27 Joel 2
Joel 2:28–32 Joel 3
Joel 3 Joel 4

Date

As there are no explicit references in the book to datable persons or events, scholars have assigned a wide range of dates to the book. The main positions are:

  • Ninth century BC, particularly in the reign of Joash – a position especially popular among nineteenth-century scholars (making Joel one of the earliest writing prophets). The enemies mentioned – Philistines, Phoenicians, Egypt and Edom – are consistent with this date. The lack of mention of the Assyrians or Babylonians, who were the main enemies of Judah during the eighth, seventh and sixth centuries, leads many conservative scholars to suggest the choice is between this date, and a fourth century date.
  • Early eighth century BC, during the reign of Uzziah (contemporary with Hosea, Amos, and Jonah)
  • c. 630–587 BC, in the last decades of the kingdom of Judah (contemporary with Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Habakkuk)
  • c. 520–500 BC, contemporary with the return of the exiles and the careers of Zechariah and Haggai.
  • The decades around 400 BC, during the Persian period (making him one of the latest writing prophets), or around 350 BC. This is supported by the apparent mention of the 587 BC destruction of Jerusalem as a past event in 3:1 and 3:17, and the mention of Greeks in 3:6.
  • Some scholars argue that further additions to Joel took place during the Ptolemaic period (c. 301-201 BCE) due to its use of earlier texts and what they perceive to be a "late" perspective on Yahweh and the nations.

Evidence produced for these positions includes allusions in the book to the wider world, similarities with other prophets, and linguistic details. Some commentators, such as John Calvin, attach no great importance to the precise dating.

History of interpretation

Joel (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)

The Masoretic text places Joel between Hosea and Amos (the order inherited by the Tanakh and Old Testament), while the Septuagint order is Hosea–Amos–Micah–Joel–Obadiah–Jonah. The Hebrew text of Joel seems to have suffered little from scribal transmission, but is at a few points supplemented by the Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate versions, or by conjectural emendation. While the book purports to describe a plague of locusts, some ancient Jewish opinion saw the locusts as allegorical interpretations of Israel's enemies. This allegorical interpretation was applied to the church by many church fathers. Calvin took a literal interpretation of chapter 1, but allegorical view of chapter 2, a position echoed by some modern interpreters. Most modern interpreters, however, see Joel speaking of a literal locust plague given a prophetic or apocalyptic interpretation.

The traditional ascription of the whole book to the prophet Joel was challenged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by a theory of a three-stage process of composition: 1:1–2:27 were from the hand of Joel, and dealt with a contemporary issue; 2:28–3:21/3:1–4:21 were ascribed to a continuator with an apocalyptic outlook. Mentions in the first half of the book to the day of the Lord were also ascribed to this continuator. 3:4–8/4:4–8 could be seen as even later. Details of exact ascriptions differed between scholars.

This splitting of the book's composition began to be challenged in the mid-twentieth century, with scholars defending the unity of the book, the plausibility of the prophet combining a contemporary and apocalyptic outlook, and later additions by the prophet. The authenticity of 3:4–8 has presented more challenges, although a number of scholars still defend it.

Biblical quotes and allusions

Russian icon of the prophet Joel (Iconostasis of Kizhi monastery, c. 1700–1725)

There are many parallels of language between Joel and other Old Testament prophets. They may represent Joel's literary use of other prophets, or vice versa.

In the New Testament, his prophecy of the outpouring of God's Holy Spirit upon all people was notably quoted by Saint Peter in his Pentecost sermon.

Joel 3:10 / 4:10 is a variation of Isaiah 2:4 and Micah 4:3's prophecy, "They will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks", instead commanding, "Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning hooks into spears."

The table below represents some of the more explicit quotes and allusions between specific passages in Joel and passages from the Old and New Testaments.

Joel Old Testament New Testament
1:6, 2:2–10 Revelation 9:3, 7–9
1:15 Isaiah 13:6
Ezekiel 30:2–3
2:1 Zephaniah 1:14–16
2:1–2 Amos 5:18, 20
2:11 Malachi 3:2
2:14 Jonah 3:9
2:20–21 Psalm 126:2–3
2:27 Isaiah 45:5
Ezekiel 36:11
2:28–32/3:1–5 Acts 2:16–21
2:31/3:4 Malachi 3:23/4:5
2:32/3:5 Obadiah 17 Romans 10:13
3:1/4:1 Psalm 126:1
3:10/4:10 Isaiah 2:4
Micah 4:3
3:16/4:16 Amos 1:2
3:17/4:17 Obadiah 17
3:18/4:18 Amos 9:13

Liturgical usage

Plange quasi virgo (Lament like a virgin), the third responsory for Holy Saturday, is loosely based on verses from the Book of Joel: the title comes from Joel 1:8.

See also

References

  1. Keller, C. A., 28. Joel, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 578
  2. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  3. ^ Ulrich 2010, p. 598.
  4. ^ Dead sea scrolls - Joel
  5. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
  6. 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  7. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
  8. 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  9. 12 Minor Prophets Dead Sea Scroll MS 4612/1. Schøyen Collection. Accessed February 5, 2020.
  10. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 140–141.
  11. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  12. Pradas, Joseph. "Convertimini ad me". Seu Valentina. Retrieved 26 Jan 2019.
  13. Hayes, Christine (2006). "Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) – Lecture 23 – Visions of the End: Daniel and Apocalyptic Literature". Open Yale Courses. Yale University.
  14. "Joel 4 – JPS Version" – via mechon-mamre.org.
  15. "Joel 4:1". BibleGateway.com. Zondervan Corporation. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  16. "1611 King James Bible. book of Joel". King James Bible Online. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  17. Kee, Howard Clark; Meyers, Eric M.; Rogerson, John; Levine, Amy-Jill; Saldarini, Anthony J. (2008). Chilton, Bruce (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Bible (2, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0521691406.
  18. ^ Joel, Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Revising Editor Moises Silva, 2011
  19. Patterson, Richard D. The Expositor's Bible Commentary, vol. 7. Zondervan.
  20. “Joel.” Hagedorn, Anselm C. The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Edited by Julia M. O'Brien. pp. 411–423. “The book's engagement with earlier texts ( especially those relating to the ‘Day of Yahweh’) attests to its late origin, and its ending reflects late theological thinking about the relationship between Israel and the nations, portraying Yahweh as the ruler of the whole world…These theological debates point to a very late origin of Joel 2:28-3:21 . The universal judgment of the nations probably belongs to discourse of the late Persian period (Steck 1996), while the vision of Joel 2:28-32 may best be understood during the relative peace of Ptolemaic times.”
  21. Allen 36
  22. Targum at 2:25; also margin of LXX manuscript Q, mid-6th century AD
  23. See Allen 29–31
  24. See Allen 25–29 for details and arguments.
  25. Acts 2
  26. Isaiah 2:4
  27. Joel 3:10
  28. Joel 1:8: Vulgate translation

Works cited

Further reading

See also works on the Minor Prophets as a whole.

  • Achtemeier, Elizabeth. Minor Prophets I. New International Biblical Commentary. (Hendrickson, 1999)
  • Ahlström, Gösta W. Joel and the Temple Cult of Jerusalem. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 21. (Brill, 1971)
  • Allen, Leslie C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah & Micah. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. (Eerdmans, 1976)
  • Anders, Max E. & Butler, Trent C. Hosea–Micah. Holman Old Testament Commentary. (B&H Publishing, 2005)
  • Assis, Elie. Joel: A Prophet Between Calamity and Hope (LHBOTS, 581), New York: Bloomsbury, 2013
  • Baker, David W. Joel, Obadiah, Malachi. NIV Application Commentary. (Zondervan, 2006)
  • Barton, John. Joel & Obadiah: a Commentary. Old Testament Library. (Westminster John Knox, 2001)
  • Birch, Bruce C. Hosea, Joel & Amos. Westminster Bible Companion. (Westminster John Knox, 1997)
  • Busenitz, Irvin A. Commentary on Joel and Obadiah. Mentor Commentary. (Mentor, 2003)
  • Calvin, John. Joel, Amos, Obadiah. Calvin's Bible Commentaries. (Forgotten Books, 2007)
  • Coggins, Richard. Joel and Amos. New Century Bible Commentary. (Sheffield Academic Press, 2000)
  • Crenshaw, James L. Joel: a New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. The Anchor Bible. (Yale University Press, 1995)
  • Finley, Thomas J. Joel, Amos, Obadiah: an Exegetical Commentary. (Biblical Studies Press, 2003)
  • Gæbelein, Frank E. (ed) Daniel and the Minor Prophets. The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Volume 7. (Zondervan, 1985)
  • Garrett, Duane A. Hosea, Joel. The New American Commentary. (B&H Publishing, 1997)
  • Hubbard, David Allen. Joel and Amos: an Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale Old Testament Commentary. (Inter-Varsity Press, 1990)
  • Limburg, James. Hosea–Micah. Interpretation – a Bible Commentary for Teaching & Preaching. (Westminster John Knox, 1988)
  • Mason, Rex. Zephaniah, Habakkuk, Joel. Old Testament Guides. (JSOT Press, 1994)
  • McQueen, Larry R.M. Joel and the Spirit: the Cry of a Prophetic Hermeneutic. (CTP, 2009)
  • Ogden, Graham S. & Deutsch, Richard R. A Promise of Hope – a Call to Obedience: a Commentary on the Books of Joel & Malachi. International Theological Commentary (Eerdmans/ Hansel, 1987)
  • Ogilvie, John Lloyd. Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah. Communicator's Commentary 20. (Word, 1990)
  • Price, Walter K. The Prophet Joel and the Day of the Lord. (Moody, 1976)
  • Prior, David. The Message of Joel, Micah, and Habakkuk: Listening to the Voice of God. The Bible Speaks Today. (Inter-Varsity Press, 1999)
  • Pohlig, James N. An Exegetical Summary of Joel. (SIL International, 2003)
  • Roberts, Matis (ed). Trei asar : The Twelve Prophets: a New Translation with a Commentary Anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic, and Rabbinic Sources. Vol. 1: Hosea. Joel. Amos. Obadiah. (Mesorah, 1995)
  • Robertson, O. Palmer. Prophet of the Coming Day of the Lord: the Message of Joel. Welwyn Commentary. (Evangelical Press, 1995)
  • Simkins, Ronald. Yahweh's Activity in History and Nature in the Book of Joel. Ancient Near Eastern Texts & Studies 10 (Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1991)
  • Simundson, Daniel J. Hosea–Micah. Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries. (Abingdon, 2005)
  • Stuart, Douglas. Hosea–Jonah. Word Biblical Commentary 31. (Word, 1987)
  • Sweeney, Marvin A. The Twelve Prophets, Vol. 1: Hosea–Jonah. Berit Olam – Studies in Hebrew Narrative & Poetry. (Liturgical Press, 2000)
  • Wolff, Hans Walter. A Commentary on the Books of the Prophets Joel & Amos. Hermeneia – a Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible. (Augsburg Fortress, 1977)

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