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{{Short description|Fortification system between the 17th and 19th centuries}} {{Short description|Fortification system between the 17th and 19th centuries}}
{{Culture of Maharashtra|state=collapsed}}
{{Infobox former country
⚫ The '''Maratha fort system''' was an crucial aspect of ], reflecting the architectural ingenuity, military strategies, and administrative practices of the ] Empire. These forts served as military strongholds, administrative centers, and symbols of authority. The Marathas developed a complex ] system between the 17th and 19th centuries. There are nearly 400 of these forts in ] today.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Maratha forts {{!}} A rugged legacy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/travel-plus/story/20240311-maratha-forts-a-rugged-legacy-2509032-2024-03-01 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| image_flag = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
| alt_flag = ]
| flag_border = no
| image_coat = Shivaji seal, reproduction.jpg
| symbol_type = Royal Seal of ]
| conventional_long_name = Maratha Fort Systems<br>{{small|Maratha Empire}}
| common_name = Marathas
| today = ]
| image_map = India1760 1905.jpg
| image_map_caption = The Maratha Confederacy and its occupied territories during the ] in 1758 (yellow)
| motto = "हर हर महादेव"<br />"]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madan |first=T. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA360 |title=Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0527-9 |page=360 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmaewdodLZQC&pg=PA75 |title=Reflections on the Tantras |date=1978 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0691-7 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref>
| englishmotto = (]: "Praises to ]")
}}

⚫ The '''Maratha fort system''' was a notable aspect of ], reflecting the architectural ingenuity, military strategies, and administrative practices of the ] Empire. These forts served as military strongholds, administrative centers, and symbols of authority. The Marathas developed a complex ] system between the 17th and 19th centuries. There are nearly 400 of these forts in ] today.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Maratha forts {{!}} A rugged legacy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/travel-plus/story/20240311-maratha-forts-a-rugged-legacy-2509032-2024-03-01 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>


== History and Evolution == == History and Evolution ==
] ]
The Marathas began constructing forts as early as the 15th and 16th centuries, but the system reached its peak under ] (1627–1680). Shivaji recognized the strategic importance of forts in his campaign against the ] and other regional powers. The forts provided secure locations for defense, administration, and the storage of resources. Shivaji’s use of ] (“Ganimi Kava” or गनिमी कावा in ]) heavily relied on the effective use of these forts as operational bases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maratha Military Landscapes |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maratha-military-landscapes |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE MARATHA EMPIRE: GUERRILLA WARFARE TACTICS AND EXPANSION |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2406A70.pdf |website=www.jetir.org}}</ref> The Marathas began constructing forts as early as the 15th and 16th centuries, but the system reached its peak under ] (1627–1680). Shivaji recognized the strategic importance of forts in his campaign against the ] and other regional powers. The forts provided secure locations for defense, administration, and the storage of resources. Shivaji's use of ] (“Ganimi Kava” or गनिमी कावा in ]) heavily relied on the effective use of these forts as operational bases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maratha Military Landscapes |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maratha-military-landscapes |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE MARATHA EMPIRE: GUERRILLA WARFARE TACTICS AND EXPANSION |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2406A70.pdf |website=www.jetir.org}}</ref>


Following Shivaji’s reign, the forts continued to play a role during the expansion of the Maratha Empire under leaders like ], ], and other regional commanders. However, their significance declined after the ] annexation of the Maratha territories in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Umranikar |first=Jayant |date=2024-06-04 |title=Unveiling Shivaji: The Forefather of Modern Guerrilla Warfare and Intelligence Strategies: Part II |url=https://bharatshakti.in/unveiling-shivaji-the-forefather-of-modern-guerrilla-warfare-and-intelligence-strategies-part-ii/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Glimpse Of Maratha Empire During The Peshwa Era. |url=https://unacademy.com/content/railway-exam/study-material/history/a-glimpse-of-maratha-empire-during-the-peshwa-era/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Unacademy |language=en-US}}</ref> Following Shivaji's reign, the forts continued to play a role during the expansion of the Maratha Empire under leaders like ], ]s, and other regional commanders. However, their significance declined after the ] annexation of the Maratha territories in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Umranikar |first=Jayant |date=2024-06-04 |title=Unveiling Shivaji: The Forefather of Modern Guerrilla Warfare and Intelligence Strategies: Part II |url=https://bharatshakti.in/unveiling-shivaji-the-forefather-of-modern-guerrilla-warfare-and-intelligence-strategies-part-ii/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Glimpse Of Maratha Empire During The Peshwa Era. |url=https://unacademy.com/content/railway-exam/study-material/history/a-glimpse-of-maratha-empire-during-the-peshwa-era/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Unacademy |language=en-US}}</ref>


=== Decline and Legacy === === Decline and Legacy ===
The importance of Maratha forts waned after the fall of the Maratha Empire and the subsequent British annexation in the 19th century. Many forts were abandoned or repurposed by the British, leading to their gradual decay. Despite this, these forts remain significant symbols of Maratha heritage. Today, they are preserved as historical and cultural landmarks, attracting researchers, historians, and tourists.<ref>https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?15753</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abhang |first=C. J. |date=2014 |title=Unpublished Documents of East India Company Regarding Destruction of Forts in Junner Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158417 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=448–454 |jstor=44158417 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The importance of Maratha forts waned after the fall of the Maratha Empire and the subsequent British annexation in the 19th century. Many forts were abandoned or repurposed by the British, leading to their gradual decay. Despite this, these forts remain significant symbols of Maharashtrian Culture. Today, they are preserved as historical and cultural landmarks, attracting researchers, historians, and tourists.<ref>https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?15753</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abhang |first=C. J. |date=2014 |title=Unpublished Documents of East India Company Regarding Destruction of Forts in Junner Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158417 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=448–454 |jstor=44158417 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>


== Key Features == == Key Features ==


==== Strategic Locations ==== === Strategic Locations ===
Maratha forts were built in geographically advantageous locations, often on hilltops, along coastlines, or on islands. The ] and ] provided natural defenses for hill forts, while coastal forts like ] secured naval supremacy and trade routes. Maratha forts were built in geographically advantageous locations, often on hilltops, along coastlines, or on islands. The ] and ] provided natural defenses for hill forts, while coastal forts like ] secured naval supremacy and trade routes.


==== Architectural Design ==== === Architectural Design ===


* '''Natural Integration''': The forts were designed to blend with their natural surroundings, making them difficult to locate or penetrate. * '''Natural Integration''': The forts were designed to blend with their natural surroundings, making them difficult to locate or penetrate.
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* '''Self-sufficiency''': Many forts included water reservoirs, granaries, temples, and residential areas to support prolonged sieges. * '''Self-sufficiency''': Many forts included water reservoirs, granaries, temples, and residential areas to support prolonged sieges.


==== Military Functionality ==== === Military Functionality ===
]

* '''Watchtowers''': Provided visibility over vast areas, aiding in early detection of enemy movements. * '''Watchtowers''': Provided visibility over vast areas, aiding in early detection of enemy movements.
* ]'''Hidden Passages''': Secret tunnels and gates, like the Khidki Darwaja(खिडकी दरवाजा), allowed for surprise exits and reinforcements. * '''Hidden Passages''': Secret tunnels and gates, like the Khidki Darwaja(खिडकी दरवाजा), allowed for surprise exits and reinforcements.
* '''Layered Defense''': Double fortifications ensured secondary lines of defense in case the outer walls were breached.<ref>{{Cite web |title=maratha-forts-by-p.-n.-deshpande |url=https://archive.org/details/maratha-forts-by-p.-n.-deshpande |website=archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=elements-of-maratha-architecture-understanding-distinctive-features |url=https://www.kaarwan.com/blogs/architecture/elements-of-maratha-architecture-understanding-distinctive-features?id=1167 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.kaarwan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forts – Directorate of Tourism Maharashtra |url=https://aai-portal.maharashtratourism.gov.in/tourist-intrests/forts/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> * '''Layered Defense''': Double fortifications ensured secondary lines of defense in case the outer walls were breached.<ref>{{Cite web |title=maratha-forts-by-p.-n.-deshpande |url=https://archive.org/details/maratha-forts-by-p.-n.-deshpande |website=archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=elements-of-maratha-architecture-understanding-distinctive-features |url=https://www.kaarwan.com/blogs/architecture/elements-of-maratha-architecture-understanding-distinctive-features?id=1167 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.kaarwan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forts – Directorate of Tourism Maharashtra |url=https://aai-portal.maharashtratourism.gov.in/tourist-intrests/forts/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>


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# '''Land Forts (Bhuikot)''' # '''Land Forts (Bhuikot)'''
#* Located on plains or relatively flat terrains, often protected by moats and earthworks. #* Located on plains or relatively flat terrains, often protected by moats and earthworks.
#* '''Examples''': ], ]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Abhijit |title=Forts of Maharashtra |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/India_Modern_Forts01.htm |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=The History Files}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Maratha Military Landscapes of India" will be India's nomination for recognition as UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2000461 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241207222117/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2000461 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> #* '''Examples''': ], ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Abhijit |title=Forts of Maharashtra |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/India_Modern_Forts01.htm |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=The History Files}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Maratha Military Landscapes of India" will be India's nomination for recognition as UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2000461 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241207222117/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2000461 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>


== Importance == == Importance ==


==== Political and Administrative Centers ==== === Political and Administrative Centers ===
Many forts functioned as regional capitals, housing local governors and administrative offices. Maratha forts often served as regional administrative hubs. Governors or commanders stationed at these forts oversaw local governance and implemented orders from the central authority. For example, Raigad Fort was the capital of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji, reflecting its administrative significance.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-30 |title=India nominates 12 forts of Marathas for UNESCO World Heritage List |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-nominates-maratha-military-landscapes-for-inclusion-in-unesco-world-heritage-list-for-2024-25/article67793064.ece |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many forts functioned as regional capitals, housing local governors and administrative offices. Maratha forts often served as regional administrative hubs. Governors or commanders stationed at these forts oversaw local governance and implemented orders from the central authority. For example, Raigad Fort was the capital of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji, reflecting its administrative significance.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-30 |title=India nominates 12 forts of Marathas for UNESCO World Heritage List |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-nominates-maratha-military-landscapes-for-inclusion-in-unesco-world-heritage-list-for-2024-25/article67793064.ece |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


==== Economic Hubs ==== === Economic Hubs ===
The forts controlled trade routes, safeguarded wealth, and stored supplies like grain and ammunition. The strategic locations of the forts enabled control over major trade routes. They acted as repositories for wealth, grain, and other resources essential for sustaining both the local population and military campaigns. Coastal forts like Sindhudurg controlled maritime trade, ensuring economic security.<ref>http://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH27061.pdf The forts controlled trade routes, safeguarded wealth, and stored supplies like grain and ammunition. The strategic locations of the forts enabled control over major trade routes. They acted as repositories for wealth, grain, and other resources essential for sustaining both the local population and military campaigns. Coastal forts like Sindhudurg controlled maritime trade, ensuring economic security.<ref>http://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH27061.pdf


</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Serial Nomination of Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6533/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> </ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Serial Nomination of Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6533/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>


==== Military Strongholds ==== === Military Strongholds ===
] ]
They provided safe havens for Maratha forces and were instrumental in guerrilla warfare tactics, allowing swift attacks and retreats. The forts were integral to Maratha military strategies, particularly in guerrilla warfare. Their defensive structures and strategic placements allowed them to be used as bases for launching surprise attacks and for retreating safely during conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=the-architecture-maratha-empire-historical-and-cultural-analysis |url=https://www.kaarwan.com/blogs/architecture/the-architecture-maratha-empire-historical-and-cultural-analysis?id=992 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.kaarwan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Durgesh |date=2024-07-31 |title=History and Travelling Hand in Hand |url=https://tripxl.com/blog/shivaji-maharaj-fort/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=TripXL |language=en-US}}</ref> They provided safe havens for Maratha forces and were instrumental in guerrilla warfare tactics, allowing swift attacks and retreats. The forts were integral to Maratha military strategies, particularly in guerrilla warfare. Their defensive structures and strategic placements allowed them to be used as bases for launching surprise attacks and for retreating safely during conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=the-architecture-maratha-empire-historical-and-cultural-analysis |url=https://www.kaarwan.com/blogs/architecture/the-architecture-maratha-empire-historical-and-cultural-analysis?id=992 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.kaarwan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Durgesh |date=2024-07-31 |title=History and Travelling Hand in Hand |url=https://tripxl.com/blog/shivaji-maharaj-fort/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=TripXL |language=en-US}}</ref>


==== Cultural Significance ==== === Cultural Significance ===
Forts often included temples and other cultural sites, reflecting the Maratha’s emphasis on their religious and social values. Many forts housed temples and cultural sites, emphasizing their role in preserving Maratha religious and social traditions. Temples within forts such as '''Raigad''' also reinforced the connection between governance and spirituality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajgad Fort: A Majestic Legacy of the Maratha Empire |url=https://vocal.media/history/rajgad-fort-a-majestic-legacy-of-the-maratha-empire |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=History |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shreya |date=2024-06-06 |title=Discover the Ancient Beauty of Maharashtra In Sajjangad Fort |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/sajjangad-fort/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Forts often included temples and other cultural sites, reflecting the Maratha's emphasis on their religious and social values. Many forts housed temples and cultural sites, emphasizing their role in preserving Maharashtrian religious and social traditions. Temples within forts such as Raigad also reinforced the connection between governance and spirituality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajgad Fort: A Majestic Legacy of the Maratha Empire |url=https://vocal.media/history/rajgad-fort-a-majestic-legacy-of-the-maratha-empire |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=History |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shreya |date=2024-06-06 |title=Discover the Ancient Beauty of Maharashtra In Sajjangad Fort |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/sajjangad-fort/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |language=en-IN}}</ref>


== UNESCO Recognition == == UNESCO Recognition ==
Line 81: Line 67:


== References == == References ==
{{Reflist}}

] ]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 02:02, 19 December 2024

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The Maratha fort system was an crucial aspect of Maratha Confederacy, reflecting the architectural ingenuity, military strategies, and administrative practices of the Maratha Empire. These forts served as military strongholds, administrative centers, and symbols of authority. The Marathas developed a complex fortification system between the 17th and 19th centuries. There are nearly 400 of these forts in Maharashtra today.

History and Evolution

Early Maratha conquests, in Shivaji's and Shahji's time

The Marathas began constructing forts as early as the 15th and 16th centuries, but the system reached its peak under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1627–1680). Shivaji recognized the strategic importance of forts in his campaign against the Mughals and other regional powers. The forts provided secure locations for defense, administration, and the storage of resources. Shivaji's use of guerrilla warfare (“Ganimi Kava” or गनिमी कावा in marathi) heavily relied on the effective use of these forts as operational bases.

Following Shivaji's reign, the forts continued to play a role during the expansion of the Maratha Empire under leaders like Sambhaji, Peshwas, and other regional commanders. However, their significance declined after the British annexation of the Maratha territories in the 19th century.

Decline and Legacy

The importance of Maratha forts waned after the fall of the Maratha Empire and the subsequent British annexation in the 19th century. Many forts were abandoned or repurposed by the British, leading to their gradual decay. Despite this, these forts remain significant symbols of Maharashtrian Culture. Today, they are preserved as historical and cultural landmarks, attracting researchers, historians, and tourists.

Key Features

Strategic Locations

Maratha forts were built in geographically advantageous locations, often on hilltops, along coastlines, or on islands. The Western Ghats and Sahyadri Hills provided natural defenses for hill forts, while coastal forts like Sindhudurg secured naval supremacy and trade routes.

Architectural Design

  • Natural Integration: The forts were designed to blend with their natural surroundings, making them difficult to locate or penetrate.
  • Fortifications: Thick stone walls, bastions, and moats offered protection. Zigzag entrances and narrow gates prevented direct attacks.
  • Self-sufficiency: Many forts included water reservoirs, granaries, temples, and residential areas to support prolonged sieges.

Military Functionality

The Khidki Darwaja (Window Gate), of the Shaniwar Wada fort in Pune, Maharashtra
  • Watchtowers: Provided visibility over vast areas, aiding in early detection of enemy movements.
  • Hidden Passages: Secret tunnels and gates, like the Khidki Darwaja(खिडकी दरवाजा), allowed for surprise exits and reinforcements.
  • Layered Defense: Double fortifications ensured secondary lines of defense in case the outer walls were breached.

Types of Maratha Forts

  1. Hill Forts (Gadkot)
    • Built on elevated terrain, these forts offered natural defense and a vantage point for surveillance.
    • Examples: Raigad, Sinhagad, Torna, Pratapgad.
  2. Sea Forts (Jaldurg)
  3. Land Forts (Bhuikot)
    • Located on plains or relatively flat terrains, often protected by moats and earthworks.
    • Examples: Panhala, Shivneri.

Importance

Political and Administrative Centers

Many forts functioned as regional capitals, housing local governors and administrative offices. Maratha forts often served as regional administrative hubs. Governors or commanders stationed at these forts oversaw local governance and implemented orders from the central authority. For example, Raigad Fort was the capital of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji, reflecting its administrative significance.

Economic Hubs

The forts controlled trade routes, safeguarded wealth, and stored supplies like grain and ammunition. The strategic locations of the forts enabled control over major trade routes. They acted as repositories for wealth, grain, and other resources essential for sustaining both the local population and military campaigns. Coastal forts like Sindhudurg controlled maritime trade, ensuring economic security.

Military Strongholds

Temple of Lord Shiva on the top of Raigad Fort

They provided safe havens for Maratha forces and were instrumental in guerrilla warfare tactics, allowing swift attacks and retreats. The forts were integral to Maratha military strategies, particularly in guerrilla warfare. Their defensive structures and strategic placements allowed them to be used as bases for launching surprise attacks and for retreating safely during conflicts.

Cultural Significance

Forts often included temples and other cultural sites, reflecting the Maratha's emphasis on their religious and social values. Many forts housed temples and cultural sites, emphasizing their role in preserving Maharashtrian religious and social traditions. Temples within forts such as Raigad also reinforced the connection between governance and spirituality.

UNESCO Recognition

Several Maratha forts have been recognized by UNESCO for their historical, architectural, and cultural significance. In particular, Raigad Fort and Sindhudurg Fort were nominated as part of a collective heritage representing Maratha military ingenuity and governance. Other forts nominated were Salher, Shivneri, Lohagad, Khanderi, Rajgad, Pratapgad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala and Vijaydurg in Maharashtra The selection underscores the forts' role in shaping regional history, their unique integration with natural landscapes, and their enduring influence on Indian architecture. UNESCO's designation has increased efforts to preserve these forts, ensuring their legacy continues to inspire future generations.

See also

References

  1. "Maratha forts | A rugged legacy". India Today. 2024-03-01. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  2. "Maratha Military Landscapes". Drishti IAS. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  3. "THE MARATHA EMPIRE: GUERRILLA WARFARE TACTICS AND EXPANSION" (PDF). www.jetir.org.
  4. Umranikar, Jayant (2024-06-04). "Unveiling Shivaji: The Forefather of Modern Guerrilla Warfare and Intelligence Strategies: Part II". Bharat Shakti. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  5. "A Glimpse Of Maratha Empire During The Peshwa Era". Unacademy. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  6. https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?15753
  7. Abhang, C. J. (2014). "Unpublished Documents of East India Company Regarding Destruction of Forts in Junner Region". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75: 448–454. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158417.
  8. "maratha-forts-by-p.-n.-deshpande". archive.org.
  9. "elements-of-maratha-architecture-understanding-distinctive-features". www.kaarwan.com. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  10. "Forts – Directorate of Tourism Maharashtra". Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  11. Rajadhyaksha, Abhijit. "Forts of Maharashtra". The History Files. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  12. ""Maratha Military Landscapes of India" will be India's nomination for recognition as UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25". pib.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2024-12-07. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  13. "India nominates 12 forts of Marathas for UNESCO World Heritage List". The Hindu. 2024-01-30. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  14. http://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH27061.pdf
  15. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Serial Nomination of Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  16. "the-architecture-maratha-empire-historical-and-cultural-analysis". www.kaarwan.com. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  17. Tiwari, Durgesh (2024-07-31). "History and Travelling Hand in Hand". TripXL. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  18. "Rajgad Fort: A Majestic Legacy of the Maratha Empire". History. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  19. Roy, Shreya (2024-06-06). "Discover the Ancient Beauty of Maharashtra In Sajjangad Fort". Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  20. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Serial Nomination of Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  21. "India nominates 12 forts of Marathas for UNESCO World Heritage List". The Hindu. 2024-01-30. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
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